1  3190 146 HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER CANCER RISK PERSIST AFTER SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE. BACKGROUND & AIMS: CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). DESPITE EFFECTIVE ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES, THE RISK FOR HCC IS DECREASED BUT NOT ELIMINATED AFTER A SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE (SVR) TO DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL (DAA) AGENTS, AND THE RISK IS HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS. WE INVESTIGATED HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT MIGHT AFFECT RISK FOR HCC AFTER DAA TREATMENT IN PATIENTS AND MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE CHIPMENTATION-BASED CHIP-SEQ AND RNA-SEQ ANALYSES OF LIVER TISSUES FROM 6 PATIENTS WITHOUT HCV INFECTION (CONTROLS), 18 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION, 8 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION CURED BY DAA TREATMENT, 13 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION CURED BY INTERFERON THERAPY, 4 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION, AND 7 PATIENTS WITH NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS IN EUROPE AND JAPAN. HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WERE MAPPED BY COMPARATIVE ANALYSES WITH MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER LIVER DISEASE ETIOLOGIES. UPA/SCID MICE WERE ENGRAFTED WITH HUMAN HEPATOCYTES TO CREATE MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS AND GIVEN INJECTIONS OF HCV-INFECTED SERUM SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS; MICE WERE GIVEN DAAS TO ERADICATE THE VIRUS. PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH HCC RISK WERE IDENTIFIED BY INTEGRATIVE PATHWAY ANALYSES AND VALIDATED IN ANALYSES OF PAIRED HCC TISSUES FROM 8 PATIENTS WITH AN SVR TO DAA TREATMENT OF HCV INFECTION. RESULTS: WE FOUND CHRONIC HCV INFECTION TO INDUCE SPECIFIC GENOME-WIDE CHANGES IN H3K27AC, WHICH CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF MRNAS AND PROTEINS. THESE CHANGES PERSISTED AFTER AN SVR TO DAAS OR INTERFERON-BASED THERAPIES. INTEGRATIVE PATHWAY ANALYSES OF LIVER TISSUES FROM PATIENTS AND MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS DEMONSTRATED THAT HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER CANCER RISK. COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSES ASSOCIATED INCREASED EXPRESSION OF SPHK1 WITH HCC RISK. WE VALIDATED THESE FINDINGS IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH HCV-RELATED CIRRHOSIS (N = 216), A SUBSET OF WHICH (N = 21) ACHIEVED VIRAL CLEARANCE. CONCLUSIONS: IN AN ANALYSIS OF LIVER TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT AN SVR TO DAA THERAPY, WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC AND GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH RISK FOR HCC. THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT BE TARGETED TO PREVENT LIVER CANCER IN PATIENTS TREATED FOR HCV INFECTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2  5486  57 REVERSE INFLAMMAGING: LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF HCV CURE ON BIOLOGICAL AGE. BACKGROUND & AIMS: CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION CAN BE CURED WITH DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRALS (DAAS). HOWEVER, NOT ALL SEQUELAE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C APPEAR TO BE COMPLETELY REVERSIBLE AFTER SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE (SVR). RECENTLY, CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLOGICAL AGE ACCELERATION DEFINED BY THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER CHRONIC HCV INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND BIOLOGICAL AGE ACCELERATION AND WHETHER THIS IS REVERSIBLE AFTER SVR. METHODS: WE INCLUDED 54 WELL-CHARACTERIZED INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C WHO ACHIEVED SVR AFTER DAA THERAPY AT THREE TIME POINTS: DAA TREATMENT INITIATION, END OF TREATMENT, AND LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP (MEDIAN 96 WEEKS AFTER END OF TREATMENT). GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STATUS WAS DETERMINED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) AND USED TO CALCULATE EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION (EAA) USING HORVATH'S CLOCK. RESULTS: INDIVIDUALS WITH HCV HAD AN OVERALL SIGNIFICANT EAA OF 3.12 YEARS AT BASELINE COMPARED WITH -2.61 YEARS IN THE AGE- AND SEX-MATCHED REFERENCE GROUP (P <0.00003). HCV ELIMINATION RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT LONG-TERM INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION DOMINATED BY HYPERMETHYLATED CPGS IN ALL PATIENT GROUPS. ACCORDINGLY, EAA DECREASED TO 1.37 YEARS AT LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP. THE DECREASE IN EAA WAS SIGNIFICANT ONLY BETWEEN THE END OF TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP (P = 0.01). INTERESTINGLY, EIGHT INDIVIDUALS WHO DEVELOPED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AFTER SVR HAD THE HIGHEST EAA AND SHOWED NO EVIDENCE OF REVERSAL AFTER SVR. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA CONTRIBUTE TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF HCV ELIMINATION AFTER DAA THERAPY AND DEMONSTRATE THAT HCV ELIMINATION CAN LEAD TO "REVERSE INFLAMMAGING". IN ADDITION, OUR DATA SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL USE OF BIOLOGICAL AGE AS A BIOMARKER FOR HCV SEQUELAE AFTER SVR. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION IS NOW CURABLE WITH DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRALS, BUT IT REMAINS UNCLEAR WHETHER HEPATITIS C SEQUELAE ARE FULLY REVERSIBLE AFTER VIRAL ELIMINATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES OR ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE ARE REVERSIBLE IN PRINCIPLE, BUT THIS REQUIRES TIME, WHILE A LACK OF REVERSIBILITY APPEARS TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. WHILE MOST CLINICAL RISK SCORES NOW TAKE CHRONOLOGICAL AGE INTO ACCOUNT, IT MAY BE WORTHWHILE TO EXPLORE HOW BIOLOGICAL AGE MIGHT IMPROVE THESE SCORES IN THE FUTURE. BIOLOGICAL AGE MAY BE A CORNERSTONE FOR THE INDIVIDUALIZED CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS IN THE FUTURE, AS IT BETTER REFLECTS PATIENTS' LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES OVER DECADES.	2023	

3   791  22 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NETWORKS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: THE LEUKEMIC STEM, PROGENITOR AND STROMAL CELL INTERPLAY. THE USE OF IMATINIB, SECOND AND THIRD GENERATION ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) (I.E. DASATINIB, NILOTINIB, BOSUTINIB AND PONATINIB) MADE CML A CLINICALLY MANAGEABLE AND, IN A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF CASES, A CURED DISEASE. TKI THERAPY ALSO TURNED CML BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION INTO A RARE EVENT; HOWEVER, DISEASE PROGRESSION STILL OCCURS IN THOSE PATIENTS WHO ARE REFRACTORY, NOT COMPLIANT WITH TKI THERAPY OR DEVELOP RESISTANCE TO MULTIPLE TKIS. IN THE PAST FEW YEARS, IT BECAME CLEAR THAT THE BCRABL1 ONCOGENE DOES NOT OPERATE ALONE TO DRIVE DISEASE EMERGENCE, MAINTENANCE AND PROGRESSION. INDEED, IT SEEMS THAT BONE MARROW (BM) MICROENVIRONMENT-GENERATED SIGNALS AND CELL AUTONOMOUS BCRABL1 KINASE-INDEPENDENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO: I. PERSISTENCE OF A QUIESCENT LEUKEMIC STEM CELL (LSC) RESERVOIR, II. INNATE OR ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO TKIS, AND III. PROGRESSION INTO THE FATAL BLAST CRISIS STAGE. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE INTRICATE LEUKEMIC NETWORK IN WHICH ABERRANT, BUT FINELY TUNED, SURVIVAL, MITOGENIC AND SELF-RENEWAL SIGNALS ARE GENERATED BY LEUKEMIC PROGENITORS, STROMAL CELLS, IMMUNE CELLS AND METABOLIC MICROENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS (E.G. HYPOXIA) TO PROMOTE LSC MAINTENANCE AND BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4  3780  54 INTERFERON DRIVES HCV SCARRING OF THE EPIGENOME AND CREATES TARGETABLE VULNERABILITIES FOLLOWING VIRAL CLEARANCE. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: CHRONIC HCV INFECTION IS A LEADING ETIOLOGIC DRIVER OF CIRRHOSIS AND ULTIMATELY HCC. OF THE APPROXIMATELY 71 MILLION INDIVIDUALS CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH HCV, 10%-20% ARE EXPECTED TO DEVELOP SEVERE LIVER COMPLICATIONS IN THEIR LIFETIME. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BECOME PROFOUNDLY DISRUPTED IN DISEASE PROCESSES INCLUDING LIVER DISEASE. APPROACH AND RESULTS: TO UNDERSTAND HOW HCV INFECTION INFLUENCES THE EPIGENOME AND WHETHER THESE EVENTS REMAIN AS "SCARS" FOLLOWING CURE OF CHRONIC HCV INFECTION, WE MAPPED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION, FOUR KEY REGULATORY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS (H3K4ME3, H3K4ME1, H3K27AC, AND H3K27ME3), AND OPEN CHROMATIN IN PARENTAL AND HCV-INFECTED IMMORTALIZED HEPATOCYTES AND THE HUH7.5 HCC CELL LINE, ALONG WITH DNA METHYLATION AND GENE-EXPRESSION ANALYSES FOLLOWING ELIMINATION OF HCV IN THESE MODELS THROUGH TREATMENT WITH INTERFERON-ALPHA (IFN-ALPHA) OR A DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL (DAA). OUR DATA DEMONSTRATE THAT HCV INFECTION PROFOUNDLY AFFECTS THE EPIGENOME (PARTICULARLY ENHANCERS); HCV SHARES EPIGENETIC TARGETS WITH INTERFERON-ALPHA TARGETS; AND AN OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY HCV REMAIN AS "SCARS" ON THE EPIGENOME FOLLOWING VIRAL CURE. SIMILAR FINDINGS ARE OBSERVED IN PRIMARY HUMAN PATIENT SAMPLES CURED OF CHRONIC HCV INFECTION. SUPPLEMENTATION OF IFN-ALPHA/DAA ANTIVIRAL REGIMENS WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE SYNERGIZES IN REVERTING ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION INDUCED BY HCV. FINALLY, BOTH HCV-INFECTED AND CURED CELLS DISPLAYED A BLUNTED IMMUNE RESPONSE, DEMONSTRATING A FUNCTIONAL EFFECT OF EPIGENETIC SCARRING. CONCLUSIONS: INTEGRATION OF EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL DATA ELUCIDATE KEY GENE DEREGULATION EVENTS DRIVEN BY HCV INFECTION AND HOW THIS MAY UNDERPIN THE LONG-TERM ELEVATED RISK FOR HCC IN PATIENTS CURED OF HCV DUE TO EPIGENOME SCARRING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  1042  37 CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AFTER HEPATITIS C VIRUS ERADICATION. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) ARISES IN THE BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, INCLUDING HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS CAUSED BY HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT HCV ERADICATION USING ANTIVIRAL DRUGS CAN EFFICIENTLY INHIBIT HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. RECENT ADVANCES IN AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL (DAA) DRUGS HAS REVOLUTIONIZED THE TREATMENT OF HCV INFECTION, AND THE VAST MAJORITY OF HCV PATIENTS CAN ACHIEVE HCV ERADICATION USING DAAS. HOWEVER, MOUNTING EVIDENCE CLEARLY INDICATES THAT HCC INEVITABLY OCCURS IN A SUBSET OF PATIENTS AFTER SUCCESSFUL VIRAL ERADICATION USING DAA THERAPY. CANCER IS A GENETIC DISEASE, AND THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS MAY CAUSE HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IN CHRONICALLY DAMAGED LIVER, EVEN AFTER VIRUS ELIMINATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT HCC DEVELOPMENT AFTER HCV ERADICATION AND DISCUSS THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TUMORIGENESIS AFTER VIRUS ELIMINATION, FOCUSING ON THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND OF CHRONICALLY DAMAGED LIVER TISSUES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6  5521  50 RISK OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AFTER HCV CLEARANCE BY DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRALS TREATMENT PREDICTIVE FACTORS AND ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRALS (DAAS) INDUCE A RAPID VIROLOGIC RESPONSE (SVR) IN UP TO 99% OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PATIENTS. THE ROLE OF SVR BY DAAS ON THE INCIDENCE OR RECURRENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS STILL A MATTER OF DEBATE, ALTHOUGH IT IS KNOWN THAT SVR DOES NOT ELIMINATE THE RISK OF HCC. IN THIS REVIEW, WE MADE AN UPDATED ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE DATA ON THE IMPACT OF SVR BY DAAS ON THE RISK OF HCC AS WELL AS AN ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS AND THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. DATA SHOWED THAT SVR HAS NO IMPACT ON THE OCCURRENCE OF HCC IN THE SHORT-MEDIUM TERM BUT REDUCES THE RISK OF HCC IN THE MEDIUM-LONG TERM. A DIRECT ROLE OF DAAS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC HAS NOT BEEN DEMONSTRATED, WHILE THE HYPOTHESIS OF A REDUCTION IN IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE IN RESPONSE TO THE RAPID CLEARANCE OF HCV AND CHANGES IN THE CYTOKINE PATTERN INFLUENCING EARLY CARCINOGENESIS REMAINS TO BE FURTHER ELUCIDATED. HCV INDUCES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS SUCH AS MODIFICATIONS OF THE HISTONE TAIL AND DNA METHYLATION, WHICH ARE RISK FACTORS FOR HCC, AND SUCH CHANGES ARE MAINTAINED AFTER HCV CLEARANCE. FUTURE EPIGENETIC STUDIES COULD LEAD TO IDENTIFY USEFUL BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. CIRRHOSIS HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A RISK FACTOR FOR HCC, PARTICULARLY IF ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LIVER STIFFNESS AND ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN VALUES, DIABETES AND THE MALE SEX. CURRENTLY, CONSIDERING THE HIGH NUMBER AND HEALTH COST TO FOLLOW SUBJECTS' POST-HCV CLEARANCE BY DAAS, IT IS MANDATORY TO IDENTIFY THOSE AT HIGH RISK OF HCC TO OPTIMIZE MANAGEMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  3260  63 HEPATITIS C VIRUS LEAVES AN EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE POST CURE OF INFECTION BY DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRALS. THE INCREASING WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), CHARACTERIZED BY RESISTANCE TO CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY, POOR PROGNOSIS AND EVENTUALLY MORTALITY, PLACE IT AS A PRIME TARGET FOR NEW MODES OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) IS THE PREDOMINANT RISK FACTOR FOR HCC IN THE US AND EUROPE. MULTIPLE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOWED THAT SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSES (SVR) FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH THE POWERFUL DIRECT ACTING ANTIVIRALS (DAAS), WHICH HAVE REPLACED INTERFERON-BASED REGIMES, DO NOT ELIMINATE TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. WE AIMED TO IDENTIFY AN HCV-SPECIFIC PATHOGENIC MECHANISM THAT PERSISTS POST SVR FOLLOWING DAAS TREATMENT. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT HCV INFECTION INDUCES GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC CHANGES BY PERFORMING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) FOR HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE EPIGENETIC MARKERS FOR ACTIVE AND REPRESSED CHROMATIN. THE CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS CORRELATE WITH REPROGRAMED HOST GENE EXPRESSION AND ALTER SIGNALING PATHWAYS KNOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH HCV LIFE CYCLE AND HCC. THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS REQUIRE THE PRESENCE OF HCV RNA OR/AND EXPRESSION OF THE VIRAL PROTEINS IN THE CELLS. IMPORTANTLY, THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED FOLLOWING INFECTION PERSIST AS AN "EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE" AFTER VIRUS ERADICATION BY DAAS TREATMENT, AS DETECTED USING IN VITRO HCV INFECTION MODELS. THESE OBSERVATIONS LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF AN 8 GENE SIGNATURE THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH HCC DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATE PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HCV INFECTED AND POST SVR LIVER BIOPSY SAMPLES. THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE WAS REVERTED IN VITRO BY DRUGS THAT INHIBIT EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYME AND BY THE EGFR INHIBITOR, ERLOTINIB. THIS EPIGENETIC "SCARRING" OF THE GENOME, PERSISTING FOLLOWING HCV ERADICATION, SUGGEST A NOVEL MECHANISM FOR THE PERSISTENT PATHOGENESIS OF HCV AFTER ITS ERADICATION BY DAAS. OUR STUDY OFFERS NEW AVENUES FOR PREVENTION OF THE PERSISTENT ONCOGENIC EFFECTS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS INFECTIONS USING SPECIFIC DRUGS TO REVERT THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO THE GENOME.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  3271  47 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA RISK AFTER VIRAL RESPONSE IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-ADVANCED FIBROSIS: WHO TO SCREEN AND FOR HOW LONG? HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) CHRONIC INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROSIS PROGRESSION, END-STAGE LIVER COMPLICATIONS AND HCC. NOT SURPRISINGLY, HCV INFECTION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF LIVER-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. AFTER SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (SVR), THE RISK OF DEVELOPING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IS NOT COMPLETELY ELIMINATED IN PATIENTS WITH ESTABLISHED CIRRHOSIS OR WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS. THEREFORE, LIFELONG SURVEILLANCE IS CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED. THIS STRATEGY IS LIKELY NOT UNIVERSALLY COST-EFFECTIVE AND HARMLESS, CONSIDERING THAT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS HAVE THE SAME RISK OF DEVELOPING HCC. FACTORS RELATED TO THE SEVERITY OF LIVER DISEASE AND ITS POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE AFTER SVR, THE MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING INFECTION AND OTHER ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES MIGHT ACCOUNT FOR DIFFERENT RISK LEVELS AND ARE LIKELY ESSENTIAL FOR IDENTIFYING PATIENTS WHO WOULD BENEFIT FROM SCREENING PROGRAMS AFTER SVR. EFFORTS TO DEVELOP PREDICTIVE MODELS AND RISK CALCULATORS, BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC PANELS AND EVEN DEEP LEARNING MODELS TO ESTIMATE THE INDIVIDUAL RISK OF HCC HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL AGENTS ERA, WHEN THOUSANDS OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS HAVE REACHED SVR. THESE TOOLS COULD HELP TO IDENTIFY PATIENTS WITH VERY LOW HCC RISK IN WHOM SURVEILLANCE MIGHT NOT BE JUSTIFIED. IN THIS REVIEW, FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROBABILITY OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AFTER SVR, THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF SURVEILLANCE, SUGGESTED STRATEGIES TO ESTIMATE INDIVIDUALIZED HCC RISK AND THE CURRENT EVIDENCE TO RECOMMEND LIFELONG SURVEILLANCE ARE DISCUSSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9   570  37 BCR-ABL INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. NOT ALL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS ARE CURED WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS), AND A PROPORTION OF THEM DEVELOP RESISTANCE. RECENTLY, CONTINUOUS BCR-ABL GENE EXPRESSION HAS BEEN FOUND IN RESISTANT CELLS WITH UNDETECTABLE BCR-ABL PROTEIN EXPRESSION, INDICATING THAT RESISTANCE MAY OCCUR THROUGH KINASE INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS, MAINLY DUE TO THE PERSISTENCE OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS). LSCS RESIDE IN THE BONE MARROW NICHE IN A QUIESCENT STATE, AND ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGH HETEROGENEITY IN GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS. NEW APPROACHES BASED ON SINGLE CELL GENOMICS HAVE OFFERED THE OPPORTUNITY TO IDENTIFY DISTINCT SUBPOPULATIONS OF LSCS AT DIAGNOSIS AND DURING TREATMENT. IN THE ONE HAND, TKIS ARE NOT ABLE TO EFFICIENTLY KILL CML-LSCS, BUT THEY MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MODIFICATION