1  5176 163 PREFACE TO COAST 2016 INNOVATORS' WORKSHOP ON PERSONALIZED AND PRECISION ORTHODONTIC THERAPY. OBJECTIVE: A SECOND FOCUSED WORKSHOP EXPLORED HOW TO TRANSFER NOVEL FINDINGS INTO CLINICAL ORTHODONTIC PRACTICE. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: PARTICIPANTS MET IN WEST PALM BEACH (FLORIDA, USA), ON 9-11 SEPTEMBER 2016 FOR THE CONSORTIUM FOR ORTHODONTIC ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016 INNOVATORS' WORKSHOP (COAST). APPROXIMATELY 65 REGISTERED ATTENDEES CONSIDERED AND DISCUSSED INFORMATION FROM 27 TO 34 SPEAKERS, 8 TO 15 POSTER PRESENTERS AND FOUR LUNCH-HOUR FOCUS GROUP LEADERS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: THE INNOVATORS' WORKSHOPS WERE ORGANIZED ACCORDING TO FIVE THEMED SESSIONS. THE AIMS OF THE DISCUSSION SESSIONS WERE TO IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING: I) THE STRENGTH AND IMPACT OF THE EVIDENCED-BASED DISCOVERIES, II) REQUIRED STEPS TO ENABLE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT AND III) REQUIRED STEPS TO TRANSLATE THESE NEW DISCOVERIES INTO ORTHODONTIC PRACTICE. RESULTS: THE ROLE OF GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS THAT UNDERLIE COMPLEX CRANIOFACIAL TRAITS WAS THE FOCUS OF SEVERAL SESSIONS. IT WAS AGREED THAT DIVERSE APPROACHES ARE CALLED FOR, SUCH AS (I) LARGE-SCALE COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS FOR FUTURE GENETIC STUDIES OF COMPLEX TRAITS; (II) DEEP GENOME SEQUENCING TO ADDRESS THE ISSUES OF ISOLATED MUTATIONS; (III) QUANTIFYING EPIGENETIC-ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES IN DIVERSE AREAS MYOFASCIAL PAIN, ALVEOLAR REMODELLING AND MANDIBULAR GROWTH. COMMON NEEDS IDENTIFIED FROM THE THEMED SESSIONS WERE MULTISCALE/MULTISPECIES MODELLING AND EXPERIMENTATION USING CONTROLLED AND QUANTIFIED MECHANICS AND TRANSLATION OF THE FINDINGS IN BONE BIOLOGY BETWEEN SPECIES. PANEL DISCUSSIONS LED TO THE CONSENSUS THAT A CONSORTIUM APPROACH TO ESTABLISH STANDARDS FOR INTRA-ORAL SCANNING AND 3D IMAGING SHOULD BE INITIATED. CONCLUSIONS: CURRENT AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES STILL REQUIRE SUPPORTED RESEARCH TO TRANSLATE NEW FINDINGS FROM THE LABORATORY TO ORTHODONTIC PRACTICE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  1147  26 CONDYLE MODELING STABILITY, CRANIOFACIAL ASYMMETRY AND ACTN3 GENOTYPES: CONTRIBUTION TO TMD PREVALENCE IN A COHORT OF DENTOFACIAL DEFORMITIES. CRANIOFACIAL ASYMMETRY, MANDIBULAR CONDYLAR MODELING AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS ARE COMMON COMORBIDITIES OF SKELETALLY DISPROPORTIONATE MALOCCLUSIONS, BUT ETIOLOGY OF OCCURRENCE TOGETHER IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WE COMPARED ASYMMETRY, CONDYLE MODELING STABILITY AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR HEALTH IN A COHORT OF 128 PATIENTS HAVING ORTHODONTICS AND ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY TO CORRECT DENTOFACIAL DEFORMITY MALOCCLUSIONS. WE ALSO COMPARED ACTN3 AND ENPP1 GENOTYPES FOR ASSOCIATION TO CLINICAL CONDITIONS. PRE-SURGICAL POSTERIOR-ANTERIOR CEPHALOMETRIC AND PANOMETRIC RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSES; JAW PAIN AND FUNCTION QUESTIONNAIRE AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF TMD; AND SNP-GENOTYPE ANALYSIS FROM SALIVA SAMPLES WERE COMPARED TO ASSESS INTERRELATIONSHIPS. ALMOST HALF HAD ASYMMETRIES IN NEED OF SURGICAL CORRECTION, WHICH COULD BE SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR DISTINCT MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS. ASYMMETRIC CONDYLE MODELING BETWEEN SIDES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN CRANIOFACIAL ASYMMETRY, BUT MOST COMMONLY HAD AN UNANTICIPATED PATTERN. OFTEN, LONGER OR LARGER CONDYLES OCCURRED ON THE SHORTER MANDIBULAR RAMUS SIDE. SUBJECTS WITH LONGER RAMUS BUT DIMENSIONALLY SMALLER CONDYLES WERE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE SELF-REPORTED TMD SYMPTOMS (P = 0.023) AND SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TMD (P = 0 .000001), WITH MASTICATORY MYALGIA MOST PROMINENT. GENOTYPING FOUND TWO SIGNIFICANT GENOTYPE ASSOCIATIONS FOR ACTN3 RS1671064 (Q523R MISSENSE) P = 0.02; RS678397 (INTRONIC SNP) P = 0.04 AND ONE SIGNIFICANT ALLELE ASSOCIATION RS1815739 (R577X NONSENSE) P = 0.00. SKELETAL ASYMMETRY, UNUSUAL CONDYLE MODELING AND TMD ARE COMMON AND INTERRELATED COMPONENTS OF MANY DENTOFACIAL DEFORMITIES. IMBALANCED MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS AND GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES CONTRIBUTE TO THE ETIOLOGY, AND REQUIRE FURTHER INVESTIGATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3  5496  29 REVIEW SHOWS THAT EARLY FOETAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE MAY CAUSE ADVERSE EFFECTS EVEN WHEN THE MOTHER CONSUMES LOW LEVELS. AIM: STUDIES ARE INCREASINGLY FOCUSING ON THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE (PAE) ON CHILD HEALTH. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO PROVIDE PAEDIATRICIANS WITH NEW INSIGHTS TO HELP THEM COMMUNICATE KEY MESSAGES ABOUT AVOIDING ALCOHOL DURING PREGNANCY. METHODS: INSPIRED BY THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER, WHICH FOCUSED ON INTEGRATING RESEARCH, POLICY AND PRACTICE, WE STUDIED ENGLISH LANGUAGE PAPERS PUBLISHED SINCE 2010 ON HOW EARLY PAE TRIGGERED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT HAD AN IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME CHRONIC DISEASES. WE ALSO REPORT THE FINDINGS OF A HUMAN STUDY USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE FACE TO EXPLORE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PAE AND CRANIOFACIAL PHENOTYPING. RESULTS: ANIMAL MODELS WITH DIFFERENT ALCOHOL EXPOSURE PATTERNS SHOW THAT EARLY PAE MAY LEAD TO LONG-TERM CHRONIC EFFECTS, DUE TO DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING FOR SOME ADULT DISEASES IN CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC AND RENAL SYSTEMS. THE STUDY WITH THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHING IS VERY PROMISING IN HELPING PAEDIATRICIANS TO UNDERSTAND HOW EVEN SMALL AMOUNTS OF PAE CAN AFFECT CRANIOFACIAL PHENOTYPING. CONCLUSION: EVEN LOW LEVELS OF PAE CAN CAUSE ADVERSE FOETAL EFFECTS AND NOT JUST IN THE BRAIN. IT IS NOT CURRENTLY POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE A SAFE PERIOD AND LEVEL WHEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WOULD NOT AFFECT THE FOETUS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  4559  28 MUTATIONS OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL COREPRESSOR ZMYM2 CAUSE SYNDROMIC URINARY TRACT MALFORMATIONS. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT (CAKUT) CONSTITUTE ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT BIRTH DEFECTS AND REPRESENT THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN THE FIRST THREE DECADES OF LIFE. DESPITE THE DISCOVERY OF DOZENS OF MONOGENIC CAUSES OF CAKUT, MOST PATHOGENIC PATHWAYS REMAIN ELUSIVE. WE PERFORMED WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING (WES) IN 551 INDIVIDUALS WITH CAKUT AND IDENTIFIED A HETEROZYGOUS DE NOVO STOP-GAIN VARIANT IN ZMYM2 IN TWO DIFFERENT FAMILIES WITH CAKUT. THROUGH COLLABORATION, WE IDENTIFIED IN TOTAL 14 DIFFERENT HETEROZYGOUS LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS IN ZMYM2 IN 15 UNRELATED FAMILIES. MOST MUTATIONS OCCURRED DE NOVO, INDICATING POSSIBLE INTERFERENCE WITH REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION. HUMAN DISEASE FEATURES ARE REPLICATED IN X. TROPICALIS LARVAE WITH MORPHOLINO KNOCKDOWNS, IN WHICH EXPRESSION OF TRUNCATED ZMYM2 PROTEINS, BASED ON INDIVIDUAL MUTATIONS, FAILED TO RESCUE RENAL AND CRANIOFACIAL DEFECTS. MOREOVER, HETEROZYGOUS ZMYM2-DEFICIENT MICE RECAPITULATED FEATURES OF CAKUT WITH HIGH PENETRANCE. THE ZMYM2 PROTEIN IS A COMPONENT OF A TRANSCRIPTIONAL COREPRESSOR COMPLEX RECENTLY LINKED TO THE SILENCING OF DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS ELEMENTS. USING PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION ASSAYS, WE SHOW THAT ZMYM2 INTERACTS WITH ADDITIONAL EPIGENETIC SILENCING COMPLEXES, AS WELL AS CONFIRMING THAT IT BINDS TO FOXP1, A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT HAS ALSO BEEN LINKED TO CAKUT. IN SUMMARY, OUR FINDINGS ESTABLISH THAT LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS OF ZMYM2, AND POTENTIALLY THAT OF OTHER PROTEINS IN ITS INTERACTOME, AS CAUSES OF HUMAN CAKUT, OFFERING NEW ROUTES FOR STUDYING THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISORDER.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  4011  18 LOW PATERNAL DIETARY FOLATE ALTERS THE MOUSE SPERM EPIGENOME AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH NEGATIVE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT A FATHER'S DIET CAN INFLUENCE OFFSPRING HEALTH. A PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR PATERNAL TRANSMISSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION IS VIA THE SPERM EPIGENOME. THE EPIGENOME INCLUDES HERITABLE INFORMATION SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE DIETARY SUPPLY OF METHYL DONORS WILL ALTER EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN SPERM. HERE WE FEED MALE MICE EITHER A FOLATE-DEFICIENT OR FOLATE-SUFFICIENT DIET THROUGHOUT LIFE. PATERNAL FOLATE DEFICIENCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BIRTH DEFECTS IN THE OFFSPRING, WHICH INCLUDE CRANIOFACIAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL MALFORMATIONS. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS AND THE SUBSEQUENT FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN SPERM OF GENES IMPLICATED IN DEVELOPMENT, CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER, DIABETES, AUTISM AND SCHIZOPHRENIA. WHILE >300 GENES ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN OFFSPRING PLACENTA, ONLY TWO CORRESPOND TO GENES WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN SPERM. THIS MODEL SUGGESTS EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION MAY INVOLVE SPERM HISTONE H3 METHYLATION OR DNA METHYLATION AND THAT ADEQUATE PATERNAL DIETARY FOLATE IS ESSENTIAL FOR OFFSPRING HEALTH.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  1544  21 DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS DEFINES REGIONAL IDENTITY WITHOUT RESTRICTING LINEAGE PLASTICITY. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN MAMMALIAN DNA ARE COMMONLY MANIFESTED BY DNA METHYLATION. IN THE STOMACH, ALTERED DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED FOLLOWING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTIONS AND IN GASTRIC CANCER. IN THE CONTEXT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION, THE REGIONAL NATURE OF THE STOMACH HAS BEEN RARELY CONSIDERED IN DETAIL. RESULTS: HERE, WE ESTABLISH GASTRIC MUCOSA DERIVED PRIMARY CELL CULTURES AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF NATIVE HUMAN EPITHELIUM. WE DESCRIBE THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE ACROSS THE PHENOTYPICALLY DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE HEALTHY HUMAN STOMACH, I.E., ANTRUM, CORPUS, FUNDUS TOGETHER WITH THE CORRESPONDING TRANSCRIPTOMES. WE SHOW THAT STABLE REGIONAL DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES TRANSLATE TO A LIMITED EXTENT INTO REGULATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC PHENOTYPE, INDICATING A LARGELY PERMISSIVE EPIGENETIC REGULATION. WE IDENTIFY A SMALL NUMBER OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WITH NOVEL REGION-SPECIFIC ACTIVITY AND LIKELY EPIGENETIC IMPACT IN THE STOMACH, INCLUDING GATA4, IRX5, IRX2, PDX1 AND CDX2. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE WNT PATHWAY REVEALS DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION ALONG THE CRANIOCAUDAL AXIS, WHICH INVOLVES NON-CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING IN DETERMINING CELL FATE IN THE PROXIMAL STOMACH. BY EXTENDING OUR ANALYSIS TO PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS AND GASTRIC CANCERS, WE CONCLUDE THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION CHARACTERIZES INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AS A FOUNDING BASIS FOR FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN GASTRIC CANCER. WE PRESENT INSIGHTS INTO THE DYNAMICS OF DNA METHYLATION ACROSS ANATOMICAL REGIONS OF THE HEALTHY STOMACH AND PATTERNS OF ITS CHANGE IN DISEASE. FINALLY, OUR STUDY PROVIDES A WELL-DEFINED RESOURCE OF REGIONAL STOMACH TRANSCRIPTION AND EPIGENETICS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  4066  25 MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION AS AN INDICATOR OF OFFSPRING METABOLIC SYNDROME RISK IN LATER LIFE THROUGH EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. AIMS: THIS REVIEW EXAMINED WHETHER MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION EFFECTS AN OFFSPRING'S LIKELIHOOD OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC METABOLIC RELATED CONDITIONS DUE TO EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING. METHODS: A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN MULTIPLE SCIENCE DATABASES AND LIMITED TO STUDIES PUBLISHED AFTER 2012, IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND PEER REVIEWED. THE DATA FROM SELECTED ARTICLES WERE EXTRACTED AND A QUALITATIVE APPROACH WAS EMPLOYED DUE TO HETEROGENEITY OF RESULTS. RESULTS: NEWBORNS FROM OBESE FATHERS SHOWED ALTERED METHYLATION OVERALL AND SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 2 (IGF2) GENE. HIGH MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED OFFSPRING DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS INDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED METHYLATION LEVELS IN OFFSPRING. GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CORD BLOOD. BIRTH WEIGHT WAS HIGHER IN OFFSPRING EXPOSED TO FAMINE IN EARLY GESTATION. OFFSPRING BORN POST MATERNAL BARIATRIC SURGERY SHOWED A LOWER PERCENTAGE OF BODY FAT AND IMPROVED FASTING INSULIN LEVELS COMPARED TO SIBLINGS BORN PRE-MATERNAL BARIATRIC SURGERY. CONCLUSIONS: THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT POOR MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OFFSPRING, THROUGH EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING. POTENTIAL PARENTS SHOULD BE ADVISED THAT MAINTAINING A HEALTHY DIET AND BMI IS LIKELY TO REDUCE THE RISK OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OFFSPRING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  5093  36 PLACENTAS FROM PREGNANCIES CONCEIVED BY IVF/ICSI HAVE A REDUCED DNA METHYLATION LEVEL AT THE H19 AND MEST DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS. STUDY QUESTION: DOES IVF/ICSI HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA? SUMMARY ANSWER: WE FOUND A REDUCED DNA METHYLATION LEVEL AT THE H19 AND MEST DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS), AND AN INCREASED RNA EXPRESSION OF H19 IN PLACENTAS FROM PREGNANCIES CONCEIVED BY IVF/ICSI WHEN COMPARED WITH PLACENTAS FROM SPONTANEOUS CONCEPTION. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: CHANGES IN FETAL ENVIRONMENT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES. THE PLACENTA IS PIVOTAL FOR INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT. ANIMAL STUDIES SHOW THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THESE ENVIRONMENT-INDUCED PHENOTYPIC EFFECTS. ALSO, THE PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYO ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS BIRTHWEIGHT AS WELL AS THE RISK OF CHRONIC ADULT DISEASES. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE SENSITIVE TO THE ENVIRONMENT, ESPECIALLY DURING THE PERIOD AROUND CONCEPTION. STUDY DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: PLACENTAL TISSUE WAS COLLECTED FROM 35 SPONTANEOUSLY CONCEIVED PREGNANCIES AND 35 IVF/ICSI (5 IVF, 30 ICSI) DERIVED PREGNANCIES. WE QUANTITATIVELY ANALYSED THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF A NUMBER OF CONSECUTIVE CPGS IN THE CORE REGIONS OF DMRS AND OTHER REGULATORY REGIONS OF IMPRINTED GENES, SINCE THESE ARE INVOLVED IN PLACENTAL AND FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. METHODS: BY USING PYROSEQUENCING, THE DNA METHYLATION AT SEVEN GERMLINE-DERIVED PRIMARY DMRS WAS ANALYSED QUANTITATIVELY. FIVE OF THESE ARE MATERNALLY METHYLATED (MEST ISOFORM ALPHA AND BETA, PEG3, KCNQ1OT1 AND SNRPN) AND TWO ARE PATERNALLY METHYLATED [H19 DMR AND THE INTERGENIC REGION BETWEEN DLK1 AND MEG3 (IG-DMR)]. THE POST-FERTILIZATION-DERIVED SECONDARY DMRS, IGF2 (DMR0 AND 2) AND IG-DMR (CG7, ALSO CALLED MEG3 DMR), AND THE MEG3 PROMOTER REGION WERE EXAMINED AS WELL. IN CASE OF DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS, THE EFFECT ON GENE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: BOTH THE PROMOTER REGION OF MEST ISOFORM ALPHA AND BETA AND THE 6TH CTCF BINDING SITE WITHIN THE H19 DMR WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HYPOMETHYLATED IN THE IVF/ICSI GROUP. THE PHENOMENON WAS CONSISTENTLY OBSERVED OVER ALL CPG SITES ANALYSED AND NOT RESTRICTED TO SINGLE CPG SITES. THE OTHER PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DMRS WERE NOT AFFECTED. EXPRESSION OF H19 WAS INCREASED IN THE IVF/ICSI GROUP, WHILE THAT OF IGF2 AND MEST REMAINED SIMILAR. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: IN THE IVF/ICSI GROUP, MOSTLY ICSI PREGNANCIES WERE INVESTIGATED. THE ICSI TECHNIQUE OR MALE SUBFERTILITY COULD BE A CONFOUNDING FACTOR. THEREFORE, OUR RESULTS ARE LESS GENERALIZABLE TO IVF PREGNANCIES. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: THE CLINICAL EFFECTS OF THE OBSERVED PLACENTAL HYPOMETHYLATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF THE IVF/ICSI PROGENY, IF ANY, ARE AS YET UNKNOWN. WHETHER THE HYPOMETHYLATION IS AN ADAPTATION OF THE PLACENTA TO MAINTAIN FETAL SUPPLY AND AMELIORATE THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CUES, OR WHETHER IT IS A DEREGULATION LEADING TO DERANGED DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING WITH OR WITHOUT INCREASED VULNERABILITY FOR DISEASE, CONSISTENT WITH THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE HYPOTHESIS, NEEDS FURTHER INVESTIGATION. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): PARTLY FUNDED BY AN UNRESTRICTED RESEARCH GRANT BY ORGANON BV (NOW MSD BV) WITHOUT ANY ROLE IN STUDY DESIGN, DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS, OR PREPARATION OF THE MANUSCRIPT. NO CONFLICT OF INTERESTS TO DECLARE. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: DUTCH TRIAL REGISTRY (NTR) NUMBER 1298.	2013	

9   520  24 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL PRENATAL STRESS, METHYLATION CHANGES IN IGF1 AND IGF2, AND BIRTH WEIGHT. MATERNAL STRESS HAS BEEN LINKED TO LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN NEWBORNS. ONE POTENTIAL PATHWAY INVOLVES EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT CANDIDATE GENES THAT MAY MEDIATE THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS ON BIRTH WEIGHT. THIS RELATIONSHIP HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED IN STRESS-RELATED GENES, SUCH AS NR3C1. THERE IS LESS LITERATURE EXPLORING THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON GROWTH-RELATED GENES. IGF1 AND IGF2 HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, THOUGH VIA DIFFERENT MECHANISMS AS IGF2 IS UNDER IMPRINTING CONTROL. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED FOR ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PRENATAL STRESS, METHYLATION OF IGF1 AND IGF2, AND BIRTH WEIGHT. A TOTAL OF 24 MOTHER-NEWBORN DYADS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO WERE ENROLLED. ETHNOGRAPHIC INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED WITH MOTHERS AT DELIVERY TO GATHER CULTURALLY RELEVANT WAR-RELATED AND CHRONIC STRESSORS. DNA METHYLATION DATA WERE GENERATED FROM MATERNAL VENOUS, CORD BLOOD AND PLACENTAL TISSUE SAMPLES. MULTIVARIATE REGRESSIONS WERE USED TO TEST FOR ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN STRESS MEASURES, DNA METHYLATION AND BIRTH WEIGHT IN EACH OF THE THREE TISSUE TYPES. WE FOUND AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN IGF2 METHYLATION IN MATERNAL BLOOD AND BIRTH WEIGHT. PREVIOUS LITERATURE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IGF2 METHYLATION AND BIRTH WEIGHT HAS FOCUSED ON METHYLATION AT KNOWN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN CORD BLOOD OR PLACENTAL SAMPLES. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THERE MAY BE LINKS BETWEEN THE MATERNAL EPIGENOME AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT THAT RELY ON MECHANISMS OUTSIDE KNOWN IMPRINTING PATHWAYS. IT THUS MAY BE IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL EXPOSURES AND EPIGENETIC PROFILES ON BIRTH WEIGHT EVEN IN THE SETTING OF MATERNALLY IMPRINTED GENES SUCH AS IGF2.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  5179  24 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  3797  22 INTERNATIONAL BREAST CANCER AND NUTRITION: A MODEL FOR RESEARCH, TRAINING AND POLICY IN DIET, EPIGENETICS, AND CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION. THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES PRESENTATIONS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL BREAST CANCER AND NUTRITION WORKSHOP HELD DURING THE ASN SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS AND ANNUAL MEETING AT EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014 IN SAN DIEGO, CA, ON 28 APRIL 2014. AN INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION WAS DESCRIBED AMONG TEAMS FROM LOW-, MIDDLE-, AND HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, ESPECIALLY DIET, AND EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS THAT AFFECT THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE. SPEAKERS ADDRESSED OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES INVOLVED IN THIS TYPE OF INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION, ASSESSING DIET AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF CULTURES, AND RESEARCH TOOLS AND DISCOVERIES FROM THIS GROUP.