1   439 136 ANTILEUKEMIC ACTIVITY OF VALPROIC ACID IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA B CELLS DEFINED BY MICROARRAY ANALYSIS. EPIGENETIC CODE MODIFICATIONS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN PROPOSED AS POTENTIAL NEW THERAPIES FOR HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) REMAINS INCURABLE DESPITE THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW TREATMENTS. CLL B CELLS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY AN APOPTOSIS DEFECT RATHER THAN EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION, BUT PROLIFERATION CENTERS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ORGANS SUCH AS THE BONE MARROW AND LYMPH NODES. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED GENE EXPRESSION MODIFICATIONS IN CLL B CELLS AFTER TREATMENT WITH VALPROIC ACID (VPA), A WELL-TOLERATED ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUG WITH HDAC INHIBITORY ACTIVITY. CLL B CELLS OBTAINED FROM 14 PATIENTS WERE TREATED IN VITRO WITH A CONCENTRATION OF 1 MM VPA FOR 4 H. VPA EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION WERE THEREAFTER STUDIED USING AFFYMETRIX TECHNOLOGY, AND SOME IDENTIFIED GENES WERE VALIDATED BY REAL-TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. WE OBSERVED THAT VPA INDUCED APOPTOSIS BY DOWNREGULATING SEVERAL ANTI-APOPTOTIC GENES AND BY UPREGULATING PRO-APOPTOTIC GENES. FURTHERMORE, VPA SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED CHEMOSENSITIVITY TO FLUDARABINE, FLAVOPIRIDOL, BORTEZOMIB, THALIDOMIDE AND LENALIDOMIDE. VPA INHIBITED THE PROLIFERATION OF CPG/IL2-STIMULATED CLL B CELLS AND MODULATED MANY CELL CYCLE MESSENGER RNAS. IN CONCLUSION, EXPOSURE OF CLL B CELLS TO VPA INDUCED APOPTOSIS, POTENTIATED CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT EFFECTS AND INHIBITED PROLIFERATION. THESE DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST THE USE OF VPA IN CLL TREATMENT, PARTICULARLY IN COMBINATION WITH ANTILEUKEMIA AGENTS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2   169  35 ABNORMALITIES OF AMPK ACTIVATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. BACKGROUND: POST EXERTIONAL MUSCLE FATIGUE IS A KEY FEATURE IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS). ABNORMALITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN SOME BUT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CFS. TO TRY TO LIMIT POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THIS CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY, WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL IN VITRO SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS COMPARISON OF AMP KINASE (AMPK) ACTIVATION AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. METHODS: SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL CULTURES WERE ESTABLISHED FROM 10 SUBJECTS WITH CFS AND 7 AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, SUBJECTED TO ELECTRICAL PULSE STIMULATION (EPS) FOR UP TO 24H AND EXAMINED FOR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE. RESULTS: IN THE BASAL STATE, CFS CULTURES SHOWED INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION BUT DECREASED IL6 SECRETION DURING DIFFERENTIATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES. CONTROL CULTURES SUBJECTED TO 16 H EPS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN BOTH AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE COMPARED WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS. IN CONTRAST, CFS CULTURES SHOWED NO INCREASE IN AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION OR GLUCOSE UPTAKE AFTER 16 H EPS. HOWEVER, GLUCOSE UPTAKE REMAINED RESPONSIVE TO INSULIN IN THE CFS CELLS POINTING TO AN EXERCISE-RELATED DEFECT. IL6 SECRETION IN RESPONSE TO EPS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN CFS COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES AT ALL TIME POINTS MEASURED. CONCLUSION: EPS IS AN EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR ELICITING MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND THE METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS. WE FOUND FOUR MAIN DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM SUBJECTS WITH CFS; INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION IN THE BASAL STATE, IMPAIRED ACTIVATION OF AMPK, IMPAIRED STIMULATION OF GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND DIMINISHED RELEASE OF IL6. THE RETENTION OF THESE DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS SUBJECTS POINTS TO A GENETIC/EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, AND PROVIDES A SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3  1272  64 CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF VALPROIC ACID ON PRIMARY CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELLS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS THE MOST COMMON ADULT LEUKEMIA IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION. THE ACCUMULATION OF CD5+CD19+ B LYMPHOCYTES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD IS DUE TO A DEFECT IN THE APOPTOTIC PATHWAY RATHER THAN EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION IN THE BONE MARROW AND LYMPH NODES. DESPITE A NUMBER OF TREATMENTS, CLL REMAINS AN INCURABLE DISEASE. VALPROIC ACID (VPA) ACTIVITY, AS A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, COULD RESTORE THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES UNDERLYING THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLL AND THUS INDUCE CELL DEATH. OBJECTIVES: IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT VPA COULD INDUCE CLL PRIMARY CELLS DEATH THROUGH ACTIVATION OF