1  6614 150 ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION INDUCES KERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION AND EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA THROUGH THE ACTIVATION OF THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET (UV) IRRADIATION INDUCES SKIN CANCER, IN PART, THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT RESULT IN THE DEREGULATION OF CELL PROLIFERATION. UV IRRADIATION ALSO RAPIDLY ACTIVATES THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR). SINCE EGFR ACTIVATION IS STRONGLY MITOGENIC IN MANY CELL TYPES INCLUDING KERATINOCYTES OF THE SKIN, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT UV-INDUCED CUTANEOUS PROLIFERATION RESULTS FROM EGFR ACTIVATION. THE ROLE OF EGFR ACTIVATION IN THE RESPONSE OF THE SKIN TO UV WAS DETERMINED USING EGFR-NULL AND EGFR-WILD-TYPE SKIN GRAFTED ONTO ATHYMIC NUDE MOUSE HOSTS, BECAUSE EGFR-NULL MICE SURVIVE ONLY A FEW DAYS AFTER BIRTH. EGFR WAS RAPIDLY ACTIVATED IN MOUSE EPIDERMIS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO UV, AS DETECTED BY THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF EGFR ON TYROSINE RESIDUES 992, 1045, 1068 AND 1173. UV INDUCED EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA IN EGFR-WILD-TYPE SKIN BETWEEN 48 AND 72 H POST-UV. HOWEVER, NO EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA OCCURRED IN EGFR-NULL SKIN. BASELINE CELL PROLIFERATION WAS SIMILAR IN SKIN GRAFTS OF BOTH GENOTYPES. HOWEVER, UV EXPOSURE INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATION, AS MEASURED BY KI67 IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN IMMUNOBLOTTING, MAXIMALLY AT 48 H TO A LEVEL MORE THAN THREE TIMES HIGHER IN WILD-TYPE COMPARED WITH EGFR-NULL SKIN. APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH, AS MEASURED BY TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING (TUNEL) ANALYSIS, WAS ALSO INCREASED IN UV-EXPOSED EGFR-NULL SKIN WHEN COMPARED WITH WILD-TYPE 1-2 DAYS POST-UV. THESE CHANGES IN CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS AFTER UV WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED CYCLIN D EXPRESSION IN WILD-TYPE BUT NOT EGFR-NULL SKIN AND INCREASED EXPRESSION OF P53 AND THE CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE (CDK) INHIBITOR P21WAF1 IN EGFR-NULL SKIN WHEN COMPARED WITH WILD-TYPE. COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE UV-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF EGFR AUGMENTS KERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION AND SUPPRESSES APOPTOSIS, LEADING TO EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA, ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED G1 CYCLIN EXPRESSION AND SUPPRESSION OF CDK INHIBITOR EXPRESSION.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  3175  36 H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED BY P38 IS INVOLVED IN BIM EXPRESSION AND APOPTOSIS IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELLS INDUCED BY IMATINIB. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT HISTONE H2AX PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN REGULATION OF TUMOR CELL APOPTOSIS AND ACTS AS A NOVEL HUMAN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN. HOWEVER, THE ACTION OF H2AX IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) CELLS IS UNKNOWN. THE DETAILED MECHANISM AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY H2AX REMAIN ELUSIVE IN CANCER CELLS. HERE, WE REPORT THAT H2AX WAS INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS OF CML CELLS. OVEREXPRESSION OF H2AX INCREASED APOPTOTIC SENSITIVITY OF CML CELLS (K562) INDUCED BY IMATINIB. HOWEVER, OVEREXPRESSION OF SER139-MUTATED H2AX (BLOCKING PHOSPHORYLATION) DECREASED SENSITIVITY OF K562 CELLS TO APOPTOSIS. SIMILARLY, KNOCKDOWN OF H2AX MADE K562 CELLS RESISTANT TO APOPTOTIC INDUCTION. THESE RESULTS REVEALED THAT THE FUNCTION OF H2AX INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS IS STRICTLY RELATED TO ITS PHOSPHORYLATION (SER139). OUR DATA FURTHER INDICATED THAT IMATINIB MAY STIMULATE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) FAMILY MEMBER P38, AND H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION FOLLOWED A SIMILAR TIME COURSE, SUGGESTING A PARALLEL RESPONSE. H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION CAN BE BLOCKED BY P38 SIRNA OR ITS INHIBITOR. THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION WAS REGULATED BY P38 MAPK PATHWAY IN K562 CELLS. HOWEVER, THE P38 MAPK DOWNSTREAM, MITOGEN- AND STRESS-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE-1 AND -2, WHICH PHOSPHORYLATED HISTONE H3, WERE NOT REQUIRED FOR H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION DURING APOPTOSIS. FINALLY, WE PROVIDED EPIGENETIC EVIDENCE THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED APOPTOSIS-RELATED GENE BIM EXPRESSION. BLOCKING OF H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION INHIBITED BIM GENE EXPRESSION. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED BY P38 IS INVOLVED IN BIM EXPRESSION AND APOPTOSIS IN CML CELLS INDUCED BY IMATINIB.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  3158  30 GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA MISSPLICING CONTRIBUTES TO LEUKEMIA STEM CELL GENERATION. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT A RARE POPULATION OF SELF-RENEWING CANCER STEM CELLS (CSC) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CANCER PROGRESSION AND THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT PARADIGM FOR UNDERSTANDING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS INVOLVED IN CSC PRODUCTION. CML PROGRESSES FROM A CHRONIC PHASE (CP) IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSC) THAT HARBOR THE BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION, TO BLAST CRISIS (BC), CHARACTERIZED BY ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF BETA-CATENIN WITHIN GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE PROGENITORS (GMP). A MAJOR BARRIER TO PREDICTING AND INHIBITING BLAST CRISIS TRANSFORMATION HAS BEEN THE IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS DRIVING BETA-CATENIN ACTIVATION. HERE WE SHOW THAT BC CML MYELOID PROGENITORS, IN PARTICULAR GMP, SERIALLY TRANSPLANT LEUKEMIA IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED MICE AND THUS ARE ENRICHED FOR LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSC). NOTABLY, CDNA SEQUENCING OF WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY REGULATORY GENES, INCLUDING ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI, GSK3BETA, AXIN 1, BETA-CATENIN, LYMPHOID ENHANCER FACTOR-1, CYCLIN D1, AND C-MYC, REVEALED A NOVEL IN-FRAME SPLICE DELETION OF THE GSK3BETA KINASE DOMAIN IN THE GMP OF BC SAMPLES THAT WAS NOT DETECTABLE BY SEQUENCING IN BLASTS OR NORMAL PROGENITORS. MOREOVER, BC CML PROGENITORS WITH MISSPLICED GSK3BETA HAVE ENHANCED BETA-CATENIN EXPRESSION AS WELL AS SERIAL ENGRAFTMENT POTENTIAL WHILE REINTRODUCTION OF FULL-LENGTH GSK3BETA REDUCES BOTH IN VITRO REPLATING AND LEUKEMIC ENGRAFTMENT. WE PROPOSE THAT CP CML IS INITIATED BY BCR-ABL EXPRESSION IN AN HSC CLONE BUT THAT PROGRESSION TO BC MAY INCLUDE MISSPLICING OF GSK3BETA IN GMP LSC, ENABLING UNPHOSPHORYLATED BETA-CATENIN TO PARTICIPATE IN LSC SELF-RENEWAL. MISSPLICING OF GSK3BETA REPRESENTS A UNIQUE MECHANISM FOR THE EMERGENCE OF BC CML LSC AND MIGHT PROVIDE A NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TARGET.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4   787  29 CELLS OF ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA EVADE HTLV-1 TAX/NF-KAPPAB HYPERACTIVATION-INDUCED SENESCENCE. HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-1) IS THE ETIOLOGICAL AGENT OF ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATL). THE HTLV-1 VIRAL TRANS-ACTIVATOR/ONCOPROTEIN TAX IS A MAJOR DRIVER OF ATL, YET IT INDUCES RAPID P21(CIP1/WAF1) (P21)- AND P27(KIP1)-MEDIATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE THROUGH CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION (HYPERACTIVATION) OF NF-KAPPAB. ALTHOUGH CONSTITUTIVE NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION IS A COMMON FEATURE OF T/B-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA, INCLUDING ATL, IT IS NOT KNOWN HOW ATL CELLS MAINTAIN CHRONIC NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION WITHOUT UNDERGOING SENESCENCE. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT, IN CONTRAST TO HTLV-1(-) T-CELL LINES, ATL CELL LINES NO LONGER UNDERGO TAX-INDUCED SENESCENCE. ALTHOUGH TAX(+) AND TAX(-) ATL CELL LINES SHOWED SIGNATURES OF CONSTITUTIVE NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION, THEIR ABILITY TO PROGRESS THROUGH THE CELL CYCLE WAS UNAFFECTED. IN SOME CASES, ATL CELL LINES CONTINUED TO PROLIFERATE DESPITE SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF P21; ADDITIONALLY, MANY CELL LINES DISPLAYED ALTERED EXPRESSION OF G1 AND G1/S CYCLINS, PARTICULARLY OVEREXPRESSION OF CYCLIN D2. WE PROPOSE THAT, DURING THE COURSE OF ATL DEVELOPMENT, LEUKEMIA CELLS ACQUIRE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN MITIGATE THE SENESCENCE RESPONSE TRIGGERED BY NF-KAPPAB HYPERACTIVATION. RESTORING THE NF-KAPPAB-INDUCED SENESCENCE RESPONSE WOULD LIKELY HELP TO CONTROL THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF ATL AND SIMILAR LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  2326  29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  5459  28 RESEARCH ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION MECHANISM OF THE PTPN6 GENE IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. PTPN6, A TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE PROTEIN, PLAYS A NEGATIVE ROLE IN CELL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND IS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH TUMOUR FORMATION AND GROWTH. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC REGULATION MECHANISM OF THE PTPN6 GENE IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) REMAINS UNCLEAR. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED BONE MARROW OR BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 44 CML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. KCL22 AND K562 CELLS WERE CULTURED AND TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. REAL TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR, WESTERN BLOTTING, CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) WAS PERFORMED. PTPN6 WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN CELL LINES AND PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED PHASE CML, WHEREAS DNMT1, DNMT3A, MECP2, MBD2 AND HDAC1 WERE UP-REGULATED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, DECITABINE, SODIUM VALPROATE AND LBH589 INCREASED PTPN6 EXPRESSION, BUT DECREASED THAT OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, MECP2, MBD2 AND HDAC1. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND MASS SPECTROMETRY SHOWED THAT HDAC1 COMBINED DIRECTLY WITH PTPN6. CHIP-SEQ SHOWED THAT HDAC1 DID NOT COMBINE WITH THE PROMOTER REGION OF PTPN6, WHILE MAPK, AKT, STAT5, JAK2 AND MYC PROMOTER REGIONS ALL COMBINED WITH HDAC1. PTPN6 IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION OF CML. LOW EXPRESSION LEVEL OF PTPN6 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION AND REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION. HDAC1 PARTICIPATES IN THE REGULATION OF PTPN6.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  3531  29 IMATINIB CAUSES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF PTEN GENE VIA UPREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND POLYCOMB GROUP PROTEINS. WE HAVE RECENTLY REPORTED THE POSSIBLE IMATINIB-RESISTANT MECHANISM; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF LEUKEMIA CELLS TO IMATINIB DOWNREGULATED LEVELS OF PHOSPHATASE AND TENSIN HOMOLOG DELETED ON CHROMOSOME 10 (PTEN) VIA HYPERMETHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER REGION (LEUKEMIA 2010; 24: 1631). THE PRESENT STUDY EXPLORED THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH IMATINIB CAUSED METHYLATION ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF THIS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE IN LEUKEMIA CELLS. REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR FOUND THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC LEUKEMIA EOL-1 CELLS EXPRESSING FIP1L1/PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-ALPHA TO IMATINIB INDUCED EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) AND HISTONE-METHYLTRANSFERASE ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2), A FAMILY OF POLYCOMB GROUP, THEREBY INCREASING METHYLATION OF THE GENE. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY FOUND THE INCREASED COMPLEX FORMATION OF DNMT3A AND EZH2 PROTEINS IN THESE CELLS. MOREOVER, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY SHOWED THAT AMOUNTS OF BOTH DNMT3A AND EZH2 PROTEINS BOUND AROUND THE PROMOTER REGION OF PTEN GENE WERE INCREASED IN EOL-1 CELLS AFTER EXPOSURE TO IMATINIB. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND EZH2 WERE STRIKINGLY INCREASED IN LEUKEMIA CELLS ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (N=1) AND PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (N=2), WHO RELAPSED AFTER TREATMENT WITH IMATINIB COMPARED WITH THOSE ISOLATED AT THEIR INITIAL PRESENTATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, IMATINIB COULD CAUSE DRUG-RESISTANCE VIA RECRUITMENT OF POLYCOMB GENE COMPLEX TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE PTEN AND DOWNREGULATION OF THIS GENE'S TRANSCRIPTS IN LEUKEMIA PATIENTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  1069  39 CLOFARABINE?PHYTOCHEMICAL COMBINATION EXPOSURES IN CML CELLS INHIBIT DNA METHYLATION MACHINERY, UPREGULATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND PROMOTE CASPASE?DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS. CLOFARABINE (2?CHLORO?2'?FLUORO?2'?DEOXYARABINOSYLADENINE, CIF), A SECOND?GENERATION 2'?DEOXYADENOSINE ANALOG, POSSESSES A VARIETY OF ANTI?CANCER ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING THE CAPACITY TO MODULATE DNA METHYLATION MARKS. BIOACTIVE NUTRIENTS, INCLUDING RESVERATROL (RSV) AND ALL?TRANS RETINOIC ACID (ATRA) HAVE BEEN INDICATED TO REGULATE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY IN MALIGNANT CELLS. THE PURPOSE OF THE CURRENT STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE WHETHER THE TESTED PHYTOCHEMICALS, RSV OR ATRA, CAN IMPROVE THE THERAPEUTIC EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CIF IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CELLS. THE PRESENT STUDY INVESTIGATES, TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, THE INFLUENCE OF CIF IN COMBINATION WITH RSV OR ATRA ON THE EXPRESSION OF RELEVANT MODIFIERS OF DNA METHYLATION MACHINERY, INCLUDING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1) AND CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR 1A (CDKN1A) IN CML CELLS. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE COMBINATORIAL EFFECTS ON PROMOTER METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF METHYLATION?SILENCED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS), INCLUDING PHOSPHATASE AND TENSIN HOMOLOGUE (PTEN) AND RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR BETA (RARB), WERE ESTIMATED USING MSRA AND QPCR, RESPECTIVELY. THE TESTED TSGS WERE CHOSEN ACCORDING TO BIOINFORMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE CLINICAL DATA OF HUMAN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION ARRAYS IN LEUKEMIA PATIENTS. THE K562 CELL LINE WAS USED AS AN EXPERIMENTAL CML IN VITRO MODEL. FOLLOWING A PERIOD OF 72 H EXPOSURE OF K562 CELLS, THE TESTED COMBINATIONS LED TO SIGNIFICANT CELL GROWTH INHIBITION AND INDUCTION OF CASPASE?3?DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS. THESE OBSERVATIONS WERE ACCOMPANIED BY DNMT1 DOWNREGULATION AND CDKN1A UPREGULATION, WITH A CONCOMITANT ENHANCED DECREASE IN DNMT1 PROTEIN LEVEL, ESPECIALLY AFTER ATRA TREATMENT WITH CIF. CONCURRENT METHYLATION?MEDIATED RARB AND PTEN REACTIVATION WAS DETECTED. THE RESULTS OF THE CURRENT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT CIF THAT WAS USED IN COMBINATION WITH THE TESTED PHYTOCHEMICALS, RSV OR ATRA, EXHIBITED A GREATER ABILITY TO REMODEL DNA METHYLATION MARKS AND PROMOTE CELL DEATH IN CML CELLS. THESE RESULTS MAY SUPPORT THE APPLICATION OF CIF COMBINATIONS WITH NATURAL BIOACTIVE AGENTS IN ANTI?LEUKEMIC EPIGENETIC THERAPY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  6455  27 THYMOQUINONE