1  6239 190 THE MANAGEMENT OF POLYPS IN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. POLYPS OF THE LOWER REPRODUCTIVE TRACT ARE FOUND IN 7.8-50% OF WOMEN. IT HAS BEEN HYPOTHESIZED THAT CYTOGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ON CHROMOSOMES 6, 7 AND 12 AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC FACTORS INVOLVING ENZYME AND METABOLIC ACTIVITIES MAY CAUSE POLYPS TO DEVELOP. CERVICAL POLYPS FOUND IN 2-5% OF CASES ARE OF LOW CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND CAN CAUSE, ALTHOUGH RARELY, POST COITAL BLEEDINGS. CERVICAL POLYPS GROW DURING PREGNANCY AND MUCORRHOEA. TRANS VAGINAL ULTRASOUND (TVU) PROVIDES AN EXCELLENT DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUE TO DIAGNOSE THE SIZE AND THE ANATOMIC LOCATION OF ENDOMETRIAL POLYPS (EPS). IN ASYMPTOMATIC YOUNG WOMAN WITH SMALL EPS <10 MM IN SIZE, CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT CAN BE SAFELY FOLLOWED BY MONITORING THE POLYP GROWTH. EPS LOCATED AT THE FUNDAL AND TUBOCORNUAL REGIONS MECHANICALLY AFFECT FERTILITY AND DISTURB NORMAL CELLULAR FUNCTION DUE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. IN CASES WHERE EPS ARE A CAUSE OF SUBFERTILITY MECHANICAL HYSTEROSCOPIC RESECTION IS ADVISABLE. WHEN THE SOLE REASON FOR INFERTILITY IS AN EP, THE PATIENT OFTEN BECOMES SPONTANEOUSLY PREGNANT SHORTLY AFTER REMOVAL. EP DETECTION IN EITHER PERI- OR POST-MENOPAUSAL AGE, IN SYMPTOMATIC OR ASYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS CALLS FOR METICULOUS HYSTEROSCOPIC EXAMINATION AND POLYPECTOMY IS MANDATORY. ENDOMETRIAL CURETTAGE IS ALSO RECOMMENDED TO RULE OUT SUB CLINICAL ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA OR CANCER. HYSTEROSCOPIC SURGERY FOR LARGE EPS USING BIPOLAR RESECTOSCOPES, HYSTEROSCOPIC MORCELLATORS OR SHAVERS ARE CONSIDERED EQUALLY EFFICIENT AND SAFE UNDER GENERAL ANAESTHESIA. RECURRENCE RATE OF EPS AFTER RESECTION IS UNKNOWN. THE RECENT ADVANCES IN TVU AND HYSTEROSCOPY, HOWEVER, SHOULD PROVIDE AN ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF POLYP IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT WITH MINIMAL RECURRENCE OR SURGERY COMPLICATIONS. THE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED INCIDENCE OF COLORECTAL POLYPS IN COHORTS THAT ALSO HAD EPS MIGHT INDICATE THAT PATIENTS WITH EPS SHOULD BE ALSO REFERRED FOR COLONOSCOPY. EPS HAVE THE LOWEST INCIDENCE OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION AS COMPARED TO COLON, URINARY BLADDER, OROPHARYNGEAL, NASAL AND LARYNGEAL CARCINOMAS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  4363  46 MIRNA AS MARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC SCREENING OF COLON CANCER. EARLY SCREENING FOR COLON CANCER (CC) ALLOWS FOR EARLY STAGE DIAGNOSIS OF THE MALIGNANCY AND POTENTIALLY REDUCES DISEASE MORTALITY AS THE CANCER IS MOST LIKELY CURABLE AT ITS EARLIEST STAGES. EARLY DETECTION WOULD BE DESIRABLE IF ACCURATE, PRACTICAL AND COST-EFFECTIVE DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES FOR THIS CANCER WERE AVAILABLE. MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY FROM CC REPRESENT A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM INVOLVING A MALIGNANT DISEASE THAT IS THEORETICALLY PREVENTABLE THROUGH SCREENING. CURRENT SCREENING METHODS (E.G., THE CONVENIENT AND INEXPENSIVE IMMUNOLOGICAL FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST, FOBTI, OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS' MEDICAL RECORDS) EITHER LACK SENSITIVITY AND REQUIRE DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH IMPEDES COMPLIANCE AND USE; ARE COSTLY (E.G., COLONOSCOPY), WHICH DECREASES COMPLIANCE; OR COULD RESULT IN MORTALITY. IN COMPARISON WITH THE FOBT TEST, A NON-INVASIVE SENSITIVE SCREEN FOR WHICH THERE IS NO REQUIREMENT FOR DIETARY RESTRICTION WOULD BE A MORE CONVENIENT TEST. COLORECTAL CANCER IS THE ONLY CANCER FOR WHICH COLONOSCOPY IS RECOMMENDED AS A SCREENING METHOD. ALTHOUGH COLONOSCOPY IS A RELIABLE SCREENING TOOL, THE INVASIVE NATURE, ABDOMINAL PAIN, POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS AND HIGH COST HAVE HAMPERED THE APPLICATION OF THIS PROCEDURE WORLDWIDE. A SCREENING APPROACH USING THE STABLE MIRNA MOLECULES, WHICH ARE RELATIVELY NON-DEGRADABLE WHEN EXTRACTED FROM NON-INVASIVE STOOL AND SEMI-INVASIVE BLOOD SAMPLES BY COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE KITS AND MANIPULATED THEREAFTER, WOULD BE PREFERABLE TO A TRANSCRIPTOMIC MRNA-, A MUTATION DNA-, AN EPIGENETIC- OR A PROTEOMIC-BASED TEST. THE APPROACH USES REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE, MODIFIED REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR. ALTHOUGH EXOSOMAL RNA WOULD BE MISSED, USING A RESTRICTED EXTRACTION OF TOTAL RNA FROM STOOL OR BLOOD, A PARALLEL TEST COULD ALSO BE CARRIED OUT ON RNA OBTAINED FROM STOOL OR PLASMA SAMPLES, AND APPROPRIATE CORRECTIONS FOR EXSOSOMAL LOSS CAN BE MADE FOR ACCURATE AND QUANTITATIVE TEST RESULT. EVENTUALLY, A CHIP CAN BE DEVELOPED TO FACILITATE DIAGNOSIS, AS HAS BEEN DONE FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS IN FOODS. THE GOLD STANDARD TO WHICH THE MOLECULAR MIRNA TEST IS COMPARED IS COLONOSCOPY, WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS' MEDICAL RECORDS. IF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ARE MET, AS DETAILED HEREIN, A MIRNA TEST IN HUMAN STOOL OR BLOOD SAMPLES BASED ON HIGH-THROUGHPUT AUTOMATED TECHNOLOGIES AND QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSION MEASUREMENTS COMMONLY USED IN THE DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL LABORATORY SHOULD BE ADVANCED TO THE CLINICAL SETTING, WHICH WILL MAKE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON CC PREVENTION.	2014	

