1  6544 125 TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN DENDRITIC CELLS CORRESPOND WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN LUPUS NEPHRITIS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A SERIOUS AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WITH VARIETY OF ORGAN MANIFESTATIONS. THE MOST DREADFUL ONE, AFFECTING THE MAJORITY OF SLE PATIENTS, IS KIDNEY MANIFESTATION-LUPUS NEPHRITIS (LN). DENDRITIC CELLS (DC) ARE BELIEVED TO BE ONE OF THE CULPRITS OF IMMUNE DYSREGULATION IN LN. FLOW CYTOMETRY ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED TO IDENTIFY THE FREQUENCY AND ACTIVITY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD DCS SUBPOPULATIONS: MYELOID AND PLASMACYTOID, IN LN PATIENTS. MAGNETICALLY ISOLATED MDCS AND PDCS WERE SUBJECTED TO MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF GENES EXPRESSION, EVALUATION OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE H3 METHYLATION. WE OBSERVED DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF DCS ASSOCIATED WITH THE STAGES OF NEPHRITIS IN LN PATIENTS. LOWER NUMBERS OF PDCS WERE OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE LN, WHILE INCREASED CO-STIMULATORY POTENTIAL OF MDCS WAS CONNECTED WITH THE EARLY, MILD STAGE OF THIS DISEASE. IRF1 TRANSCRIPT UPREGULATION WAS SPECIFIC FOR MDCS FROM TOTAL LN PATIENTS, WHILE EXCEPTIONAL AMOUNT OF IRF1 MRNA WAS DETECTED IN MDCS FROM SEVERE LN PATIENTS. DCS DNA HYPERMETHYLATION SEEMED CHARACTERISTIC FOR SEVERE LN, WHEREAS A DECREASE IN H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 MARKS WAS SIGNIFICANT FOR THE EARLY STAGES OF LN. THESE FINDINGS PRESENT DENDRITIC CELL ALTERATIONS THAT MAY REFLECT RENAL INVOLVEMENT IN SLE, LAYING FOUNDATIONS FOR NEW STRATEGY OF DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING OF LN PATIENTS, OMITTING INVASIVE KIDNEY BIOPSIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  1886  28 ENDOGENOUS BIOLOGICAL DRIVERS IN DIABETIC LOWER LIMB WOUNDS RECURRENCE: HYPOTHETICAL REFLECTIONS. AN IMPAIRED HEALING RESPONSE UNDERLIES DIABETIC FOOT WOUND CHRONICITY, FREQUENTLY TRANSLATING TO AMPUTATION, DISABILITY, AND MORTALITY. DIABETICS SUFFER FROM UNDERAPPRECIATED EPISODES OF POST-EPITHELIZATION ULCER RECURRENCE. RECURRENCE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA ARE ALARMINGLY HIGH, SO THE ULCER IS CONSIDERED IN "REMISSION" AND NOT HEALED FROM THE TIME IT REMAINS EPITHELIALIZED. RECURRENCE MAY RESULT FROM THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF BEHAVIORAL AND ENDOGENOUS BIOLOGICAL FACTORS. ALTHOUGH THE DAMAGING ROLE OF BEHAVIORAL, CLINICAL PREDISPOSING FACTORS IS UNDEBATABLE, IT STILL REMAINS ELUSIVE IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOGENOUS BIOLOGICAL CULPRITS THAT MAY PRIME THE RESIDUAL SCAR TISSUE FOR RECURRENCE. FURTHERMORE, THE EVENT OF ULCER RECURRENCE STILL WAITS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF A MOLECULAR PREDICTOR. WE PROPOSE THAT ULCER RECURRENCE IS DEEPLY IMPINGED BY CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ITS DOWNSTREAM BIOLOGICAL EFFECTORS, WHICH ORIGINATE EPIGENETIC DRIVERS THAT ENFORCE ABNORMAL PATHOLOGIC PHENOTYPES TO DERMAL FIBROBLASTS AND KERATINOCYTES AS MEMORY CELLS. HYPERGLYCEMIA-DERIVED CYTOTOXIC REACTANTS ACCUMULATE AND MODIFY DERMAL PROTEINS, REDUCE SCAR TISSUE MECHANICAL TOLERANCE, AND DISRUPT FIBROBLAST-SECRETORY ACTIVITY. ACCORDINGLY, THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC AND LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC CYTOTOXIC SIGNALERS INDUCE THE ONSET OF "AT-RISK PHENOTYPES" SUCH AS PREMATURE SKIN CELL AGING, DYSMETABOLISM, INFLAMMATORY, PRO-DEGRADATIVE, AND OXIDATIVE PROGRAMS THAT MAY ULTIMATELY CONVERGE TO SCAR CELL DEMISE. POST-EPITHELIALIZATION RECURRENCE RATE DATA ARE MISSING IN CLINICAL STUDIES OF REPUTED ULCER HEALING THERAPIES DURING FOLLOW-UP PERIODS. INTRA-ULCER INFILTRATION OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR EXHIBITS THE MOST CONSISTENT REMISSION DATA WITH THE LOWEST RECURRENCES DURING 12-MONTH FOLLOW-UP. RECURRENCE DATA SHOULD BE REGARDED AS A VALUABLE CLINICAL ENDPOINT DURING THE INVESTIGATIONAL PERIOD FOR EACH EMERGENT HEALING CANDIDATE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                 
