1   465 162 ARE TARGETED THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ON THE HORIZON? DIABETES INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE APPROXIMATELY 2.5-FOLD, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES. THIS PROCESS, TERMED DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY INITIAL IMPAIRMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) RELAXATION FOLLOWED BY LV CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION REVEALS THAT HUMAN DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LV DAMAGE, INCLUDING CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, APOPTOSIS AND FIBROSIS, WITH IMPAIRED CORONARY MICROVASCULAR PERFUSION. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ARE IMPLICATED. DESPITE A RECENT RISE IN RESEARCH INTERROGATING THESE MECHANISMS AND AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE REMAINS A LACK OF SPECIFIC TREATMENT STRATEGIES. HOW THE CHRONIC METABOLIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED IN DIABETES LEAD TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES REMAINS A PERTINENT QUESTION, AND IT IS HOPED THAT RECENT ADVANCES, PARTICULARLY IN THE AREA OF EPIGENETICS, AMONG OTHERS, MAY PROVIDE SOME ANSWERS. THIS REVIEW HENCE EXPLORES THE TEMPORAL ONSET OF THE PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESULTANT DISEASE PHENOTYPE, AS WELL AS BOTH CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. THE EMERGENCE OF GLUCOSE-OPTIMIZING AGENTS, NAMELY GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS AND SODIUM/GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER (SGLT)2 INHIBITORS THAT CONFER BENEFITS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, TOGETHER WITH NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES, HIGHLIGHT A NEW AND EXCITING ERA IN DIABETES RESEARCH, WHICH IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN MAJOR CLINICAL IMPACT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2  3975  40 LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PLACENTAL VASCULAR PATHOLOGY ON THE MATERNAL AND OFFSPRING CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS. OVER THE LAST THIRTY YEARS, EVIDENCE HAS BEEN ACCUMULATING THAT HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY (HDP) AND, SPECIFICALLY, PREECLAMPSIA (PE) PRODUCE NOT ONLY LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON THE PREGNANT WOMAN, BUT HAVE ALSO LASTING CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FETUS. AT THE CORE OF THESE CONSEQUENCES IS THE PHENOMENON KNOWN AS DEFECTIVE DEEP PLACENTATION, BEING PRESENT IN VIRTUALLY EVERY MAJOR OBSTETRICAL SYNDROME. THE PROFOUND PLACENTAL VASCULAR LESIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS PATHOLOGY CAN INDUCE LONG-TERM ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE PREGNANT WOMAN'S ENTIRE ARTERIAL SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, PLACENTAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND FUNCTION CAN, IN TURN, CAUSE A DECREASED BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE FETUS, WITH LONG-LASTING EFFECTS. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF HDP HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) COMPARED WITH WOMEN WITH NORMAL PREGNANCIES. SPECIFICALLY, THESE SUBJECTS ARE AT A FUTURE HIGHER RISK OF: HYPERTENSION; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS (STROKE); CVD-RELATED MORTALITY. VASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN PREGNANCY AND CVD MAY SHARE A COMMON ETIOLOGY AND MAY HAVE COMMON RISK FACTORS, WHICH ARE UNMASKED BY THE "STRESS" OF PREGNANCY. IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE THAT THE FUTURE OCCURRENCE OF A CVD MAY BE THE CONSEQUENCE OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION GENERATED BY PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION THAT PERSISTS AFTER DELIVERY. ALTHOUGH BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL MARKERS OF PE ABOUND, INFORMATION ON MARKERS FOR A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION IN THE VARIOUS GROUPS IS STILL LACKING. LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FETUS ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE THEORY OF A FETAL ORIGIN OF A NUMBER OF ADULT DISEASES, KNOWN AS THE BARKER HYPOTHESIS. INDEED, INTRAUTERINE MALNUTRITION AND FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION REPRESENT SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC HYPERTENSION, DIABETES, STROKE AND DEATH FROM CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN ADULTS. OTHER FACTORS WILL ALSO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT LATER IN LIFE OF HYPERTENSION, CORONARY AND MYOCARDIAL DISEASE; THEY INCLUDE PARENTAL GENETIC DISPOSITION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, CONCURRENT INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURES, AND THE LIFESTYLE OF THE AFFECTED INDIVIDUAL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  1388  28 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE PREVALENCE AND BURDEN OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ON GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS ALREADY HEAVY AND STILL RISING. DIABETES MELLITUS BY ITSELF IS LINKED TO ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND THE PRESENCE OF CONCOMITANT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE FURTHER AMPLIFIES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE CULMINATION OF TRADITIONAL (MALE GENDER, SMOKING, ADVANCED AGE, OBESITY, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA) AND