3  3853  28 IS MIR-223 UPREGULATION IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES A PROTECTIVE RESPONSE? INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND DAMAGE OF COLONOCYTES WITH ETIOLOGY OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE INCREASED IN BOTH IBD PATIENTS AND ANIMAL COLITIS MODELS. HOWEVER, CONTENTIOUS OPINIONS RELEVANT TO THE ROLES OF MIR-223 IN IBD HAVE BEEN REPORTED. NOTWITHSTADING THAT MOST STUDIES HAVE DESCRIBED THAT MIR-223 HAS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS, SEVERAL REPORTS HAVE PROGRESSED A PRO-INFLAMMATORY VIEW. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARISE BOTH THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF MIR-223 ON KEY MOLECULES IN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN BOTH ANIMAL MODELS AND IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH IBD AND OBJECTIVELY DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE BASIS FOR THE DISCREPANCIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
4  3843  31 IRON-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF NRF2 TARGETS. THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF EXCESS DIETARY IRON WITHIN THE COLONIC LUMEN ARE WELL DOCUMENTED, PARTICULARLY IN THE CONTEXT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) AND COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC). PROPOSED MECHANISMS THAT UNDERPIN IRON-ASSOCIATED INTESTINAL DISEASE INCLUDE: (1) THE PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND ROS-PROMOTING NATURE OF IRON, (2) GENE-EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS, AND (3) INTESTINAL MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. HOWEVER, TO DATE NO STUDIES HAVE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF IRON ON THE COLONIC EPIGENOME. HERE WE DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC IRON EXPOSURE OF COLONOCYTES LEADS TO SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE EPIGENOME. BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTS A SIGNIFICANT EPIGENETIC EFFECT ON NRF2 (NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2) PATHWAY TARGETS (INCLUDING NAD(P)H QUINONE DEHYDROGENASE 1 [NQO1] AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 2 [GPX2]); THIS DEMETHYLATING EFFECT WAS VALIDATED AND SUBSEQUENT GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION QUANTIFIED. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WERE NOT OBSERVED UPON THE DIMINISHMENT OF CELLULAR LIPID PEROXIDATION WITH ENDOGENOUS GLUTATHIONE AND THE SUBSEQUENT REMOVAL OF IRON. ADDITIONALLY, THE INDUCTION OF TET1 EXPRESSION WAS FOUND POST-IRON TREATMENT, HIGHLIGHTING THE POSSIBILITY OF AN OXIDATIVE-STRESS INDUCTION OF TET1 AND SUBSEQUENT HYPOMETHYLATION OF NRF2 TARGETS. IN ADDITION, A STRONG TIME DEPENDENCE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF IRON-ORCHESTRATED HYPOMETHYLATION WAS FOUND WHICH WAS CONCURRENT WITH THE INCREASE IN THE INTRACELLULAR LABILE IRON POOL (LIP) AND LIPID PEROXIDATION LEVELS. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE FURTHER VALIDATED IN MURINE INTESTINAL MUCOSA IN MODELS ADMINISTERED A CHRONIC IRON DIET, PROVIDING EVIDENCE FOR THE LIKELIHOOD OF DIETARY-IRON MEDIATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN VIVO. FURTHERMORE, SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS WERE FOUND BETWEEN NQO1 AND GPX2 DEMETHYLATION AND HUMAN INTESTINAL TISSUE IRON-STATUS, THUS SUGGESTING THAT THESE IRON-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE LIKELY IN IRON-REPLETE ENTEROCYTES. TOGETHER, THESE DATA DESCRIBE A NOVEL MECHANISM BY WHICH EXCESS DIETARY IRON IS ABLE TO ALTER THE INTESTINAL PHENOTYPE, WHICH COULD HAVE IMPLICATIONS IN IRON-MEDIATED INTESTINAL DISEASE AND THE REGULATION OF FERROPTOSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5   414  26 ANALYSIS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN STOOL: A NOVEL METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER. BACKGROUND & AIMS: DETECTION OF TUMOR-DERIVED DNA ALTERATIONS IN STOOL IS AN INTRIGUING NEW APPROACH WITH HIGH POTENTIAL FOR THE NONINVASIVE DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC). BECAUSE OF HETEROGENEITY OF TUMORS, USUALLY MULTIPLE MARKERS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE HUMAN GENOME NEED TO BE ANALYZED. THIS IS LABOR INTENSIVE AND DOES NOT ALLOW FOR HIGH THROUGH-PUT SCREENING. THEREFORE, MARKERS WITH HIGH SENSITIVITY AND GOOD SPECIFICITY ARE NEEDED. WE EXPLORED THE POTENTIAL OF A SINGLE EPIGENETIC MARKER IN COMPARISON WITH FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TESTING (FOBT) FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF PATIENTS WITH CRCS AND ADENOMAS FROM THOSE WITHOUT. METHODS: METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) WAS PERFORMED TO ANALYZE HYPERMETHYLATED IN CANCER 1 (HIC1) PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS IN A BLINDED FASHION IN STOOL SAMPLES FROM 26 PATIENTS WITH CRC, 13 WITH ADENOMA > OR =1 CM, 9 WITH HYPERPLASTIC POLYPS, 9 WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE, AND 32 WITH ENDOSCOPICALLY NORMAL COLON. RESULTS: NINETY-SEVEN PERCENT OF THE STOOL SAMPLES CONTAINED AMPLIFIABLE DNA. FORTY-TWO PERCENT OF THE SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH CRC AND 31% OF THE SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL ADENOMA > OR =1 CM WERE POSITIVE FOR HIC1 PROMOTER METHYLATION. NO METHYLATED HIC1 PROMOTER DNA WAS DETECTED IN THE FECAL DNA FROM PATIENTS WITH ENDOSCOPICALLY NORMAL COLON OR HYPERPLASTIC POLYPS. CONCLUSIONS: THE EPIGENETIC MARKER HIC1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CARRIES HIGH POTENTIAL FOR THE REMOTE DETECTION OF CRCS. WE POSTULATE THAT A PANEL OF MERELY A FEW GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS WILL BE REQUIRED FOR THE HIGHLY SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC DETECTION OF CRCS AND ADENOMAS IN FECAL SAMPLES FROM AFFECTED PATIENTS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6  1398  35 DIET, GUT MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS: EMERGING LINKS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) REPRESENT A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN DUE TO INCREASING INCIDENCE WORLDWIDE. THE CURRENT NOTION ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD IS THAT GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP INTOLERANCE TO DYSREGULATED GUT MICROFLORA (DYSBIOSIS) AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DEVELOPS AS A RESULT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS. AMONG THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH IBD, DIET PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MODULATING THE GUT MICROBIOME, INFLUENCING EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND, THEREFORE, COULD BE APPLIED AS A THERAPEUTIC TOOL TO IMPROVE THE DISEASE COURSE. NEVERTHELESS, THE CURRENT DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT ARE SCARCE AND HAVE WEAK EVIDENCE. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIET, MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS IN IBD. WHEREAS AN OVERABUNDANCE OF CALORIES AND SOME MACRONUTRIENTS INCREASE GUT INFLAMMATION, SEVERAL MICRONUTRIENTS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE IT. IMMUNONUTRITION HAS EMERGED AS A NEW CONCEPT PUTTING FORWARD THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS SUCH AS VITAMINS A, C, E, AND D, FOLIC ACID, BETA CAROTENE AND TRACE ELEMENTS SUCH AS ZINC, SELENIUM, MANGANESE AND IRON. HOWEVER, WHEN ASSESSED IN CLINICAL TRIALS, SPECIFIC MICRONUTRIENTS EXERTED A LIMITED BENEFIT. BEYOND NUTRIENTS, AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DIETARY PATTERN AS A COMPLEX INTERVENTION APPROACH HAS BECOME POPULAR IN RECENT YEARS. HENCE, EXCLUSIVE ENTERAL NUTRITION IN PAEDIATRIC CROHN'S DISEASE IS THE ONLY NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED AS A FIRST-LINE THERAPY. OTHER NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS OR SPECIFIC DIETS INCLUDING THE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE DIET (SCD), THE LOW FERMENTABLE OLIGOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, MONOSACCHARIDES, AND POLYOL (FODMAP) DIET AND, MOST RECENTLY, THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET HAVE SHOWN STRONG ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES AND SHOW PROMISE FOR IMPROVING DISEASE SYMPTOMS. MORE WORK IS REQUIRED TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL FOOD COMPOUNDS AND COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DECREASE INFLAMMATION AS A MEANS OF PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF IBD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  5783  30 SPONTANEOUS AND TRANSGENIC RODENT MODELS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER WITH MANY DIFFERENT PUTATIVE INFLUENCES MEDIATING DISEASE ONSET, SEVERITY, PROGRESSION AND DIMINUTION. SPONTANEOUS NATURAL IBD IS CLASSICALLY EXPRESSED AS CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC) COMMONLY FOUND IN PRIMATES; LYMPHOPLASMOCYTIC ENTERITIS, EOSINOPHILIC GASTRITIS AND COLITIS, AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS WITH NEURONAL HYPERPLASIA IN DOGS; AND COLITIS IN HORSES. SPONTANEOUS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE HAS BEEN NOTED IN A NUMBER OF RODENT MODELS WHICH DIFFER IN GENETIC STRAIN BACKGROUND, INDUCED MUTATION, MICROBIOTA INFLUENCES AND IMMUNOPATHOGENIC PATHWAYS. HISTOLOGICAL LESIONS IN CROHN'S DISEASE FEATURE NONCASEATING GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION WHILE UC LESIONS TYPICALLY EXHIBIT ULCERATION, LAMINA PROPRIA INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATES AND LACK OF GRANULOMA DEVELOPMENT. INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY CD AND UC IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED INCIDENCE OF INTESTINAL NEOPLASIA. TRANSGENIC MURINE MODELS HAVE DETERMINED UNDERLYING ETIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES AND APPROPRIATE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN IBD. THIS LITERATURE REVIEW WILL DISCUSS CURRENT OPINION AND FINDINGS IN SPONTANEOUS IBD, HIGHLIGHT SELECTED TRANSGENIC RODENT MODELS OF IBD AND DISCUSS THEIR RESPECTIVE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO PROVIDE ACCOMMODATION OF INDUCED PUTATIVE DEFICITS IN ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING AND TO ASSESS DISCOMFORT AND PAIN LEVELS IN THE FACE OF SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND/OR MORTALITY IN THESE MODELS. EPIGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL (MICROBIOME, METABOLOME) AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS ARE IMPORTANT IN IBD PATHOGENESIS, AND EVALUATING WAYS IN WHICH THEY