3  3269  23 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN ALCOHOLIC AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE-ONE OF A KIND OR TWO DIFFERENT ENEMIES? HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER (HCC) IS A CANCER WITH AN OVERALL POOR PROGNOSIS AND AN ALARMING GLOBALLY RISING INCIDENCE. WHILE VIRAL ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HCC IS DOWN-TRENDING, ALCOHOL AND EXCESS CALORIE INTAKE HAVE EMERGED AS MAJOR CULPRITS. ALCOHOL RELATED LIVER DISEASE (ALD) AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) SHARE SIMILAR PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM OF HEPATIC INJURY AND IN PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT OF HCC; YET SOME GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES ARE DISTINCT AND MAY PROMISE CLINICAL UTILITY. POPULATION BASED INTERVENTION ARE URGENTLY NEEDED TO REDUCE ALCOHOL USE AND IMPROVE METABOLIC FACTORS SUCH AS OBESITY AND DIABETES. THE GOAL IS TO IDENTIFY AT-RISK PATIENTS, TO LINK THESE PATIENTS TO CARE AND TO PROVIDE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HCC. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY INCLUDING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERCATION AS WELL AS CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ALD AND NAFLD ASSOCIATED HCC.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4   319  28 ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE. ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD) IS THE MOST PREVALENT TYPE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE. ALD CAN PROGRESS FROM ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER (AFL) TO ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (ASH), WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY HEPATIC INFLAMMATION. CHRONIC ASH CAN EVENTUALLY LEAD TO FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS AND IN SOME CASES HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER (HCC). IN ADDITION, SEVERE ASH (WITH OR WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS) CAN LEAD TO ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS, WHICH IS AN ACUTE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF ALD THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FAILURE AND HIGH MORTALITY. MOST INDIVIDUALS CONSUMING >40 G OF ALCOHOL PER DAY DEVELOP AFL; HOWEVER, ONLY A SUBSET OF INDIVIDUALS WILL DEVELOP MORE ADVANCED DISEASE. GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND NON-GENETIC FACTORS MIGHT EXPLAIN THE CONSIDERABLE INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN ALD PHENOTYPE. THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALD INCLUDES HEPATIC STEATOSIS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ACETALDEHYDE-MEDIATED TOXICITY AND CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE-INDUCED INFLAMMATION. DIAGNOSIS OF ALD INVOLVES ASSESSING PATIENTS FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDER AND SIGNS OF ADVANCED LIVER DISEASE. THE DEGREE OF AFL AND LIVER FIBROSIS CAN BE DETERMINED BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY, TRANSIENT ELASTOGRAPHY, MRI, MEASUREMENT OF SERUM BIOMARKERS AND LIVER BIOPSY HISTOLOGY. ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE ACHIEVED BY PSYCHOSOMATIC INTERVENTION IS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR ALL STAGES OF ALD. IN THE CASE OF ADVANCED DISEASE SUCH AS CIRRHOSIS OR HCC, LIVER TRANSPLANTATION MAY BE REQUIRED. THUS, NEW THERAPIES ARE URGENTLY NEEDED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5   852  30 CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) AND CARRIES A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESIS OF CCA IN PSC IS LARGELY UNKNOWN, INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN CARCINOGENESIS CONCOMITANT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE UNDERLYING FACTORS. THE MAJORITY OF CCA CASES DEVELOP FROM A DOMINANT STRICTURE (DS), WHICH IS DEFINED AS A STRICTURE WITH A DIAMETER < 1.5 MM IN THE COMMON BILE DUCT OR < 1.0 MM IN THE HEPATIC DUCT. IN PSC PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ABRUPT AGGRAVATION OF JAUNDICE, PAIN, FATIGUE, PRURITUS, WEIGHT LOSS, OR WORSENING LIVER BIOCHEMISTRIES, CCA SHOULD BE SUSPECTED AND EVALUATED UTILIZING A VARIETY OF DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES. HOWEVER, EARLY RECOGNITION OF CCA IN PSC REMAINS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. IMPORTANTLY, 30-50% OF CCA IN PSC PATIENTS ARE OBSERVED WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR FOLLOWING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PSC FOLLOWED BY AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE RANGING FROM 0.5 TO 1.5 PER 100 PERSONS, WHICH IS NEARLY 10 TO 1000 TIMES HIGHER THAN THAT IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. CUMULATIVE 