NON-TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS (ANEMIA, INFLAMMATION, PROTEINURIA, VOLUME OVERLOAD, MINERAL METABOLISM ABNORMALITIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ETC.) CONTRIBUTES TO ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. TO DECREASE THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THESE PATIENTS DUE TO CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES, TIMELY AND EFFICIENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT CAN BE BASED ON LABORATORY PARAMETERS, IMAGING TECHNIQUES, ARTERIAL STIFFNESS PARAMETERS, ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX AND 24 H BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS. NEWER METHODS INCLUDE EPIGENETIC MARKERS, SOLUBLE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES AND MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PRESENT SEVERAL NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  1157  43 CONTAMINANT METALS AS CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS: A SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION. EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IS LINKED TO INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. BEYOND THE EXTENSIVE EVIDENCE FOR PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION, ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THAT EXPOSURE TO NONESSENTIAL METALS SUCH AS LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC IS A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WORLDWIDE. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO METALS THROUGH AIR, WATER, SOIL, AND FOOD AND EXTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL AND PUBLIC USE. CONTAMINANT METALS INTERFERE WITH CRITICAL INTRACELLULAR REACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS LEADING TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION THAT RESULT IN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, HYPERTENSION, EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND CHANGES IN MYOCARDIAL EXCITATION AND CONTRACTILE FUNCTION. LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC HAVE BEEN LINKED TO SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CORONARY ARTERY STENOSIS, AND CALCIFICATION AS WELL AS TO INCREASED RISK OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND STROKE, LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HEART FAILURE, AND PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOW THAT EXPOSURE TO LEAD, CADMIUM, OR ARSENIC IS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH MOSTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES REDUCING METAL EXPOSURE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DEATH. POPULATIONS OF COLOR AND LOW SOCIOECONOMIC MEANS ARE MORE COMMONLY EXPOSED TO METALS AND THEREFORE AT GREATER RISK OF METAL-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. TOGETHER WITH STRENGTHENING PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES TO PREVENT METAL EXPOSURES, DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SENSITIVE AND SELECTIVE MEASUREMENT MODALITIES, CLINICAL MONITORING OF METAL EXPOSURES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF METAL CHELATION THERAPIES COULD FURTHER DIMINISH THE BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ATTRIBUTABLE TO METAL EXPOSURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  4415  45 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT INDUCE ARTERIAL CALCIFICATION BY INDOXYL SULFATE AND P-CRESYL SULFATE. THE PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS, INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) AND P-CRESYL SULFATE (PCS), ARE CONSIDERED TO BE HARMFUL VASCULAR TOXINS. ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION, OR THE DEPOSITION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTALS IN THE ARTERIES, CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, HYPERTENSION, AND IMPAIRED CORONARY PERFUSION IN THE ELDERLY AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND DIABETES. RECENTLY, WE REPORTED THAT BOTH IS AND PCS TRIGGER MODERATE TO SEVERE CALCIFICATION IN THE AORTA AND PERIPHERAL VESSELS OF CKD RATS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE UREMIC TOXINS INDUCE ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN INFLAMMATION, COAGULATION, AND LIPID METABOLISM PATHWAYS, INFLUENCED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS, IS CRUCIAL IN IS/PCS-INDUCED ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE ARE LINKED TO THESE EVENTS, SUGGESTING THAT A GOOD BALANCE BETWEEN GLUCOSE AND LIPID LEVELS MIGHT BE IMPORTANT. ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL, EFFECTS ON ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, WHICH ACT AS THE PRIMARY SENSORS OF CIRCULATING PATHOLOGICAL TRIGGERS, MIGHT BE AS IMPORTANT AS THOSE ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PROVOKED BY IS AND PCS TRIGGERED OXIDATIVE STRESS, MAY BE CONSIDERED A KEY EVENT IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. IN THIS REVIEW A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS SUCH AS THE ROLE OF MIRNA'S, PHENOTYPIC SWITCHING OF BOTH ENDOTHELIAL AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND NEW TYPES OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION RELATED TO PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS ARE PUT FORWARD AND DISCUSSED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6  6357  53 THE ROLE OF HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. DIABETES MELLITUS IS A METABOLIC DISORDER WITH A CHRONIC HYPERGLYCAEMIC STATE. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ARE THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE EXISTENCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, A CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION WITH IMPAIRED CARDIAC CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY AND/OR VALVULAR COMPLICATIONS. DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY CAN LEAD TO HEART FAILURE. SEVERAL PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE AIMED TO DECIPHER THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. AMONG ALL THE CO-FACTORS, HYPERGLYCAEMIA SEEMS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THIS PATHOLOGY. HYPERGLYCAEMIA HAS BEEN SHOWN TO ALTER CARDIAC METABOLISM AND FUNCTION THROUGH SEVERAL DELETERIOUS MECHANISMS, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, ACCUMULATION OF ADVANCED GLYCATED END-PRODUCTS AND UPREGULATION OF THE HEXOSAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY. THESE MECHANISMS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACTIVATION OF HYPERTROPHIC PATHWAYS, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELL APOPTOSIS, FIBROSIS AND CALCIUM MISHANDLING, LEADING TO CARDIAC STIFFNESS, AS WELL AS CONTRACTILE AND RELAXATION DYSFUNCTION. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO DESCRIBE THE HYPERGLYCAEMIC-INDUCED ALTERATIONS THAT PARTICIPATE IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH THE SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE AND PATIENT MORTALITY, AND TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF CARDIAC OUTCOMES OF GLUCOSE-LOWERING THERAPY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  4202  24 METABOLIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN BORN SMALL-FOR-GESTATIONAL AGE. BEING BORN SMALL-FOR-GESTATIONAL AGE AND A RAPID INCREASE IN WEIGHT DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD AND INFANCY HAS BEEN STRONGLY LINKED WITH CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING METABOLIC SYNDROME, WHICH HAS BEEN RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE LIFE ENVIRONMENT AND LINKED TO EPIGENETIC FETAL PROGRAMMING. METABOLIC SYNDROME INCLUDES WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE >/= 90(TH) PERCENTILE FOR AGE, SEX AND RACE, HIGHER LEVELS OF BLOOD PRESSURE, TRIGLYCERIDES AND FASTING GLUCOSE, AND LOW LEVELS OF HDL-CHOLESTEROL. INSULIN RESISTANCE MAY BE PRESENT AS EARLY AS 1 YEAR OF AGE, AND OBESITY AND/OR TYPE 2 DIABETES ARE MORE PREVALENT IN THOSE BORN SGA THAN THOSE BORN AGA. THE PROGRAMMING OF ADAPTIVE RESPONSES IN CHILDREN BORN SGA INCLUDES AN ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE, CHANGES IN ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, ARTERIAL PROPERTIES AND CORONARY DISEASE. EARLY INTERVENTIONS SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO APPROPRIATE MATERNAL NUTRITION, BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY, PROMOTION OF BREAST FEEDING, AND PREVENTION OF RAPID WEIGHT GAIN DURING INFANCY, AND TO PROMOTE A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  1895  39 ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN INDIVIDUALS BORN AFTER FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION: CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL CONSEQUENCES AND PREVENTIVE APPROACHES. INDIVIDUALS BORN AFTER INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION (IUGR) HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF PERINATAL MORBIDITY/MORTALITY, AND THOSE WHO SURVIVE FACE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. IN ADDITION TO THE DEMONSTRATED LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF DECREASED NEPHRON ENDOWMENT AND HYPERACTIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, INDIVIDUALS BORN AFTER IUGR ALSO EXHIBIT EARLY ALTERATIONS IN VASCULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, WHICH HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS KEY FACTORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED DISEASES. THE ENDOTHELIUM PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN MAINTAINING VASCULAR FUNCTION AND HOMEOSTASIS. THEREFORE, IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT IMPAIRED ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION CAN LEAD TO THE LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR-RELATED DISEASES. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PARTICULARLY IMPAIRED ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT VASODILATION AND VASCULAR REMODELING, INVOLVES DECREASED NITRIC OXIDE (NO) BIOAVAILABILITY, IMPAIRED ENDOTHELIAL NO SYNTHASE FUNCTIONALITY, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS DYSFUNCTION AND ACCELERATED VASCULAR SENESCENCE. PREVENTIVE APPROACHES SUCH AS BREASTFEEDING, SUPPLEMENTATION WITH FOLATE, VITAMINS, ANTIOXIDANTS, L-CITRULLINE, L-ARGININE AND TREATMENT WITH NO MODULATORS REPRESENT PROMISING STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, MITIGATING LONG-TERM OUTCOMES AND POSSIBLY PREVENTING IUGR OF VASCULAR ORIGIN. MOREOVER, THE IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY BIOMARKERS OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, ESPECIALLY EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS, COULD ALLOW EARLY SCREENING AND FOLLOW-UP OF INDIVIDUALS AT RISK OF DEVELOPING CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL DISEASES, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO AVERT THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN INFANTS BORN AFTER IUGR.