1  4879 80 OVERLAPPING SIGNATURES OF CHRONIC PAIN IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND PERIPHERAL T CELLS. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE BRAIN AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSESSED IN 9 MONTHS POST NERVE-INJURY (SNI) AND SHAM RATS, IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) AS WELL AS IN T CELLS REVEALED A VAST DIFFERENCE IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE IN THE BRAIN BETWEEN THE GROUPS AND A REMARKABLE OVERLAP (72%) BETWEEN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES IN T CELLS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. DNA METHYLATION STATES IN THE PFC SHOWED ROBUST CORRELATION WITH PAIN SCORE OF ANIMALS IN SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN PAIN. FINALLY, ONLY 11 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES IN T CELLS WERE SUFFICIENT TO DISTINGUISH SNI OR SHAM INDIVIDUAL RATS. THIS STUDY SUPPORTS THE PLAUSIBILITY OF DNA METHYLATION INVOLVEMENT IN CHRONIC PAIN AND DEMONSTRATES THE POTENTIAL FEASIBILITY OF DNA METHYLATION MARKERS IN T CELLS AS NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF CHRONIC PAIN SUSCEPTIBILITY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2   531 32 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	

3   894 22 CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING ALTERS HEPATOCYTE MEMORY WHICH IS NOT ALTERED BY ACUTE FEEDING. BACKGROUND: GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN THE LIVER AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING MAY DIFFER FROM THE CHANGES SEEN IN CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING IN THE RAT. THE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING MAY SENSITIZE THE LIVER TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE, WHICH IS NOT SEEN AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING. METHODS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, GENE MICROARRAY ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED ON THE LIVERS OF RATS (N = 3) FED AN ACUTE BINGE DOSE OF ETHANOL (6 G/KG BODY WT) AND KILLED AT 3 AND 12 HOURS AFTER ETHANOL BY GAVAGE. THE GENE MICROARRAYS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE MADE ON THE LIVER OF RATS FROM A PREVIOUS STUDY, IN WHICH THE RATS WERE FED ETHANOL BY INTRAGASTRIC TUBE FOR 1 MONTH (36% OF CALORIES DERIVED FROM ETHANOL). RESULTS: MICROARRAY ANALYSIS DATA VARIED BETWEEN THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC MODELS IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT RESPECTS. GROWTH FACTORS INCREASED MAINLY IN THE CHRONIC ALCOHOL FED RAT. CHANGES IN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE STRESS WERE NOTED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. GENE EXPRESSION OF FAT METABOLISM WAS INCREASED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. MOST IMPORTANTLY, EPIGENETIC RELATED ENZYMES AND ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES CHANGED ONLY AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUPPORT THE CONCEPT THAT CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION INDUCES ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AS A RESULT OF CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHERE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES WERE ALTERED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4  1967 25 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER GENE IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH AGE. CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL DOPAMINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IN MESOCORTICOLIMBIC CIRCUITS. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO MODULATE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE, AND BOTH MAY ACT THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CAN MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION, E.G. DNA METHYLATION AT CPG SITES. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS MAY CHANGE OVER TIME. HOWEVER, FEW DATA ARE AVAILABLE CONCERNING THE RATE OF THESE CHANGES IN SPECIFIC GENES. A RECENT STUDY FOUND THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT) GENE WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH ALCOHOL CRAVING. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO REPLICATE THESE FINDINGS IN A LARGER SAMPLE OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS AND POPULATION-BASED CONTROLS MATCHED FOR AGE AND SEX. NO DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, AND NO DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED BEFORE AND AFTER ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL IN PATIENTS. HOWEVER, PATIENTS WITH MORE SEVERE CRAVING SHOWED A TREND TOWARDS LOWER DAT METHYLATION LEVELS (P = 0.07), WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS FINDINGS. FURTHERMORE, IN OUR OVERALL SAMPLE, DAT METHYLATION LEVELS INCREASED WITH AGE. INTERESTINGLY, A SEPARATE ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS SUGGESTED THAT THIS FINDING WAS MAINLY DRIVEN BY THE PATIENT GROUP. ALTHOUGH THE PRESENT DATA DO NOT CLARIFY WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS PHENOMENON OR MERELY ENHANCES AN AGEING-SPECIFIC PROCESS, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HYPERMETHYLATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS A CONSEQUENCE, RATHER THAN A CAUSE, OF THE DISORDER.