5-YEAR, 10-YEAR, AND LIFETIME INCIDENCES ARE 7%, 8-11%, AND 9-20%, RESPECTIVELY. WHEN PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS DIAGNOSED, MOST TUMORS ARE UNRESECTABLE, AND NO EFFECTIVE MEDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. GIVEN THE POOR THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME, THE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF PSC PATIENTS WHO ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA ARE OF IMPORTANCE. SUCH PATIENTS INCLUDE OLDER MALES WITH LARGE-DUCT PSC AND POSSIBLY CONCURRENT ULCERATIVE COLITIS. THUS, MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO PATIENTS WITH THESE CLINICAL FEATURES, IN PARTICULAR WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR AFTER PSC DIAGNOSIS. IN CONTRAST, CCA IS LESS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PEDIATRIC OR FEMALE PSC PATIENTS OR IN THOSE WITH SMALL-DUCT PSC OR CONCURRENT CROHN'S DISEASE. RECENTLY, NEW BIOMARKERS SUCH AS ANTIBODIES TO GLYCOPROTEIN 2 HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA IN PSC. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE LITERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS, INCIDENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND RISK FACTORS, WITH A FOCUS ON VARIOUS DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA.	2020	

6  4709  28 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AND ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE: TWO INTERTWINED ENTITIES. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF 25-30%. SINCE ITS FIRST DESCRIPTION IN 1980, NAFLD HAS BEEN CONCEIVED AS A DIFFERENT ENTITY FROM ALCOHOL-RELATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE (ALD), DESPITE THAT, BOTH DISEASES HAVE AN OVERLAP IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, SHARE GENETIC-EPIGENETIC FACTORS, AND FREQUENTLY COEXIST. BOTH ENTITIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A BROAD SPECTRUM OF HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES RANGING FROM ISOLATED STEATOSIS TO STEATOHEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS. DISTINCTION BETWEEN NAFLD AND ALD IS BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF CONSUMED ALCOHOL, WHICH HAS BEEN ARBITRARILY ESTABLISHED. IN THIS CONTEXT, A PROPOSAL OF POSITIVE CRITERIA FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS NOT CONSIDERING EXCLUSION OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AS A PREREQUISITE CRITERION FOR DIAGNOSIS HAD EMERGED, RECOGNIZING THE POSSIBILITY OF A DUAL ETIOLOGY OF FATTY LIVER IN SOME INDIVIDUALS. THE IMPACT OF MODERATE ALCOHOL USE ON THE SEVERITY OF NAFLD IS ILL-DEFINED. SOME STUDIES SUGGEST PROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN MODERATE DOSES, BUT CURRENT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT THERE IS NO SAFE THRESHOLD FOR ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION FOR NAFLD. IN FACT, GIVEN THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT BETWEEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OBESITY, AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION, IT IS LIKELY THAT ALCOHOL USE SERVES AS A SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR FOR THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DISEASE IN NAFLD AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. THIS ALSO AFFECTS THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE OVERLAPPING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NAFLD AND ALD, THE CURRENT DATA ON ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN PATIENTS WITH NAFLD, AND THE EFFECTS OF METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND OVERWEIGHT IN ALD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  5772  27 SPECTRUM, SCREENING, AND DIAGNOSIS OF ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE. ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE (ALD) REPRESENTS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF LIVER-RELATED DEATHS WORLDWIDE. ALD ENCOMPASSES A RANGE OF DISORDERS INCLUDING SIMPLE STEATOSIS, ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS, FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. PATIENTS WITH UNDERLYING ALD AND CONTINUED HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION CAN ALSO DEVELOP AN EPISODE OF ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER INJURY CALLED ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED HEPATITIS, THE MOST SEVERE FORM OF THE DISEASE, WHICH PORTENDS A POOR PROGNOSIS. THE MOST IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALD IS THE AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMED. INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PROGRESSION TO ADVANCED FIBROSIS AMONG HEAVY DRINKERS IS LIKELY DETERMINED BY A COMBINATION OF BEHAVIORAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, BUT THE MECHANISMS ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE ONLY EFFECTIVE THERAPY FOR ALD IS PROLONGED ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE. DIAGNOSIS OF ALD INVOLVES ASSESSING PATIENTS FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDER AND SIGNS OF ADVANCED LIVER DISEASE. IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, THE HISTOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR ALD DIAGNOSIS IS UNCOMMON, AND IT IS USUALLY BASED ON THE MEDICAL HISTORY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, AND LABORATORY AND IMAGING TESTS. SEVERAL PROMISING BIOMARKERS THAT CAN HAVE BOTH DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC VALUE IN PATIENTS WITH ALD HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN RECENT YEARS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF ALD, THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH OF THE DISEASE FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AS WELL AS CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  4464  25 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD)/NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH). NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES WORLDWIDE AND HAS GARNERED INCREASING ATTENTION IN RECENT DECADES. NAFLD IS CHARACTERIZED BY A WIDE RANGE OF LIVER CHANGES, FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), CIRRHOSIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD/NASH IS VERY COMPLICATED AND INVOLVES LIPID ACCUMULATION, INSULIN RESISTANCE, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROGENESIS. IN ADDITION, NAFLD IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS OBESITY, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. IN PARTICULAR, THE CLINICAL SPECTRUM, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS OF NAFLD SHARE MANY THINGS IN COMMON WITH DIABETES. INSULIN RESISTANCE IS AN UNDERLYING BASIS FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES AND NAFLD. THIS CHAPTER FOCUSES ON THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE, DIABETES, AND NASH/NAFLD INCLUDING THOSE THAT DRIVE DISEASE PROGRESSION SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ADIPONECTIN, CYTOKINES, AND IMMUNE CELLS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9  5807  25 STRATEGIES, MODELS AND BIOMARKERS IN EXPERIMENTAL NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE RESEARCH. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE ENCOMPASSES A SPECTRUM OF LIVER DISEASES, INCLUDING SIMPLE STEATOSIS, STEATOHEPATITIS, LIVER FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IS CURRENTLY THE MOST DOMINANT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES DUE TO THE FACT THAT HEPATIC STEATOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND DRUG-INDUCED INJURY. A VARIETY OF CHEMICALS, MAINLY DRUGS, AND DIETS IS KNOWN TO CAUSE HEPATIC STEATOSIS IN HUMANS AND RODENTS. EXPERIMENTAL NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE MODELS RELY ON THE APPLICATION OF A DIET OR THE ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO LABORATORY ANIMALS OR THE EXPOSURE OF HEPATIC CELL LINES TO THESE DRUGS. MORE RECENTLY, GENETICALLY MODIFIED RODENTS OR ZEBRAFISH HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED AS NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE MODELS. CONSIDERABLE INTEREST NOW LIES IN THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL NON-INVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, WITH SPECIFIC FOCUS ON HEPATIC STEATOSIS. EXPERIMENTAL DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, SUCH AS (EPI)GENETIC PARAMETERS AND '-OMICS'-BASED READ-OUTS ARE STILL IN THEIR INFANCY, BUT SHOW GREAT PROMISE. IN THIS PAPER, THE ARRAY OF TOOLS AND MODELS FOR THE STUDY OF LIVER STEATOSIS IS DISCUSSED. FURTHERMORE, THE CURRENT STATE-OF-ART REGARDING EXPERIMENTAL BIOMARKERS SUCH AS EPIGENETIC, GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, PROTEOMIC AND METABONOMIC BIOMARKERS WILL BE REVIEWED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  2862  29 FRUCTOSE-MEDIATED EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH NAFLD PATHOGENESIS. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS A CHRONIC, FREQUENTLY PROGRESSIVE CONDITION THAT DEVELOPS IN RESPONSE TO EXCESSIVE HEPATOCYTE FAT ACCUMULATION (I.E., STEATOSIS) IN THE ABSENCE OF SIGNIFICANT ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. LIVER STEATOSIS DEVELOPS AS A RESULT OF IMBALANCED LIPID METABOLISM, DRIVEN LARGELY BY INCREASED RATES OF DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS AND HEPATIC FATTY ACID UPTAKE AND REDUCED FATTY ACID OXIDATION AND/OR DISPOSAL TO THE CIRCULATION. FRUCTOSE IS A NATURALLY OCCURRING SIMPLE SUGAR, WHICH IS MOST COMMONLY CONSUMED IN MODERN DIETS IN THE FORM OF SUCROSE, A DISACCHARIDE COMPRISED OF ONE MOLECULE OF FRUCTOSE COVALENTLY BONDED WITH ONE MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE. A NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF DIETARY FRUCTOSE CONSUMPTION NOT ONLY ON DIVERSE METABOLIC OUTCOMES SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE AND OBESITY, BUT ALSO ON HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND NAFLD-RELATED FIBROSIS. DESPITE THE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT EXCESSIVE FRUCTOSE CONSUMPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF NAFLD AND MAY EVEN PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NAFLD TO MORE CLINICALLY SEVERE PHENOTYPES, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH FRUCTOSE ELICITS EFFECTS ON DYSREGULATED LIVER METABOLISM REMAIN UNCLEAR. EMERGING DATA SUGGEST THAT DIETARY FRUCTOSE MAY DIRECTLY ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN LIPID METABOLISM, INCLUDING THOSE THAT INCREASE HEPATIC FAT ACCUMULATION OR REDUCE HEPATIC FAT REMOVAL. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT RESEARCH SUPPORTING A ROLE FOR DIETARY FRUCTOSE INTAKE IN THE MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  4712  18 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: METABOLIC, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT CAUSES OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN THE WESTERN WORLD, PROBABLY DUE TO THE GROWING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY, METABOLIC DISEASES, AND EXPOSURE TO SOME ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS. IN CERTAIN PATIENTS, SIMPLE HEPATIC STEATOSIS CAN PROGRESS TO NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), WHICH CAN SOMETIMES LEAD TO LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND ITS COMPLICATIONS INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE THE PROGRESSION OF NAFLD TO NASH IS CRUCIAL TO BE ABLE TO CONTROL THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE DISEASE. THE MAIN HYPOTHESIS CONSIDERS THAT IT IS DUE TO MULTIPLE FACTORS THAT ACT TOGETHER ON GENETICALLY PREDISPOSED SUBJECTS TO SUFFER FROM NAFLD INCLUDING INSULIN RESISTANCE, NUTRITIONAL FACTORS, GUT MICROBIOTA, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WILL DISCUSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NAFLD, AND WE OVERVIEW SEVERAL TOPICS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND ITS POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12  4326  24 MICRORNAS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), OR, MORE ACCURATELY, METABOLIC ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE, ACCOUNTS FOR A LARGE PROPORTION OF CHRONIC LIVER DISORDERS WORLDWIDE AND IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER CONDITIONS SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OBESITY, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. NAFLD RANGES FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH) AND CAN PROGRESS TO CIRRHOSIS AND, EVENTUALLY, ALSO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH NAFLD ARE INCREASING RAPIDLY YEAR ON YEAR. CONSEQUENTLY, THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD AND IDENTIFY EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC FACTORS, HAVE RECENTLY BEEN PROPOSED TO PARTICIPATE IN NAFLD PATHOGENESIS. HERE, WE REVIEW THE ROLES OF MIRNAS IN LIPID METABOLISM, INFLAMMATION, APOPTOSIS, FIBROSIS, HEPATIC STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, KEY FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE OCCURRENCE AND PROGRESSION OF NAFLD. ADDITIONALLY, WE SUMMARIZE THE ROLE OF MIRNA-ENRICHED EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN NAFLD. THESE MIRNAS MAY COMPRISE SUITABLE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF THIS CONDITION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13  4991  32 PEDIATRIC NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: NUTRITIONAL ORIGINS AND POTENTIAL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS THE NUMBER ONE CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE AND IS ESTIMATED TO AFFECT NEARLY 40% OF OBESE YOUTH AND UP TO 10% OF THE GENERAL PEDIATRIC POPULATION WITHOUT ANY OBVIOUS SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS. ALTHOUGH THE EARLY STAGES OF NAFLD ARE REVERSIBLE WITH DIET AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, DETECTING SUCH STAGES IS HINDERED BY A LACK OF NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF RISK ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS. THIS ABSENCE OF NON-INVASIVE MEANS OF DIAGNOSIS IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE SCARCITY OF LONG-TERM PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF PEDIATRIC NAFLD IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. IN THE MAJORITY OF PEDIATRIC NAFLD CASES, THE MECHANISMS DRIVING THE ORIGIN AND RAPID PROGRESSION OF NAFLD REMAIN UNKNOWN. THE PROGRESSION FROM NAFLD TO NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH) IN YOUTH IS ASSOCIATED WITH UNIQUE HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES AND POSSIBLE IMMUNE PROCESSES AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS THAT MAY REFLECT DIFFERENT MECHANISMS COMPARED WITH ADULTS. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT CIRCULATING MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ARE IMPORTANT NEW BIOMARKERS UNDERLYING PATHWAYS OF LIVER INJURY. SEVERAL FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PEDIATRIC NAFLD DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING HIGH-SUGAR DIETS, IN UTERO EXPOSURES VIA EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, CHANGES IN THE NEONATAL MICROBIOME, AND ALTERED IMMUNE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE UNIQUE ASPECTS OF PEDIATRIC NAFLD AND HOW NUTRITIONAL EXPOSURES IMPACT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, MITOCHONDRIA, AND LIVER/GASTROINTESTINAL METABOLIC HEALTH. THESE FACTORS HIGHLIGHT THE NEED FOR ANSWERS TO HOW NAFLD DEVELOPS IN CHILDREN AND FOR EARLY STAGE-SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14  6264  20 THE MULTIPLE-HIT PATHOGENESIS OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD). NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS INCREASINGLY PREVALENT AND REPRESENTS A GROWING CHALLENGE IN TERMS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. DESPITE ITS HIGH PREVALENCE, ONLY A SMALL MINORITY OF AFFECTED PATIENTS DEVELOPS INFLAMMATION AND SUBSEQUENTLY FIBROSIS AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, WHILE MOST OF THEM ONLY EXHIBIT SIMPLE STEATOSIS. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE FULL UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD AND NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH) IS OF EXTREME IMPORTANCE; DESPITE ADVANCES IN THIS FIELD, KNOWLEDGE ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD IS STILL INCOMPLETE. THE 'TWO-HIT' HYPOTHESIS IS NOW OBSOLETE, AS IT IS INADEQUATE TO EXPLAIN THE SEVERAL MOLECULAR AND METABOLIC CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE IN NAFLD. THE "MULTIPLE HIT" HYPOTHESIS CONSIDERS MULTIPLE INSULTS ACTING TOGETHER ON GENETICALLY PREDISPOSED SUBJECTS TO INDUCE NAFLD AND PROVIDES A MORE ACCURATE EXPLANATION OF NAFLD PATHOGENESIS. SUCH HITS INCLUDE INSULIN RESISTANCE, HORMONES SECRETED FROM THE ADIPOSE TISSUE, NUTRITIONAL FACTORS, GUT MICROBIOTA AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE REVIEW THE FACTORS THAT FORM THIS HYPOTHESIS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  4188  28 METABOLIC ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: MECHANISMS OF A SILENT EPIDEMIC AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS NOW IDENTIFIED AS A HEPATIC SIGN OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND IS THE MOST FREQUENT CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN ALL AGES. IT IS ASSUMED THAT A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC FACTORS PARTICIPATES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THIS CONDITION. VISCERAL OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR) HAVE ALWAYS BEEN CONSIDERED THE MOST IMPORTANT CAUSATIVE FACTORS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS) AND NAFLD, BUT CURRENTLY, THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETIC HERITAGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IS INCREASINGLY CONSIDERED FUNDAMENTAL IN THE GENESIS OF METABOLIC DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH NAFLD. IN FACT, IN PATIENTS WITH NAFLD, INSULIN RESISTANCE, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, ABDOMINAL OBESITY, DYSLIPIDEMIA AND REDUCED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY HAVE OFTEN BEEN FOUND, AS WELL AS A HIGHER PREVALENCE OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA, POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND OSTEOPENIA, WHICH DEFINE A METS FRAMEWORK. EARLY DIAGNOSIS IS NEEDED TO PREVENT DISEASE PROGRESSION THROUGH PRIMARILY LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS. UNFORTUNATELY, AT PRESENT, THERE ARE NO MOLECULES RECOMMENDED FOR PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. HOWEVER, SEVERAL NEW DRUGS ARE IN CLINICAL TRIALS. FOR THIS REASON, TARGETED STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD AND METS AND ON THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT DETERMINE THE EVOLUTION IN NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED. THEREFORE, IT IS DESIRABLE THAT FUTURE STUDIES MAY BE USEFUL IN IDENTIFYING PATIENTS AT RISK OF DEVELOPING NAFLD AND METS EARLY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  3209  24 HEALTH DISPARITIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC MULTISYSTEM AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY AUTOANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND DIVERSE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS. THE MANY COMPLEX, OVERLAPPING, AND CLOSELY ASSOCIATED FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SLE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND OUTCOMES INCLUDE ETHNIC DISPARITIES, LOW ADHERENCE TO MEDICATIONS, AND POVERTY, AND GEOGRAPHY. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PROVIDE THE LINK BETWEEN THESE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND BEHAVIORS AND THE DISPROPORTIONATE BURDEN OF SLE SEEN IN ETHNIC MINORITIES. ATTENTION TO THESE MODIFIABLE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH WOULD NOT ONLY IMPROVE OUTCOMES FOR VULNERABLE PATIENTS WITH SLE BUT LIKELY REDUCE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SLE AS WELL THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  6651  21 UPDATE ON GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS IN METABOLIC ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS BECOMING THE MOST FREQUENT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE. METABOLIC (DYSFUNCTION) ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE (MAFLD) IS SUGGESTED TO REPLACE THE NOMENCLATURE OF NAFLD. FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION, MULTIPLE NAFLD-RELATED FACTORS ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MAFLD INCLUDING GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS. THE APPLICATION OF GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (GWAS) AND EXOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (EWAS) UNCOVERS SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) IN MAFLD. IN ADDITION TO THE CLASSIC SNPS IN PNPLA3, TM6SF2, AND GCKR, SOME NEW SNPS HAVE BEEN FOUND RECENTLY TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER STEATOSIS. EPIGENETIC FACTORS INVOLVING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, NON-CODING RNAS REGULATIONS, AND RNA METHYLATION ALSO PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN MAFLD. DNA METHYLATION IS THE MOST REPORTED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. DEVELOPING A NON-INVASION BIOMARKER TO DISTINGUISH METABOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (MASH) OR LIVER FIBROSIS IS ONGOING. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED AND DISCUSSED THE LATEST PROGRESS IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS OF NAFLD/MAFLD, IN ORDER TO PROVIDE POTENTIAL CLUES FOR MAFLD TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  5386  28 REDOX HOMEOSTASIS AND EPIGENETICS IN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD). NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), AN ACCUMULATION OF INTRA-HEPATIC TRIGLYCERIDES THAT IS OFTEN CONSIDERED THE HEPATIC MANIFESTATION OF INSULIN RESISTANCE, IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN THE WESTERN COUNTRIES WITH UP TO ONE THIRD OF THE POPULATION AFFECTED. NAFLD IS A SPECTRUM OF DISTURBANCES THAT ENCOMPASSES VARIOUS DEGREES OF LIVER DAMAGE RANGING FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH). NASH IS CHARACTERIZED BY HEPATOCELLULAR INJURY/INFLAMMATION WITH OR WITHOUT FIBROSIS. THE