ENHANCES APOPTOSIS OF K562 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS THROUGH HYPOMETHYLATION OF SHP-1 AND INHIBITION OF JAK/STAT SIGNALING PATHWAY. THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IS CRITICAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). SHP-1 FUNCTIONS AS A TSG AND NEGATIVELY REGULATES JAK/STAT SIGNALING. ENHANCEMENT OF SHP-1 EXPRESSION BY DEMETHYLATION PROVIDES MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF VARIOUS CANCERS. THYMOQUINONE (TQ), A CONSTITUENT OF NIGELLA SATIVA SEEDS, HAS SHOWN ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITIES IN VARIOUS CANCERS. HOWEVER, TQS EFFECT ON METHYLATION IS NOT FULLY CLEAR. THEREFORE, THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO ASSESS TQS ABILITY TO ENHANCE THE EXPRESSION OF SHP-1 THROUGH MODIFYING DNA METHYLATION IN K562 CML CELLS. THE ACTIVITIES OF TQ ON CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION AND APOPTOSIS WERE EVALUATED USING A FLUOROMETRIC-RED CELL CYCLE ASSAY AND ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI, RESPECTIVELY. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF SHP-1 WAS STUDIED BY PYROSEQUENCING ANALYSIS. THE EXPRESSION OF SHP-1, TET2, WT1, DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B WAS DETERMINED USING RT-QPCR. THE PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION OF STAT3, STAT5, AND JAK2 WAS ASSESSED USING JESS WESTERN ANALYSIS. TQ SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED THE DNMT1 GENE, DNMT3A GENE, AND DNMT3B GENE AND UPREGULATED THE WT1 GENE AND TET2 GENE. THIS LED TO HYPOMETHYLATION AND RESTORATION OF SHP-1 EXPRESSION, RESULTING IN INHIBITION OF JAK/STAT SIGNALING, INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS, AND CELL CYCLE ARREST. THE OBSERVED FINDINGS IMPLY THAT TQ PROMOTES APOPTOSIS AND CELL CYCLE ARREST IN CML CELLS BY INHIBITING JAK/STAT SIGNALING VIA RESTORATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF JAK/STAT-NEGATIVE REGULATOR GENES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  2081  34 EPIGENETIC DOWN-REGULATION OF BIM EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED OPTIMAL RESPONSES TO IMATINIB TREATMENT IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. BACKGROUND: EXPRESSION OF THE PRO-APOPTOTIC BCL-2-INTERACTING MEDIATOR (BIM) HAS RECENTLY BEEN IMPLICATED IN IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS OF BCR-ABL1(+) CELLS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF BIM IN CML AND ITS ROLE IN THE CLINICAL SETTING HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. DESIGN AND METHODS: WE ANALYSED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF BIM IN 100 NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS WITH CML IN CHRONIC PHASE BY Q-RT-PCR AND THE PROTEIN LEVELS BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. METHYLATION STATUS WAS ANALYSED BY BISULPHITE GENOMIC SEQUENCING AND MSP. CML CELL LINES WERE TREATED WITH IMATINIB AND 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, AND WERE TRANSFECTED WITH TWO DIFFERENT SIRNAS AGAINST BIM AND CELL PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS WERE ANALYSED. RESULTS: WE DEMONSTRATED THAT DOWN-REGULATION OF BIM EXPRESSION WAS PRESENT IN 36% OF THE PATIENTS AND WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH A LACK OF OPTIMAL RESPONSE TO IMATINIB AS INDICATED BY THE DECREASE IN CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR RESPONSES AT 6, 12 AND 18 MONTHS IN COMPARISON WITH PATIENTS WITH NORMAL BIM EXPRESSION (P<0.05). EXPRESSION OF BIM WAS MEDIATED BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AS DEMONSTRATED BY RESTORATION OF BIM EXPRESSION AFTER TREATMENT OF CML CELLS WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. USING CML CELL LINES WITH LOW AND NORMAL EXPRESSION OF BIM WE FURTHER DEMONSTRATED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF BIM IS REQUIRED FOR IMATINIB-INDUCED CML APOPTOSIS. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA INDICATE THAT DOWN-REGULATION OF BIM IS EPIGENETICALLY CONTROLLED BY METHYLATION IN A PERCENTAGE OF CML PATIENTS AND HAS AN UNFAVOURABLE PROGNOSTIC IMPACT, AND THAT THE COMBINATION OF IMATINIB WITH A DE-METHYLATING AGENT MAY RESULT IN IMPROVED RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH DECREASED EXPRESSION OF BIM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  2435  34 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 ACTIVATES THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY AND CONTRIBUTES TO INCREASED CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE WNT PATHWAY IS A KEY REGULATOR OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND STEM CELLS, AND ITS ABERRANT ACTIVATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN MALIGNANCIES, MOST NOTABLY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF THE GENES ENCODING THE SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS), THE WNT SIGNALLING ANTAGONISTS, HAS BEEN LINKED WITH ABERRANT HYPERACTIVATION OF THE WNT SIGNALLING IN HCC CELLS; HOWEVER, THE PRECISE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS ELUSIVE. WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLATION PROFILES OF WNT ANTAGONISTS IN LIVER SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT STAGES OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AND LIVER CANCER CELL LINES AND STUDIED THE FUNCTIONAL IMPACT OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRPS ON THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY AND CELL VIABILITY. WE FOUND THAT THE SFRP1 GENE ENCODING THE SUBUNIT IS A FREQUENT TARGET OF ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND SILENCING IN HCC TUMOURS, WHEREAS OTHER EXTRACELLULAR WNT ANTAGONISTS, WIF1 AND DKK3, EXHIBITED NO METHYLATION IN TUMOUR CELLS, CONSISTENT WITH THE NOTION THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION EVENTS IN CANCER CELLS ARE NON-RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE GENES AND THAT THERE IS A STRONG PREFERENCE FOR HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES IN HCC. IN ADDITION, BY COMPARING SFRP1 METHYLATION STATUS IN HCC TUMOURS WITH NORMAL, CIRRHOTIC AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS LIVER TISSUES, WE IDENTIFIED SFRP1 GENE AS A POTENTIAL EARLY MARKER OF HCC. THE RESTORATION OF SFRP1 EXPRESSION IN CANCER CELLS BY ECTOPIC EXPRESSION INHIBITED WNT ACTIVITY ACCOMPANIED WITH DESTABILIZATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND DOWNREGULATION OF C-MYC AND CYCLIN D1, THE KNOWN DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF WNT PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, RESTORING SFRP1 LEVELS IN CANCER CELLS INHIBITED CELL GROWTH AND INDUCED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH. THIS STUDY SUPPORTS THE CRITICAL ROLE FOR SFRP1 SILENCING IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND REINFORCES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WNT ANTAGONISTS IN PREVENTING ONCOGENIC STABILIZATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY, SUGGESTING THAT SFRP1 MAY BE AN ATTRACTIVE TARGET FOR EARLY CANCER DETECTION AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  5319  34 PTEN IS FUNDAMENTAL FOR ELIMINATION OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS MEDIATED BY GSK126 TARGETING EZH2 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) ARE AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR RESISTANCE AND DISEASE RELAPSE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). TARGETING LSCS MAY BE AN ATTRACTIVE STRATEGY TO OVERRIDE THIS THORNY PROBLEM. GIVEN THAT EZH2 WAS OVEREXPRESSED IN PRIMARY CML CD34(+) CELLS, OUR PURPOSE IN THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF TARGETING EZH2 ON CML LSCS AND CLARIFY ITS UNDERLYING MECHANISM.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: HUMAN PRIMARY CML CD34(+) CELLS AND RETROVIRALLY BCR-ABL-DRIVEN CML MOUSE MODELS WERE EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF SUPPRESSION OF EZH2 BY GSK126- OR EZH2-SPECIFIC SHRNA IN VITRO AND IN VIVO RECRUITMENT OF EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 ON THE PROMOTER OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE PTEN IN CML CELLS WAS MEASURED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY.RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF EZH2 BY GSK126 NOT ONLY ELICITED APOPTOSIS AND RESTRICTED CELL GROWTH IN CML BULK LEUKEMIA CELLS, BUT ALSO DECREASED LSCS IN CML CD34(+) CELLS WHILE SPARING THOSE FROM NORMAL BONE MARROW CD34(+) CELLS. SUPPRESSION OF EZH2 BY GSK126 OR SPECIFIC SHRNA PROLONGED SURVIVAL OF CML MICE AND REDUCED THE NUMBER OF LSCS IN MICE. EZH2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN ELEVATION OF PTEN AND LED TO IMPAIRED RECRUITMENT OF EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 ON THE PROMOTER OF PTEN GENE. THE EFFECT OF EZH2 KNOCKDOWN IN THE CML MICE WAS AT LEAST PARTIALLY REVERSED BY PTEN KNOCKDOWN.CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS IMPROVE THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF STEMNESS IN CML LSCS AND WARRANT CLINICAL TRIAL OF GSK126 IN REFRACTORY PATIENTS WITH CML. CLIN CANCER RES; 24(1); 145-57. (C)2017 AACR.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13  6793  26 [DOWN-REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 VIA ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PU.1 DOWN-EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS. METHODS: DIFFERENT METHYLATION STATUS OF PU.1 PROMOTER REGION CONTAINING 20 CPG ISLANDS IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION PATIENTS AFTER IMATINIB TREATMENT, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS WAS DETECTED BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING. SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR WAS USED TO DETECT THE PU.1 MRNA EXPRESSION IN NORMAL CONTROLS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. INDIRECT IMMUNE FLUORESCENCE AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO ANALYZE THE EXPRTESSION OF PU.1 PROTEIN IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. RESULTS: ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 WAS FOUND IN BOTH CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PHASE BONE MARROW CELLS, AS WELL AS IN CML BLAST K562 CELLS. DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WAS FOUND IN ABOVE CELLS. NO METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF PU.1 WAS OBSERVED IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, AND THE PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS WERE NOT REDUCED AT ALL. FURTHERMORE, HIGH METHYLATION STATUS OF BONE MARROW CELLS WAS EVEN OBSERVED IN THE CML PATIENTS WHO ACQUIRED COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS OF OUR STUDY INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PU.1 IN CML PATIENTS AND K562 CELL LINE MIGHT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1. THE DATA SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PU.1 PLAYS A ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS, THEREFORE, IT MIGHT SERVE AS A USEFUL BIOMARKER AND POTENTIAL TARGET IN THERAPY FOR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14   690  29 BRD4 DEGRADATION BLOCKS EXPRESSION OF MYC AND MULTIPLE FORMS OF STEM CELL RESISTANCE IN PH(+) CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. IN MOST PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CLONAL CELLS CAN BE KEPT UNDER CONTROL BY BCR::ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI). HOWEVER, OVERT RESISTANCE OR INTOLERANCE AGAINST THESE TKI MAY OCCUR. WE IDENTIFIED THE EPIGENETIC READER BRD4 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM-EFFECTOR MYC AS GROWTH REGULATORS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN CML CELLS. BRD4 AND MYC WERE FOUND TO BE EXPRESSED IN PRIMARY CML CELLS, CD34(+) /CD38(-) LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS (LSC), AND IN THE CML CELL LINES KU812, K562, KCL22, AND KCL22(T315I) . THE BRD4-TARGETING DRUG JQ1 WAS FOUND TO SUPPRESS PROLIFERATION IN KU812 CELLS AND PRIMARY LEUKEMIC CELLS IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PHASE CML. IN THE BLAST PHASE OF CML, JQ1 WAS LESS EFFECTIVE. HOWEVER, THE BRD4 DEGRADER DBET6 WAS FOUND TO BLOCK PROLIFERATION AND/OR SURVIVAL OF PRIMARY CML CELLS IN ALL PATIENTS TESTED, INCLUDING BLAST PHASE CML AND CML CELLS EXHIBITING THE T315I VARIANT OF BCR::ABL1. MOREOVER, DBET6 WAS FOUND TO BLOCK MYC EXPRESSION AND TO SYNERGIZE WITH BCR::ABL1 TKI IN INHIBITING THE PROLIFERATION IN THE JQ1-RESISTANT CELL LINE K562. FURTHERMORE, BRD4 DEGRADATION WAS FOUND TO OVERCOME OSTEOBLAST-INDUCED TKI RESISTANCE OF CML LSC IN A CO-CULTURE SYSTEM AND TO BLOCK INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF THE CHECKPOINT ANTIGEN PD-L1 IN LSC. FINALLY, DBET6 WAS FOUND TO SUPPRESS THE IN VITRO SURVIVAL OF CML LSC AND THEIR ENGRAFTMENT IN NSG MICE. TOGETHER, TARGETING OF BRD4 AND MYC THROUGH BET DEGRADATION SENSITIZES CML CELLS AGAINST BCR::ABL1 TKI AND IS A POTENT APPROACH TO OVERCOME MULTIPLE FORMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN CML LSC.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15  2132  23 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR-124-1 IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-124-1 IS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA (MIR). EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF MIRS IS IMPLICATED IN CARCINOGENESIS. PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION OF MIR-124-1 WAS STUDIED IN 5 NORMAL MARROW CONTROLS, 4 LYMPHOMA, 8 MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) CELL LINES, 230 DIAGNOSTIC PRIMARY SAMPLES OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML), CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL), MM, AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL), AND 53 MM SAMPLES AT STABLE DISEASE OR RELAPSE. PROMOTER OF MIR-124-1 WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED IN 4 OF 4 LYMPHOMA AND 4 OF 8 MYELOMA CELL LINES. TREATMENT OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE LED TO MIR-124-1 DEMETHYLATION AND RE-EXPRESSION OF MATURE MIR-124, WHICH ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH EMERGENCE OF EUCHROMATIC TRIMETHYL H3K4 AND CONSEQUENT DOWNREGULATION OF CDK6 IN MYELOMA CELLS HARBORING HOMOZYGOUS MIR-124-1 METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES AT DIAGNOSIS, MIR-124-1 METHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN CML BUT DETECTED IN 2% EACH OF MM AT DIAGNOSIS AND RELAPSE/PROGRESSION, 5% ALL, 15% AML, 14% CLL AND 58.1% OF NHL (P<0.001). AMONGST LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, MIR-124-1 WAS PREFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN NHL THAN MM, CLL OR ALL. IN PRIMARY LYMPHOMA SAMPLES, MIR-124-1 WAS PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN B- OR NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMAS AND ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED MIR-124 EXPRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, MIR-124-1 WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN A TUMOUR-SPECIFIC MANNER, WITH A HETEROCHROMATIC HISTONE CONFIGURATION. HYPOMETHYLATION LED TO PARTIAL RESTORATION OF EUCHROMATIC HISTONE CODE AND MIR RE-EXPRESSION. INFREQUENT MIR-124-1 METHYLATION DETECTED IN DIAGNOSTIC AND RELAPSE MM SAMPLES SHOWED AN UNIMPORTANT ROLE IN MM PATHOGENESIS, DESPITE FREQUENT METHYLATION FOUND IN CELL LINES. AMONGST HAEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS, MIR-124-1 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NHL, AND HENCE WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16  1495  25 DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF CELL CYCLE (P15 AND P16) AND APOPTOTIC (P14, P53, DAPK AND TMS1) GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF LEUKEMIA PATIENTS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES HAS BEEN REPORTED IN ALL MAJOR TYPES OF LEUKEMIA WITH POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE INACTIVATION OF REGULATORY CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS GENES. HOWEVER, MOST OF THE PREVIOUS REPORTS DID NOT SHOW THE EXTENT OF CONCURRENT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES IN THE FOUR LEUKEMIA TYPES. HERE, WE ANALYZED SIX KEY GENES (P14, P15, P16, P53, DAPK AND TMS1) FOR DNA METHYLATION USING METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR TO ANALYZE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF 78 LEUKEMIA PATIENTS (24 CML, 25 CLL, 