1  4682 119 NEW PATHWAYS IDENTIFY NOVEL DRUG TARGETS FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS AN INCURABLE, PROGRESSIVE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDER. AD IS A COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR 60-80% OF DEMENTIA CASES. AGING, GENETIC FACTORS, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR AD. TWO AGGREGATION-PRONE PROTEINS PLAY A DECISIVE ROLE IN AD PATHOGENESIS: BETA-AMYLOID (ABETA) AND HYPERPHOSPHORYLATED TAU (PTAU). BOTH OF THEM FORM DEPOSITS AND DIFFUSIBLE TOXIC AGGREGATES IN THE BRAIN. THESE PROTEINS ARE THE BIOMARKERS OF AD. DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES HAVE TRIED TO EXPLAIN AD PATHOGENESIS AND SERVED AS PLATFORMS FOR AD DRUG RESEARCH. EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH ABETA AND PTAU MIGHT START NEURODEGENERATIVE PROCESSES AND ARE NECESSARY FOR COGNITIVE DECLINE. THE TWO PATHOLOGIES ACT IN SYNERGY. INHIBITION OF THE FORMATION OF TOXIC ABETA AND PTAU AGGREGATES HAS BEEN AN OLD DRUG TARGET. RECENTLY, SUCCESSFUL ABETA CLEARANCE BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES HAS RAISED NEW HOPES FOR AD TREATMENTS IF THE DISEASE IS DETECTED AT EARLY STAGES. MORE RECENTLY, NOVEL TARGETS, E.G., IMPROVEMENTS IN AMYLOID CLEARANCE FROM THE BRAIN, APPLICATION OF SMALL HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS (HSPS), MODULATION OF CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATION BY DIFFERENT RECEPTOR LIGANDS, MODULATION OF MICROGLIAL PHAGOCYTOSIS, AND INCREASE IN MYELINATION HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN AD RESEARCH.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  5766  41 SPECIAL ISSUE: ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. MORE THAN 45 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE HAVE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD), A DETERIORATION OF MEMORY AND OTHER COGNITIVE DOMAINS THAT LEADS TO DEATH WITHIN 3 TO 9 YEARS AFTER DIAGNOSIS. THE PRINCIPAL RISK FACTOR FOR AD IS AGE. AS THE AGING POPULATION INCREASES, THE PREVALENCE WILL APPROACH 131 MILLION CASES WORLDWIDE IN 2050. AD IS THEREFORE A GLOBAL PROBLEM CREATING A RAPIDLY GROWING EPIDEMIC AND BECOMING A MAJOR THREAT TO HEALTHCARE IN OUR SOCIETIES. IT HAS BEEN MORE THAN 20 YEARS SINCE IT WAS FIRST PROPOSED THAT THE NEURODEGENERATION IN AD MAY BE CAUSED BY DEPOSITION OF AMYLOID-BETA (ABETA) PEPTIDES IN PLAQUES IN BRAIN TISSUE. ACCORDING TO THE AMYLOID HYPOTHESIS, ACCUMULATION OF ABETA PEPTIDES, RESULTING FROM A CHRONIC IMBALANCE BETWEEN ABETA PRODUCTION AND ABETA CLEARANCE IN THE BRAIN, IS THE PRIMARY INFLUENCE DRIVING AD PATHOGENESIS. CURRENT AVAILABLE MEDICATIONS APPEAR TO BE ABLE TO PRODUCE MODERATE SYMPTOMATIC BENEFITS BUT NOT TO STOP DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS AS WELL AS NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR AD HAS BEEN A MAJOR FOCUS OF RESEARCH. RECENT FINDINGS, HOWEVER, SHOW THAT NEURONAL-INJURY BIOMARKERS ARE INDEPENDENT OF ABETA SUGGESTING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, GENE-GENE AND/OR GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN THE DISEASE ETIOLOGY, AND CALLING FOR RECONSIDERATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CASCADE AND ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES. IN ADDITION, RECENT RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING THE EXPRESSION OF THE BETA-AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) GENE RESULTING IN THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS APP-MRNA ISOFORMS AND THEIR QUANTIFICATION, ESPECIALLY FOR IDENTIFYING THE MOST ABUNDANT ONE THAT MAY DECISIVE FOR THE NORMAL STATUS OR DISEASE RISK, HAVE BEEN REPORTED. AS SUCH, A MORE COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF AD PATHOGENESIS WILL LIKELY REQUIRE GREATER INSIGHTS INTO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE BETA-AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3  6847  28 [MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASES AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES]. HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF BONE MARROW TREPHINES AND SMEARS REPRESENTS THE MAJOR APPROACH TO DIAGNOSE THE CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASES (CMPD) AND