APOPTOSIS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FROM 53 CLL PATIENTS. PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS WERE ISOLATED THROUGH DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION AND WERE THE SUBJECT OF A 24-HOUR CELL CULTURE WITH 10 MM OF VPA. THE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF VPA WAS EVALUATED WITH AN XTT TEST AND THEREAFTER CONFIRMED USING ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI STAINING AND FLOW CYTOMETRY TECHNIQUES. RESULTS: IN THIS STUDY, A MEDIAN VPA CYTOTOXICITY OF 13.88% WITH A RANGE OF 0-54.65% WAS OBSERVED. ANNEXIN V/PI STAINING CONFIRMED THAT THE DEMONSTRATED CYTOTOXICITY WAS CAUSED BY INCREASED APOPTOSIS IN THE VPA TREATED CELLS AS COMPARED TO CONTROL CELLS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT VPA'S EFFECT ON CLL CELLS DEPENDS ON LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE SERUM LEVELS, BUT IS INDEPENDENT OF ALL OTHER PROGNOSTIC MARKERS. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT EXPERIMENTS FOUND THAT VPA AT A CLINICALLY APPLICABLE CONCENTRATION SIGNIFICANTLY INDUCES APOPTOSIS INDEPENDENTLY OF THE DISEASE STAGE AND MIGHT BE A VALUABLE THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR ALL CLL PATIENTS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  5223  35 PRIMARY MURINE CD4+ T CELLS FAIL TO ACQUIRE THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE EFFECTOR CYTOKINES WHEN ACTIVE RAS IS PRESENT DURING TH1/TH2 DIFFERENTIATION. CONSTITUTIVE RAS SIGNALING HAS BEEN SHOWN TO AUGMENT IL-2 PRODUCTION, REVERSE ANERGY, AND FUNCTIONALLY REPLACE MANY ASPECTS OF CD28 CO-STIMULATION IN CD4+ T CELLS. THESE DATA RAISE THE POSSIBILITY THAT INTRODUCTION OF ACTIVE RAS INTO PRIMARY T CELLS MIGHT RESULT IN IMPROVED FUNCTIONALITY IN PATHOLOGIC SITUATIONS OF T CELL DYSFUNCTION, SUCH AS CANCER OR CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION. TO TEST THE BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF ACTIVE RAS IN PRIMARY T CELLS, CD4+ T CELLS FROM COXSACKIE-ADENOVIRUS RECEPTOR TRANSGENIC MICE WERE TRANSDUCED WITH AN ADENOVIRUS ENCODING ACTIVE RAS. AS EXPECTED, ACTIVE RAS AUGMENTED IL-2 PRODUCTION IN NAIVE CD4+ T CELLS. HOWEVER, WHEN CELLS WERE CULTURED FOR 4 DAYS UNDER CONDITIONS TO PROMOTE EFFECTOR CELL DIFFERENTIATION, ACTIVE RAS INHIBITED THE ABILITY OF CD4+ T CELLS TO ACQUIRE A TH1 OR TH2 EFFECTOR CYTOKINE PROFILE. THIS DIFFERENTIATION DEFECT WAS NOT DUE TO DEFICIENT STAT4 OR STAT6 ACTIVATION BY IL-12 OR IL-4, RESPECTIVELY, NOR WAS IT ASSOCIATED WITH DEFICIENT INDUCTION OF T-BET AND GATA-3 EXPRESSION. IMPAIRED EFFECTOR CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN ACTIVE RAS-TRANSDUCED CELLS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DEFICIENT DEMETHYLATION OF THE IL-4 GENE LOCUS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT, DESPITE AUGMENTING ACUTE ACTIVATION OF NAIVE T CELLS, CONSTITUTIVE RAS SIGNALING INHIBITS THE ABILITY OF CD4+ T CELLS TO PROPERLY DIFFERENTIATE INTO TH1/TH2 EFFECTOR CYTOKINE-PRODUCING CELLS, IN PART BY INTERFERING WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF EFFECTOR GENE LOCI. ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES TO POTENTIATE RAS PATHWAY SIGNALING IN T CELLS IN A MORE REGULATED FASHION SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO IMPROVE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN VIVO.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  2765  34 EXPRESSION, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND HUMORAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVE: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS REPRESENT ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY BASED ON THEIR TUMOR-RESTRICTED EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOGENICITY. HOWEVER, A BROAD PICTURE OF THE EXPRESSION OF CT ANTIGENS AND ASSOCIATED HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS STILL MISSING. METHODS: WE SCREENED CML CELL LINES AND BONE MARROW (BM) SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY DONORS BY RT-PCR FOR THE EXPRESSION OF 31 CT ANTIGENS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS. EXPRESSION OF TUMOR-RESTRICTED ANTIGENS WAS FURTHER EXAMINED IN 60 CML PATIENTS AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST 15 CT ANTIGENS WERE SCREENED BY ELISA. RESULTS: IN UNTREATED CELL LINES WE DETECTED THE EXPRESSION OF 17 CT ANTIGENS THAT WERE ABSENT FROM NORMAL BM. EXPRESSION OF MOST ANTIGENS INCREASED FOLLOWING DEMETHYLATING TREATMENT WITH 5'-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. IN THESE SAMPLES, ONLY PRAME WAS REPEATEDLY DETECTED AND EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND DECREASED OVERALL SURVIVAL. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT A LOWER FREQUENCY OF PRAME-POSITIVE SAMPLES DURING IMATINIB TREATMENT WAS NOT CAUSED BY GENE-SPECIFIC DOWNREGULATION. ANALYZING THE PATIENTS' ANTIBODY RESPONSES WE FOUND THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF PATIENTS LACKED SPONTANEOUS IMMUNITY AGAINST CT ANTIGENS INCLUDING PRAME. CONCLUSIONS: CT ANTIGEN EXPRESSION CAN BE INCREASED BY THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS AND THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME CORRELATES WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND OVERALL SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CML, BUT DOES NOT LEAD TO HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES. PRAME-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISING APPROACH FOR THE ERADICATION OF RESIDUAL THERAPY-RESISTANT LEUKEMIC CELLS DUE TO ITS FREQUENT EXPRESSION AND STABILITY UNDER IMATINIB TREATMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  6539  27 TRANSCRIPTIONAL VARIATIONS IN THE WIDER PERITUMORAL TISSUE ENVIRONMENT OF PANCREATIC CANCER. TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING WAS PERFORMED ON 452 RNA PREPARATIONS ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS TYPES OF PANCREATIC TISSUE FROM TUMOUR PATIENTS AND HEALTHY DONORS, WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON PERITUMORAL SAMPLES. PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS (PDAC) AND CYSTIC TUMOURS WERE MOST DIFFERENT IN THESE NON-TUMOROUS TISSUES SURROUNDING THEM, WHEREAS THE ACTUAL TUMOURS EXHIBITED RATHER SIMILAR TRANSCRIPT PATTERNS. THE ENVIRONMENT OF CYSTIC TUMOURS WAS TRANSCRIPTIONALLY NEARLY IDENTICAL TO NORMAL PANCREAS TISSUE. IN CONTRAST, THE TISSUE AROUND PDAC BEHAVED A LOT LIKE THE TUMOUR, INDICATING SOME KIND OF FIELD DEFECT, WHILE SHOWING FAR LESS MOLECULAR RESEMBLANCE TO BOTH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS AND HEALTHY TISSUE. THIS SUGGESTS THAT THE MAJOR PATHOGENIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CYSTIC AND DUCTAL TUMOURS MAY BE DUE TO THEIR CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT RATHER THAN THE FEW VARIATIONS BETWEEN THE TUMOURS. LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS MAKES IT UNLIKELY THAT THE OBSERVED FIELD DEFECT IN THE PERITUMORAL TISSUE OF PDAC IS CONTROLLED TO A LARGE EXTENT BY SUCH EPIGENETIC REGULATION. FUNCTIONALLY, A STRIKINGLY LARGE NUMBER OF AUTOPHAGY-RELATED TRANSCRIPTS WAS CHANGED IN BOTH PDAC AND ITS PERITUMORAL TISSUE, BUT NOT IN OTHER PANCREATIC TUMOURS. A TRANSCRIPTION SIGNATURE OF 15 AUTOPHAGY-RELATED GENES WAS ESTABLISHED THAT PERMITS A PROGNOSIS OF SURVIVAL WITH HIGH ACCURACY AND INDICATES THE ROLE OF AUTOPHAGY IN TUMOUR BIOLOGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7  1146  43 CONCURRENT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA. BACKGROUND: THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALLING IS ABERRANTLY ACTIVATED IN PRIMARY B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL). EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES MAY BE A MECHANISM FOR ITS ACTIVATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED SYSTEMATICALLY AND QUANTITATIVELY THE METHYLATION STATUS OF 12 WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES - CDH1, DACT1, DKK1, DKK2, DKK3, DKK4, SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP3, SFRP4, SFRP5 AND WIF1 - IN THE CELL LINES EHEB AND MEC-1 AS WELL AS PATIENT SAMPLES. METHODS: QUANTIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION WAS PERFORMED BY MEANS OF BISULPHITE PYROSEQUENCING AND CONFIRMED BY BISULPHITE SANGER SEQUENCING. GENE EXPRESSION WAS ANALYSED BY QPCR USING GAPDH AS INTERNAL CONTROL. E-CADHERIN AND BETA-CATENIN PROTEIN QUANTIFICATION WAS CARRIED OUT BY MICROSPHERE-BASED IMMUNOASSAYS. METHYLATION DIFFERENCES OBSERVED BETWEEN THE PATIENT AND CONTROL GROUPS WERE TESTED USING GENERALISED LEAST SQUARES MODELS. RESULTS: FOR 10 GENES, A HIGHER METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED IN TUMOUR MATERIAL. ONLY DKK4 EXHIBITED SIMILARLY HIGH METHYLATION LEVELS IN BOTH TUMOUR AND NORMAL SPECIMENS, WHILE DACT1 WAS ALWAYS ESSENTIALLY UNMETHYLATED. HOWEVER, ALSO FOR THESE INHIBITORS, TREATMENT OF CELLS WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2 -DEOXYCYTIDINE RESULTED IN AN INDUCTION OF THEIR EXPRESSION, AS SHOWN BY QUANTITATIVE PCR, SUGGESTING AN INDIRECT EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF ACTIVITY. WHILE THE DEGREE OF DEMETHYLATION AND ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONSEQUENCES DIFFERED BETWEEN THE GENES, THERE WAS AN OVERALL HIGH CORRELATION OF DEMETHYLATION AND INCREASED ACTIVITY. PROTEIN EXPRESSION STUDIES REVEALED THAT NO CONSTITUTIVE WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALLING OCCURRED IN THE CELL LINES, WHICH IS IN DISCREPANCY WITH RESULTS FROM PRIMARY CLL. HOWEVER, TREATMENT WITH 5-AZA-2 -DEOXYCYTIDINE CAUSED ACCUMULATION OF BETA-CATENIN. SIMULTANEOUSLY, E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION WAS STRONGLY INDUCED, LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF A COMPLEX WITH BETA-CATENIN AND THUS DEMONSTRATING ITS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED INHIBITION EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST AN EPIGENETIC SILENCING MECHANISM OF THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES IN CLL. HYPERMETHYLATION AND SILENCING OF FUNCTIONALLY RELATED GENES MAY NOT BE COMPLETELY STOCHASTIC BUT RESULT FROM THE TUMOUR EPIGENOME REPROGRAMMING ORCHESTRATED BY POLYCOMB-GROUP REPRESSIVE COMPLEXES. THE DATA ARE OF INTEREST IN THE CONTEXT OF EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  2928  32 GENERATION OF IPSCS FROM CULTURED HUMAN MALIGNANT CELLS. INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS (IPSCS) CAN BE GENERATED FROM VARIOUS DIFFERENTIATED CELL TYPES BY THE EXPRESSION OF A SET OF DEFINED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. SO FAR, IPSCS HAVE BEEN GENERATED FROM PRIMARY CELLS, BUT IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES CAN BE REPROGRAMMED. HERE WE DESCRIBE THE GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IPSCS DERIVED FROM HUMAN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS. WE SHOW THAT, DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF ONCOGENIC MUTATIONS, THESE CELLS ACQUIRED PLURIPOTENCY BY THE EXPRESSION OF 4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND UNDERWENT DIFFERENTIATION INTO CELL TYPES DERIVED OF ALL 3 GERM LAYERS DURING TERATOMA FORMATION. INTERESTINGLY, ALTHOUGH THE PARENTAL CELL LINE WAS