INDIVIDUALS WITH NAFLD DEVELOP NASH IN 10% OF THE CASES, AND ARE ALSO AT RISK OF DEVELOPING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF NUCLEAR CHROMATIN REMODELING, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES, AND INCORPORATION OF HISTONE VARIANTS INTO THE CHROMATIN ARE INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS CRUCIAL FACTORS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NAFLD. NAFLD IS OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS: REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) ARE IMPLICATED IN ALTERED REDUCTION/OXIDATION (REDOX) REACTIONS THAT ATTACK CELLULAR MACROMOLECULES AND ARE DETECTED IN THE LIVER OF PATIENTS AND ANIMAL MODELS OF NAFLD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE RECENT KNOWLEDGE ADVANCEMENTS IN THE HEPATIC EPIGENETIC AND REDOX MECHANISMS, AND THEIR POSSIBLE LINKS, INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF NAFLD.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19   615  26 BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS AND POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS IN ALLEVIATING THE PATHOGENESIS OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (REVIEW). NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS A GLOBAL DISEASE THAT IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. EXCESSIVE FAT ACCUMULATION, FATTY DEGENERATION, AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER ACTIVATE THE PROGRESSION OF NAFLD FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS AND FURTHER TO LIVER FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NAFLD IS COMPLEX AND A MULTIPLE-HIT HYPOTHESIS INCLUDING DIETARY, ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAS BEEN RAISED. INCREASED DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS, DECREASED LIPOLYSIS, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD. CURRENTLY, NO EFFECTIVE DRUG THERAPIES ARE APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF NAFLD. SEVERAL MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO HAVE SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT CONTROL AND GUT MICROBE MODULATION ACTIVITIES AND ANTIHYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIC, ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS, WHICH MAY BE USEFUL TO PREVENT AND ATTENUATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NAFLD. THESE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MUSHROOMS' BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS, SUCH AS POLYSACCHARIDES, DIETARY FIBERS, ANTIOXIDANTS, AND OTHER COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM FRUITING BODIES, CULTURED MYCELIUM, AND/OR BROTH OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS AN OVERVIEW OF MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF NAFLD, INCLUDING THE EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, MANAGEMENT, AND TREATMENT. THE BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS AND POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS IN ALLEVIATING THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD ARE ALSO REVIEWED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20  5366  20 RECENT ADVANCES IN LEAN NAFLD. AS THE PREDOMINANT TYPE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, THE GROWING PREVALENCE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BECOME A CONCERN WORLDWIDE. ALTHOUGH OBESITY PLAYS THE MOST PIVOTAL ROLE IN NAFLD, APPROXIMATELY 10-20% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH NAFLD WHO ARE NOT OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE (BMI < 25 KG/M2, OR BMI < 23 KG/M2 IN ASIANS) HAVE "LEAN NAFLD." LEAN INDIVIDUALS WITH NAFLD HAVE A LOWER PREVALENCE OF DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA, CENTRAL OBESITY, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME THAN NONLEAN INDIVIDUALS WITH NAFLD, BUT HIGHER FIBROSIS SCORES AND RATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN ADVANCED STAGES. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF LEAN NAFLD REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT LEAN NAFLD IS MORE CORRELATED WITH FACTORS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THIS REVIEW WILL EXAMINE THE WAY IN WHICH THE RESEARCH PROGRESS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF LEAN NAFLD, AND EXPLORE THE FUNCTION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION TO PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR THE CLINICAL TREATMENT AND DIAGNOSIS OF LEAN NAFLD.	2022