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9  2208  46 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNA IN DIABETES-MELLITUS-INDUCED CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL LINK AND NEW THERAPEUTIC FRONTIERS. DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS A GLUCOSE METABOLISM DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA RESULTING FROM A DEFICIT OF INSULIN PRODUCTION AND/OR ACTION. DM AFFECTS MORE THAN 1 IN 10 ADULTS, AND IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) ACCOUNTS FOR TWO THIRDS OF THE OVERALL DEATHS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS, WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) AND ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AS THE MAIN CONTRIBUTORS. HYPERGLYCEMIC DAMAGE ON VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS LEADING TO ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION REPRESENTS THE MAIN INITIATING FACTOR IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS; HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS ARE STILL NOT ENTIRELY UNDERSTOOD. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL LINKS BETWEEN DM AND CAD WITH A FOCUS ON THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NONCODING RNA CONTROL. INCREASED KNOWLEDGE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAS CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ("EPIDRUGS") WITH EPIGENETIC TARGETS, ALTHOUGH THESE APPROACHES PRESENT SEVERAL CHALLENGES. SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS MAY ALSO BE USED TO PREDICT OR DETECT THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETES COMPLICATIONS. FURTHER STUDIES ON DIABETES AND CAD EPIGENETICS ARE NEEDED IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND ADVANCE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WITH THE PREDICTION OF INDIVIDUAL DRUG RESPONSES AND MINIMIZATION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  5572  35 ROLE OF MICRORNA IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY: FROM MECHANISM TO INTERVENTION. DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IS A CHRONIC AND IRREVERSIBLE HEART COMPLICATION IN DIABETIC PATIENTS, AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY COMPLEX PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC EVENTS INCLUDING EARLY DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION, CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY, VENTRICULAR DILATION AND SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION, EVENTUALLY RESULTING IN HEART FAILURE. DESPITE THESE CHARACTERISTICS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LEADING TO DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ARE STILL ELUSIVE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED MICRORNA, A SMALL AND HIGHLY CONSERVED NON-CODING RNA MOLECULE, IN THE ETIOLOGY OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS, SUGGESTING A POTENTIALLY NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. THIS BRIEF REVIEW AIMS AT CAPTURING RECENT STUDIES RELATED TO THE ROLE OF MICRORNA IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF HEART FAILURE - EDITED BY JUN REN & MEGAN YINGMEI ZHANG.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11  2805  39 FETAL MALNUTRITION AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT LOWER BIRTHWEIGHT IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF ADVERSE OUTCOMES IN LATER LIFE, INCLUDING POORER 'HUMAN CAPITAL' (SHORTER STATURE, LOWER COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE), INCREASED RISK FACTORS FOR LATER DISEASE (HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE AND REDUCED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE, AND LUNG, KIDNEY AND IMMUNE FUNCTION), CLINICAL DISEASE (DIABETES, CORONARY HEART DISEASE, CHRONIC LUNG AND KIDNEY DISEASE), AND INCREASED ALL-CAUSE AND CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY. HIGHER BIRTHWEIGHT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF CANCER AND (IF CAUSED BY GESTATIONAL DIABETES) OBESITY AND DIABETES. THE 'DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE' HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES THAT FETAL NUTRITION HAS PERMANENT EFFECTS ON GROWTH, STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM ('PROGRAMMING'). THIS IS SUPPORTED BY STUDIES IN ANIMALS SHOWING THAT MATERNAL UNDER- AND OVERNUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY CAN PRODUCE SIMILAR ABNORMALITIES IN THE ADULT OFFSPRING. COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES COULD POTENTIALLY BE PREVENTED BY ACHIEVING OPTIMAL FETAL NUTRITION, AND THIS COULD HAVE ADDITIONAL BENEFITS FOR SURVIVAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL. RECENT FOLLOW-UP OF CHILDREN BORN AFTER RANDOMIZED NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN PREGNANCY PROVIDES WEAK EVIDENCE OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON GROWTH, VASCULAR FUNCTION, LIPID CONCENTRATIONS, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. ANIMAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA MAY BE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM UNDERLYING PROGRAMMING, AND THAT NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS MAY NEED TO START PRECONCEPTIONALLY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  1785  29 EFFECT OF APABETALONE ON CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN DIABETES, CKD, AND RECENT ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: RESULTS FROM THE BETONMACE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CKD AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS INTERACT TO INCREASE THE RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS (I.E., CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH, NONFATAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR STROKE) AND CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE. A MALADAPTIVE EPIGENETIC RESPONSE MAY BE A CARDIOVASCULAR RISK DRIVER AND AMENABLE TO MODIFICATION WITH APABETALONE, A SELECTIVE MODULATOR OF THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEM. WE EXAMINED THIS QUESTION IN A PRESPECIFIED ANALYSIS OF BETONMACE, A PHASE 3 TRIAL. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: BETONMACE WAS AN EVENT-DRIVEN, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL COMPARING EFFECTS OF APABETALONE VERSUS PLACEBO ON MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AND HEART FAILURE HOSPITALIZATIONS IN 2425 PARTICIPANTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND A RECENT ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME, INCLUDING 288 PARTICIPANTS WITH CKD WITH EGFR <60 ML/MIN PER 1.73 M(2) AT BASELINE. THE PRIMARY END POINT IN BETONMACE WAS THE TIME TO THE FIRST MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENT, WITH A SECONDARY END POINT OF TIME TO HOSPITALIZATION FOR HEART FAILURE. RESULTS: MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP WAS 27 MONTHS (INTERQUARTILE RANGE, 20-32 MONTHS). IN PARTICIPANTS WITH CKD, APABETALONE COMPARED WITH PLACEBO WAS ASSOCIATED WITH FEWER MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS (13 EVENTS IN 124 PATIENTS [11%] VERSUS 35 EVENTS IN 164 PATIENTS [21%]; HAZARD RATIO, 0.50; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.26 TO 0.96) AND FEWER HEART FAILURE-RELATED HOSPITALIZATIONS (THREE HOSPITALIZATIONS IN 124 PATIENTS [3%] VERSUS 14 HOSPITALIZATIONS IN 164 PATIENTS [9%]; HAZARD RATIO, 0.48; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.26 TO 0.86). IN THE NON-CKD GROUP, THE CORRESPONDING HAZARD RATIO VALUES WERE 0.96 (95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.74 TO 1.24) FOR MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND 0.76 (95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.46 TO 1.27) FOR HEART FAILURE-RELATED HOSPITALIZATION. INTERACTION OF CKD ON TREATMENT EFFECT WAS P=0.03 FOR MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND P=0.12 FOR HEART FAILURE-RELATED HOSPITALIZATION. PARTICIPANTS WITH CKD SHOWED SIMILAR NUMBERS OF ADVERSE EVENTS, REGARDLESS OF RANDOMIZATION TO APABETALONE OR PLACEBO (119 [73%] VERSUS 88 [71%] PATIENTS), AND THERE WERE FEWER SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS (29% VERSUS 43%; P=0.02) IN THE APABETALONE GROUP. CONCLUSIONS: APABETALONE MAY REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH CKD AND TYPE 2 DIABETES WHO HAVE A HIGH BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.	2021	

13   246  45 ADULT STEM CELL THERAPY FOR CARDIAC REPAIR IN PATIENTS AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION LEADING TO ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE: AN OVERVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM THE RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS. BACKGROUND: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) STILL REPRESENT THE LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY WORLDWIDE, DESPITE THE REMARKABLE ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, CARDIAC SURGERY, AND MODERN PHARMACOTHERAPY, PARTICULARLY IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (AMI), CHRONIC ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE (HF), CARDIOMYOPATHY (CM), AND THE ASSOCIATED LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) DYSFUNCTION. A SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF CARDIOMYOCYTES THAT UNDERLIES ALL OF THESE CONDITIONS WAS PREVIOUSLY CONSIDERED IRREVERSIBLE. HOWEVER, CURRENT EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE HUMAN HEART HAS SOME POTENTIAL FOR REPAIR, AND OVER THE PAST DECADE, MANY RESEARCH STUDIES HAVE BEEN EXPLORING THE USE OF STEM CELLS (SCS) TO FACILITATE RESTORATION OF MYOCARDIUM. CONSEQUENTLY, THE SAFETY, FEASIBILITY, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SC THERAPY HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN MANY RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS (RCTS), USING DIFFERENT LINEAGES OF ADULT SCS. NEVERTHELESS, THE CLINICAL BENEFITS OF SC THERAPY ARE NOT YET WELL ESTABLISHED. IN THE NEAR FUTURE, UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN SCS, PARACRINE FACTORS, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS, AND MYOCARDIAL MICROENVIRONMENT, IN THE CONTEXT OF AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT, WILL BE CRUCIAL FOR TRANSLATION OF THIS KNOWLEDGE INTO PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCESSFUL, LONG-TERM REGENERATIVE SC THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS, IN A GROWING POPULATION OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM PREVIOUS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) LEADING TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. CONCLUSION: THIS OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF ADULT SCS IN TERMS OF THEIR POSSIBLE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES, IN PATIENTS WITH AMI, AND/OR SUBSEQUENT HF (DUE TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY). THIS REVIEW WAS BASED UPON PUBMED DATABASE SEARCH FOR TRIALS ON SC THERAPY, IN PATIENTS WITH AMI AND HF, AND THE MAIN TIMEFRAME WAS SET FROM 2006 TO 2016.