INFLUENCE DISEASE EXPRESSION REPRESENT POTENTIAL INVESTIGATIVE APPROACHES WITH THE GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR NEW DISCOVERIES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8  1395  39 DIET AND MICROBIOME IN THE BEGINNING OF THE SEQUENCE OF GUT INFLAMMATION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DUE, AT LEAST PARTIALLY, TO AN ABERRANT AND EXCESSIVE MUCOSAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO GUT BACTERIA IN GENETICALLY-PREDISPOSED INDIVIDUALS UNDER CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THE INCIDENCE OF IBD IS RISING IN WESTERN AND NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, PARALLELING THE INCREASE OF WESTERNIZED DIETARY PATTERNS, THROUGH NEW ANTIGENS, EPITHELIAL FUNCTION AND PERMEABILITY, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (E.G., DNA METHYLATION), AND ALTERATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOME. ALTERATION IN THE COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF THE GUT MICROBIOME (INCLUDING BACTERIA, VIRUSES AND FUNGI) SEEMS TO BE A NUCLEAR PATHOGENIC FACTOR. THE MICROBIOME ITSELF IS DYNAMIC, AND THE CHANGES IN FOOD QUALITY, DIETARY HABITS, LIVING CONDITIONS AND HYGIENE OF THESE WESTERN SOCIETIES, COULD INTERACT IN A COMPLEX MANNER AS MODULATORS OF DYSBIOSIS, THEREBY INFLUENCING THE ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE CELLS' PROMOTING INFLAMMATION. THE MICROBIOME PRODUCES DIVERSE SMALL MOLECULES VIA SEVERAL METABOLIC WAYS, WITH THE FIBER-DERIVED SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (I.E., BUTYRATE) AS MAIN ELEMENTS AND HAVING ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. THESE METABOLITES AND SOME MICRONUTRIENTS OF THE DIET (I.E., VITAMINS, FOLIC ACID, BETA CAROTENE AND TRACE ELEMENTS) ARE REGULATORS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE INTESTINAL IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS. AN EXCESSIVE AND UNHEALTHY CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR, ANIMAL FAT AND A LOW-VEGETABLE AND -FIBER DIET ARE RISK FACTORS FOR IBD APPEARANCE. FURTHERMORE, METABOLISM OF NUTRIENTS IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM AND IN GUT MICROBIOTA IS ALTERED BY INFLAMMATION, CHANGING THE DEMAND FOR NUTRIENTS NEEDED FOR HOMEOSTASIS. THIS ROLE OF FOOD AND A REDUCED GUT MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN CAUSING IBD MIGHT ALSO HAVE A PROPHYLACTIC OR THERAPEUTIC ROLE FOR IBD. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIETARY INTAKE, SYMPTOMS, AND BOWEL INFLAMMATION COULD LEAD TO DIETARY AND LIFESTYLE RECOMMENDATIONS, INCLUDING DIETS WITH ABUNDANT FRUITS, VEGETABLES, OLIVE OIL AND OILY FISH, WHICH HAVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS AND COULD PREVENT DYSBIOSIS AND IBD. DIETARY MODULATION AND APPROPRIATE EXCLUSION DIETS MIGHT BE A NEW COMPLEMENTARY MANAGEMENT FOR TREATMENT AT DISEASE FLARES AND IN REFRACTORY PATIENTS, EVEN REDUCING COMPLICATIONS, HOSPITALIZATIONS AND SURGERY, THROUGH MODIFYING THE LUMINAL INTESTINAL ENVIRONMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  4274  36 MICROBIOTA IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY: IS IT ALL ABOUT DIET? INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), INCLUDING ULCERATIVE COLITIS, CROHN'S DISEASE, AND UNCLASSIFIED IBD, CONTINUES TO CAUSE SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY. WHILE ITS INCIDENCE IS INCREASING, NO CLEAR ETIOLOGY AND NO CURE HAVE YET BEEN DISCOVERED. RECENT FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT IBD MAY HAVE A MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY, WHERE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (INCLUDING DIET BUT ALSO INFECTIONS, ANTIBIOTICS, AND SANITATION), AND HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM LEAD TO ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSES AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. OVER THE PAST YEARS, THE ROLE OF ALTERED GUT MICROBIOTA (IN BOTH COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION) IN IBD PATHOGENESIS HAS EMERGED AS AN OUTSTANDING AREA OF INTEREST. ACCORDING TO NEW FINDINGS, GUT DYSBIOSIS MAY APPEAR AS A KEY ELEMENT IN INITIATION OF INFLAMMATION IN IBD AND ITS COMPLICATIONS. MOREOVER, COMPLEX METAGENOMIC STUDIES PROVIDE POSSIBILITIES TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN IBD TYPES AND APPRECIATE SEVERITY AND PROGNOSIS OF THE DISEASE, AS WELL AS RESPONSE TO THERAPY. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN UPDATED KNOWLEDGE OF RECENT FINDINGS LINKING ALTERED BACTERIAL COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS, VIRUSES, AND FUNGI TO IBD PATHOGENESIS. IT ALSO HIGHLIGHTS THE COMPLEX GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, IMMUNE, AND MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (INCLUDING DIET). WE OVERVIEW THE ACTUAL OPTIONS TO MANIPULATE THE ALTERED MICROBIOTA, SUCH AS MODIFIED DIET, PROBIOTICS, PREBIOTICS, SYNBIOTICS, ANTIBIOTICS, AND FECAL TRANSPLANTATION. FUTURE POSSIBLE THERAPIES ARE ALSO INCLUDED. TARGETING ALTERED MICROBIOTA COULD BE THE NEXT THERAPEUTIC PERSONALIZED APPROACH, BUT MORE RESEARCH AND WELL-DESIGNED COMPARATIVE PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE REQUIRED TO FORMULATE ADEQUATE DIRECTIONS FOR PREVENTION AND THERAPY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10   105  29 A REVIEW OF MICROBIOTA AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME: FUTURE IN THERAPIES. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT DIGESTIVE DISORDERS, IS CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC AND RECURRENT ABDOMINAL PAIN AND ALTERED BOWEL HABIT. THE ORIGIN SEEMS TO BE MULTIFACTORIAL AND IS STILL NOT WELL DEFINED FOR THE DIFFERENT SUBTYPES. GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND SEX-RELATED MODIFICATIONS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE NERVOUS AND IMMUNE-ENDOCRINE SUPERSYSTEMS AND REGULATION OF BRAIN-GUT PHYSIOLOGY AND BILE ACID PRODUCTION AND ABSORPTION ARE CERTAINLY INVOLVED. ACQUIRED PREDISPOSITION MAY ACT IN CONJUNCTION WITH INFECTIOUS, TOXIC, DIETARY AND LIFE EVENT-RELATED FACTORS TO ENHANCE EPITHELIAL PERMEABILITY AND ELICIT MUCOSAL MICROINFLAMMATION, IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND DYSBIOSIS. NOTABLY, STRONG EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE ROLE OF BACTERIAL, VIRAL AND PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN TRIGGERING IBS, AND TARGETING MICROBIOTA SEEMS PROMISING IN VIEW OF THE POSITIVE RESPONSE TO MICROBIOTA-RELATED THERAPIES IN SOME PATIENTS. HOWEVER, THE LACK OF HIGHLY PREDICTIVE DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS AND THE COMPLEXITY AND HETEROGENEITY OF IBS PATIENTS MAKE MANAGEMENT DIFFICULT AND UNSATISFACTORY IN MANY CASES, REDUCING PATIENT HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AND INCREASING THE SANITARY BURDEN. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS TARGETING THE GUT MICROBIOTA IN IBS, INCLUDING PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS, SYNBIOTICS, NON-ABSORBABLE ANTIBIOTICS, DIETS, FECAL TRANSPLANTATION AND OTHER POTENTIAL FUTURE APPROACHES USEFUL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF IBS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  3773  31 INTERACTION OF CERVICAL MICROBIOME WITH EPIGENOME OF EPITHELIAL CELLS: SIGNIFICANCE OF INFLAMMATION TO PRIMARY HEALTHCARE. ONE PILLAR OF THE PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE, AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE FRAMEWORK STRATEGIES IS THE FEMALE HEALTH. THE EVALUATION OF WOMEN'S LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY HABITS IN CONTEXT WITH GENETIC AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS MAY REFLECT THE PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND PREDICTION OF CERVICAL LESION BEHAVIOR. THE MAIN AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO ANALYZE PUBLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF PRECISION MEDICINE THAT ALLOW THE USE OF RESEARCH KNOWLEDGE OF CERVICAL MICROBIOME, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND INFLAMMATION IN POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. PERSONALIZED APPROACH IN EVALUATING PATIENT'S RISK OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF CERVICAL ABNORMALITY SHOULD CONSIDER THE BIOMARKERS OF THE LOCAL MICROENVIRONMENT CHARACTERIZED BY THE MICROBIAL COMPOSITION, EPIGENETIC PATTERN OF CERVICAL EPITHELIUM, AND PRESENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. NOVEL SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES ENABLE A MORE DETAILED CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTUAL STATE IN CERVICAL EPITHELIUM. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ALL CHANGES IN MULTIOMICS LEVEL ENABLES A BETTER ASSESSMENT OF DISEASE PROGNOSIS AND SELECTS THE ELIGIBLE TARGETED THERAPY IN PERSONALIZED MEDICINE. RESTORING OF HEALTHY VAGINAL MICROFLORA AND REVERSING THE OUTBREAK OF CERVICAL ABNORMALITY CAN BE ALSO ACHIEVED BY DIETARY HABITS AS WELL AS UPTAKE OF PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS, SYNBIOTICS, MICROBIAL TRANSPLANTATION, AND OTHERS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  3804  26 INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND COLORECTAL CANCER. IN ADDITION TO GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING DIET, PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC). RECENTLY, THERE IS INCREASING INTEREST IN THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR FOR CRC, BECAUSE DIET ALSO INFLUENCES THE COMPOSITION OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA. THE HUMAN INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA COMPRISES ABOUT 100 TRILLION MICROBES. THIS MICROBIOME THRIVES ON UNDIGESTED DIETARY RESIDUES IN THE INTESTINAL LUMEN AND PRODUCES VARIOUS METABOLITES. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT THE DIETARY RISK FACTORS FOR CRC ARE MEDIATED BY DYSBIOSIS OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND THEIR METABOLITES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE BACTERIAL TAXA ASSOCIATED WITH CRC, INCLUDING FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM, ENTEROTOXIGENIC BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS, ESCHERICHIA COLI, AND BUTYRATE-PRODUCING BACTERIA. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE HOST-DIET INTERACTION IN COLORECTAL CARCINOGENESIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13   852  47 CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) AND CARRIES A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESIS OF CCA IN PSC IS LARGELY UNKNOWN, INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN CARCINOGENESIS CONCOMITANT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE UNDERLYING FACTORS. THE MAJORITY OF CCA CASES DEVELOP FROM A DOMINANT STRICTURE (DS), WHICH IS DEFINED AS A STRICTURE WITH A DIAMETER < 1.5 MM IN THE COMMON BILE DUCT OR < 1.0 MM IN THE HEPATIC DUCT. IN PSC PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ABRUPT AGGRAVATION OF JAUNDICE, PAIN, FATIGUE, PRURITUS, WEIGHT LOSS, OR WORSENING LIVER BIOCHEMISTRIES, CCA SHOULD BE SUSPECTED AND EVALUATED UTILIZING A VARIETY OF DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES. HOWEVER, EARLY RECOGNITION OF CCA IN PSC REMAINS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. IMPORTANTLY, 30-50% OF CCA IN PSC PATIENTS ARE OBSERVED WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR FOLLOWING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PSC FOLLOWED BY AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE RANGING FROM 0.5 TO 1.5 PER 100 PERSONS, WHICH IS NEARLY 10 TO 1000 TIMES HIGHER THAN THAT IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. CUMULATIVE 5-YEAR, 10-YEAR, AND LIFETIME INCIDENCES ARE 7%, 8-11%, AND 9-20%, RESPECTIVELY. WHEN PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS DIAGNOSED, MOST TUMORS ARE UNRESECTABLE, AND NO EFFECTIVE MEDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. GIVEN THE POOR THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME, THE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF PSC PATIENTS WHO ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA ARE OF IMPORTANCE. SUCH PATIENTS INCLUDE OLDER MALES WITH LARGE-DUCT PSC AND POSSIBLY CONCURRENT ULCERATIVE COLITIS. THUS, MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO PATIENTS WITH THESE CLINICAL FEATURES, IN PARTICULAR WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR AFTER PSC DIAGNOSIS. IN CONTRAST, CCA IS LESS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PEDIATRIC OR FEMALE PSC PATIENTS OR IN THOSE WITH SMALL-DUCT PSC OR CONCURRENT CROHN'S DISEASE. RECENTLY, NEW BIOMARKERS SUCH AS ANTIBODIES TO GLYCOPROTEIN 2 HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA IN PSC. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE LITERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS, INCIDENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND RISK FACTORS, WITH A FOCUS ON VARIOUS DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14  4166  48 MEDICAL, ETHICAL, AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR CROHN'S DISEASE IN BRAZIL. CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE THAT CAN AFFECT ANY PART OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. THE ETIOLOGY OF CD IS UNKNOWN; HOWEVER, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS COULD PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE ONSET AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DISEASE. CD RESULTS FROM IMMUNE DYSREGULATION DUE TO LOSS OF THE HEALTHY SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOST AND INTESTINAL FLORA AND OR ITS ANTIGENS. IT AFFECTS BOTH SEXES EQUALLY WITH A MALE TO FEMALE RATIO OF 1.0, AND ITS ONSET CAN OCCUR AT ANY AGE, BUT THE DIAGNOSIS IS MOST COMMONLY OBSERVED IN THE RANGE OF 20 TO 40 YEARS OF AGE. CD DIMINISHES QUALITY OF LIFE, INTERFERES WITH SOCIAL ACTIVITIES, TRAUMATIZES DUE TO THE STIGMA OF INCONTINENCE, FISTULAE, STRICTURES, AND COLOSTOMIES, AND IN SEVERE CASES, AFFECTS SURVIVAL WHEN COMPARED TO THE GENERAL POPULATION. SYMPTOMS FLUCTUATE BETWEEN PERIODS OF REMISSION AND ACTIVITY IN WHICH COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS FISTULAS, STRICTURES, AND THE NEED FOR BOWEL RESECTION, SURGERY, AND COLOSTOMY IMPLANTATION MAKE UP THE MOST SEVERE ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE. CD CAN BE PROGRESSIVE AND THE COMPLICATIONS RECURRENT DESPITE TREATMENT WITH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS, CORTICOSTEROIDS, IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS, AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS. HOWEVER, OVER TIME MANY PATIENTS BECOME REFRACTORY WITHOUT TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES, AND IN THIS SCENARIO, HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (HSCT) HAS EMERGED AS A POTENTIAL TREATMENT OPTION. THE RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF HSCT FOR CD IS ANCHORED IN ANIMAL STUDIES AND HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS WHERE HSCT COULD RESET A PATIENT'S IMMUNE SYSTEM BY ELIMINATING DISEASE-CAUSING EFFECTOR CELLS AND UPON IMMUNE RECOVERY INCREASE REGULATORY AND SUPPRESSIVE IMMUNE CELLS. AUTOLOGOUS HSCT USING A NON-MYELOABLATIVE REGIMEN OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AND ANTI-THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN WITHOUT CD34+ SELECTION HAS BEEN TO DATE THE MOST COMMON TRANSPLANT CONDITIONING REGIMEN ADOPTED. IN THIS REVIEW WE WILL ADDRESS THE CURRENT SITUATION REGARDING CD TREATMENT WITH HSCT AND EMPHASIZE THE MEDICAL, ETHICAL, AND LEGAL ASPECTS THAT PERMEATE THE PROCEDURE IN BRAZIL.