OF SOME LSCS CHARACTERISTICS, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO HETEROGENEITY WITHIN THE TUMOR. IN THE OTHER HAND, THE BONE MARROW NICHE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SURROUNDING STROMAL CELLS AND LSCS, RESULTING IN THE GENERATION OF SPECIFIC SIGNALS WHICH COULD FAVOR LSCS CELL CYCLE ARREST AND ALLOW THEM TO PERSIST DURING TREATMENT WITH TKIS. ADDITIONALLY, LSCS MAY THEMSELVES ALTER THE NICHE BY EXPRESSING VARIOUS COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES AND SECRETING SUPPRESSIVE CYTOKINES, ABLE TO TARGET METABOLIC PATHWAYS, CREATE AN ANTI-APOPTOTIC ENVIRONMENT, AND ALTER IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS. ACCORDINGLY, THE PRODUCTION OF AN IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT MILIEU MAY FACILITATE TUMOR ESCAPE FROM IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE AND INDUCE CHEMO-RESISTANCE. IN THIS REVIEW WE WILL FOCUS ON BCR-ABL-INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS, ANALYZING ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH A POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPACT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CML PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10  3113  43 GERMINAL EPIMUTATION OF FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD (FHIT) GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA DISEASES. BACKGROUND: HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-I) IS ETIOLOGICALLY LINKED TO ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATL) AND AN INFLAMMATORY NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE CALLED HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY OR TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS (HAM/TSP). THE EXACT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC EVENTS AND/OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATL, OR HAM/TSP DISEASES ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE, FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD DIADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (FHIT), IS FREQUENTLY LOST IN CANCER THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND/OR DELETION. FHIT IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTING AS GENOME CARETAKER BY REGULATING CELLULAR DNA REPAIR. INDEED, FHIT LOSS LEADS TO REPLICATIVE STRESS AND ACCUMULATION OF DOUBLE DNA STRAND BREAKS. THEREFORE, LOSS OF FHIT EXPRESSION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION. METHODS: HERE, WE STUDIED OVER 400 SAMPLES FROM HTLV-I-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH ATL, TSP/HAM, OR ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS (AC) FOR FHIT LOSS AND EXPRESSION. WE EXAMINED THE EPIGENETIC STATUS OF FHIT THROUGH METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING; AND CORRELATED THESE RESULTS TO FHIT EXPRESSION IN PATIENT SAMPLES. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF FHIT IS SPECIFICALLY FOUND IN CHRONIC AND ACUTE ATL BUT IS ABSENT IN ASYMPTOMATIC HTLV-I CARRIERS AND TSP/HAM PATIENTS' SAMPLES. FURTHERMORE, THE EXTENT OF FHIT METHYLATION IN ATL PATIENTS WAS QUANTITATIVELY COMPARABLE IN VIRUS-INFECTED AND VIRUS NON-INFECTED CELLS. WE ALSO FOUND THAT LONGITUDINAL HTLV-I CARRIERS THAT PROGRESSED TO SMOLDERING ATL AND DESCENDANTS OF ATL PATIENTS HARBOR FHIT METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT GERMINAL EPIGENETIC MUTATION OF FHIT REPRESENTS A PREEXISTING MARK PREDISPOSING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATL DISEASES. THESE FINDINGS HAVE IMPORTANT CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AS PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ATL ARE RARELY CURED. OUR STUDY SUGGESTS AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY TO THE CURRENT "WAIT AND SEE APPROACH" IN THAT EARLY SCREENING OF HTLV-I-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS FOR GERMINAL EPIMUTATION OF FHIT AND EARLY TREATMENT MAY OFFER SIGNIFICANT CLINICAL BENEFITS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  3259  38 HEPATITIS C VIRUS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: WHEN THE HOST LOSES ITS GRIP. CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). NOVEL TREATMENTS WITH DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRALS ACHIEVE HIGH RATES OF SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE; HOWEVER, THE HCC RISK REMAINS ELEVATED IN CURED PATIENTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH ADVANCED LIVER DISEASE. LONG-TERM HCV INFECTION CAUSES A PERSISTENT AND ACCUMULATING DAMAGE OF THE LIVER DUE TO A COMBINATION OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT PRO-ONCOGENIC MECHANISMS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN VIRUS-INDUCED DISEASE PROGRESSION BY VIRAL PROTEINS, DERAILED SIGNALING, IMMUNITY, AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION, WHICH MAY BE INSTRUMENTAL TO DEVELOP URGENTLY NEEDED PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS AND AS TARGETS FOR NOVEL