THE MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS). HOWEVER, RISING INSIGHTS INTO MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF HUMAN DISEASES STRENGTHEN THE ATTEMPT OF PATHOLOGISTS TO DEFINE AND TO DETECT UNDERLYING DEFECTS BEYOND THE MICROSCOPE. SINCE DISCOVERY OF THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AS THE FIRST SPECIFIC MOLECULAR ABNORMALITY EVER DETECTED IN A HUMAN NEOPLASIA THE GAIN OF KNOWLEDGE OF MOLECULAR PATHOMECHANISMS IN PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME NEGATIVE (PH-) CMPD WAS RATHER SPARSE. A DECISIVE BREAKTHROUGH IN PH CMPD WAS THE FINDING OF JAK2 (V617F) DERIVED FROM A SOMATIC POINT MUTATION IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH POLYCYTHEMIA VERA (P.VERA) AND HALF OF PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA (ET) AND PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS (PMF). IT THEREFORE CAN NOT BE OVERESTIMATED THAT DETECTION OF JAK2 (V617F) IN A SUSPECTIVE MYELOPROLIFERATION NOW ENABLES A CLEARCUT DISCRIMINATION OF A TRUE PH CMPD FROM A REACTIVE STATE, E.G. P.VERA FROM REACTIVE ERYTHROCYTOSIS. INTERESTINGLY, A BASIC PRINCIPLE OF MOLECULAR DEFECTS DEMONSTRABLE IN CMPD AND RELATED DISORDERS SEEMS TO BE THE INVOLVEMENT OF GENES WITH KINASE ACTIVITIES. SOME OF THOSE GENES WILL BE DISCUSSED IN MORE DETAIL. IN PRIMARY MDS, KARYOTYPING VIA CLASSICAL CYTOGENETICS IS THE PREDOMINANT MOLECULAR APPROACH TO ESTIMATE PROGNOSIS, E.G. -Y, DEL(5Q) AND DEL(20Q) REPRESENT FAVOURABLE ANOMALIES. INDEED, IN 5Q- SYNDROMES KARYOTYPING ENABLES DEFINITE SUBTYPING AND ALLOWS CLINICIANS AND PATIENTS TO EXPECT A GOOD PROGNOSIS. UNTIL NOW, DOZENS OF MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES SUCH AS MUTATIONS IN AML1, FLT3 AND RAS AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED TO VARIOUS DEGREES IN MDS SUBTYPES. SOME OF THEM SEEM TO BE INVOLVED IN DISEASE INITIATION ("MASTER EVENT") AND OTHERS MIGHT INDICATE DISEASE PROGRESSION. HOWEVER, EVEN THOUGH USEFUL FOR FURTHER DISSECTION OF MOLECULAR PATHOMECHANISMS THE MAJORITY OF ABERRATIONS CURRENTLY DOES NOT SERVE AS POTENT MARKERS IN THE DAILY ROUTINE. NEVERTHELESS, IN CMPD AND MDS THE IMPORTANCE OF MOLECULAR ANALYSES FOR DIAGNOSIS, ESTIMATION OF PROGNOSIS, AND DISEASE MONITORING WILL FURTHER INCREASE IN A FORESEEABLE PERIOD OF TIME.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  1757  25 EARLY ORIGINS OF ASTHMA (AND ALLERGY). ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC DISEASE STARTING IN CHILDHOOD AND PERSISTING INTO ADULTHOOD IN MANY CASES. DURING CHILDHOOD, DIFFERENT FORMS OF ASTHMA AND WHEEZING DISORDERS EXIST THAT CAN BE DISCRIMINATED BY THE MECHANISMS THEY ARE CAUSED BY. SPECIFIC GENETIC CONSTELLATIONS AND EXPOSURE AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD AND IN UTERO PLAY A DECISIVE ROLE IN THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WHICH ARE MASTER REGULATORS OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND THUS GOVERN THE ACCESSIBILITY AND USE OF GENOME INFORMATION, HAVE RECENTLY BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A "THIRD POWER" DETERMINING MANY FEATURES IN THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA AND ALLERGY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  6877  25 [REASONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES IN CHILDREN]. ALLERGIES ARE ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES IN CHILDHOOD, CONTRIBUTING TO A TREMENDOUS MEDICAL AND ECONOMICAL BURDEN IN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS OF MOST INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES IS DEPENDENT ON A COMPLEX INTERACTION OF-AMONG OTHERS-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, NUTRITION, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS WELL AS THE MICROBIOME. THESE DIVERSE FACTORS CAN INFLUENCE EARLY LIFE IMMUNE REGULATION INCLUDING INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN A COMPLEX FASHION. IN CASE OF ANY CHILDHOOD ALLERGIES HAVE INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN PAST DECADES. IN ADDITION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND NUTRITION, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS WELL AS THE MICROBIOME OF CHILDREN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE. OF RELEVANCE IS THE WAY IN WHICH THESE DIVERSE FACTORS INFLUENCE EARLY IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEMS OF CHILDREN. THEIR COMPLEX REGULATION IS DECISIVE FOR WHETHER OR NOT A CHILD DEVELOPS AN ALLERGY THAT MANIFESTS IN MOST CASES AS ATOPIC DERMATITIS, BRONCHIAL ASTHMA, OR ALLERGIC RHINO CONJUNCTIVITIS, OR WHETHER A CHILD DEVELOPS AN IMMUNE TOLERANCE. THESE INFLUENCES CAN BEGIN PRENATALLY, ALREADY SETTING THE COURSE FOR LATER IMMUNE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND OCCURRENCE OF DISEASE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6  3934  36 LIVER TUMOR INDUCTION. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS IN RODENTS FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF TEST AGENTS RAISES SEVERAL QUESTIONS WHICH COULD BE PLACED IN ONE OF TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES: DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERPRETATIONAL. FROM A DIAGNOSTIC POINT OF VIEW, THE PROPER CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER TUMORS INTO A BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CATEGORY HAS TO BE BASED ON THE DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MORPHOLOGY AND THE BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF THE LESIONS. THEREFORE, EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SEPARATE THE MALIGNANT TUMORS FROM THE BENIGN AND THE BENIGN NEOPLASIA FROM THE HYPERPLASIA. THE SUBSTITUTION OF THE TERM "NEOPLASTIC NODULE" FOR HYPERPLASTIC NODULE IN RATS IS MISLEADING. MOST OF THESE NODULES, WHEN INDUCED UNDER SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, MAY REGRESS OR REMODEL AND THUS THEY ARE NOT NEOPLASTIC IN NATURE. CHRONIC CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAYS SHOULD INCLUDE "STOP" TYPE OF TREATMENT LEAVING ENOUGH OF THE OBSERVATIONAL TIME TO ESTABLISH THE FATE OF INDUCED NODULAR LESIONS. THE INDUCTION OF HISTOCHEMICALLY CHANGED FOCI CAN SERVE ONLY AS AN INDICATION OF POTENTIAL HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY AND SHOULD NOT BE EQUATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF BONA FIDE CANCER. THE BIOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS, ESPECIALLY IN MICE, NEEDS FURTHER SCRUTINY BECAUSE THESE LESIONS HAVE A TENDENCY TO DEVELOP SPONTANEOUSLY WITH HIGH INCIDENCE IN SOME STRAINS. THIS CHARACTERISTIC THEN RAISES THE QUESTION AS TO THE MECHANISM BY WHICH VARIOUS AGENTS AUGMENT AND/OR ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH TUMORS. IS THIS ACTION PRIMARILY PROMOTING OR INITIATING IN NATURE OR DOES IT REPRESENT THE INDUCTION OF TUMORS DE NOVO? THE ANSWER TO THIS DILEMMA MAY HAVE A DECISIVE BEARING ON CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE TYPE OF REGULATORY ACTION, SINCE THE PROMOTING AGENTS POSSESS A THRESHOLD EFFECT AND THE PROMOTED CHANGES MAY REGRESS FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT. THE INTERPRETATION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT SEVERAL FACTORS, SUCH AS SEX HORMONAL ENVIRONMENT, INCREASED MITOTIC ACTIVITY FOLLOWING AN EXCESSIVE LOSS OF PARENCHYMAL CELLS, DEGREE OF CALORIC INTAKE, ENZYMATIC COMPLEMENT, AND ANIMALS' AGE AT THE TIME OF THE EXPOSURE TO A TEST AGENT, MAY INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME OF LIVER TUMOR DEVELOPMENT BY MODULATING "INITIATION" AND/OR "PROMOTION" OF CARCINOGENESIS. BROAD FLUCTUATION IN THE HISTORIC INCIDENCE OF LIVER TUMORS FURTHER COMPOUNDS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROPER BIOASSAY INTERPRETATION. THE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS MAY HAVE THE OBJECTIVE TO EXPLORE PREDOMINANTLY THE INITIATING OR PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE AGENT. SUCH PROTOCOLS SHOULD BE USED WHENEVER NECESSARY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THESE TWO MECHANISMS OF ACTION. IN THE CAUCASIANS, THE "SPONTANEOUS" DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS IS RARE. THE MAJORITY OF THESE TUMORS ARE MALIGNANT AND RAPIDLY FATAL. ACCORDING TO SOME HUMAN PATHOLOGISTS, THE BENIGN VARIETY OF LIVER TUMORS IS RARE AND IT DOES NOT REPRESENT NECESSARILY A PREMALIGNANT STAGE IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER MAY OCCUR IN INFANCY, ESPECIALLY IN MALES BEFORE THE AGE OF 2 YEARS. THIS SUGGESTS