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12  1055  23 CLINICAL INTEGRATION OF GENOME DIAGNOSTICS FOR CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT. REVOLUTIONS IN GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND BIOINFORMATICS ARE CURRENTLY CHANGING THE OUTLINE OF DIAGNOSTICS AND CLINICAL MEDICINE. FROM A NEPHROLOGIST'S PERSPECTIVE, INDIVIDUALS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT (CAKUT) ARE AN IMPORTANT PATIENT CATEGORY: NOT ONLY IS CAKUT THE PREDOMINANT CAUSE OF KIDNEY FAILURE IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS, BUT THE STRONG PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY OF KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT MALFORMATIONS HAS HAMPERED STANDARDIZATION OF CLINICAL DECISION MAKING UNTIL NOW. HOWEVER, PATIENTS WITH CAKUT MAY BENEFIT FROM PRECISION MEDICINE, INCLUDING AN INTEGRATED DIAGNOSTICS TRAJECTORY, GENETIC COUNSELING, AND PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT TO IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF DEVELOPMENTAL KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT DEFECTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE PRESENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR ETIOLOGY OF CAKUT AND THE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE GENOME DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES IN THE CLINICAL CARE OF PATIENTS WITH CAKUT. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS HOW CLINICAL INTEGRATION OF FINDINGS FROM LARGE-SCALE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION STUDIES MAY IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS OF ALL INDIVIDUALS WITH CAKUT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13  5085  27 PILOT STUDY OF ABSOLUTE TELOMERE LENGTHS IN PRETERM INFANTS. BACKGROUND: ANNUALLY, APPROXIMATELY 15 MILLION BABIES ARE BORN PRETERM (<37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE) GLOBALLY. IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (NICU) ENVIRONMENT, INFANTS ARE EXPOSED TO REPEATED STRESSFUL OR PAINFUL PROCEDURES AS PART OF ROUTINE LIFESAVING CARE. THESE PROCEDURES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT MAY LEAD TO AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. TELOMERE LENGTH HAS BEEN NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE LIFE EXPERIENCES IN STUDIES OF ADULTS. OBJECTIVES: THIS PILOT STUDY AIMED TO DESCRIBE TELOMERE LENGTH IN A SAMPLE OF PRETERM INFANTS AT NICU DISCHARGE AND EXAMINE ANY ASSOCIATIONS WITH PAIN, FEEDING METHOD, AND NEURODEVELOPMENT. METHODS: THIS DESCRIPTIVE PILOT STUDY SAMPLE INCLUDES BASELINE ABSOLUTE TELOMERE LENGTH (ATL) OF 36 PRETERM INFANTS IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO DISCHARGE. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS USED TO DETERMINE ATL. INFANT DEMOGRAPHICS, PAIN/STRESS, TYPE OF FEEDING, ANTIBIOTIC USE, NEURODEVELOPMENT, AND BUCCAL SWAB DATA WERE COLLECTED. DESCRIPTIVE DATA ANALYSIS WAS USED TO DESCRIBE THE TELOMERE LENGTH USING GRAPHS. RESULTS: AMONG OUR PRETERM INFANT SAMPLES, THE MEAN ATL WAS FAR GREATER THAN THE AVERAGE ADULT TELOMERE LENGTH. ALTHOUGH NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WERE FOUND BETWEEN ATL AND PAIN, FEEDING METHOD, AND NEURODEVELOPMENT, A TREND BETWEEN SEX WAS NOTED WHERE MALE TELOMERE LENGTHS WERE SHORTER THAN FEMALES AS THEY AGED. DISCUSSION: THIS IS ONE OF FEW STUDIES TO EVALUATE PRETERM INFANT TELOMERE LENGTH. ALTHOUGH OTHER RESEARCHERS HAVE USED RELATIVE TELOMERE LENGTH, WE USED THE MORE ACCURATE ATL. WE FOUND NONSIGNIFICANT SHORTER TELOMERE LENGTHS AMONG MALES. ADDITIONAL LARGE-SCALE, LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO BETTER IDENTIFY THE PREDICTORS OF TELOMERE LENGTH AT THE TIME OF DISCHARGE FROM NICU.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14  3400  33 HOW CAN PRECISION MEDICINE BE APPLIED TO TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS AND ITS COMORBIDITIES? THE EIGHTH SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE TMJ ASSOCIATION, LTD. WAS HELD IN BETHESDA, MARYLAND, SEPTEMBER 11-13, 2016. AS IN THE PAST, THE MEETING WAS COSPONSORED BY COMPONENTS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH WITH SPEAKERS INVITED TO REVIEW THE STATE OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER SCIENCE AND PROPOSE RECOMMENDATIONS TO FURTHER PROGRESS. THE THEME OF PRECISION MEDICINE, WHICH AIMS TO TAILOR DISEASE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION TO MATCH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT (GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, LIFESTYLE) UNDERSCORED THE CURRENT CONSENSUS THAT TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS ARE NO LONGER VIEWED AS LOCAL CONDITIONS OF JAW PAIN AND DYSFUNCTION. RATHER, THEY REPRESENT A COMPLEX FAMILY OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDERS THAT CAN PROGRESS TO CHRONIC PAIN, MOST OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY ONE OR MORE OTHER CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS AND THESE COMORBIDITIES, CALLED CHRONIC OVERLAPPING PAIN CONDITIONS, PREDOMINANTLY OR EXCLUSIVELY AFFECT WOMEN IN THEIR CHILDBEARING YEARS AND REFLECT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SENSITIZATION. PRESENTERS AT THE MEETING INCLUDED LEADERS IN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER AND PAIN RESEARCH, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER PATIENTS AND ADVOCATES, AND EXPERTS IN OTHER FIELDS OR IN THE USE OF TECHNOLOGIES THAT COULD FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRECISION MEDICINE APPROACHES IN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15   649  19 BIRTHWEIGHT, MATERNAL WEIGHT TRAJECTORIES AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION OF LINE-1 REPETITIVE ELEMENTS. LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, PREMATURE BIRTH, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION, AND MATERNAL MALNUTRITION HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. CONVERSELY, HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT HAS BEEN LINKED TO FUTURE RISK OF CANCER. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ESTIMATED BY THE METHYLATION OF REPETITIVE SEQUENCES IN THE GENOME IS AN INDICATOR OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASES. WE USED DATA AND BIOSPECIMENS FROM AN EPIGENETIC BIRTH COHORT TO EXPLORE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TRAJECTORIES OF FETAL AND MATERNAL WEIGHT AND LINE-1 METHYLATION IN 319 MOTHER-CHILD DYADS. NEWBORNS WITH LOW OR HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN THEIR CORD BLOOD COMPARED TO NORMAL WEIGHT INFANTS AFTER ADJUSTING FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, SEX OF THE CHILD, MATERNAL AGE AT DELIVERY, AND MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY (P = 0.007 AND P = 0.036, RESPECTIVELY), BUT THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DIFFERENCE WAS SMALL. INFANTS BORN PREMATURELY ALSO HAD LOWER LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN CORD BLOOD COMPARED TO TERM INFANTS, AND THIS DIFFERENCE, THOUGH SMALL, WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT (P = 0.004). WE DID NOT FIND IMPORTANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL PREPREGNANCY BMI OR GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN AND GLOBAL METHYLATION OF THE CORD BLOOD OR FETAL PLACENTAL TISSUE. IN CONCLUSION, WE FOUND SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN CORD BLOOD LINE-1 METHYLATION AMONG NEWBORNS WITH LOW AND HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT AS WELL AS AMONG PREMATURELY BORN INFANTS. FUTURE STUDIES MAY ELUCIDATE WHETHER CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITIES OR OTHER FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THESE CHANGES CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH THESE CHARACTERISTICS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16   418  27 ANCESTRAL EXPOSURE TO STRESS EPIGENETICALLY PROGRAMS PRETERM BIRTH RISK AND ADVERSE MATERNAL AND NEWBORN OUTCOMES. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC STRESS IS CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF MANY CAUSES OF HUMAN PRETERM BIRTH (PTB), BUT NO DIRECT EVIDENCE HAS YET BEEN PROVIDED. HERE WE SHOW IN RATS THAT STRESS ACROSS GENERATIONS HAS DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS ON ENDOCRINE, METABOLIC AND BEHAVIOURAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PTB POSSIBLY VIA MICRORNA (MIRNA) REGULATION. METHODS: PREGNANT DAMS OF THE PARENTAL GENERATION WERE EXPOSED TO STRESS FROM GESTATIONAL DAYS 12 TO 18. THEIR PREGNANT DAUGHTERS (F1) AND GRAND-DAUGHTERS (F2) EITHER WERE STRESSED OR REMAINED AS NON-STRESSED CONTROLS. GESTATIONAL LENGTH, MATERNAL GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, BLOOD GLUCOSE AND PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS, LITTER SIZE AND OFFSPRING WEIGHT GAIN FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 1 TO 30 WERE RECORDED IN EACH GENERATION, INCLUDING F3. MATERNAL BEHAVIOURS WERE ANALYSED FOR THE FIRST HOUR AFTER COMPLETED PARTURITION, AND OFFSPRING SENSORIMOTOR DEVELOPMENT WAS RECORDED ON POSTNATAL DAY (P) 7. F0 THROUGH F2 MATERNAL BRAIN FRONTAL CORTEX, UTERUS AND PLACENTA MIRNA AND GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS WERE USED TO IDENTIFY STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC REGULATORY PATHWAYS OF MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR AND PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE. RESULTS: PROGRESSIVELY UP TO THE F2 GENERATION, STRESS GRADUALLY REDUCED GESTATIONAL LENGTH, MATERNAL WEIGHT GAIN AND BEHAVIOURAL ACTIVITY, AND INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS. REDUCED OFFSPRING GROWTH AND DELAYED BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE STRESS COHORT WAS RECOGNIZABLE AS EARLY AS P7, WITH THE GREATEST EFFECT IN THE F3 OFFSPRING OF TRANSGENERATIONALLY STRESSED MOTHERS. FURTHERMORE, STRESS ALTERED MIRNA EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN THE BRAIN AND UTERUS OF F2 MOTHERS, INCLUDING THE MIR-200 FAMILY, WHICH REGULATES PATHWAYS RELATED TO BRAIN PLASTICITY AND PARTURITION, RESPECTIVELY. MAIN MIR-200 FAMILY TARGET GENES IN THE UTERUS, STAT5B, ZEB1 AND ZEB2, WERE DOWNREGULATED BY MULTIGENERATIONAL STRESS IN THE F1 GENERATION. ZEB2 WAS ALSO REDUCED IN THE STRESSED F2 GENERATION, SUGGESTING A CAUSAL MECHANISM FOR DISTURBED PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE. ADDITIONALLY, STRESS INCREASED PLACENTAL MIR-181A, A MARKER OF HUMAN PTB. CONCLUSIONS: THE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT A FAMILY HISTORY OF STRESS MAY PROGRAM CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL PATHWAYS REGULATING GESTATIONAL LENGTH AND MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE MATERNAL LINEAGE. THIS NEW PARADIGM MAY MODEL THE ORIGIN OF MANY HUMAN PTB CAUSES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  5773  22 SPERM MICRORNA CONTENT IS ALTERED IN A MOUSE MODEL OF MALE OBESITY, BUT THE SAME SUITE OF MICRORNAS ARE NOT ALTERED IN OFFSPRING'S SPERM. THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY IS INCREASING WORLDWIDE AND HAS TRIPLED IN MEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE SINCE THE 1970S. CONCERNINGLY, OBESITY IS NOT ONLY COMORBID WITH OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES, BUT THERE IS MOUNTING EVIDENCE THAT IT INCREASES THE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE LOAD IN THEIR CHILDREN (EG MORTALITY, OBESITY, AUTISM). ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT PATERNAL OBESITY INCREASES THE RISK OF METABOLIC (EG GLUCOSE METABOLISM DEFECTS, OBESITY) AND REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS IN OFFSPRING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES WITHIN SPERM ARE CLEAR MECHANISTIC CANDIDATES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH CHANGES TO THE FATHER'S ENVIRONMENT AND OFFSPRING PHENOTYPE. SPECIFICALLY THERE IS EMERGING EVIDENCE THAT A FATHER'S SPERM MICRORNA CONTENT BOTH RESPONDS TO PATERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CUES AND ALTERS THE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY EMBRYO. WE USED A MOUSE MODEL OF HIGH FAT DIET (HFD) INDUCED OBESITY TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER MALE OBESITY COULD MODULATE SPERM MICRORNA CONTENT. WE ALSO INVESTIGATED WHETHER THIS ALTERATION TO A FATHER'S SPERM MICRORNA CONTENT LEAD TO A SIMILAR CHANGE IN THE SPERM OF MALE OFFSPRING. OUR INVESTIGATIONS WERE INITIALLY GUIDED BY A TAQMAN PCR ARRAY, WHICH INDICATED THE DIFFERENTIAL ABUNDANCE OF 28 SPERM BORNE MICRORNAS IN HFD MICE. QPCR CONFIRMATION IN A MUCH LARGER COHORT OF FOUNDER MALES DEMONSTRATED THAT 13 OF THESE MICRORNAS WERE DIFFERENTIALLY ABUNDANT (11 UP-REGULATED; 2 DOWN-REGULATED) DUE TO HFD FEEDING. DESPITE METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE PHENOTYPES ALSO BEING OBSERVED IN GRAND-OFFSPRING FATHERED VIA THE MALE OFFSPRING LINEAGE, THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE THAT ANY OF THE 13 MICRORNAS WERE ALSO DYSREGULATED IN MALE OFFSPRING SPERM. THIS WAS PRESUMABLY DUE TO THE VARIATION SEEN WITHIN BOTH GROUPS OF OFFSPRING AND SUGGESTS OTHER MECHANISMS MIGHT ACT BETWEEN OFFSPRING AND GRAND-OFFSPRING. THUS 13 SPERM BORNE MICRORNAS ARE MODULATED BY A FATHER'S HFD AND THE PRESUMED TRANSFER OF THIS ALTERED MICRORNA PAYLOAD TO THE EMBRYO AT FERTILISATION POTENTIALLY ACTS TO ALTER THE EMBRYONIC MOLECULAR MAKEUP POST-FERTILISATION, ALTERING ITS GROWTH TRAJECTORY, ULTIMATELY AFFECTING ADULT OFFSPRING PHENOTYPE AND MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PATERNAL PROGRAMMING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  5166  26 PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE EXERTS SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECTS ON OFFSPRING GROWTH AND LONG-TERM METABOLIC PROGRAMMING. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH CLINICAL DATA SUPPORT AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE AND DEFICITS IN CHILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PATERNAL DRINKING AND ALCOHOL-INDUCED GROWTH PHENOTYPES REMAINS CHALLENGING TO DEFINE. USING AN ESTABLISHED MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE, PREVIOUS WORK BY OUR GROUP HAS LINKED PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE TO SEX-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND PLACENTAL DYSFUNCTION. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF CHRONIC PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE ON OFFSPRING GROWTH AND METABOLIC PROGRAMMING. RESULTS: PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE INDUCED A PROLONGED PERIOD OF FETAL GESTATION AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION, WHICH AFFECTED THE MALE OFFSPRING TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN THE FEMALES. WHILE THE FEMALE OFFSPRING OF ETHANOL-EXPOSED MALES WERE ABLE TO MATCH THE BODY WEIGHTS OF THE CONTROLS WITHIN THE FIRST 2 WEEKS OF POSTNATAL LIFE, MALE OFFSPRING CONTINUED TO DISPLAY AN 11% REDUCTION IN WEIGHT AT 5 WEEKS OF AGE AND A 6% REDUCTION AT 8 WEEKS OF AGE. THE OBSERVED GROWTH DEFICITS ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE MALE OFFSPRING, WHILE IN CONTRAST, FEMALES DISPLAYED A MODEST LAG IN THEIR GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. THESE METABOLIC DEFECTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AN UP-REGULATION OF GENES WITHIN THE PRO-FIBROTIC TGF-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY AND INCREASED LEVELS OF CELLULAR HYDROXYPROLINE WITHIN THE LIVERS OF THE MALE OFFSPRING. WE OBSERVED SUPPRESSED CYTOKINE PROFILES WITHIN THE LIVER AND PANCREAS OF BOTH THE MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING, WHICH CORRELATED WITH THE UP-REGULATION OF GENES IN THE LIVERX/RETINOIDX/FARNESOIDX RECEPTOR PATHWAYS. HOWEVER, PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION WERE HIGHLY VARIABLE BETWEEN THE OFFSPRING OF ALCOHOL-EXPOSED SIRES. IN THE ADULT OFFSPRING OF ALCOHOL-EXPOSED MALES, WE DID NOT OBSERVE ANY DIFFERENCES IN THE ALLELIC EXPRESSION OF IGF2 OR ANY OTHER IMPRINTED GENES. CONCLUSIONS: THE IMPACT OF PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT IS POORLY EXPLORED AND REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT GAP IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL. OUR STUDIES IMPLICATE PATERNAL EXPOSURE HISTORY AS AN ADDITIONAL AND IMPORTANT MODIFIER OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED GROWTH PHENOTYPES AND CHALLENGE THE CURRENT MATERNAL-CENTRIC EXPOSURE PARADIGM.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  5200  20 PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS PREDICTS METHYLATION OF GENES REGULATING THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL SYSTEM IN MOTHERS AND NEWBORNS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. EXPOSURE TO STRESS EARLY IN LIFE PERMANENTLY SHAPES ACTIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL (HPA) AXIS AND THE BRAIN. PRENATALLY, GLUCOCORTICOIDS PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTA TO THE FETUS WITH POSTNATAL IMPACTS ON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, BIRTH WEIGHT (BW), AND HPA AXIS FUNCTIONING. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH PRENATAL STRESS AFFECTS POSTNATAL FUNCTIONING. THIS STUDY ADDRESSES THIS GAP BY EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC STRESS AND TRAUMATIC WAR-RELATED STRESS ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN FOUR KEY GENES REGULATING THE HPA AXIS IN NEONATAL CORD BLOOD, PLACENTA, AND MATERNAL BLOOD: CRH, CRHBP, NR3C1, AND FKBP5. PARTICIPANTS WERE 24 MOTHER-NEWBORN DYADS IN THE CONFLICT-RIDDEN REGION OF THE EASTERN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. BW DATA WERE COLLECTED AT DELIVERY AND MATERNAL INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED TO ASSESS CULTURALLY RELEVANT CHRONIC AND WAR-RELATED STRESSORS. CHRONIC STRESS AND WAR TRAUMA HAD WIDESPREAD EFFECTS ON HPA AXIS GENE METHYLATION, WITH SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OBSERVED AT TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING (TFB) SITES IN ALL TARGET GENES TESTED. SOME CHANGES IN METHYLATION WERE UNIQUE TO CHRONIC OR WAR STRESS, WHEREAS OTHERS WERE OBSERVED ACROSS BOTH STRESSOR TYPES. MOREOVER, STRESS EXPOSURES IMPACTED MATERNAL AND FETAL TISSUES DIFFERENTLY, SUPPORTING THEORETICAL MODELS THAT STRESS IMPACTS VARY ACCORDING TO LIFE PHASE. METHYLATION IN SEVERAL NR3C1 AND CRH CPG SITES, ALL LOCATED AT TFB SITES, WAS ASSOCIATED WITH BW. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PRENATAL STRESS EXPOSURE IMPACTS DEVELOPMENT VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HPA AXIS GENES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  3786  27 INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILD GROWTH AND UNDERNUTRITION. INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. SEVERAL GENERATIONS ARE NECESSARY IN ANIMAL MODELS TO 'WASH OUT' EFFECTS OF UNDERNUTRITION, CONSISTENT WITH THE UNFOLDING OF THE SECULAR TREND IN HEIGHT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. BIRTHWEIGHT IS CORRELATED ACROSS GENERATIONS AND SHORT MATERNAL STATURE, WHICH REFLECTS INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT GROWTH FAILURE, IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, CHILD STUNTING, DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS AND INCREASED CHILD MORTALITY, EVEN AFTER ADJUSTING FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS. A NUTRITION INTERVENTION IN GUATEMALA REDUCED CHILDHOOD STUNTING; IT ALSO IMPROVED GROWTH OF THE NEXT GENERATION, BUT ONLY IN THE OFFSPRING OF GIRLS. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS EXPLAINING INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, SHARED GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC CHANGES, AND THE MECHANICS OF A REDUCED SPACE FOR THE FETUS TO GROW. THERE ARE ALSO SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AT PLAY THAT ARE IMPORTANT SUCH AS THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF POVERTY AND THE FEAR OF BIRTHING A LARGE BABY, WHICH LEADS TO 'EATING DOWN' DURING PREGNANCY. IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THERE IS AN UPPER LIMIT FOR IMPACT ON INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT LINEAR GROWTH THAT PROGRAMMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES COULD ACHIEVE THAT IS SET BY EARLY CHILDHOOD MALNUTRITION IN THE MOTHER. SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN LINEAR GROWTH CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH ADOPTION AND MIGRATION, AND IN A FEW SELECTED COUNTRIES, FOLLOWING RAPID ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. IT WOULD SEEM, DESPITE CLEAR DOCUMENTATION OF INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS, THAT NEARLY NORMAL LENGTHS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WHO WERE MALNOURISHED IN CHILDHOOD WHEN PROFOUND IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH, NUTRITION AND THE ENVIRONMENT TAKE PLACE BEFORE CONCEPTION. TO ACHIEVE SIMILAR LEVELS OF IMPACT THROUGH PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMMES ALONE IN POOR COUNTRIES IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY. THE REALITY IN POOR COUNTRIES LIMITS THE SCOPE, QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF PROGRAMMES THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED AND MODEST IMPACT SHOULD BE EXPECTED INSTEAD. THE LANCET SERIES ON MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION ESTIMATED THAT IMPLEMENTATION TO SCALE OF PROVEN INTERVENTIONS IN HIGH BURDEN COUNTRIES WOULD REDUCE STUNTING BY ONE-THIRD; THIS IS PERHAPS A REALISTIC UPPER BOUND FOR IMPACT FOR HIGH QUALITY PROGRAMMES, UNLESS ACCOMPANIED BY SWEEPING IMPROVEMENTS IN SOCIAL SERVICES AND MARKED REDUCTIONS IN POVERTY. FINALLY, BECAUSE SO MUCH CAN BE ACHIEVED IN A SINGLE GENERATION, INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ARE UNLIKELY TO BE AN IMPORTANT EXPLANATION FOR LACK OF PROGRAMME IMPACT AIMED AT THE WINDOW OF THE FIRST 1000 DAYS. FAILURE TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES FOR SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH AS WELL AS FOR THE FORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL. THE NUTRITION TRANSITION HAS CREATED A DOUBLE BURDEN BY ADDING OBESITY AND RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH AGENDA OF COUNTRIES STILL STRUGGLING WITH THE 'OLD' PROBLEMS OF MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION. THE CHALLENGE AHEAD IS TO INCREASE EFFORTS TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE WHILE KEEPING CHILD OVERWEIGHT AT BAY.	2012