CHEMOPREVENTIVE THERAPIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  5365  25 RECENT ADVANCES IN HEPATITIS B TREATMENT. HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AFFECTS OVER 250 MILLION CHRONIC CARRIERS, CAUSING MORE THAN 800,000 DEATHS ANNUALLY, ALTHOUGH A SAFE AND EFFECTIVE VACCINE IS AVAILABLE. CURRENTLY USED ANTIVIRAL AGENTS, PEGYLATED INTERFERON AND NUCLEOS(T)IDE ANALOGUES, HAVE MAJOR DRAWBACKS AND FAIL TO COMPLETELY ERADICATE THE VIRUS FROM INFECTED CELLS. THUS, ACHIEVING A "FUNCTIONAL CURE" OF THE INFECTION REMAINS A REAL CHALLENGE. RECENT FINDINGS CONCERNING THE VIRAL REPLICATION CYCLE HAVE LED TO DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES INCLUDING VIRAL ENTRY INHIBITORS, EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF CCCDNA, IMMUNE MODULATORS, RNA INTERFERENCE TECHNIQUES, RIBONUCLEASE H INHIBITORS, AND CAPSID ASSEMBLY MODULATORS. PROMISING PRECLINICAL RESULTS HAVE BEEN OBTAINED, AND THE LEADING MOLECULES UNDER DEVELOPMENT HAVE ENTERED CLINICAL EVALUATION. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE KEY STEPS OF THE HBV LIFE CYCLE, EXAMINES THE CURRENTLY APPROVED ANTI-HBV DRUGS, AND ANALYZES NOVEL HBV TREATMENT REGIMENS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13   955  23 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: MECHANISMS OF BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. THE BCR-ABL1 ONCOPROTEIN TRANSFORMS PLURIPOTENT HSCS AND INITIATES CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). PATIENTS WITH EARLY PHASE (ALSO KNOWN AS CHRONIC PHASE [CP]) DISEASE USUALLY RESPOND TO TREATMENT WITH ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS), ALTHOUGH SOME PATIENTS WHO RESPOND INITIALLY LATER BECOME RESISTANT. IN MOST PATIENTS, TKIS REDUCE THE LEUKEMIA CELL LOAD SUBSTANTIALLY, BUT THE CELLS FROM WHICH THE LEUKEMIA CELLS ARE DERIVED DURING CP (SO-CALLED LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS [LSCS]) ARE INTRINSICALLY INSENSITIVE TO TKIS AND SURVIVE LONG TERM. LSCS OR THEIR PROGENY CAN ACQUIRE ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAUSE THE LEUKEMIA TO TRANSFORM FROM CP TO A MORE ADVANCED PHASE, WHICH HAS BEEN SUBCLASSIFIED AS EITHER ACCELERATED PHASE OR BLASTIC PHASE DISEASE. THE LATTER RESPONDS POORLY TO TREATMENT AND IS USUALLY FATAL. HERE, WE DISCUSS WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS LEADING TO BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF CML AND PROPOSE SOME NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14  3806  39 INTRACELLULAR INTERFERON SIGNALLING PATHWAYS AS POTENTIAL REGULATORS OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. INFECTION WITH THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS STILL A MAJOR GLOBAL HEALTH THREAT AS 250 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE CONTINUE TO BE CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH THE VIRUS. WHILE PATIENTS MAY BE TREATED WITH NUCLEOSIDE/NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGUES, THIS ONLY SUPPRESSES HBV TITRE TO SUB-DETECTION LEVELS WITHOUT ELIMINATING THE PERSISTENT HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) GENOME. AS A RESULT, HBV INFECTION CANNOT BE CURED, AND THE VIRUS REACTIVATES WHEN CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE. INTERFERONS (IFNS) ARE CYTOKINES KNOWN TO INDUCE POWERFUL ANTIVIRAL MECHANISMS THAT CLEAR VIRUSES FROM INFECTED CELLS. THEY HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE CCCDNA CLEARANCE, BUT THEIR USE IN THE TREATMENT OF HBV INFECTION IS LIMITED AS HBV-TARGETING IMMUNE CELLS ARE EXHAUSTED AND HBV HAS EVOLVED MULTIPLE MECHANISMS TO EVADE AND SUPPRESS IFN SIGNALLING. THUS, TO FULLY UTILIZE IFN-MEDIATED INTRACELLULAR MECHANISMS TO EFFECTIVELY ELIMINATE HBV, INSTEAD OF DIRECT IFN ADMINISTRATION, NOVEL STRATEGIES TO SUSTAIN IFN-MEDIATED ANTI-CCCDNA AND ANTIVIRAL MECHANISMS NEED TO BE DEVELOPED. THIS REVIEW WILL CONSOLIDATE WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW IFNS ACT TO ACHIEVE ITS INTRACELLULAR ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS AND HIGHLIGHT THE CRITICAL INTERFERON-STIMULATED GENE TARGETS AND EFFECTOR MECHANISMS WITH POTENT ANTI-CCCDNA FUNCTIONS. THESE INCLUDE CCCDNA DEGRADATION BY APOBECS AND CCCDNA SILENCING AND TRANSCRIPTION REPRESSION BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. IN ADDITION, THE MECHANISMS THAT HBV EMPLOYS TO DISRUPT IFN SIGNALLING WILL BE DISCUSSED. DRUGS THAT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED OR ARE IN THE PIPELINE FOR COMPONENTS OF THE IFN SIGNALLING PATHWAY AND HBV TARGETS THAT DETRACT IFN SIGNALLING MECHANISMS WILL ALSO BE IDENTIFIED AND DISCUSSED FOR UTILITY IN THE TREATMENT OF HBV INFECTIONS. TOGETHER, THESE WILL PROVIDE USEFUL INSIGHTS INTO DESIGN STRATEGIES THAT SPECIFICALLY TARGET CCCDNA FOR THE ERADICATION OF HBV.