A GENETIC CAUSATION OR CARCINOGENIC EXPOSURE IN UTERO. ONE OF THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS IS EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B(1) WHICH IS APPARENTLY POTENTIATED BY CONCURRENT LIVER CIRRHOSIS. BECAUSE MANY MORE AGENTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE HEPATOCARCINOGENIC IN MICE AND RATS THAN IN MEN, A QUESTION ARISES AS TO THE DIRECT RELEVANCE OF RODENT STUDIES TO HUMANS. A BALANCED ASSESSMENT OF THE CARCINOGENICITY OF THE AGENT COULD ONLY BE REACHED IN CONSIDERING BOTH THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASIA IN OTHER ORGANS. IN THE CASE OF POSITIVE CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT, THE OUTCOME OF THE MUTAGENICITY BIOASSAYS CAN SUGGEST GENIC (GENOTOXIC) OR PARAGENIC (EPIGENETIC) MODE OF ACTION IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS.	1982	

7  3910  26 LIFE COURSE OF ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS A HETEROGENEOUS CHRONIC AIRWAY DISEASE THAT CAN VARY OVER A LIFETIME. ALTHOUGH BROAD CATEGORIES OF ASTHMA BY SEVERITY AND TYPE HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED, THERE REMAINS A TREMENDOUS OPPORTUNITY TO DISCOVER AN APPROACH TO MANAGING ASTHMA WITH ADDITIONAL FACTORS IN MIND. MANY IN THE FIELD HAVE SUGGESTED AND ARE PURSUING A NOVEL PARADIGM SHIFT IN HOW ASTHMA MIGHT BE BETTER MANAGED, CONSIDERING THE LIFE COURSE OF EXPOSURES, MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES, AND PREDICTED TRAJECTORY OF LUNG FUNCTION GROWTH. THIS APPROACH WILL REQUIRE A MORE HOLISTIC VIEW OF PRENATAL, POSTNATAL, ADOLESCENCE, HORMONAL AND GENDER ASPECTS, AND THE AGING PROCESS. IN ADDITION, THE ENVIRONMENT, EXTERNALLY AND INTERNALLY, INCLUDING IN ONE'S GENETIC CODE AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ARE FACTORS THAT AFFECT HOW ASTHMA PROGRESSES OR BECOMES MORE STABLE IN INDIVIDUALS. THIS CHAPTER FOCUSES ON THE VARIOUS INFLUENCES THAT MAY, TO DIFFERING DEGREES, AFFECT PEOPLE WITH ASTHMA, WHICH CAN DEVELOP AT ANY TIME IN THEIR LIVES. SHIFTING THE PARADIGM OF THOUGHT AND STRATEGIES FOR CARE AND ADVOCATING FOR PUBLIC POLICIES AND HEALTH DELIVERY THAT FOCUS ON THIS PHILOSOPHY IS PARAMOUNT TO ADVANCE ASTHMA CARE FOR ALL.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8   264  26 ADVANCING ASTHMA CARE: THE GLASS IS ONLY HALF FULL! OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A CONCERTED EFFORT IN THE UNITED STATES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING ASTHMA. ATTENTION WAS INITIALLY DIRECTED TOWARD ASTHMA IN RESPONSE TO THE RECOGNITION THAT ASTHMA MORTALITY WAS INCREASING AND THAT THE BURDEN OF DISEASE WAS SIGNIFICANT. THESE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ASTHMA MORTALITY LED TO MANY NEW INITIATIVES TO DEVELOP CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES, IMPLEMENT THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, CONDUCT RESEARCH TO FILL THE GAPS IN THE GUIDELINES, AND CONTINUOUSLY REVISE THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES AS MORE INFORMATION BECAME AVAILABLE. AN ASSESSMENT OF OUR PROGRESS SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN RELATION TO REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND HOSPITALIZATIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, WE ARE NOW AT A CROSSROADS IN ASTHMA CARE. ALTHOUGH WE HAVE RECOGNIZED SOME REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW TOOLS TO MONITOR DISEASE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING BIOMARKERS AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS, ALONG WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS TO MONITOR ASTHMA CONTROL HOLD SOME PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING GAPS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THESE ADVANCES SHOULD PROMPT THE EVOLUTION OF NEW STRATEGIES AND NEW TREATMENTS TO FURTHER REDUCE DISEASE BURDEN. IT NOW BECOMES IMPERATIVE TO CONTINUE A FOCUS ON WAYS TO FURTHER REDUCE THE BURDEN OF ASTHMA AND PREVENT ITS ONSET.