STRICTLY DEPENDENT ON CONTINUOUS SIGNALING OF THE BCR-ABL ONCOGENE, ALSO TERMED ONCOGENE ADDICTION, REPROGRAMMED CELLS LOST THIS DEPENDENCY AND BECAME RESISTANT TO THE BCR-ABL INHIBITOR IMATINIB. THIS FINDING INDICATES THAT THE THERAPEUTIC AGENT IMATINIB TARGETS CELLS IN A SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC DIFFERENTIATED CELL STATE, AND THIS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO ITS INABILITY TO FULLY ERADICATE DISEASE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA PATIENTS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9  4678  41 NEW MOLECULAR MARKERS IN RESISTANT B-CLL. B-CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGHLY VARIABLE CLINICAL COURSE WHICH HAS LONG REMAINED A STUMBLING BLOCK FOR CLINICIANS. THIS VARIABILITY APPEARS TO ARISE FROM COMPLEX MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IDENTIFIED IN MALIGNANT CELLS FROM PATIENT SUBSETS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED IN PARTICULAR ON IDENTIFYING NEW MOLECULAR MARKERS TO HELP PREDICT THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND ADAPTED TREATMENTS. IN ADDITION TO THE MUTATION STATUS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE HEAVY-CHAIN REGION (IGVH) GENES, WHICH IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED PREDICTIVE FACTOR IN B-CLL, THESE NEW MARKERS INCLUDE DEFECTS OF CELL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE MAINTENANCE OF GENOME STABILITY, SUCH AS TELOMERE FUNCTION, DNA REPAIR, ATM AND P53. OTHER PREDICTIVE FACTORS, SUCH AS TYROSINE KINASE ZAP-70 AND SOLUBLE FACTORS FOUND IN PATIENT SERA, MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH B-CELL RECEPTOR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. INTERESTINGLY, AN ALTERATION OF THESE FACTORS FITS CLOSELY, THOUGH NOT STRIKINGLY, WITH THE ABSENCE OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN IGVH GENES, SUGGESTING THAT THE LATTER MAY BE DUE EITHER TO EPIGENETIC EVENTS LEADING TO AN UNSTABLE GENOME OR TO AN INHERITED DEFECT IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF MALIGNANT B-CELLS. RECENT LESSONS FROM ZAP-70 EXPRESSION/PHOSPHORYLATION SUGGEST THAT SOME OF THESE MARKERS MAY REFLECT THE DEFECTIVE PATHWAYS IN B-CLL CELLS RATHER THAN BEING MARKERS OF CELL MALIGNANCY PER SE. FURTHERMORE, SPECIFIC SUBSETS OF MARKERS ARE FOUND IN PATIENT CELLS RESISTANT TO TREATMENT. CURRENT STUDIES ON GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING AND PROTEOMIC ANALYSES SHOULD SOON LEAD TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THESE PATHWAYS ARE AFFECTED, ESPECIALLY IN MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT B-CLL.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  3658  34 INDUCTION OF ABERRANT TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 BY INFLAMMATION IN MOUSE COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. A FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION (FIELD DEFECT), WHERE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ACCUMULATED IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, IS INVOLVED IN HUMAN CARCINOGENESIS, ESPECIALLY CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INVOLVED IN THE FIELD DEFECT AND INDUCED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IT IS STILL UNCLEAR FOR TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27ME3), WHICH IS INVOLVED IN GENE REPRESSION INDEPENDENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND FUNCTIONS AS A PRE-MARK FOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. IN THIS STUDY, USING A MOUSE COLITIS MODEL INDUCED BY DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS), WE AIMED TO CLARIFY WHETHER ABERRANT H3K27ME3 IS INDUCED BY INFLAMMATION AND INVOLVED IN A FIELD DEFECT. CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSIS OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS REVEALED THAT H3K27ME3 LEVELS WERE INCREASED OR DECREASED FOR 266 GENOMIC REGIONS BY AGING, AND MORE EXTENSIVELY (23 INCREASED AND 3574 DECREASED REGIONS) BY COLITIS. SUCH INCREASE OR DECREASE OF H3K27ME3 WAS INDUCED AS EARLY AS 2 WEEKS AFTER THE INITIATION OF DSS TREATMENT, AND PERSISTED AT LEAST FOR 16 WEEKS EVEN AFTER THE INFLAMMATION DISAPPEARED. SOME OF THE ABERRANT H3K27ME3 IN COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS WAS CARRIED OVER INTO COLON TUMORS. FURTHERMORE, H3K27ME3 ACQUIRED AT DAPK1 BY COLITIS WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED DNA METHYLATION, SUPPORTING ITS FUNCTION AS A PRE-MARK FOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT ABERRANT H3K27ME3 CAN BE INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS COLITIS, AND SUGGESTED THAT ABERRANT HISTONE MODIFICATION, IN ADDITION TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF A FIELD DEFECT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11  5477  37 RESTORING THE FUNCTIONAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA USING EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS A MALIGNANCY ARISING FROM IMMUNE CELLS (B-LYMPHOCYTES) ENDOWED WITH INTRINSIC ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CAPABILITIES. SUCH A FUNCTION HOWEVER IS LOST DURING MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION AND CLL CELLS ARE WELL KNOWN FOR THEIR INABILITY TO PROCESS AND PRESENT ANTIGENS TO THE T-CELL ARM OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. INSTEAD, MALIGNANT CLL CELLS ELICIT A VAST ARRAY OF IMMUNE REGULATORY MECHANISMS CONDUCIVE TO T-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION. PREVIOUSLY, WE HAVE SHOWN THAT TREATMENT OF CLL CELLS WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE UNLEASHED TARGET ANTIGEN EXPRESSION. HERE WE SHOW FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT COMBINING TWO EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE AND THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR LAQ824 EFFECTIVELY RESTORES THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF CLL CELL LINES AS WELL AS PRIMARY CELLS OBTAINED FROM CLL PATIENTS. INDEED, SUCH A COMBINATION INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF NOVEL AND HIGHLY ANTIGENIC CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTAS) AND COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES. THESE CHANGES FACILITATE THE FORMATION OF ROBUST SUPRAMOLECULAR ACTIVATION COMPLEXES (SMAC) BETWEEN CLL CELLS AND RESPONDER T-CELLS LEADING TO INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING, LYTIC GRANULE MOBILIZATION, AND POLARIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL AND RELEVANT T-CELL RESPONSES. THIS CASCADE OF T-CELL ACTIVATING EVENTS TRIGGERED BY CLL CELLS WITH RESTORED APC FUNCTION, POINTS TO COMBINED EPIGENETIC MODIFIER TREATMENT AS A POTENTIAL IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CLL PATIENTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12  3981  35 LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH ORAL ZEBULARINE HAS MINIMAL SIDE EFFECTS AND PREVENTS INTESTINAL TUMORS IN MICE. RECENT SUCCESSES IN THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME HAVE RAISED QUESTIONS ON THE SAFETY OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS. WE TREATED PREWEANED CANCER PRONE APC(MIN/+) (MIN) MICE CONTINUOUSLY WITH THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR ZEBULARINE IN THEIR DRINKING WATER TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG ON NORMAL MOUSE DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS CANCER PREVENTION. ZEBULARINE CAUSED A TISSUE-SPECIFIC REDUCTION IN DNA METHYLATION AT B1 SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS IN THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES OF FEMALE MIN MICE BUT NOT IN OTHER ORGANS EXAMINED AFTER CHRONIC ORAL TREATMENT. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE AVERAGE WEIGHTS OF MICE WAS OBSERVED DURING THE TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM THE FEMALES INDICATED THAT ONLY 3% TO 6% OF THE GENES WERE AFFECTED IN THEIR EXPRESSION. WE DID NOT DETECT TOXICITY AND ABNORMALITIES FROM THE HISTOPATHOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF LIVER AND INTESTINAL TISSUES. LASTLY, WE TESTED WHETHER PREVENTION OF TUMORIGENESIS CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH CHRONIC ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ZEBULARINE IN MIN MICE. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF POLYPS IN MIN FEMALES DECREASED FROM 58 TO 1, WHEREAS THE AVERAGE POLYP NUMBER REMAINED UNAFFECTED IN MIN MALES POSSIBLY DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVITY OF ALDEHYDE OXIDASE. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SHOW FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT LONG-TERM ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ZEBULARINE CAUSES A GENDER-SPECIFIC ABROGATION OF INTESTINAL TUMORS WHILE CAUSING A TISSUE-SPECIFIC DNA DEMETHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, PROLONGED TREATMENT OF MICE WITH EPIGENETIC DRUGS RESULTED IN ONLY MINOR DEVELOPMENTAL AND HISTOLOGIC CHANGES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13  5058  36 PHENOTYPIC ALTERATION OF CD8+ T CELLS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IS A PREVALENT CLINICAL FEATURE IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) PATIENTS, WITH MANY PATIENTS DEMONSTRATING INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIONS AS WELL AS INCREASED FAILURE OF AN ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE. HOWEVER, MUCH IS CURRENTLY NOT UNDERSTOOD REGARDING THE PRECISE MECHANISMS THAT ATTRIBUTE TO THIS IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE PHENOTYPE IN CLL. TO PROVIDE FURTHER CLARITY TO THIS PARTICULAR PHENOMENON, WE ANALYZED THE T-CELL PROFILE OF CLL PATIENT SAMPLES WITHIN A LARGE COHORT AND OBSERVED THAT PATIENTS WITH AN INVERTED CD4/CD8 RATIO HAD A SHORTER TIME TO FIRST TREATMENT AS WELL AS OVERALL SURVIVAL. THESE OBSERVATIONS COINCIDED WITH HIGHER EXPRESSION OF THE IMMUNE CHECKPOINT RECEPTOR PD-1 IN CLL PATIENT CD8+ T CELLS WHEN COMPARED TO AGE-MATCHED HEALTHY DONORS. INTERESTINGLY, WE DISCOVERED THAT INCREASED PD-1 EXPRESSION IN CD8+ T CELLS CORRESPONDS WITH DECREASED DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN A DISTAL UPSTREAM LOCUS OF THE PD-1 GENE PDCD1. FURTHER ANALYSIS USING LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAYS SUGGESTS THAT THE IDENTIFIED PDCD1 DISTAL UPSTREAM REGION ACTS AS AN ENHANCER FOR PDCD1 TRANSCRIPTION AND THIS REGION BECOMES DEMETHYLATED DURING ACTIVATION OF NAIVE CD8+ T CELLS BY ANTI-CD3/ANTI-CD28 ANTIBODIES AND IL2. FINALLY, WE CONDUCTED A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS COMPARING CD8+ T CELLS FROM CLL PATIENTS AGAINST HEALTHY DONORS AND IDENTIFIED ADDITIONAL DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES WITH KNOWN IMMUNE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS INCLUDING CCR6 AND KLRG1. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS REVEAL THE OCCURRENCE OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING TAKING PLACE WITHIN CLL PATIENT CD8+ T CELLS AND HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL MECHANISM OF HOW IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IS ACCOMPLISHED IN CLL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14  2114  33 EPIGENETIC HETEROCHROMATIN MARKERS DISTINGUISH TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED LEUKOCYTES FROM INCOMPLETELY DIFFERENTIATED LEUKEMIA CELLS IN HUMAN BLOOD. OBJECTIVE: DURING TERMINAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION, NUCLEAR CHROMATIN BECOMES CONDENSED AND THE REPERTOIRE OF EPIGENTIC HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEINS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHROMATIN CONDENSATION IS DRAMATICALLY CHANGED. IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY THE CHROMATIN REGULATORY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INCOMPLETE CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPAIRED CHROMATIN CONDENSATION IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, WE EXAMINED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MAJOR HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEINS IN NORMAL BLOOD CELLS AND CELLS DERIVED FROM A NUMBER OF CHRONIC AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA PATIENTS EXHIBITING DIFFERENT DEGREES OF DIFFERENTIATION. METHODS: WE USED IMMUNOBLOTTING AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TO EXAMINE THE LEVELS AND LOCALIZATION OF EPIGENETIC HETEROCHROMATIN FACTORS IN ISOLATED CELL NUCLEI AND FRACTIONATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS. RESULTS: WHILE THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC HETEROCHROMATIN FACTOR, HISTONE H3 METHYLATED AT LYSINE 9, IS PRESENT IN ALL CELL TYPES, ITS MAIN COUNTERPARTS, NONHISTONE PROTEINS, HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEINS 1 (HP1) ALPHA, BETA, AND GAMMA, ARE DRAMATICALLY REDUCED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES OF NORMAL DONORS AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA PATIENTS, BUT ARE SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED IN THE BLOOD OF ACCELERATED PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS. IN THE TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED CELLS, NUCLEAR CHROMATIN ACCUMULATES A NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC SERPIN, MONOCYTE AND NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE INHIBITOR (MNEI). HP1 AND MNEI LEVELS INVERSELY CORRELATE IN A NUMBER OF NORMAL AND LEUKEMIA MYELOID CELLS AND SHOW STRIKINGLY OPPOSITE COORDINATED CHANGES DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF U937 CELL LINE INDUCED BY RETINOIC ACID. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT REPRESSION OF HP1 AND ACCUMULATION OF MNEI ARE LINKED TO TERMINAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND THAT THEIR LEVELS MAY BE MONITORED IN BLOOD CELL POPULATIONS TO DETECT TRANSITIONS IN CELL DIFFERENTIATION ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKEMIA PROGRESSION AND TREATMENT.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15   206  36 ACTIVATION OF NOTCH AND MYC SIGNALING VIA B-CELL-RESTRICTED DEPLETION OF DNMT3A GENERATES A CONSISTENT MURINE MODEL OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY DISORDERED DNA METHYLATION, SUGGESTING THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES MIGHT PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN DISEASE ONSET AND PROGRESSION. THE METHYLTRANSFERASE DNMT3A IS A KEY REGULATOR OF DNA METHYLATION. ALTHOUGH DNMT3A SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN CLL ARE RARE, WE FOUND THAT LOW DNMT3A EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH MORE AGGRESSIVE DISEASE. A CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT MOUSE MODEL SHOWED THAT HOMOZYGOUS DEPLETION OF DNMT3A FROM B CELLS RESULTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLL WITH 100% PENETRANCE AT A MEDIAN AGE OF ONSET OF 5.3 MONTHS, AND HETEROZYGOUS DNMT3A DEPLETION YIELDS A DISEASE PENETRANCE OF 89% WITH A MEDIAN ONSET AT 18.5 MONTHS, CONFIRMING ITS ROLE AS A HAPLOINSUFFICIENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR. B1A CELLS WERE CONFIRMED AS THE CELL OF ORIGIN OF DISEASE IN THIS MODEL, AND DNMT3A DEPLETION RESULTED IN FOCAL HYPOMETHYLATION AND ACTIVATION OF NOTCH AND MYC SIGNALING. AMPLIFICATION OF CHROMOSOME 15 CONTAINING THE MYC GENE WAS DETECTED IN ALL CLL MICE TESTED, AND INFILTRATION OF HIGH-MYC-EXPRESSING CLL CELLS IN THE SPLEEN WAS OBSERVED. NOTABLY, HYPERACTIVATION OF NOTCH AND MYC SIGNALING WAS EXCLUSIVELY OBSERVED IN THE DNMT3A CLL MICE, BUT NOT IN THREE OTHER CLL MOUSE MODELS TESTED (SF3B1-ATM, IKZF3, AND MDR), AND DNMT3A-DEPLETED CLL WERE SENSITIVE TO PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF NOTCH SIGNALING IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. CONSISTENT WITH THESE FINDINGS, HUMAN CLL SAMPLES WITH LOWER DNMT3A EXPRESSION WERE MORE SENSITIVE TO NOTCH INHIBITION THAN THOSE WITH HIGHER DNMT3A EXPRESSION. ALTOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DNMT3A DEPLETION INDUCES CLL THAT IS HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON ACTIVATION OF NOTCH AND MYC SIGNALING. SIGNIFICANCE: LOSS OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION IS A DRIVING EVENT IN CLL AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH AGGRESSIVE DISEASE, ACTIVATION OF NOTCH AND MYC SIGNALING, AND ENHANCED SENSITIVITY TO NOTCH INHIBITION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  2846  29 FREQUENT INVOLVEMENT OF CHROMATIN REMODELER ALTERATIONS IN GASTRIC FIELD CANCERIZATION. A FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION, OR A FIELD DEFECT, IS FORMED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, AND IS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS CANCERS, ESPECIALLY MULTIPLE CANCERS. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE FREQUENTLY PRESENT IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION-EXPOSED TISSUES, BUT INFORMATION ON INDIVIDUAL GENES INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF A FIELD DEFECT IS STILL FRAGMENTAL. HERE, USING NON-CANCEROUS GASTRIC TISSUES OF CANCER PATIENTS, WE ISOLATED 16 ABERRANTLY METHYLATED GENES, AND IDENTIFIED CHROMATIN REMODELERS ACTL6B AND SMARCA1 AS NOVEL GENES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN NON-CANCEROUS TISSUES. SMARCA1 WAS EXPRESSED AT HIGH LEVELS IN NORMAL GASTRIC TISSUES, BUT WAS FREQUENTLY SILENCED BY ABERRANT METHYLATION IN GASTRIC CANCER CELLS. MOREOVER, SOMATIC MUTATIONS OF ADDITIONAL CHROMATIN REMODELERS, SUCH AS ARID1A, SMARCA2, AND SMARCA4, WERE FOUND IN 30% OF GASTRIC CANCERS. MUTANT ALLELE FREQUENCY SUGGESTED THAT THE MAJORITY OF CANCER CELLS HARBORED A MUTATION WHEN PRESENT. DEPLETION OF A CHROMATIN REMODELER, SMARCA1 OR SMARCA2, IN CANCER CELL LINES PROMOTED THEIR GROWTH. THESE RESULTS SHOWED THAT EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS OF CHROMATIN REMODELERS ARE INDUCED AT AN EARLY STAGE OF CARCINOGENESIS AND ARE FREQUENTLY INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF A FIELD DEFECT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17   902  41 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC, ESTROGEN, AND THEIR COMBINATION CAUSES INCREASED GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION IN HUMAN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS POTENTIALLY BY HYPERMETHYLATION-MEDIATED SILENCING OF MLH1. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN IS ASSOCIATED WITH RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER, BUT THEIR MECHANISM IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. ADDITIONALLY, THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF THEIR CO-EXPOSURE ARE NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC, ESTROGEN, AND THEIR COMBINATION, ON CELL GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION, AND IDENTIFY THE MECHANISM BEHIND THESE EFFECTS. METHODS: RWPE-1 HUMAN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS WERE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN ALONE AND IN COMBINATION. CELL GROWTH WAS MEASURED BY CELL COUNT AND CELL CYCLE, WHEREAS CELL TRANSFORMATION WAS EVALUATED BY COLONY FORMATION ASSAY. GENE EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR AND CONFIRMED AT PROTEIN LEVEL BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS DETERMINED BY PYROSEQUENCING METHOD. RESULTS: EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC, ESTROGEN, AND THEIR COMBINATIONS INCREASES CELL GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION IN RWPE-1 CELLS. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF CYCLIN D1 AND BCL2, WHEREAS DECREASED EXPRESSION OF MISMATCH REPAIR GENES MSH4, MSH6, AND MLH1 WAS ALSO OBSERVED. HYPERMETHYLATION OF MLH1 PROMOTER FURTHER SUGGESTED THE EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF MLH1 EXPRESSION IN ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN TREATED CELLS. ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN COMBINATION CAUSED GREATER CHANGES THAN THEIR INDIVIDUAL TREATMENTS. CONCLUSIONS: FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY FOR THE FIRST TIME SUGGEST THAT ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN EXPOSURES CAUSE INCREASED CELL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL POTENTIALLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF MLH1 RESULTING IN DECREASED MLH1-MEDIATED APOPTOTIC RESPONSE, AND CONSEQUENTLY INCREASED CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  3634  32 INCREASED CD4(+) T CELL LINEAGE COMMITMENT DETERMINED BY CPG METHYLATION CORRELATES WITH BETTER PROGNOSIS IN URINARY BLADDER CANCER PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: URINARY BLADDER CANCER IS A COMMON MALIGNANCY WORLDWIDE. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ARE CORRELATED WITH THE DISEASE RISK. DIAGNOSIS IS PERFORMED BY TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE BLADDER, AND PATIENTS WITH MUSCLE INVASIVE DISEASE PREFERABLY PROCEED TO RADICAL CYSTECTOMY, WITH OR WITHOUT NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY. THE ANTI-TUMOUR IMMUNE RESPONSES, KNOWN TO BE INITIATED IN THE TUMOUR AND DRAINING LYMPH NODES, MAY PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN FUTURE TREATMENT STRATEGIES. THUS, INCREASING THE KNOWLEDGE OF TUMOUR-ASSOCIATED IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IS IMPORTANT. ACTIVATED CD4(+) T CELLS DIFFERENTIATE INTO FOUR MAIN SEPARATE LINEAGES: TH1, TH2, TH17 AND TREG, AND THEY ARE RECOGNIZED BY THEIR EFFECTOR MOLECULES IFN-GAMMA, IL-13, IL-17A, AND THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3, RESPECTIVELY. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED SIGNATURE CPG SITES PREDICTIVE FOR LINEAGE COMMITMENT OF THESE FOUR MAJOR CD4(+) T CELL LINEAGES. HERE, WE INVESTIGATE THE LINEAGE COMMITMENT SPECIFICALLY IN TUMOUR, LYMPH NODES AND BLOOD AND RELATE THEM TO THE DISEASE STAGE AND RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY. RESULTS: BLOOD, TUMOUR AND REGIONAL LYMPH NODES WERE OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS AT TIME OF TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE BLADDER AND AT RADICAL CYSTECTOMY. TUMOUR-INFILTRATING CD4(+) LYMPHOCYTES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HYPOMETHYLATED IN ALL FOUR INVESTIGATED LINEAGE LOCI COMPARED TO CD4(+) LYMPHOCYTES IN LYMPH NODES AND BLOOD (LYMPH NODES VS TUMOUR-INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES: IFNG -4229 BP P < 0.0001, IL13 -11 BP P < 0.05, IL17A -122 BP P < 0.01 AND FOXP3 -77 BP P > 0.05). EXAMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL LYMPH NODES DISPLAYED DIFFERENT METHYLATION SIGNATURES, SUGGESTING POSSIBLE CORRELATION WITH FUTURE SURVIVAL. MORE ADVANCED POST-CYSTECTOMY TUMOUR STAGES CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH INCREASED METHYLATION AT THE IFNG -4229 BP LOCUS. PATIENTS WITH COMPLETE RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY DISPLAYED SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION IN CD4(+) T CELLS FOR ALL FOUR INVESTIGATED LOCI, MOST PROMINENTLY IN IFNG P < 0.0001. NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY SEEMED TO RESULT IN A RELOCATION OF TH1-COMMITTED CD4(+) T CELLS FROM BLOOD, PRESUMABLY TO THE TUMOUR, INDICATED BY SHIFTS IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS, WHEREAS NO SUCH SHIFTS WERE SEEN FOR LINEAGES CORRESPONDING TO IL13, IL17A AND FOXP3. CONCLUSION: INCREASED LINEAGE COMMITMENT IN CD4(+) T CELLS, AS DETERMINED BY DEMETHYLATION IN PREDICTIVE CPG SITES, IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER POST-CYSTECTOMY TUMOUR STAGE, COMPLETE RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY AND OVERALL BETTER OUTCOME, SUGGESTING EPIGENETIC PROFILING OF CD4(+) T CELL LINEAGES AS A USEFUL READOUT FOR CLINICAL STAGING.	2018	

19  5613  35 SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF ABEXINOSTAT, A PAN-HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, IN NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: RESULTS OF A PHASE II STUDY. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS ARE MEMBERS OF A CLASS OF EPIGENETIC DRUGS THAT HAVE PROVEN ACTIVITY IN T-CELL MALIGNANCIES, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THEIR EFFICACY IN B-CELL LYMPHOMAS. ABEXINOSTAT IS AN ORALLY AVAILABLE HYDROXAMATE-CONTAINING HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR THAT DIFFERS FROM APPROVED INHIBITORS; ITS UNIQUE PHARMACOKINETIC PROFILE AND ORAL DOSING SCHEDULE, TWICE DAILY FOUR HOURS APART, ALLOWS FOR CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE AT CONCENTRATIONS REQUIRED TO EFFICIENTLY KILL TUMOR CELLS. IN THIS PHASE II STUDY, PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA OR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA RECEIVED ORAL ABEXINOSTAT AT 80 MG BID FOR 14 DAYS OF A 21-DAY CYCLE AND CONTINUED UNTIL PROGRESSIVE DISEASE OR UNACCEPTABLE TOXICITY. A TOTAL OF 100 PATIENTS WITH B-CELL MALIGNANCIES AND T-CELL LYMPHOMAS WERE ENROLLED BETWEEN OCTOBER 2011 AND JULY 2014. ALL PATIENTS RECEIVED AT LEAST ONE DOSE OF STUDY DRUG. PRIMARY REASONS FOR DISCONTINUATION INCLUDED PROGRESSIVE DISEASE (56%) AND ADVERSE EVENTS (25%). GRADE 3 OR OVER ADVERSE EVENTS AND ANY SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS WERE REPORTED IN 88% AND 73% OF PATIENTS, RESPECTIVELY. THE MOST FREQUENTLY REPORTED GRADE 3 OR OVER TREATMENT-EMERGENT RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS WERE THROMBOCYTOPENIA (80%), NEUTROPENIA (27%), AND ANEMIA (12%). AMONG THE 87 PATIENTS EVALUABLE FOR EFFICACY, OVERALL RESPONSE RATE WAS 28% (COMPLETE RESPONSE 5%), WITH HIGHEST RESPONSES OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA (OVERALL RESPONSE RATE 56%), T-CELL LYMPHOMA (OVERALL RESPONSE RATE 40%), AND DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA (OVERALL RESPONSE RATE 31%). FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF ABEXINOSTAT IN FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA, T-CELL LYMPHOMA, AND DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA IMPLEMENTING A LESS DOSE-INTENSE WEEK-ON-WEEK-OFF SCHEDULE IS WARRANTED. (TRIAL REGISTERED AT: EUDRACT-2009-013691-47).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  3444  33 HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN IN LEUKEMIA. E-CADHERIN GENE IS OFTEN TERMED A "METASTASIS SUPPRESSOR" GENE BECAUSE THE E-CADHERIN PROTEIN CAN SUPPRESS TUMOR CELL INVASION AND METASTASIS. INACTIVATION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE OCCURS IN UNDIFFERENTIATED SOLID TUMORS BY BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS; HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF E-CADHERIN IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES IS ONLY NOW BEING RECOGNIZED. E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION IS ESSENTIAL FOR ERYTHROBLAST AND NORMOBLAST MATURATION, YET EXPRESSION IS REDUCED OR ABSENT IN LEUKEMIC BLAST CELLS. THIS STUDY EXAMINED THE MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE IN BONE MARROW AND BLOOD SAMPLES FROM NORMAL DONORS AND PATIENTS WITH LEUKEMIA. WE FOUND THAT ALL NORMAL DONOR SAMPLES EXPRESSED E-CADHERIN MRNA, WHEREAS BOTH SAMPLES OF ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA HAD A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OR ABSENCE OF EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, NORMAL BLAST COUNTERPARTS EXPRESSED ONLY A LOW LEVEL OF E-CADHERIN SURFACE PROTEIN. SODIUM BISULPHITE GENOMIC SEQUENCING WAS USED TO FULLY CHARACTERIZE THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE CPG ISLAND ASSOCIATED WITH THE E-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTER IN THOSE SAMPLES WITH MATCHED DNA. ALL OF THE NORMAL CONTROL SAMPLES WERE ESSENTIALLY UNMETHYLATED; HOWEVER, 14 OF 18 (78%) OF THE LEUKEMIA SAMPLES HAD ABNORMAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE E-CADHERIN CPG ISLAND. IN FACT BOTH ALLELES OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE WERE OFTEN HYPERMETHYLATED. WE CONCLUDE THE E-CADHERIN GENE IS A COMMON TARGET FOR HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES.	2000