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  6607  51 TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LINKS. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS A COMMON METABOLIC DISORDER PREDISPOSING TO DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD), WHICH COULD LEAD TO HEART FAILURE THROUGH A VARIETY OF MECHANISMS, INCLUDING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND CHRONIC PRESSURE OVERLOAD. PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS, MAINLY LINKED TO HYPERGLYCEMIA AND CHRONIC SUSTAINED HYPERINSULINEMIA, INCLUDE CHANGES IN METABOLIC PROFILES, INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS, ENERGY PRODUCTION, REDOX STATUS, INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ISCHEMIA, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REMODELING. THE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPE 2 DM AND CVD HAS LED TO THE COMMON SOIL HYPOTHESIS, POSTULATING THAT BOTH CONDITIONS SHARE COMMON GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THIS ASSOCIATION. HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH THE COMMON RISK FACTORS OF BOTH CVD AND TYPE 2 DM, SUCH AS OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, DYSLIPIDEMIA, INFLAMMATION, AND THROMBOPHILIA, CAN BE IDENTIFIED IN THE MAJORITY OF AFFECTED PATIENTS, LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW THESE FACTORS INFLUENCE BOTH CONDITIONS, SO THAT EFFORTS ARE STILL NEEDED FOR A MORE COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THIS RELATIONSHIP. THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS OF BOTH TYPE 2 DM AND CVD HAVE BEEN MORE RECENTLY STUDIED AND UPDATED. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE SELDOM BEEN INVESTIGATED WITHIN THE BROADER SHARED BACKGROUND, BUT RATHER STUDIED IN THE SPECIFIC CONTEXT OF TYPE 2 DM OR CVD, SEPARATELY. AS THE PRECISE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL LINKS BETWEEN TYPE 2 DM AND CVD ARE NOT ENTIRELY UNDERSTOOD AND MANY ASPECTS STILL REQUIRE ELUCIDATION, AN INTEGRATED DESCRIPTION OF THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES INVOLVED IN THE CONCOMITANT DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH DISEASES IS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE TO SHED NEW LIGHT ON THE INTERLINKS BETWEEN TYPE 2 DM AND CVD. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF OVERLAPPING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASPECTS IN TYPE 2 DM AND CVD, INCLUDING MICRORNAS AND LONG NON-CODING RNAS, WHOSE ABNORMAL REGULATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN BOTH DISEASE CONDITIONS, EITHER ETIOLOGICALLY OR AS CAUSE FOR THEIR PROGRESSION. UNDERSTANDING THE LINKS BETWEEN THESE DISORDERS MAY HELP TO DRIVE FUTURE RESEARCH TOWARD AN INTEGRATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH AND TO PROVIDE FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THE FIELD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  5045  32 PHARMACOLOGIC EPIGENETIC MODULATORS OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), DISTURBANCE OF SEVERAL METABOLIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS CAUSE PREMATURE AGEING, ACCELERATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD), AND MORTALITY. SINGLE-TARGET INTERVENTIONS HAVE REPEATEDLY FAILED TO IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS FOR CKD PATIENTS. EPIGENETIC INTERVENTIONS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES SIMULTANEOUSLY. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) IS A ROBUST PREDICTOR OF CVD AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AND IMPLICATED IN PATHOGENIC PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CVD IN CKD. RECENT FINDINGS: IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP BY MICRORNAS OR BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEIN INHIBITION HAS SHOWN PROMISING RESULTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CVD AND OTHER CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASES. THE BET INHIBITOR APABETALONE IS CURRENTLY BEING EVALUATED FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION IN A PHASE III CLINICAL STUDY IN HIGH-RISK CVD PATIENTS, INCLUDING PATIENTS WITH CKD (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02586155). PHASE II STUDIES DEMONSTRATE AN ALP-LOWERING POTENTIAL OF APABETALONE, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL OUTCOMES. SUMMARY: ALP IS A PREDICTOR OF CVD AND MORTALITY IN CKD. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP HAS THE POTENTIAL TO AFFECT SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES IN CKD AND THEREBY IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  4467  34 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF VASCULAR HEALTH: INSIGHTS FROM VASCULAR AGING AND CALCIFICATION. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, ESPECIALLY BEYOND THE AGE OF 65 YEARS, WITH THE VAST MAJORITY OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND STROKE. VASCULAR PATHOLOGY STEMS FROM A COMBINATION OF GENETIC RISK, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND THE BIOLOGIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING. THE PATHOGENESIS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR AGING, AND VASCULAR CALCIFICATION WITH AGING, IN PARTICULAR, IS STILL NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. ACCUMULATING DATA SUGGESTS THAT GENETIC RISK, LIKELY COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND THE PLASTICITY OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS TO ACQUIRE AN OSTEOGENIC PHENOTYPE ARE MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION. UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING GENETIC AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS IN REGULATING AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR PATHOLOGY MAY INSPIRE STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTHY VASCULAR AGING. THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF CONCEPTS AND MECHANISMS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR DISEASE, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON VASCULAR CALCIFICATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  6718  32 VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: CAUSALITY. VITAMIN D REGULATES BLOOD PRESSURE, CARDIAC FUNCTIONS, AND ENDOTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL FUNCTIONS, THUS, PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES REPORT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY WITH HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED DEATHS. PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS WERE EXAMINED IN SEVERAL RESEARCH DATABASES AS PER THE GUIDELINES OF THE PREFERRED REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, USING KEY WORDS THAT ADDRESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CORRELATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS WERE MADE CONSIDERING THE RISKS-BENEFITS, BROADER EVIDENCE, AND IMPLICATIONS. THIS REVIEW ANALYZED CURRENT KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. 1,25(OH)(2)D AND RELATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUBDUE CELLULAR INFLAMMATION, IMPROVE OVERALL ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTIONS, REDUCE AGE-RELATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION AND VASCULAR RIGIDITY, AND ATTENUATE THE ACTIONS OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM. MOST OBSERVATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES SUPPORT 25(OH)VITAMIN D HAVING PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IS BASED PRIMARILY ON OBSERVATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES AND THUS, IS A MATTER OF CONTROVERSY. ADEQUATELY POWERED, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL DATA ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO CONFIRM THESE ASSOCIATIONS. THUS, TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CORRECTION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PROTECTS THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, WELL-DESIGNED, STATISTICALLY POWERED, LONGER-TERM CLINICAL TRIALS ARE NEEDED IN PERSONS WITH VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. NEVERTHELESS, THE AVAILABLE DATA SUPPORT THAT ADEQUATE VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION AND/OR SENSIBLE SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL VITAMIN D STATUS ARE IMPORTANT IN THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  6774  42 [AGE-RELATED VASCULAR CHANGES EXEMPLIFIED BY THE CAROTID ARTERY]. ONE OF THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR THE PRESENCE OF CAROTID STENOSIS AND CAROTID-RELATED STROKE IS AGE. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW ARTICLE IS TO PRESENT THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON AGE-RELATED VASCULAR CHANGES USING CAROTID STENOSIS AS AN EXAMPLE.VASCULAR AGING (VASCULAR SENESCENCE) IS A DECREASE OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE VESSEL WALL THAT TAKES PLACE ON DIFFERENT LEVELS. AT THE MULTICELLULAR LEVEL AN INCREASE IN VESSEL VOLUME AND DIAMETER AS WELL AS INTIMA MEDIA THICKNESS OCCURS WITH AGE MAINLY DUE TO ATHEROSCLEROTIC CHANGES IN THE VESSEL WALL. AT THE CELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR LEVELS THERE IS A DECREASE IN ELASTIN FIBERS, SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, AND TOTAL CELLULARITY, AN INCREASE IN LIPID, CHOLESTEROL, AND CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DEPOSITION AS WELL AS NEOVASCULARIZATION. THE CAUSES OF VASCULAR AGING AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL INCLUDE, IN PARTICULAR OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, DYSREGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF NON-CODING RNAS (NCRNAS), AND THE INCREASE IN SENESCENCE. AGE-RELATED LOSS OF TISSUE HEALING AND REPAIR CAPACITY MAKE PLAQUES MORE VULNERABLE AND, IN THE CASE OF THE CAROTID ARTERY, MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ISCHEMIC STROKE.INCREASING KNOWLEDGE OF THE INFLUENCE OF AGING ON THE EPIGENETICS AND NCRNAS IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES CAN IN THE FUTURE MORE ACCURATELY QUANTIFY INDIVIDUAL PATIENT RISK AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES; HOWEVER, FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED IN THIS FIELD TO UNDERSTAND THE FULL EXTENT OF VASCULAR AGING AND ITS ASSOCIATED DISEASES SO THAT THESE CAN THEN BE SPECIFICALLY TARGETED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  3846  40 IS ATHEROSCLEROSIS A NEUROGENIC PHENOMENON? IDENTIFIED RISK FACTORS FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS INCLUDE DIET, AGE, GENDER, FAMILY HISTORY, STRESS, LIFESTYLE, SMOKING, DIABETES, DYSLIPIDEMIAS, HYPERTENSION, AND HIV. THE MECHANISTIC RATIONALE TO EXPLAIN THESE ASSOCIATIONS REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WE BELIEVE THAT THESE SEEMINGLY UNRELATED ENTITIES MAY PROMOTE ATHEROSCLEROSIS