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  3692  29 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES: THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHRONIC MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASES CHARACTERIZED BY PARTIALLY UNCLEAR PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS INCLUDING CHANGES IN INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA. DESPITE THE MICROBIOTA, ALTERATION IS WELL ESTABLISHED IN IBD PATIENTS, AS REPORTED BY 16RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS, AN IMPORTANT GOAL IS TO DEFINE IF IT IS JUST A CONSEQUENCE OF THE DISEASE PROGRESSION OR A TRIGGER FACTOR OF THE DISEASE ITSELF. TO DATE, GUT MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND GUT MICROBIOTA-RELATED METABOLITES SEEM TO AFFECT THE HOST HEALTHY STATE BOTH BY MODULATING METABOLIC PATHWAYS OR ACTING ON THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THROUGH EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. BECAUSE OF THIS, IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR IBD PATIENTS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE BOTH THE MOST RECENT ACQUISITIONS IN THE FIELD OF GUT MICROBIOTA AND ITS INVOLVEMENT IN INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION TOGETHER WITH THE AVAILABLE STRATEGIES FOR THE MODULATION OF MICROBIOTA, SUCH AS PREBIOTICS AND/OR PROBIOTICS ADMINISTRATION OR FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16  1168  43 CONTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL AND GUT MICROBIOME INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF COLORECTAL CANCER PATIENTS' STRATIFICATION. IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT PRIMARY ENDPOINTS OF CLINICAL STUDIES ARE ATTAINED, THE PATIENTS' STRATIFICATION IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT. SELECTION CRITERIA INCLUDE AGE, GENDER, AND ALSO SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS, SUCH AS INFLAMMATION SCORES. THESE CRITERIA ARE NOT SUFFICIENT TO ACHIEVE A STRAIGHTFORWARD SELECTION, HOWEVER, IN CASE OF MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASES, WITH UNKNOWN OR PARTIALLY IDENTIFIED MECHANISMS, OCCASIONALLY INCLUDING HOST FACTORS, AND THE MICROBIOME. IN THESE CASES, THE EFFICACY OF INTERVENTIONS IS DIFFICULT TO PREDICT, AND AS A RESULT, THE SELECTION OF SUBJECTS IS OFTEN RANDOM. COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) IS A HIGHLY HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE, WITH VARIABLE CLINICAL FEATURES, OUTCOMES, AND RESPONSE TO THERAPY; THE CRC ONSET AND PROGRESS INVOLVES MULTIPLE SEQUENTIAL STEPS WITH ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS, NAMELY, MUTATIONS, GENE AMPLIFICATION, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THE GUT MICROBES, EITHER EUBIOTIC OR DYSBIOTIC, COULD INFLUENCE THE CRC EVOLUTION THROUGH A COMPLEX AND VERSATILE CROSSTALK WITH THE INTESTINAL AND IMMUNE CELLS, PERMANENTLY CHANGING THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT. THERE HAVE BEEN SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED APPROACHES FOR CRC SCREENING, TREATMENT, AND POTENTIAL PREVENTION. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES BRING NEW CRITERIA FOR PATIENTS' STRATIFICATION-MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS TO GUIDE TREATMENT, FOR EXAMPLE. GUT MICROBIOME HAS EMERGED AS THE MAIN TRIGGER OF GUT MUCOSAL HOMEOSTASIS. THIS MAY IMPACT CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY THROUGH MAINTENANCE OF THE EPITHELIAL/MUCUS BARRIER AND PRODUCTION OF PROTECTIVE METABOLITES, SUCH AS SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (SCFAS) VIA INTERACTIONS WITH THE HOSTS' DIET AND METABOLISM. MICROBIOME DYSBIOSIS LEADS TO THE ENRICHMENT OF CANCER-PROMOTING BACTERIAL POPULATIONS, LOSS OF PROTECTIVE POPULATIONS OR MAINTAINING AN INFLAMMATORY CHRONIC STATE, ALL OF WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CRC. MEANWHILE, VARIATIONS IN PATIENT RESPONSES TO ANTI-CANCER IMMUNO- AND CHEMOTHERAPIES WERE ALSO LINKED TO INTER-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTESTINE MICROBIOMES. THE AUTHORS AIM TO HIGHLIGHT THE CONTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIAL AND GUT MICROBIOME INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF CRC PATIENTS' STRATIFICATION TOWARDS A PERSONALIZED APPROACH OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  3691  37 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES: AN UPDATED OVERVIEW ON THE HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN INVOLVEMENT. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBDS) REPRESENT CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC DISORDERS, INCLUDING CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC), IN WHICH ONE OF THE TRIGGER FACTORS IS REPRESENTED BY ABERRANT IMMUNE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM AND THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA. THE INVOLVEMENT OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS (HSPS) AS ETIOLOGICAL AND PATHOGENETIC FACTORS IS BECOMING OF INCREASING INTEREST. HSPS WERE FOUND TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE INTESTINAL TISSUES AND SERA OF PATIENTS WITH CD AND UC. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT HSPS CAN PLAY A DUAL ROLE IN THE DISEASE, DEPENDING ON THE STAGE OF PROGRESSION. THEY CAN SUPPORT THE INFLAMMATORY AND FIBROSIS PROCESS, BUT THEY CAN ALSO ACT AS PROTECTIVE FACTORS DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION OR BEFORE THE ONSET OF ONE OF THE WORST COMPLICATIONS OF IBD, COLORECTAL CANCER. FURTHERMORE, HSPS ARE ABLE TO MEDIATE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS. IN THIS WORK, WE DISCUSS THE INVOLVEMENT OF HSPS IN IBD CONSIDERING THEIR GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, IMMUNE AND MOLECULAR ROLES, REFERRING TO THE MOST RECENT WORKS PRESENT IN THE LITERATURE. WITH OUR REVIEW, WE WANT TO SHED LIGHT ON THE IMPORTANCE OF FURTHER EXPLORING THE ROLE OF HSPS, OR EVEN BETTER, THE ROLE OF THE MOLECULAR CHAPERONE SYSTEM (CS), IN IBD: VARIOUS MOLECULES OF THE CS INCLUDING HSPS MAY HAVE DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL, PROMOTING THE CREATION