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5   169 23 ABNORMALITIES OF AMPK ACTIVATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. BACKGROUND: POST EXERTIONAL MUSCLE FATIGUE IS A KEY FEATURE IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS). ABNORMALITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN SOME BUT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CFS. TO TRY TO LIMIT POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THIS CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY, WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL IN VITRO SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS COMPARISON OF AMP KINASE (AMPK) ACTIVATION AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. METHODS: SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL CULTURES WERE ESTABLISHED FROM 10 SUBJECTS WITH CFS AND 7 AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, SUBJECTED TO ELECTRICAL PULSE STIMULATION (EPS) FOR UP TO 24H AND EXAMINED FOR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE. RESULTS: IN THE BASAL STATE, CFS CULTURES SHOWED INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION BUT DECREASED IL6 SECRETION DURING DIFFERENTIATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES. CONTROL CULTURES SUBJECTED TO 16 H EPS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN BOTH AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE COMPARED WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS. IN CONTRAST, CFS CULTURES SHOWED NO INCREASE IN AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION OR GLUCOSE UPTAKE AFTER 16 H EPS. HOWEVER, GLUCOSE UPTAKE REMAINED RESPONSIVE TO INSULIN IN THE CFS CELLS POINTING TO AN EXERCISE-RELATED DEFECT. IL6 SECRETION IN RESPONSE TO EPS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN CFS COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES AT ALL TIME POINTS MEASURED. CONCLUSION: EPS IS AN EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR ELICITING MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND THE METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS. WE FOUND FOUR MAIN DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM SUBJECTS WITH CFS; INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION IN THE BASAL STATE, IMPAIRED ACTIVATION OF AMPK, IMPAIRED STIMULATION OF GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND DIMINISHED RELEASE OF IL6. THE RETENTION OF THESE DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS SUBJECTS POINTS TO A GENETIC/EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, AND PROVIDES A SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  5034 21 PHARMACOEPIGENETICS OF THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENT HUMAN BRAIN REGIONS. AIM: EXPOSURE TO OPIOIDS HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. STUDIES IN RODENTS SUGGESTED A ROLE OF VARYING DEGREES OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION ACROSS THE BRAIN. METHODS: IN A TRANSLATIONAL INVESTIGATION, USING TISSUE ACQUIRED POSTMORTEM FROM 21 BRAIN REGIONS OF FORMER OPIATE ADDICTS, REPRESENTING A HUMAN COHORT WITH CHRONIC OPIOID EXPOSURE, MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION WAS ANALYZED AT THE LEVEL OF DNA METHYLATION, MRNA AND PROTEIN. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: WHILE HIGH OR LOW MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH LOCAL OPRM1 MRNA LEVELS, THERE WAS NO CORRESPONDING ASSOCIATION WITH OPRM1 METHYLATION STATUS. ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS IN HUMAN CELL LINES SHOWED THAT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN MU-OPIOID EXPRESSION WERE AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE GREATER THAN DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN. HENCE, DIFFERENT DEGREES OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OPIOID EXPOSURE ARE UNLIKELY TO EXERT A MAJOR ROLE IN THE REGION-SPECIFICITY OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN BRAIN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7  2766 29 EXPRESSION, POLYMORPHISM AND METHYLATION PATTERN OF INTERLEUKIN-6 IN PERIODONTAL TISSUES. PERIODONTITIS IS CONSIDERED AN INFLAMMATORY DISORDER OF BACTERIAL ETIOLOGY THAT RESULTS IN PERIODONTAL TISSUE DESTRUCTION, AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS, HOST AND IMMUNE RESPONSE. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY MODULATE THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE SINCE IT IS ABLE TO INFLUENCE THE GENE EXPRESSION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF -174 G/C POLYMORPHISM AND THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF IL-6 GENE ON THE EXPRESSION OF IL-6 IN GINGIVAL SAMPLES FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. GINGIVAL BIOPSIES WERE COLLECTED FROM 21 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND 21 CONTROLS. HISTOLOGIC SECTIONS STAINED BY HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN WERE USED FOR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION. THE IL-6 GENE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. THE POLYMORPHISM IL-6 -174 C/G WAS STUDIED BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AMPLIFICATION AND RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE DIGESTION (HSPII). METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS USED TO VERIFY THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN. THE NUMBER OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN TISSUE FRAGMENTS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS WAS HIGHER THAN IN THE CONTROL GROUP AND THE INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE WAS PREDOMINANTLY MONONUCLEAR. THE EXPRESSION OF IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN THE GROUP WITH PERIODONTITIS. IN POLYMORPHISM ASSAY, NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF GENOTYPES AND ALLELES IN BOTH GROUPS WERE OBSERVED. THE MOST OF SAMPLES WERE PARTIALLY METHYLATED. NO DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED IN METHYLATION PATTERN FROM TWO DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE IL-6 GENE AMONG GROUPS. THE HIGH EXPRESSION OF IL-6 IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR RELATED TO CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS, BUT WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION STATUS OR THE -174 (G/C) GENETIC POLYMORPHISM, SUGGESTING THAT OTHER MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THIS GENE TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  4628 24 NEUROEPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC MICE THROUGH DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: DNA METHYLATION CHANGES HAVE KNOWN TO DOWNREGULATE SEVERAL REGULATORY PROTEINS EPIGENETICALLY DURING VARIOUS NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS. OUR STUDY AIMS TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF THIS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ON THE CEREBRAL COMPLICATIONS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MICE, AND ITS NOTABLE EFFECT ON MAINTAINING THE SYNAPTIC FIDELITY. METHODS AND RESULTS: CHRONIC HIGH FAT DIET AND STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC MICE WERE STUDIED FOR THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL AND NEUROANATOMIC PARAMETERS PERTAINING TO PREFRONTAL CORTEX, SUBSEQUENTLY ELUCIDATING THE ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THESE DIABETIC BRAINS. FURTHER, THE IMPACT OF THIS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION ON HSF1, BDNF AND PSD95 WERE STUDIED BY ASSESSING THE BINDING AFFINITY AND LEVEL OF % METHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER SITE OF THEIR RESPECTIVE GENES. OUR STUDY SUGGEST INCREASED DNMT ABERRATIONS WITHIN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, WITH INCREASED MECP2 LEVELS, CONFIRMING DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. THIS WAS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ALTERED NEUROBEHAVIORAL CHANGES. FURTHER, THE HYPERMETHYLATION WAS FOUND TO PARTICIPATE IN GENE SILENCING OF HSF1, BDNF AND PSD95 PROTEINS, RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE SYNAPTIC FIDELITY. CONCLUSION: OVERALL, OUR STUDY CONCLUDES THE PLAUSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF NEUROEPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF THE TYPE 2 DIABETES MICE, SPECIFICALLY DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. PFC PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN MODULATING COGNITIVE AND OTHER EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS CONNECTION WITH SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS, AND THUS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS IN IT, CAN PAVE A WAY IN CONTROLLING SEVERAL NEUROLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE BRAIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  6418 23 THE TEMPORAL EXPRESSION OF CIRCULATING MICRORNAS AFTER ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL PAIN IN HUMANS. BACKGROUND: MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) CAN MODULATE SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, INCLUDING THE PAIN SYSTEM. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EVALUATE THE TEMPORAL EXPRESSION OF CIRCULATING MIRNAS IN THE PLASMA OF HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS AS A MARKER FOR EPIGENETIC CHANGES BEFORE AND AFTER AN ACUTE, EXPERIMENTAL, PAIN PROVOCATION BY INTRAMUSCULAR HYPERTONIC SALINE INJECTION. METHODS: TWENTY VOLUNTEERS WERE RANDOMLY ALLOCATED INTO TWO GROUPS AND RECEIVED EITHER HYPERTONIC (PAIN) OR ISOTONIC (CONTROL) SALINE INJECTION IN THE FIRST DORSAL INTEROSSEOUS MUSCLE OF THEIR DOMINANT HAND. PAIN INTENSITY WAS CONTINUOUSLY RECORDED FOR 20 MINUTES AFTER INJECTION ON A VAS SCALE FROM 0 TO 100 (0 INDICATES NO PAIN AND 100 THE WORST IMAGINABLE PAIN). BLOOD SAMPLES WERE TAKEN AT BASELINE, 30 MINUTES, 3 HOURS, AND 24 HOURS POST-INJECTION, AND PLASMA WAS SEPARATED. MIRNA EXTRACTS WERE USED FOR RNA SEQUENCING WITH THE ILLUMINA NEXTSEQ PLATFORM. MIRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE COMPARED BETWEEN THE PAIN AND THE NO-PAIN, CONTROL GROUP AT EVERY TIME POINT. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE CONSIDERED WHEN FOLDS WERE >2 AND THE FALSE DISCOVERY RATE WAS P < 0.05. RESULTS: AFTER 30 MINUTES, 4 MIRNAS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED IN THE PAIN GROUP COMPARED TO CONTROLS, WHICH INCREASED TO 24 AFTER 3 HOURS AND TO 42 AFTER 24 HOURS FROM BASELINE (P < 0.0001). TWO MIRNAS WERE CONSISTENTLY UPREGULATED THROUGHOUT THE EXPERIMENT. ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT MIRNAS INVOLVED IN BRAIN PERCEPTION OF PAIN, BRAIN SIGNALLING AND RESPONSE TO STIMULI. CONCLUSIONS: THIS EXPLORATORY STUDY IS THE FIRST TO REPORT ON THE TEMPORAL EXPRESSION OF CIRCULATING MIRNAS AFTER AN ACUTE, HUMAN EXPERIMENTAL MUSCLE PAIN MODEL. SIGNIFICANCE: THIS EXPLORATORY STUDY EVALUATED THE TEMPORAL PROFILE OF CIRCULATING MIRNAS IN THE PLASMA OF HEALTHY SUBJECTS AFTER ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL PAIN. SEVERAL MIRNAS WERE ALTERED IN SUBJECTS AT THE TIMES OF FOLLOW-UP AFTER THE ACUTE PAIN MODEL WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROLS. MIRNAS PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN PROCESSES WERE ALTERED IN THE PAIN GROUP. OUR RESULTS, BY SHOWING THE FAST AND PROLONGED MODIFICATIONS OF MIRNA ELICITED BY THE ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL PAIN MODEL, ADD NEW PERSPECTIVES TO THE TOPIC OF EPIGENETICS AND PAIN.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  3387 15 HOMOCYSTEINE ASSOCIATED GENOMIC DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM. HIGHER PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE CONCENTRATIONS CAN INFLUENCE GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS. IN THE PRESENT CONTROLLED STUDY WE OBSERVED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE (10%) OF GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLISM (T = -3.16, DF = 158, P = 0.002) WHICH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS (MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION, P < 0.001). SINCE METHYLATION OF DNA IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC FACTOR IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION THESE FINDINGS MAY HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR A POSSIBLE SUBSEQUENT DERANGEMENT OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL THESE PATIENTS.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  1500 30 DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF CD4+ T CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY ABERRANT CROSS-TALK BETWEEN KERATINOCYTES AND IMMUNE CELLS SUCH AS CD4+ T CELLS, RESULTING IN KERATINOCYTE HYPERPROLIFERATION IN THE EPIDERMIS. DNA METHYLATION, ONE OF SEVERAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT CHANGING THE DNA SEQUENCE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN SKIN LESIONS FROM PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF CD4+ T CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS COMPARED WITH HEALTHY SUBJECTS USING METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (MEDIP-SEQ). THE RESULTS OF MEDIP-SEQ SHOWED THAT THE GLOBAL METHYLATION VALUES OF CD4+ T CELLS ARE HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS THAN IN HEALTHY CONTROLS, PARTICULARLY IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS. AMONG THE MOST HYPERMETHYLATED GENES IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS, WE SELECTED THE GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION IS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN THE CD4+ T CELLS OF PSORIASIS PATIENTS. STUDIES USING THE METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE IN VITRO METHYLATION ASSAYS HAVE SHOWN THAT THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE METHYLATION STATUS OF EACH GENE. BISULFITE SEQUENCING OF THE TRANSCRIPTION START REGION OF PHOSPHATIDIC ACID PHOSPHATASE TYPE 2 DOMAIN CONTAINING 3 (PPAPDC3), ONE OF THE SELECTED GENES, SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION IN THE CD4+ T CELLS OF PSORIASIS PATIENTS. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS, WHICH IS IDENTIFIED BY MEDIP-SEQ OF THE GENES, WAS CORRELATED WITH THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVEL OF THE GENES. COLLECTIVELY, THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN CD4+ T CELLS MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  3410 24 HOXA5 UNDERGOES DYNAMIC DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE OF MICE EXPOSED TO HIGH-FAT DIET. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: THE GENOMIC BASES OF THE ADIPOSE TISSUE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY CHRONIC POSITIVE CALORIE EXCESS HAVE BEEN ONLY PARTIALLY ELUCIDATED. WE ADOPTED A GENOME-WIDE APPROACH TO DIRECTLY TEST WHETHER LONG-TERM HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) EXPOSURE AFFECTS THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF THE MOUSE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND TO IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THESE CHANGES. SUBJECTS/METHODS: WE HAVE USED EPIDIDYMAL FAT OF MICE FED EITHER HIGH-FAT (HFD) OR REGULAR CHOW (STD) DIET FOR 5 MONTHS AND PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSES BY METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (MEDIP-SEQ). MOUSE HOMEOBOX (HOX) GENE DNA METHYLATION PCR, RT-QPCR AND BISULPHITE SEQUENCING ANALYSES WERE THEN PERFORMED. RESULTS: MICE FED THE HFD PROGRESSIVELY EXPANDED THEIR ADIPOSE MASS ACCOMPANIED BY A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN GLUCOSE TOLERANCE (P<0.001) AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY (P<0.05). MEDIP-SEQ DATA ANALYSIS REVEALED A UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMR) THROUGH THE ENTIRE ADIPOCYTE GENOME, WITH A HIGHER NUMBER OF HYPERMETHYLATED REGIONS IN HFD MICE (P<0.005). THIS DIFFERENT METHYLATION PROFILE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE DNMT3A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT; P<0.05) AND THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN PROTEIN MBD3 (P<0.05) GENES IN HFD MICE. GENE ONTOLOGY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT, IN THE HFD-TREATED MICE, THE HOX FAMILY OF DEVELOPMENT GENES WAS HIGHLY ENRICHED IN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES (P=0.008). TO VALIDATE THIS FINDING, HOXA5, WHICH IS IMPLICATED IN FAT TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION AND REMODELING, HAS BEEN SELECTED AND ANALYZED BY BISULPHITE SEQUENCING, CONFIRMING HYPERMETHYLATION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE FROM THE HFD MICE. HOXA5 HYPERMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF HOXA5 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION. FEEDING ANIMALS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO THE HFD WITH A STANDARD CHOW DIET FOR TWO FURTHER MONTHS IMPROVED THE METABOLIC PHENOTYPE OF THE ANIMALS, ACCOMPANIED BY RETURN OF HOXA5 METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS (P<0.05) TO VALUES SIMILAR TO THOSE OF THE CONTROL MICE MAINTAINED UNDER STANDARD CHOW. CONCLUSIONS: HFD INDUCES ADIPOSE TISSUE ABNORMALITIES ACCOMPANIED BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE HOXA5 ADIPOSE TISSUE REMODELING GENE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  4081 21 MATERNAL MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION SUPPRESSES T CELL CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN F1 MICE. PRENATAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING LATE-LIFE CHRONIC DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS LINKING THE IN UTERO ENVIRONMENT AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN THE OFFSPRING ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS HAVE CONFIRMED A CENTRAL PATHOGENIC ROLE OF T CELL CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS, PARTICULARLY C-C CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR (CCR) 2 AND CCR5, IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF A SYNTHETIC PRENATAL MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION (MS) DIET RICH IN METHIONINE PATHWAY METABOLITES ON THE T CELL CHEMOKINE SYSTEM IN F1 C57BL/6 MICE. FEMALE MICE WERE FED EITHER AN MS OR CONTROL DIET 3 WK PRIOR TO MATING, DURING PREGNANCY, AND LACTATION. AT 4 WK OF AGE, F1 MICE WERE KILLED FOR EXPERIMENTS OR WERE FED THE STANDARD NIH-31 DIET AND ALLOWED TO AGE. FOOD CONSUMPTION, MATERNAL WEIGHT GAIN, AND LITTER SIZE WERE SIMILAR IN DAMS FED THE CONTROL AND MS DIETS. HOWEVER, THE F1 OFFSPRING OF DAMS FED THE MS DIET WERE SMALLER IN SIZE (P < 0.001). T CELLS FROM THE MS F1 OFFSPRING HAD GLOBAL HYPERMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL F1 OFFSPRING (P < 0.005), CORRESPONDING TO LOWER T CELL CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION [CCR2 (P < 0.001), CCR5 (P < 0.001), AND C-X-C CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR 3 (P < 0.01)] AND CYTOKINE EXPRESSION [TNFALPHA (P < 0.05), IL-2 (P < 0.001), AND IL-4 (P < 0.01)]. REDUCED T CELL CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN MS F1 MICE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED CHEMOTAXIS IN VITRO TO C-C CHEMOKINE LIGAND (CCL) 2 AND C-X-C CHEMOKINE LIGAND 10 (P < 0.01) AND IN VIVO TO CCL2 (P < 0.01). TAKEN TOGETHER, THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THROUGH PRENATAL DIET MANIPULATION REDUCES THE RESPONSE TO PROINFLAMMATORY SIGNALS IN MICE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14   286 22 AGING AND ALCOHOL INTERACT TO ALTER HEPATIC DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: AGING AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ARE BOTH MODIFIERS OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT IT IS NOT YET KNOWN WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ALSO ALTERS DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, A NEWLY DISCOVERED EPIGENETIC MARK PRODUCED BY OXIDATION OF METHYLCYTOSINE. FURTHERMORE, IT HAS NOT BEEN TESTED WHETHER AGING AND ALCOHOL INTERACT TO MODIFY THIS EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON, THEREBY HAVING AN INDEPENDENT EFFECT ON GENE EXPRESSION. METHODS: OLD (18 MONTHS) AND YOUNG (4 MONTHS) MALE C57BL/6 MICE WERE PAIR-FED EITHER A LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID DIET WITH ALCOHOL (18% OF ENERGY) OR AN ISOCALORIC LIEBER-DECARLI CONTROL DIET FOR 5 WEEKS. GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED FROM HEPATIC DNA USING A NEW LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD. HEPATIC MRNA EXPRESSION OF THE TET ENZYMES WERE MEASURED VIA QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: IN YOUNG MICE, MILD CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL MICE (0.22 +/- 0.01 VS. 0.29 +/- 0.06%, P = 0.004). ALCOHOL DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ALTER HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE LEVELS IN OLD MICE. OLD MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET SHOWED DECREASED GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH YOUNG MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET (0.24 +/- 0.02 VS. 0.29 +/- 0.06%, P = 0.04). THIS MODEL SUGGESTS AN INTERACTION BETWEEN AGING AND ALCOHOL IN DETERMINING DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (PINTERACTION = 0.009). EXPRESSION OF TET2 AND TET3 WAS DECREASED IN THE OLD MICE RELATIVE TO THE YOUNG (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: THE OBSERVATION THAT ALCOHOL ALTERS DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION INDICATES A NEW EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOL. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY DEMONSTRATING THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND AGING ON DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  1301 26 DEEP SEQUENCING REVEALS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC RAT EPILEPSY. EPILEPSY IS A FREQUENT NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER, ALTHOUGH ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF SEIZURES REMAIN DIFFICULT TO PREDICT IN AFFECTED PATIENTS, IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR EPILEPTOGENIC CONDITION. PREVIOUS STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS AS WELL AS HUMAN EPILEPTIC BRAIN TISSUE REVEALED A REMARKABLY DIVERSE PATTERN OF GENE EXPRESSION IMPLICATING EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE PROGRESSION. HERE WE MAPPED FOR THE FIRST TIME GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CHRONIC EPILEPTIC RATS AND CONTROLS. USING METHYL-CPG CAPTURE ASSOCIATED WITH MASSIVE PARALLEL SEQUENCING (METHYL-SEQ) WE REPORT THE GENOMIC METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF THE CHRONIC EPILEPTIC STATE. WE OBSERVED A PREDOMINANT INCREASE, RATHER THAN LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC RAT EPILEPSY. ABERRANT METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES USING MRNA SEQUENCING FROM SAME ANIMALS AND TISSUE SPECIMENS. ADMINISTRATION OF A KETOGENIC, HIGH-FAT, LOW-CARBOHYDRATE DIET ATTENUATED SEIZURE PROGRESSION AND AMELIORATED DNA METHYLATION MEDIATED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT OF UNSUPERVISED CLUSTERING OF AN EPIGENETIC MARK BEING USED IN EPILEPSY RESEARCH TO SEPARATE EPILEPTIC FROM NON-EPILEPTIC ANIMALS AS WELL AS FROM ANIMALS RECEIVING ANTI-CONVULSIVE DIETARY TREATMENT. WE FURTHER DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES AS A PATHOGENIC MECHANISM OF EPILEPTOGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  5791 27 STABLE HISTONE METHYLATION CHANGES AT PROTEOGLYCAN NETWORK GENES FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A CHRONIC MENTAL ILLNESS IN WHICH PATIENTS OFTEN ACHIEVE PROTRACTED PERIODS OF ABSTINENCE PRIOR TO RELAPSE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PROVIDE AN EXPLANATION FOR THE PERSISTING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES THAT CAN BE OBSERVED EVEN AFTER LONG PERIODS OF ABSTINENCE AND MAY CONTRIBUTE TO RELAPSE. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED TWO HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 TRI-METHYLATION (H3K4ME3) AND HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 TRI-METHYLATION (H3K27ME3), IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF WITHDRAWAL SEIZURE RESISTANT (WSR) MICE 21 DAYS AFTER 72 H OF ETHANOL VAPOR EXPOSURE. THESE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS WERE SELECTED BECAUSE THEY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE PROMOTERS (H3K4ME3) AND REPRESSED GENE EXPRESSION IN A EUCHROMATIC ENVIRONMENT (H3K27ME3). WE PERFORMED A GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENCES IN H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 LEVELS IN POST-ETHANOL EXPOSURE VS. CONTROL MICE BY CHIP-SEQ. WE DETECTED A GLOBAL REDUCTION IN H3K4ME3 PEAKS AND INCREASE IN H3K27ME3 PEAKS IN POST-ETHANOL EXPOSURE MICE COMPARED TO CONTROLS, THESE CHANGES ARE CONSISTENT WITH PERSISTENT REDUCTIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION. PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF GENES DISPLAYING CHANGES IN H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 REVEALED ENRICHMENT FOR GENES INVOLVED IN PROTEOGLYCAN AND CALCIUM SIGNALING PATHWAYS, RESPECTIVELY. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS OF 7,683 GENES AND QPCR ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED EIGHT GENES DISPLAYING CONCORDANT REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AND H3K4ME3/H3K27ME3. WE ALSO COMPARED CHANGES IN H3K4ME3 AND/OR H3K27ME3 FROM OUR STUDY WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO ETHANOL FROM PUBLISHED LITERATURE AND WE FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF 52% OF THE GENES WITH ALTERED H3K4ME3 BINDING AND 40% OF GENES WITH H3K27ME3 DIFFERENCES ARE ALTERED BY ETHANOL EXPOSURE. THE CHROMATIN CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE 21-DAY POST-EXPOSURE PERIOD SUGGEST THAT THIS PERIOD IS A UNIQUE STATE IN THE ADDICTION CYCLE THAT DIFFERS FROM ETHANOL INTOXICATION AND ACUTE WITHDRAWAL. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO THE ENDURING EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON PROTEOGLYCAN AND CALCIUM SIGNALING GENES IN THE BRAIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  5682 24 SHORT-TERM CHANGES IN GLOBAL METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION DURING ALCOHOL DETOXIFICATION. ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE IS A COMMON PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM AND EPIGENETICS MAY OFFER NEW ASPECTS IN UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC UNDERPINNINGS AND IMPROVE TREATMENT OF THIS COMPLEX DISEASE. SUPPOSEDLY, METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION ARE ALTERED IN BRAIN TISSUES AND IN SYNAPSE-RELATED GENES DUE TO CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTAKE AND DURING WITHDRAWAL. TO ASSESS POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFTER CESSATION OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTAKE, WE COMPARED 23 ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT INDIVIDUALS DURING INPATIENT ALCOHOL DETOXIFICATION WITH 13 CAREFULLY MATCHED CONTROLS. BLOOD SAMPLES WERE TAKEN ON THE DAY OF ADMISSION, AFTER ONE AND AFTER TWO WEEKS AT THE END OF INPATIENT TREATMENT. GENOME-WIDE GLOBAL METHYLATION AND GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION WERE COMPARED ACROSS GROUPS. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN GLOBAL METHYLATION ACROSS TIME FROM ADMISSION TO ONE AND TWO WEEKS OF INPATIENT WITHDRAWAL (P < 0.001). THESE FINDINGS WERE PARALLELED TO CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION ACROSS TIME WHEN AGE WAS EMPLOYED AS A COFACTOR (P < 0.001). SEVERAL POTENTIALLY INFLUENCING VARIABLES LIKE SEVERITY OF WITHDRAWAL, DOSE OF WITHDRAWAL MEDICATION AND ALCOHOL INTAKE BEFORE ADMISSION DID NOT YIELD SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THE RESULTS CONFIRM PREVIOUS FINDINGS OF SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS OF EPIGENETIC PATTERNS DURING ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AND PRESENT FOR THE FIRST TIME HYDROXYMETHYLATION CHANGES IN THESE INDIVIDUALS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18   990 19 CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AT AN EVOLUTIONARY CONSERVED INTERGENIC REGION IN CHROMOSOME X. CHRONIC STRESS RESULTING FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS INCREASES THE RISK OF MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS. ALTHOUGH CHRONIC STRESS CAN CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION RELEVANT FOR BEHAVIOR, MOLECULAR REGULATORS OF THIS CHANGE HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY DETERMINED. ONE PROCESS THAT COULD PLAY A ROLE IS DNA METHYLATION, AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS WHEREBY A METHYL GROUP IS ADDED ONTO NUCLEOTIDES, PREDOMINANTLY CYTOSINE IN THE CPG CONTEXT, AND WHICH CAN BE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. IT IS UNKNOWN TO WHAT EXTENT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT, A MODEL OF HUMAN SOCIAL STRESS, INFLUENCES DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ACROSS THE GENOME. OUR STUDY ADDRESSED THIS QUESTION BY USING A TARGETED-CAPTURE APPROACH CALLED METHYL-SEQ TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS AT PUTATIVE REGULATORY REGIONS ACROSS THE MOUSE GENOME FROM MICE EXPOSED TO 14 DAYS OF SOCIAL DEFEAT. FINDINGS WERE REPLICATED IN INDEPENDENT COHORTS BY BISULFITE-PYROSEQUENCING. TWO DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) WERE IDENTIFIED. ONE DMR WAS LOCATED AT INTRON 9 OF DROSHA, AND IT SHOWED REDUCED METHYLATION IN STRESSED MICE. THIS OBSERVATION REPLICATED IN ONE OF TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS. A SECOND DMR WAS IDENTIFIED AT AN INTERGENIC REGION OF CHROMOSOME X, AND METHYLATION IN THIS REGION WAS INCREASED IN STRESSED MICE. THIS METHYLATION DIFFERENCE REPLICATED IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS AND IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) POSTMORTEM BRAINS. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT A REGION NOT PREVIOUSLY KNOWN TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS AND WHICH MAY BE INVOLVED IN MDD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19   344 24 ALTERED BDNF METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND HIGH BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPLEXITY. PURPOSE: THE INTERMED INSTRUMENT, WHICH WAS DEVELOPED TO MEASURE PATIENT'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL (BPS) COMPLEXITY, REPRESENTS A POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TOOL. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE THE INTERFACE BETWEEN SIGNALS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND GENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AFFECTING GENE EXPRESSION, IN PARTICULAR, BY DNA METHYLATION OF CPG DINUCLEOTIDES IN PROMOTOR REGIONS OF THE CORRESPONDING GENES. THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) GENE PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE CENTRAL SENSITIZATION (CS) OF PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC PAIN MODIFIES THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE BDNF GENE IN A MANNER THAT IS INTERCONNECTED WITH THE BPS STATUS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: FIFTY-EIGHT CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN PATIENTS (CMSP) WERE ENROLLED IN THE STUDY. DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF 13 CPG SITES IN THE BDNF PROMOTER WERE MEASURED BY PYROSEQUENCING, AND ASSOCIATION STUDIES WITH VARIOUS PATIENT PARAMETERS AND THE INTERMED SCORES WERE PERFORMED. RESULTS: INTERESTINGLY, A NEGATIVE CORRELATION (-0.40) WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE TOTAL INTERMED SCORES AND THE AVERAGE CPG METHYLATION VALUES OF THE BDNF GENE, BUT NO CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED WITH THE SEVERITY OF PAIN, DEGREE OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, OR KINESIOPHOBIA AND CATASTROPHISM. MOREOVER, THE ASSOCIATION WAS INDEPENDENT OF AGE, SEX AND LEVEL OF COMORBIDITIES. CONCLUSION: THIS RESULT SHOWS THAT CMSP, IN ASSOCIATION WITH ITS BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONTEXT, EPIGENETICALLY DECREASES THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION OF THE BDNF PROMOTER AND SHOULD THEREFORE INCREASE THE LEVEL OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION. IT ALSO SUGGESTS A ROLE OF THE INTERMED TOOL TO DETECT A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BPS COMPLEXITY AND THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF A TARGET GENE. THE POSSIBLE UPREGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION MIGHT BE, AT LEAST IN PART, THE SIGNAL FOR CHRONIC PAIN-INDUCED CENTRAL SENSITIZATION (CS). THIS COULD PARTLY EXPLAIN WHY PATIENTS WITH A HIGHER LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY FEEL MORE PAIN THAN THOSE WITH LOWER COMPLEXITY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20  1731 27 DYSREGULATION OF THE HISTONE DEMETHYLASE KDM6B IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING PATHWAYS. EPIGENETIC ENZYMES OVERSEE LONG-TERM CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION BY INTEGRATING GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CUES. WHILE THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF ENZYMES THAT CONTROL HISTONE AND DNA MODIFICATIONS, THEIR POTENTIAL ROLES IN SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REMAIN UNDEREXPLORED. A FEW RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES COULD UNDERLIE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND BEHAVIORAL HALLMARKS OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC ENZYMES IN THE BRAIN THAT ARE DYSREGULATED DURING PROTRACTED ABSTINENCE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. THROUGH QUANTITATIVE MRNA EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF OVER 100 EPIGENETIC ENZYMES, WE IDENTIFIED 11 THAT ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. FOLLOW-UP STUDIES OF ONE OF THESE ENZYMES, THE HISTONE DEMETHYLASE KDM6B, SHOWED THAT THIS ENZYME EXHIBITS REGION-SPECIFIC DYSREGULATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS. KDM6B WAS ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE HUMAN ALCOHOLIC BRAIN. UPREGULATION OF KDM6B PROTEIN IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A DECREASE OF TRIMETHYLATION LEVELS AT HISTONE H3, LYSINE 27 (H3K27ME3), CONSISTENT WITH THE KNOWN DEMETHYLASE SPECIFICITY OF KDM6B. SUBSEQUENT EPIGENETIC (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION [CHIP]-SEQUENCING) ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN H3K27ME3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED AT GENES IN THE IL-6 SIGNALING PATHWAY, CONSISTENT WITH THE WELL-CHARACTERIZED ROLE OF KDM6B IN MODULATION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES. KNOCKDOWN OF KDM6B IN CULTURED MICROGLIAL CELLS DIMINISHED IL-6 INDUCTION IN RESPONSE TO AN INFLAMMATORY STIMULUS. OUR FINDINGS IMPLICATE A NOVEL KDM6B-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC SIGNALING PATHWAY INTEGRATED WITH INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT ARE KNOWN TO UNDERLIE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION.	2021