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15  5212  29 PRESERVATION OF QUIESCENT CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS BY THE BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT. THE MAJORITY OF LEUKEMIA PATIENTS ACHIEVING REMISSION ULTIMATELY RELAPSE. PERSISTENCE OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSC) CAPABLE OF REGENERATING LEUKEMIA IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF RELAPSE. THERE IS A PRESSING NEED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND MECHANISMS OF LSC REGULATION AND THEIR RESISTANCE TO THERAPY IN ORDER TO IMPROVE OUTCOMES FOR LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A LETHAL MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER THAT THAT IS CAUSED BY HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL (HSC) TRANSFORMATION BY THE BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE. TREATMENT WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) HAS REVOLUTIONIZED CML TREATMENT, BUT FAILS TO ELIMINATE LSC RESPONSIBLE FOR PROPAGATING AND REGENERATING LEUKEMIA. THEREFORE, PATIENTS REQUIRE CONTINUED TREATMENT TO PREVENT RELAPSE. LEUKEMIC AND NORMAL STEM CELLS SHARE PROPERTIES OF QUIESCENCE AND SELF-RENEWAL, THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY BONE MARROW NICHES. PERSISTENCE OF LSC AFTER TKI TREATMENT IS RELATED TO TYROSINE KINASE INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS WHICH INCLUDE INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF LSCS DETERMINED BY EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ALTERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORKS OR MITOCHONDRIAL/METABOLIC CHANGES. IN ADDITION TO CELL INTRINSIC CHANGES, SIGNALS FROM THE BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT (BMM) PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN PROTECTING LSC FROM TKI TREATMENT. EACH TYPE OF ALTERATION MAY OFFER POTENTIAL POINTS OF INTERVENTION FOR THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF LSC.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16  1685  23 DRUGGABLE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC ALTERNATIVES TO TARGET LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS AND ELIMINATE THE RESIDUAL DISEASE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A DISEASE ARISING IN STEM CELLS EXPRESSING THE BCR-ABL ONCOGENIC TYROSINE KINASE THAT TRANSFORMS ONE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM/PROGENITOR CELL INTO A LEUKEMIC STEM CELL (LSC) AT THE ORIGIN OF DIFFERENTIATED AND PROLIFERATING LEUKEMIC CELLS IN THE BONE MARROW (BM). CML-LSCS ARE RECOGNIZED AS BEING RESPONSIBLE FOR RESISTANCES AND RELAPSES THAT OCCUR DESPITE THE ADVENT OF BCR-ABL-TARGETING THERAPIES WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS). LSCS SHARE A LOT OF FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES WITH HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) ALTHOUGH SOME PHENOTYPICAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED DURING THE LAST TWO DECADES. SUBVERTED MECHANISMS AFFECTING EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, APOPTOSIS, AUTOPHAGY AND MORE RECENTLY METABOLISM AND IMMUNOLOGY IN THE BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT (BMM) HAVE BEEN REPORTED. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO BRING TOGETHER THE MODIFICATIONS AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT ARE KNOWN TO ACCOUNT FOR TKI RESISTANCE IN PRIMARY CML-LSCS AND TO FOCUS ON THE POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS THAT CAN CIRCUMVENT THESE RESISTANCES, IN PARTICULAR THOSE THAT HAVE BEEN, OR WILL BE TESTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  4533  31 MULTIPLE GENE KNOCKDOWN STRATEGIES FOR INVESTIGATING THE PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS AND EXPLORING NEW THERAPIES. THE PAST TWO DECADES HAVE WITNESSED SIGNIFICANT STRIDES IN LEUKEMIA THERAPIES THROUGH APPROVAL OF THERAPEUTIC INHIBITORS TARGETING ONCOGENE-DRIVING DYSREGULATED TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITIES AND KEY EPIGENETIC AND APOPTOSIS REGULATORS. ALTHOUGH THESE DRUGS HAVE BROUGHT ABOUT COMPLETE REMISSION IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS, MANY PATIENTS FACE RELAPSE OR HAVE REFRACTORY DISEASE. THE MAIN FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO RELAPSE IS THE PRESENCE OF A SMALL SUBPOPULATION OF DORMANT DRUG-RESISTANT LEUKEMIA CELLS THAT POSSESS STEM CELL FEATURES (TERMED AS LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS OR LSCS). THUS, OVERCOMING DRUG RESISTANCE AND TARGETING LSCS REMAIN MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR CURATIVE TREATMENT OF HUMAN LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A GOOD EXAMPLE, WITH RARE, PROPAGATING LSCS AND DRUG-RESISTANT CELLS THAT CANNOT BE ERADICATED BY BCR-ABL-DIRECTED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI) MONOTHERAPY AND THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DISEASE RELAPSE/PROGRESSION. THEREFORE, IT IS IMPERATIVE TO IDENTIFY KEY PLAYERS IN REGULATING BCR-ABL1-DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT DRUG-RESISTANCE MECHANISMS, AND THEIR KEY PATHWAYS, SO THAT CML LSCS CAN BE SELECTIVELY TARGETED OR SENSITIZED TO TKIS. HERE, WE DESCRIBE SEVERAL EASILY ADAPTABLE GENE KNOCKDOWN APPROACHES IN CD34(+) CML STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS THAT CAN BE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LSCS AND MOLECULAR EFFECTS OF GENES OF INTEREST (GOI), WHICH CAN BE FURTHER EXPLORED AS THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES AGAINST LSCS IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN LEUKEMIA.