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  2459  18 EPIGENETIC THERAPIES FOR NON-ONCOLOGY INDICATIONS. CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ARE A MAJOR, AND GROWING, HUMAN HEALTH BURDEN, AND CURRENT TREATMENTS ARE IN MANY CASES INADEQUATE OR VERY EXPENSIVE. EPIGENETIC THERAPIES ARE ATTRACTIVE OPTIONS FOR TREATING SUCH DISORDERS BECAUSE THEY MANIPULATE THE PROCESSES THAT MAINTAIN CELLS IN AN ABNORMAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATE. THE CHALLENGES LIE IN IDENTIFYING THE MOST APPROPRIATE DISEASES AND THE ENZYMES THAT SHOULD BE TARGETED. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES THAT CAN BE USED TO ADDRESS THIS PROBLEM, FOCUSING PARTICULARLY ON CNS DISORDERS (ESPECIALLY MENTAL RETARDATION, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE, PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND DRUG ADDICTION), DIABETES AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS, AND AUTOIMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10    29  29 A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL OVERVIEW OF THE OPIOID CRISIS: CONSIDERING NUTRITION AND GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH. THE OPIOID CRISIS HAS REACHED EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES WITH RISING OVERDOSE DEATH RATES. IDENTIFYING THE UNDERLYING FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ADDICTION VULNERABILITY MAY LEAD TO MORE EFFECTIVE PREVENTION STRATEGIES. SUPPLY SIDE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTING COMPONENT. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS SUCH AS STRESS, TRAUMA, AND ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES HAVE BEEN LINKED TO EMOTIONAL PAIN LEADING TO SELF-MEDICATION. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN REWARD PATHWAYS AND IMPULSIVITY ARE KNOWN PREDICTORS OF ADDICTION VULNERABILITY. THIS REVIEW ATTEMPTS TO PRESENT A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH THAT CONNECTS VARIOUS SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL THEORIES RELATED TO THE ADDICTION CRISIS. THE EMERGING ROLE OF NUTRITION THERAPY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH IN THE TREATMENT OF OPIOID USE DISORDER IS PRESENTED. THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL INTEGRATES CONCEPTS FROM SEVERAL DISCIPLINES, EMPHASIZING MULTICAUSALITY RATHER THAN A REDUCTIONIST APPROACH. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS AT MULTIPLE LEVELS ARE PRESENTED, CONSIDERING INDIVIDUAL AS WELL AS POPULATION HEALTH. THIS SINGLE COHESIVE FRAMEWORK IS BASED ON THE INTERDEPENDENCY OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM, IDENTIFYING RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE SUBSTANCE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. NUTRITION SHOULD BE INCLUDED AS ONE FACET OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TOWARD IMPROVED RECOVERY OUTCOMES. CROSS-DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS, NEW IDEAS, AND FISCAL RESOURCES WILL BE CRITICAL TO ADDRESS THE EPIDEMIC.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  5091  25 PLACENTAL DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY. THE PLACENTA DEVELOPS FROM THE OUTER TROPHOBLASTIC LAYER FOLLOWING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE FERTILIZED OVUM AND IS THEREFORE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO EPIGENETIC REGULATORY CHANGES CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTIONS AND INFLUENCES DURING ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY. FURTHERMORE, THE PLACENTA REGULATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETAL HEART, BRAIN, KIDNEYS, BONES, AND OTHER TISSUES AND ORGANS [1]. PLACENTAL DYSPLASIA LEADS TO POOR PERINATAL OUTCOMES AS WELL AS LONG-TERM HEALTH RISKS LATER IN LIFE, INCLUDING NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS, TUMORS, AND ADULT METABOLIC SYNDROME [2,3]. IN VIEW OF THE DECISIVE ROLE OF THE PLACENTA DURING INTRAUTERINE FETAL DEVELOPMENT, GRAHAM J. BURTON, AN EXPERT IN PLACENTOLOGY FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, FORMALLY PROPOSED THE THEORY OF "PLACENTA-DERIVED CHRONIC DISEASES" IN 2018 BASED ON EMBRYONIC-DERIVED DISEASES [4]. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE CHANGES IN PLACENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE, GROWTH DYNAMICS, IMPRINTED AND NON-IMPRINTED GENES, AND OTHER ASPECTS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY. OUR REVIEW PROVIDES A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ON PLACENTAL CHANGES CAUSED BY ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY THAT ARE MOST STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF NEONATAL LONG-TERM DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  6808  14 [EPIGENETICS IN ALLERGIC DISEASES AND ASTHMA]. ALLERGIC DISEASES AND ASTHMA ARE THE RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. ASTHMA IS ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC DISEASE AMONG CHILDREN. IN THIS ARTICLE WE REVIEW SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS LIKE: ALLERGEN EXPOSITION, TOBACCO, BACTERIA, MICROBIAL COMPONENTS, DIET, OBESITY AND STRESS, WHICH INFLUENCES DURING INTRAUTERINE AND INFANCY LIFE IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ASTHMA AND ALLERGIC DISEASES. THE REVIEW HAS BEEN DONE IN THREE MODELS: IN-VITRO, ANIMAL AND HUMAN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  4062  26 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14  6620  25 UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION: TOWARDS EXPERIMENTAL EPIGENETIC STUDIES. THE AIM OF THIS PAPER WAS TO HIGHLIGHT HOW DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, EPIGENETICS AND PREVENTION EXPERIMENTS ARE STARTING TO BLEND TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENTAL CAUSES OF CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION (CPA) AND, MORE IMPORTANTLY, TO HELP PREVENT CPA AND ITS ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS. AFTER DEFINING THE KEYWORDS (PREVENTION, CHRONIC AND PHYSICAL AGGRESSION), A SELECTED REVIEW OF PUBLISHED STUDIES IS USED TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING FOUR QUESTIONS: WHEN SHOULD WE ATTEMPT TO PREVENT ONSET OF CPA? WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR CPA? HAVE EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTIONS BEEN SHOWN TO PREVENT CPA? CAN EARLY PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS BENEFIT FROM EPIGENETIC STUDIES? THE LAST SECTION OF THIS PAPER GIVES TWO EXAMPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL PREVENTION DESIGNS THAT INTEGRATE PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF CPA DEVELOPMENT, RISK FACTORS, EARLY CHILDHOOD PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS AND EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT DURING PREGNANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD. I CONCLUDE THAT RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS OF PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS DURING PREGNANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ARE THE RESEARCH DESIGN MOST LIKELY TO ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO CPA, AND THE ONLY RESEARCH DESIGN THAT CAN IDENTIFY EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR PREVENTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CPA.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15   380  24 AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE ON LIFESTYLE MEDICINE FOR DEPRESSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIMARY CARE PRACTICE. DEPRESSION IS THE MOST COMMON PRESENTING MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER IN PRIMARY CARE. IT IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO SOMATIC COMPLAINTS, WORSENING OF CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS, POOR QUALITY OF LIFE, AND SUICIDE. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGIC AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES AVERT LESS THAN HALF OF DEPRESSION'S CUMULATIVE BURDEN ON SOCIETY. HOWEVER, THERE IS A GROWING BODY OF RESEARCH DESCRIBING BOTH HOW MALADAPTIVE LIFESTYLE CHOICES CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND WORSENING OF DEPRESSION AND HOW LIFESTYLE-ORIENTED MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS CAN REDUCE THE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF DEPRESSION. THIS RESEARCH, LARGELY DERIVED FROM AN EMERGING FIELD CALLED EPIGENETICS, ELUCIDATES THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OUR LIFESTYLE CHOICES AND THOSE EPIGENETIC FACTORS WHICH MEDIATE OUR TENDENCIES TOWARD EITHER HEALTH, OR THE ONSET, IF NOT WORSENING OF DISEASE. THE PRESENT REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS HOW LIFESTYLE CHOICES INVOLVING DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND STRESS INFLUENCE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY, AND THEREBY PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DETERMINING WHETHER ONE DOES OR DOES NOT SUFFER FROM DEPRESSION. THE AUTHORS PROPOSE THAT MEDICAL TRAINING PROGRAMS CONSIDER AND ADOPT LIFESTYLE MEDICINE ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONAL INITIATIVES THAT WILL ENABLE TOMORROW'S PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS TO MORE EFFECTIVELY IDENTIFY AND THERAPEUTICALLY INTERVENE IN THE MALADAPTIVE CHOICES CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR PATIENTS' DEPRESSION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  5457  20 RESEARCH AND THE PROMOTION OF CHILD HEALTH: A POSITION PAPER OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY, HEPATOLOGY, AND NUTRITION. CHILDREN COMPRISE ONE-FIFTH OF EUROPE'S POPULATION. PROMOTING CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IS OF KEY IMPORTANCE FOR SOCIETY AND ITS FUTURE. THIS POSITION PAPER HIGHLIGHTS OPPORTUNITIES OF INVESTING IN GASTROINTESTINAL, LIVER, AND NUTRITIONAL RESEARCH TO PROMOTE CHILD HEALTH AND DELINEATES PRIORITIES FOR RESEARCH. INVESTING IN CHILD HEALTH PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF POPULATION HEALTH, WELL-BEING, AND DISEASE PREVENTION LIFELONG, WITH LARGE HEALTH ECONOMIC BENEFITS. MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE AND TRANSLATIONAL APPLICATION ARISE FROM RECENT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL CUES INTERACTING WITH GENES. PERSONALISED APPROACHES TO THERAPY AND PREVENTION SHOULD BE ENHANCED. DECIPHERING THE MICROBIOME AND ITS EFFECTS ON FUNCTIONS CAN HELP IN PROMOTING LONG-TERM HEALTH. EPIGENETIC RESEARCH CAN HELP TO UNDERSTAND HOW EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCE LATER GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATIC HEALTH AND DISEASE. A LINKED NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STRATEGY CAN PROMOTE HEALTH AND PREVENT NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES, INACTIVITY, AND CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, SUCH AS DIABETES, TO ENSURE OPTIMAL HEALTH AND COGNITION. SPECIAL ATTENTION SHOULD BE DEVOTED TO POPULATIONS WITH LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, MIGRANT BACKGROUND, AND ETHNIC MINORITIES, AND TO CRITICAL LIFE PERIODS, INCLUDING PREGNANCY, LACTATION, INFANCY, AND CHILDHOOD. IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF OPTIMAL NUTRITION AND ON MAINTAINING GUT AND LIVER HOMEOSTASIS THROUGHOUT CHILDHOOD WILL HELP PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES IN LATER LIFE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  6892  20 [SIGNIFICANCE OF PREVENTING DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF DISEASES IN IMPROVING POPULATION QUALITY]. MORE STUDIES SHOW THAT VARIOUS DISEASES, ESPECIALLY CHRONIC NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES, HAVE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN. DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF DISEASES ARE MAINLY DUE TO GAMETES AND EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENT STAGE BEING EXPOSED TO ADVERSE ENVIRONMENT, RESULTING IN ABNORMAL MODIFICATION OF EPIGENETIC AND STABLE INHERITANCE TO THE ADULT STAGE, WHICH COULD MAKE THE RISK OF VARIOUS LONG-TERM DISEASES OF INDIVIDUALS HIGH. THE THEORY OF DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN PROVIDES A NEW PERSPECTIVE FOR THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES, AND ALSO PROVIDES A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR DISEASE PREVENTION. ATTACHING IMPORTANCE TO MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH CARE AND LIFE-CYCLE MANAGEMENT IS CONDUCIVE TO THE PREVENTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES AND IS OF GREAT SIGNIFICANCE TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF POPULATION QUALITY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18  1836  25 EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT AND BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS ON ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND EPIGENETIC. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF DEMENTIA IN THE ELDERLY AND IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE THAT IS BECOMING WIDESPREAD. FOR THIS REASON, IN RECENT YEARS FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRESSION AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF THE AD HAVE BEEN EMPHASIZED. NUTRIENTS AND OTHER BIOACTIVE NUTRIENTS ARE AMONG THE FACTORS THAT ARE EFFECTIVE IN AD. IN PARTICULAR, VITAMINS A, C AND E, VITAMINS B(1), B(6) AND B(12), FOLATE, MAGNESIUM, CHOLINE, INOSITOL, ANTHOCYANINS, ISOFLAVONES ETC. NUTRIENTS AND BIOACTIVE NUTRIENTS ARE KNOWN TO BE EFFECTIVE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AD. NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENT COMPONENTS MAY ALSO HAVE AN EPIGENETIC EFFECT ON AD. AT THE SAME TIME, NUTRIENTS AND BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS SLOW DOWN THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE. FOR THIS REASON, THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS AND FOOD COMPONENTS ON AD WAS EXAMINED IN THIS REVIEW.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19  6048  28 THE CONCEPTS OF ASTHMA ENDOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES TO GUIDE CURRENT AND NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES. ASTHMA, A COMMON, NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASE AFFECTS OVER 300 MILLION INDIVIDUALS WORLDWIDE. THE WESTERN WORLD LIFESTYLE IS CLAIMED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS HIGH AND INCREASING PREVALENCE. ASTHMA HAS BEEN DEFINED AS A SYNDROME WITH VARIOUS PHENOTYPES AND ENDOTYPES, ALLERGIC ASTHMA AND TYPE 2 ASTHMA BEING THE MOST FREQUENT. A GREAT INCREASE IN PREVALENCE OF ALLERGIC DISEASES HAS NECESSITATED INTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS BOTH FOR UNDERSTANDING THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPY OPTIONS WITH LONG-TERM EFFICACY AND LIMITED SIDE-EFFECTS. ALLERGIC PATIENTS DEMONSTRATE UNIQUE PRESENTATIONS WITH VARIABLE VISIBLE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISEASE OUTCOMES DEPENDING ON DIFFERENT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, RELATED TO INFLUENCE OF GENES AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL BY MICRO- AND MACRO-ENVIRONMENT. AREAS COVERED: THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE DEFINITION OF ASTHMA PHENOTYPES AND POSSIBLE ENDOTYPES, ADVANCES IN ALLERGY-IMMUNOLOGY FIELD AND CONTEMPORARY PERSONALIZED THERAPY OPTIONS FOR ASTHMA. EXPERT COMMENTARY: BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX IMMUNE NETWORK OF ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION AND KEY PLAYERS OF IMMUNITY IS CONTINUOUSLY BEING PROVIDED FOR CLARIFICATION OF ASTHMA SUB-TYPES. SUCCESSFUL THERAPY OF ASTHMA REQUIRES BETTER DEFINITION OF UNDERLYING PATHOGENESIS, WHICH SEQUENTIALLY COULD END UP WITH 'CUSTOM-TAILORED' INDIVIDUALIZED, EVIDENCE-BASED AND MORE PRECISE THERAPY OPTIONS; A NEW ERA TERMED AS 'PRECISION MEDICINE'. ENDOTYPE, PHENOTYPE, THERATYPE AND BIOMARKER TERMS ARISE AS MAJOR KEYWORDS IN PRECISION/PERSONALIZED MEDICINE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20  4080  16 MATERNAL LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS: TARGETING PRECONCEPTION HEALTH. ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE OBESE, PREDISPOSING BOTH MOTHER AND BABY TO UNFAVOURABLE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AND INITIATING AN INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS. HERE WE SUMMARISE RECENT RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL METABOLIC HEALTH ON OFFSPRING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUTURE CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. CURRENT PRIMARY LIFESTYLE APPROACHES (I.E., DIET AND EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS) TO HALT THE SUCCESSION OF INHERITED AND EPIGENETIC METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE MET WITH LIMITED SUCCESS DUE TO LATE IMPLEMENTATION, POOR ADHERENCE, AND/OR GENERIC GUIDELINES. IN OUR OPINION, SUCH INTERVENTIONS MUST COMMENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION TO IMPROVE BOTH MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES, WITH NEW APPROACHES URGENTLY NEEDED TO INCREASE ADHERENCE TO PRIMARY LIFESTYLE CHANGES AMONG REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN.	2020