OF NEW DRUGS THAT COULD OVERCOME THE SIDE-EFFECTS OF THE THERAPIES CURRENTLY USED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  5528  20 RNA MODIFICATION IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY DAMAGE TO THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA, WHICH IS CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF FACTORS. THESE INCLUDE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE, MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS, AND IMMUNE CONDITIONS. SOME POPULATIONS WITH IBD SHOW A CANCER-PRONE PHENOTYPE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO THE INVOLVEMENT OF RNA MODIFICATIONS IN THE SPECIFIC PATHOGENESIS OF IBD THROUGH REGULATION OF RNA BIOLOGY IN EPITHELIAL AND IMMUNE CELLS. STUDIES OF SEVERAL RNA MODIFICATION-TARGETING REAGENTS HAVE SHOWN PREFERABLE OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH COLITIS. HERE, WE NOTE A NEW AWARENESS OF RNA MODIFICATION IN THE TARGETING OF IBD AND RELATED DISEASES, WHICH WILL CONTRIBUTE TO EARLY DIAGNOSIS, DISEASE MONITORING, AND POSSIBLE CONTROL BY INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  2607  32 EPIGENETICS/EPIGENOMICS AND PREVENTION BY CURCUMIN OF EARLY STAGES OF INFLAMMATORY-DRIVEN COLON CANCER. COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) IS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THE US AND WORLDWIDE. CRC IS THE SECOND MOST COMMON CANCER-RELATED DEATH IN BOTH MEN AND WOMEN GLOBALLY. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS ONE OF THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS OF CRC. IT MAY DRIVE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC/EPIGENOMIC ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND NON-CODING RNA REGULATION. CURRENT PREVENTION MODALITIES FOR CRC ARE LIMITED AND SOME TREATMENT REGIMENS SUCH AS USE THE NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG ASPIRIN MAY HAVE SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS, NAMELY GASTROINTESTINAL ULCERATION AND BLEEDING. THEREFORE, THERE IS AN URGENT NEED OF DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES. RECENTLY, INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SEVERAL DIETARY CANCER CHEMOPREVENTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS POSSESS ANTI-INFLAMMATION AND ANTIOXIDATIVE STRESS ACTIVITIES, AND MAY PREVENT CANCERS INCLUDING CRC. CURCUMIN (CUR) IS THE YELLOW PIGMENT THAT IS FOUND IN THE RHIZOMES OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA). MANY STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT CUR EXHIBIT STRONG ANTICANCER, ANTIOXIDATIVE STRESS, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES BY REGULATING SIGNALING PATHWAYS, SUCH AS NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID-2-RELATED FACTOR 2, NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, AND EPIGENETICS/EPIGENOMICS PATHWAYS OF HISTONES MODIFICATIONS, AND DNA METHYLATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL DISCUSS THE LATEST EVIDENCE IN EPIGENETICS/EPIGENOMICS ALTERATIONS BY CUR IN CRC AND THEIR POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION IN THE PREVENTION OF CRC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  4594  40 NATURAL HISTORY AND LONG-TERM CLINICAL COURSE OF CROHN'S DISEASE. CROHN'S DISEASE IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE PROCESS INVOLVING DIFFERENT SITES IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. OCCASIONALLY, SO-CALLED METASTATIC DISEASE OCCURS IN EXTRA-INTESTINAL SITES. GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION MAY BE DETECTED IN ENDOSCOPIC BIOPSIES OR RESECTED TISSUES. GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS APPEAR TO PLAY A ROLE. MULTIPLE SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN BOTH FAMILIAL AND NON-FAMILIAL FORMS WHILE THE DISEASE IS PHENOTYPICALLY HETEROGENEOUS WITH A FEMALE PREDOMINANCE. THE DISORDER OCCURS OVER A BROAD AGE SPECTRUM, FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD TO LATE ADULTHOOD. MORE THAN 80% ARE DIAGNOSED BEFORE AGE 40 YEARS USUALLY WITH TERMINAL ILEAL AND COLONIC INVOLVEMENT. PEDIATRIC-ONSET DISEASE IS MORE SEVERE AND MORE EXTENSIVE, USUALLY WITH A HIGHER CHANCE OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DISEASE, COMPARED TO ADULT-ONSET DISEASE. LONG-TERM STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE DISORDER MAY EVOLVE WITH TIME INTO MORE COMPLEX DISEASE WITH STRICTURE FORMATION AND PENETRATING DISEASE COMPLICATIONS (I.E., FISTULA, ABSCESS). ALTHOUGH PROLONGED REMISSION MAY OCCUR, DISCRETE PERIODS OF SYMPTOMATIC DISEASE MAY RE-APPEAR OVER MANY DECADES SUGGESTING RECURRENCE OR RE-ACTIVATION OF THIS INFLAMMATORY PROCESS. EVENTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF A CURE WILL LIKELY DEPEND ON IDENTIFICATION OF AN ETIOLOGIC CAUSE AND A FUNDAMENTAL UNDERSTANDING OF ITS PATHOGENESIS. UNTIL NOW, TREATMENT HAS FOCUSED ON REMOVING RISK FACTORS, PARTICULARLY CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND IMPROVING SYMPTOMS. IN CLINICAL TRIALS, CLINICAL REMISSION IS LARGELY DEFINED AS IMPROVED NUMERICAL AND ENDOSCOPIC INDICES FOR "MUCOSAL HEALING". "DEEP REMISSION" IS A CONCEPTUAL, MORE "EXTENDED" GOAL THAT MAY OR MAY NOT ALTER THE LONG-TERM NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE IN SELECTED PATIENTS, ALBEIT AT A SIGNIFICANT RISK FOR TREATMENT COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING SERIOUS AND UNUSUAL OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS.	2014