THROUGH A COMMON PATHWAY BY INDUCING ADVENTITIAL AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, SPECIFICALLY AS AN ADVENTITIAL STRESS DYSFUNCTION OF NEUROGENIC ORIGIN. ATHEROSCLEROSIS MAY REPRESENT A LOCAL VASCULAR MANIFESTATION OF THE GLOBAL AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION INDUCED BY AGE, SMOKING, HYPERTENSION, HIV, AND DIABETES. ATHEROSCLEROSIS MAY ALSO PARTICIPATE IN A FEED-FORWARD CYCLE AS AGING, DIABETES, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND HYPERTENSION MAY ALSO REPRESENT INDEPENDENT DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL SYMPATHETIC BIAS. CHRONIC PHYSIOLOGIC STRESS AND BEHAVIORAL STRESS CAN SHIFT THE AUTONOMIC BALANCE TOWARDS A STATE OF SYMPATHETIC PREDOMINANCE. THE HIGHLY COMMUNICABLE NATURE OF BEHAVIORAL STRESS MAY PARTIALLY IMPLICATE THE FAMILIAL ASSOCIATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AS AN EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON, INDEPENDENT OF PUTATIVE GENETIC MECHANISMS. HOST STRESS, GLOBAL AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, AND SYMPATHETIC BIAS MAY ALSO ARISE FROM CHRONIC MALADAPTIVE CONSUMPTION OF STRESSED FOODS, AS ORGANISMS DETECT AND ASSIMILATE THE STRESS PHENOTYPES OF THEIR DIETARY CONSTITUENTS THROUGH A PROCESS CALLED XENOHORMESIS. THE BENEFITS OF EXERCISE MAY OPERATE THROUGH REDUCTION OF CHRONIC PHYSIOLOGIC STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL SYMPATHETIC BIAS. THE NEUROGENIC ADVENTITIAL STRESS RESPONSE MAY EXPLAIN THE LOCAL TISSUE REMODELING SEEN IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, INCLUDING ADVENTITIAL ADIPOSE DYSFUNCTION, INFLAMMATION, ADVENTITIAL ANGIOGENESIS, THROMBOSIS, AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. WE BELIEVE THAT THE LOCATIONS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS CORRESPOND TO REGIONS OF NEUROGENIC ADVENTITIAL AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, IN SIMILAR FASHION TO THE SEGMENTAL PATTERNS OF INVOLVEMENT FOUND IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. THE DIFFUSE ATHEROSCLEROSIS EXHIBITED IN TRANSPLANTED HEARTS MAY REFLECT A DIFFUSE SYMPATHETIC BIAS OF THE DONOR HEART, SINCE TISSUES AND ORGANS EXHIBIT AN INTRINSIC SYMPATHETIC BIAS IN THE ABSENCE OF AN EXTRINSIC SOURCE OF AUTONOMIC HEGEMONY. ONCE WE REGARD ATHEROSCLEROSIS AS A NEUROGENIC PHENOMENON MANIFESTED IN ADVENTITIAL AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PARADIGMS BECOME EVIDENT.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                   
20   755  55 CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN FATTY LIVER DISEASE: THE LIVER-HEART AXIS-LITERATURE REVIEW. ACCORDING TO THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) REMAINS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, ACCOUNTING FOR APPROXIMATELY 18 MILLION DEATHS PER YEAR. NEVERTHELESS, THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC DISEASES, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), ALSO KNOWN TO BE COMMON RISK FACTORS FOR CVD, HAVE DRAMATICALLY INCREASED OVER THE LAST DECADES. CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES (CLD) AS WELL AS BEING A MAJOR HEALTH CARE COST EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTING FOR THE SPENDING OF TREMENDOUS AMOUNTS OF MONEY ANNUALLY. NAFLD HAS BECOME ONE OF THE MAJOR DISEASES PLAGUING THE WORLD WHILE STANDING AS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF LIVER DISEASE IN THE WESTERN COUNTRIES BY REPRESENTING ABOUT 75% OF ALL CLD. CURRENTLY, THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH IN NAFLD REMAINS TO BE CVD. SEVERAL MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ASSOCIATING FLD WITH CVD THROUGH SEVERAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ADIPOKINES, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, LIPOTOXICITY AND MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS WHICH MAY ALSO BE INFLUENCED BY OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS. DESPITE OF ALL THIS EVIDENCE, THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF HOW FLD CAN CAUSALLY CONTRIBUTE TO CVD ARE NOT FULLY ELUCIDATED AND MUCH REMAINS UNKNOWN. MOREOVER, THE CURRENT LITERATURE SUPPORTS THE INCREASING EVIDENCE ASSOCIATING FLD WITH SEVERAL CARDIOVASCULAR (CV) ADVERSE EVENTS INCLUDING CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, INCREASED SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK, STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS MAINLY LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, INCREASED EPICARDIAL FAT THICKNESS, VALVULAR CALCIFICATIONS INCLUDING AORTIC VALVE SCLEROSIS AND MITRAL ANNULAR CALCIFICATION AND FUNCTIONAL CARDIAC MODIFICATIONS MAINLY DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN ADDITION TO CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS SUCH AS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND VENTRICULAR ARRYTHMIAS AND CONDUCTION DEFECTS INCLUDING ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCKS AND BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCKS. PATIENTS WITH FLD SHOULD BE EVALUATED AND MANAGED ACCORDINGLY IN ORDER TO PREVENT FURTHER COMPLICATIONS. POSSIBLE MANAGEMENT METHODS INCLUDE NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL STRATEGIES INCLUDING LIFE STYLE MODIFICATIONS, PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES AS WELL AS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS LINKING FLD WITH AN INCREASED CV RISK, IN ADDITION TO ASSOCIATED CV ADVERSE EVENTS AND CURRENT MANAGEMENT MODALITIES.	2019