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18   442  35 ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS A CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR THE CARCINOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). IT PROMOTES HCC DEVELOPMENT BY INDUCING LIVER FIBROGENESIS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF ACTIVE VIRAL-CODED PROTEINS. EFFECTIVE ANTIVIRAL TREATMENTS INHIBIT THE REPLICATION OF HBV, REDUCE SERUM VIRAL LOAD AND ACCELERATE HEPATITIS B E ANTIGEN SERUM CONVERSION. TIMELY INITIATION OF ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT IS NOT ONLY ESSENTIAL FOR PREVENTING THE INCIDENCE OF HCC IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS, BUT ALSO IMPORTANT FOR REDUCING HBV REACTIVATION, IMPROVING LIVER FUNCTION, REDUCING OR DELAYING HCC RECURRENCE, AND PROLONGING OVERALL SURVIVAL OF HBV-RELATED HCC PATIENTS AFTER CURATIVE AND PALLIATIVE THERAPIES. THE SELECTION OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS, MONITORING OF INDICATORS SUCH AS HBV DNA AND HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN, AND TIMELY RESCUE TREATMENT WHEN NECESSARY, ARE ESSENTIAL IN ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES FOR HBV-RELATED HCC.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  4436  19 MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) IS A CLONAL DISORDER OF THE PLURIPOTENT HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL. THE TYPICAL TRIPHASIC COURSE OF CML STARTS WITH THE PREMALIGNANT CHRONIC PHASE INITIATED BY BCR-ABL HYBRID ONCOGENE FORMATION. SECONDARY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS ACCOMPANY THE PROGRESSION TO THE ACCELERATED PHASE AND FATAL BLASTIC CRISIS. PROPERLY TIMED BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN ELIGIBLE PATIENTS CAN RESULT IN DURABLE REMISSIONS OR CURE. BOTH OF THESE STATES ARE OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY A LONG-TERM PERSISTENCE OF QUIESCENT LEUKAEMIC CELLS. ACCORDINGLY, A "FUNCTIONAL CURE" (I.E. TUMOUR DORMANCY INDUCTION), RATHER THAN COMPLETE ERADICATION OF THE MALIGNANT CELLS, IS AN ADEQUATE THERAPEUTICAL GOAL. THE LEVEL OF THE RESIDUAL BCR-ABL-POSITIVE CLONES SHOULD BE MONITORED AND SALVAGE TREATMENT INITIATED WHENEVER THESE QUIESCENT LEUKAEMIC CELLS EXIT THEIR DORMANT STATE.	2001	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  3782  34 INTERFERON THERAPY OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) RESULTS FROM THE INABILITY OF THE HOST'S IMMUNE SYSTEM TO CONTROL VIRAL REPLICATION. INTERFERON-ALPHA (IFN-ALPHA) THERAPY CAN CONVERT CHB INTO INACTIVE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IN 20-30% OF THE TREATED PATIENTS. IN SPITE OF THE LOW RESPONSE RATE, IFN-ALPHA THERAPY HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF HAVING A LIMITED DURATION AND BEING EFFECTIVE EVEN AFTER THERAPY, AS DEMONSTRATED BY A MUCH HIGHER INCIDENCE OF HBSAG CLEARANCE IN RESPONDERS TO IFN-ALPHA THAN IN NATURALLY OCCURRING INACTIVE HBSAG CARRIERS. IFN-ALPHA HAS MULTIPLE ANTIVIRAL, ANTIPROLIFERATIVE, AND IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITIES AND TARGETS: CELLULAR GENES (IFN-STIMULATED GENES) ACTIVATING DIFFERENT PATHWAYS OF ANTIVIRAL DEFENSE IN INFECTED AND NONINFECTED CELLS, HBV REPLICATION BLOCKING THE RNA-CONTAINING CORE PARTICLE FORMATION AND ACCELERATING THEIR DECAY, DEGRADING PREGENOMIC RNA, AND MODULATING THE NUCLEAR VIRAL MINICHROMOSOME (COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA) ACTIVITY BY TARGETING ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND BOTH INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE. THE INTERFERENCE OF VIRAL HETEROGENEITY AND GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS OF THE HOST ON IFN-ALPHA SUSCEPTIBILITY IS UNDER INVESTIGATION. ONLY A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES OF IFN-ALPHA WOULD WARRANT THE AMELIORATION OF CURRENT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES AND THE DESIGN OF NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. THE STUDY OF ON-TREATMENT DYNAMICS OF HBV INFECTION BY MEANS OF COMBINED QUANTITATIVE MONITORING OF SERUM HBV DNA AND HBSAG WARRANT TAILORING TREATMENT AT THE SINGLE-PATIENT LEVEL AND CAN HELP TO MAKE TREATMENT MORE COST-EFFECTIVE BY USING THE DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF CURRENTLY AVAILABLE ANTIVIRALS, INCLUDING IFN, MORE APPROPRIATELY. INTEGRATED MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL KNOWLEDGE IN A SYSTEMS MEDICINE FASHION IS MANDATORY TO FURTHER IMPROVE ANTIVIRAL THERAPY IN CHB.	2014