12 AML, AND 17 ALL) AND 24 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. IN CML, METHYLATION WAS DETECTED FOR P15 (11%), P16 (9%), P53 (23%) AND DAPK (23%), IN CLL, P14 (25%), P15 (19%), P16 (12%), P53 (17%) AND DAPK (36%), IN AML, P14 (8%), P15 (45%), P53 (9%) AND DAPK (17%) AND IN ALL, P15 (14%), P16 (8%), AND P53 (8%). THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTED AN ESSENTIAL ROLE OF DAPK METHYLATION IN CHRONIC LEUKEMIA IN CONTRAST TO P15 METHYLATION IN THE ACUTE CASES, WHEREAS TMS1 HYPERMETHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN ALL CASES. FURTHERMORE, HYPERMETHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES PER PATIENT WAS OBSERVED, WITH OBVIOUS SELECTIVENESS IN THE 9P21 CHROMOSOMAL REGION GENES (P14, P15 AND P16). INTERESTINGLY, METHYLATION OF P15 INCREASED THE RISK OF METHYLATION IN P53, AND VICE VERSA, BY FIVE FOLDS (P=0.03) INDICATING POSSIBLE SYNERGISTIC EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION OF DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE OR BETWEEN THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS. THE INVESTIGATION OF MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN METHYLATED GENES MIGHT SHED LIGHT ON TUMOR SPECIFIC INACTIVATION OF THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOTIC PATHWAYS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17  4993  31 PENTOXIFYLLINE-INDUCED PROTEIN EXPRESSION CHANGE IN RAW 264.7 CELLS AS DETERMINED BY IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-BASED HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. ALTHOUGH PENTOXIFYLLINE (PTX) WAS IDENTIFIED AS A COMPETITIVE NON-SELECTIVE PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR, ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT HAS NOT BEEN CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. THE PRESENT STUDY EXPLORED THE EFFECT OF LOW DOSE 10 MUG/ML PTX (THERAPEUTIC DOSE) COMPARED TO HIGH DOSE 300 MUG/ML PTX (EXPERIMENTAL DOSE) IN RAW 264.7 CELLS THROUGH IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-BASED HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (IP-HPLC), IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND WESTERN BLOT. 10 MUG/ML PTX INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF PROLIFERATION (KI-67, PCNA, CYCLIN D2, CDC25A), EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION (KDM4D, PCAF, HMGB1), PROTEIN TRANSLATION (DOHH, DHPS, EIF5A1), RAS SIGNALING (KRAS, PAKT1/2/3, PI3K), NFKB SIGNALING (NFKB, GADD45, P38), PROTECTION (HSP70, SOD1, GSTO1/2), SURVIVAL (PAKT1/2/3, SP1, SIRTUIN 6), NEUROMUSCULAR DIFFERENTIATION (NSEGAMMA, MYOSIN-1A, DESMIN), OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION (BMP2, RUNX2, OSTERIX), ACUTE INFLAMMATION (TNFALPHA, IL-1, CXCR4), INNATE IMMUNITY (BETA-DEFENSIN 1, LACTOFERRIN, TLR-3, -4), CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (CD4, CD8, CD80), WHILE DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF ER STRESS (EIF2ALPHA, EIF2AK3, ATF6ALPHA), FIBROSIS (FGF2, CTGF, COLLAGEN 3A1), AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION (CD68, MMP-2, -3, COX2) VERSUS THE UNTREATED CONTROLS. THE ACTIVATION OF PROLIFERATION BY 10 MUG/ML PTX WAS ALSO SUPPORTED BY THE INCREASE OF CMYC-MAX HETERODIMER AND BETA-CATENIN-TCF1 COMPLEX IN DOUBLE IP-HPLC. 10 MUG/ML PTX ENHANCED FAS-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS BUT DIMINISHED P53-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS, AND DOWNREGULATED MANY ANGIOGENESIS PROTEINS (ANGIOGENIN, VEGF-A, AND FLT4), BUT UPREGULATED HIF1ALPHA, VEGFR2, AND CMG2 REACTIVELY. WHEREAS, 300 MUG/ML PTX CONSISTENTLY DECREASED PROLIFERATION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, RAS AND NFKB SIGNALING, NEUROMUSCULAR AND OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION, BUT INCREASED APOPTOSIS, ER STRESS, AND FIBROSIS COMPARED TO 10 MUG/ML PTX. THESE DATA SUGGEST PTX HAS DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL EFFECT ON RWA 264.7 CELLS DEPENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF 10 MUG/ML AND 300 MUG/ML PTX. THE LOW DOSE 10 MUG/ML PTX ENHANCED RAS/NFKB SIGNALING, PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND INFLAMMATION, PARTICULARLY, IT STIMULATED NEUROMUSCULAR AND OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY, BUT ATTENUATED ER STRESS, FIBROSIS, ANGIOGENESIS, AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, WHILE THE HIGH DOSE 300 MUG/ML PTX WAS FOUND TO ALLEVIATE THE 10 MUG/ML PTX-INDUCED BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, RESULTED IN THE SUPPRESSION OF RAS/NFKB SIGNALING, PROLIFERATION, NEUROMUSCULAR AND OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION, AND INFLAMMATION.	2022	

18   571  24 BCR-ABL INDUCES AUTOCRINE IGF-1 SIGNALING. BCR-ABL ONCOGENE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INITIAL PHASE OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML), WHICH IS EFFECTIVELY TREATED BY THE BCR-ABL INHIBITOR IMATINIB. OVER TIME PATIENTS BECOME RESISTANT TO TREATMENT AND PROGRESS TO BLAST CRISIS, AN EVENT THAT IS DRIVEN BY ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS. RECENTLY, WE SHOWED THAT RIZ1 EXPRESSION DECREASES IN BLAST CRISIS AND THAT RE-EXPRESSION OF RIZ1 INHIBITS IGF-1 EXPRESSION. IGF-1 SIGNALING IS REQUIRED IN MANY STAGES OF HEMATOPOIESIS AND INAPPROPRIATE ACTIVATION OF AUTOCRINE IGF-1 SIGNALING MAY FACILITATE TRANSFORMATION TO BLAST CRISIS. WE OBSERVED THAT IN 8 OUT OF 11 MATCHED CML PATIENT BIOPSIES THE IGF-1 EXPRESSION IS ELEVATED IN BLAST CRISIS. WE EXAMINED MECHANISMS USED BY CML BLAST CRISIS CELL LINES TO ACTIVATE IGF-1 EXPRESSION. WE FOUND THAT BCR-ABL ACTIVATES AUTOCRINE IGF-1 SIGNALING USING HCK AND STAT5B. INHIBITION OF THESE SIGNALING COMPONENTS USING SMALL MOLECULE DRUGS OR SHRNA DECREASES PROLIFERATION AND ENHANCES APOPTOSIS. TOGETHER, OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT ABERRANT IGF-1 SIGNALING IS AN IMPORTANT EVENT IN BLAST CRISIS TRANSFORMATION AND IT PROVIDES A MECHANISM TO EXPLAIN THE ACTIVITY OF IGF-1R AND HCK INHIBITORS IN BLOCKING CML BLAST CRISIS PHENOTYPES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19  1381  36 DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE TRIGGERS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 EXPRESSION RESULTING IN ELEVATED CPG-METHYLATION AND ENRICHMENT OF MECP2 IN THE P21 PROMOTER IN VITRO. LEACHING OF THE PLASTIC CONSTITUENTS LEADING TO THEIR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HUMANS IS A MAJOR CONCERN FOR OUR ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH. OUR PREVIOUS AND OTHER NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS LIKE DI (2-ETHYLHEXYL)-PHTHALATE (DEHP) COULD POSE A RISK TOWARDS THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. YET, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS POSSIBLE EPIGENOTOXICITY ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WE AIMED TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF DEHP EXPOSURE TO THE HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELLS (MCF-7) AND RESULTANT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION REGULATORS ULTIMATELY ALTERING THE EXPRESSION OF THE CELL CYCLE REGULATOR P21 AS A MODEL GENE. THE MCF-7 CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS (50-500 NM) FOR 24 H. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT DEHP WAS PROLIFERATIVE TOWARDS THE MCF-7 CELLS WHILE IT INDUCED GLOBAL DNA HYPERMETHYLATION WITH SELECTIVE UPREGULATION OF DNMT1 AND MECP2. IN ADDITION, DEHP SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED P53 PROTEIN AND ITS ENRICHMENT TO THE DNMT1 PROMOTER BINDING SITE, WHILE ELEVATING SP1 AND E2F1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS, STIMULATING THEIR BINDING TO THE PROMOTER DNA. COINCIDENTLY, INCREASED DNMT1 LEVEL WAS HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS OF P21 EXPRESSION AND INCREASED CYCLIN D1 LEVELS. IMPORTANTLY, THE P21, BUT NOT CYCLIN D1 PROMOTER CPG-DINUCLEOTIDES WERE HYPERMETHYLATED AFTER EXPOSURE TO 500 NM DEHP FOR 24 H. FURTHERMORE, IT WAS OBSERVED THAT DEHP SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED DNMT1 AND MECP2 TO THE P21 PROMOTER TO INDUCE DNA METHYLATION-BASED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF P21, RESULTING IN INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST DEHP COULD POTENTIALLY INDUCE THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT MIGHT INCREASE THE RISK OF BREAST CANCER, GIVEN THAT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS SHOULD BE FULLY ELUCIDATED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20  4231  39 METHYLATION OF PROTOCADHERIN 10, A NOVEL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, IS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER. BACKGROUND & AIMS: BY USING METHYLATION-SENSITIVE REPRESENTATIONAL DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS, WE IDENTIFIED PROTOCADHERIN 10 (PCDH10), A GENE THAT ENCODES A PROTOCADHERIN AND IS SILENCED IN A TUMOR-SPECIFIC MANNER. WE ANALYZED ITS EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE IN GASTRIC CANCER. METHODS: METHYLATION STATUS WAS EVALUATED BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING. THE EFFECTS OF PCDH10 RE-EXPRESSION WERE DETERMINED IN GROWTH, APOPTOSIS, PROLIFERATION, AND INVASION ASSAYS. PCDH10 TARGET GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY COMPLEMENTARY DNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS. RESULTS: PCDH10 WAS SILENCED OR DOWN-REGULATED IN 94% (16 OF 17) OF GASTRIC CANCER CELL LINES; EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE RESTORED BY EXPOSURE TO DEMETHYLATING AGENTS. RE-EXPRESSION OF PCDH10 IN MKN45 GASTRIC CANCER CELLS REDUCED COLONY FORMATION IN VITRO AND TUMOR GROWTH IN MICE; IT ALSO INHIBITED CELL PROLIFERATION (P < .01), INDUCED CELL APOPTOSIS (P < .001), AND REPRESSED CELL INVASION (P < .05), UP-REGULATING THE PRO-APOPTOSIS GENES FAS, CASPASE 8, JUN, AND CDKN1A; THE ANTIPROLIFERATION GENE FGFR; AND THE ANTI-INVASION GENE HTATIP2. PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 82% (85 OF 104) OF GASTRIC TUMORS COMPARED WITH 37% (38 OF 104) OF PAIRED NONTUMOR TISSUES (P < .0001). IN THE LATTER, PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN PRECANCEROUS LESIONS (27 OF 45; 60%) THAN IN CHRONIC GASTRITIS SAMPLES (11 OF 59; 19%) (P < .0001). AFTER A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP PERIOD OF 16.8 MONTHS, MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT PATIENTS WITH PCDH10 METHYLATION IN ADJACENT NONTUMOR AREAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN OVERALL SURVIVAL. KAPLAN-MEIER SURVIVAL CURVES SHOWED THAT PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN STAGE I-III GASTRIC CANCER PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: PCDH10 IS A GASTRIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; ITS METHYLATION AT EARLY STAGES OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS IS AN INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTOR.	2009