1  1321 130 DEMONSTRATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MUTATIONS INDUCED BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI ORGANISMS IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. BACKGROUND: HELICOBACTER PYLORI GASTRITIS INCREASES GASTRIC CANCER RISK. MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY-TYPE MUTATIONS ARE SECONDARY TO DEFICIENT DNA MISMATCH REPAIR. H. PYLORI GASTRITIS IS MORE FREQUENT IN PATIENTS WITH MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY-POSITIVE GASTRIC CANCERS, AND H. PYLORI ORGANISMS INDEPENDENTLY OF INFLAMMATION CAN REDUCE DNA MISMATCH REPAIR PROTEIN LEVELS, RAISING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT H. PYLORI ORGANISMS MIGHT LEAD TO MUTAGENESIS DURING INFECTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED USING A GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN REPORTER VECTOR (PEGFP-CA13). GASTRIC CANCER AGS CELLS TRANSFECTED WITH PEGFP-CA13 WERE COCULTURED WITH H. PYLORI OR ESCHERICHIA COLI. THE NUMBERS OF GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP)-POSITIVE CELLS WERE DETERMINED, AND GFP, HMSH2, AND HMLH1 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE MEASURED BY WESTERN BLOT. THE EFFECT OF H. PYLORI ON CPG METHYLATION STATUS OF HMLH1 WAS DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: GFP LEVELS AND GFP-POSITIVE CELL NUMBERS IN AGS CELLS COCULTURED WITH H. PYLORI SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, AS THE LEVELS OF HMLH1 AND HMSH2 DROPPED. H. PYLORI COCULTURES INDUCED LOW-LEVEL CPG METHYLATION OF THE HMLH1 PROMOTER. SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF CELLS COCULTURED WITH H. PYLORI SHOWED AN INCREASED NUMBER OF FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS AND POINT MUTATIONS AS COMPARED TO CELLS NOT COCULTURED WITH H. PYLORI (P = .03 AND P = .001, RESPECTIVELY). CONCLUSIONS: THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT SHOWING THAT H. PYLORI BACTERIA MAY LEAD TO ACCUMULATION OF GENOMIC MUTATIONS, INDEPENDENTLY OF UNDERLYING INFLAMMATION. THIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED DNA MISMATCH REPAIR, AND IS AT LEAST IN PART ASSOCIATED WITH CPG METHYLATION OF THE HMLH1 PROMOTER. THESE DATA SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT H. PYLORI-INDUCED MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS DURING CHRONIC GASTRITIS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO AN INCREASED RISK OF GASTRIC CANCER ASSOCIATED WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
2  5066  34 PHTHALATES SUPPRESS TYPE I INTERFERON IN HUMAN PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELLS VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATION. BACKGROUND: EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALLERGY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND IMMUNODEFICIENCY. PHTHALATES, THE COMMON EDCS USED IN PLASTIC INDUSTRY, MAY ACT AS ADJUVANTS TO DISRUPT IMMUNE SYSTEM AND ENHANCE ALLERGY. PLASMACYTOID DCS (PDCS) ARE PREDOMINANT CELLS SECRETING TYPE I INTERFERON (IFN) AGAINST INFECTION AND ARE PROFESSIONAL ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS IN REGULATING ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF PHTHALATES ON THE FUNCTION OF PDCS ARE UNKNOWN. METHODS: CIRCULATING PDCS WERE ISOLATED FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS, WERE PRETREATED WITH DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE (DEHP) AND BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE (BBP), AND WERE STIMULATED WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)-9 AGONIST CPG. IFN-ALPHA/IFN-BETA LEVELS, SURFACE MARKERS, AND T-CELL STIMULATORY FUNCTION WERE INVESTIGATED USING ELISA, FLOW CYTOMETRY, AND PDC/T-CELL COCULTURE ASSAY. MECHANISMS WERE INVESTIGATED USING RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS, PATHWAY INHIBITORS, WESTERN BLOTTING, AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. RESULTS: DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE AND BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE SUPPRESSED CPG-INDUCED IFN-ALPHA/IFN-BETA EXPRESSION IN PDCS, AND THE EFFECT WAS REVERSED BY ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR (AHR) ANTAGONIST. DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE SUPPRESSED CPG-ACTIVATED MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK)-MEK1/2-ERK-ELK1 AND NFKAPPAB SIGNALING PATHWAYS. DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE SUPPRESSED CPG-INDUCED INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR (IRF)-7 EXPRESSION BY SUPPRESSING HISTONE H3K4 TRIMETHYLATION AT IRF7 GENE PROMOTER REGION THROUGH INHIBITING TRANSLOCATION OF H3K4-SPECIFIC TRIMETHYLTRANSFERASE WDR5 FROM CYTOPLASM INTO NUCLEUS. BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE OR DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE-TREATED PDCS SUPPRESSED IFN-GAMMA BUT ENHANCED IL-13 PRODUCTION BY CD4+ T CELLS. CONCLUSION: PHTHALATES MAY INTERFERE WITH IMMUNITY AGAINST INFECTION AND PROMOTE THE DEVIATION OF TH2 RESPONSE TO INCREASE ALLERGY BY ACTING ON HUMAN PDCS VIA SUPPRESSING IFN-ALPHA/IFN-BETA EXPRESSION AND MODULATING THE ABILITY TO STIMULATE T-CELL RESPONSES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  5902  40 T-HELPER 17 CELL POLARIZATION IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. BACKGROUND: INFLAMMATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (PAH). DECIPHERING THE PAH FINGERPRINT ON THE INFLAMMATION ORCHESTRATED BY DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) AND T CELLS, KEY DRIVER AND EFFECTOR CELLS, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, MAY ALLOW THE IDENTIFICATION OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC APPROACHES TO PAH MANAGEMENT. METHODS: USING FLOW CYTOMETRY, WE PERFORMED IMMUNOPHENOTYPING OF MONOCYTE-DERIVED DCS (MODCS) AND CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC PAH AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. WITH THE SAME TECHNIQUE, WE PERFORMED CYTOKINE PROFILING OF BOTH POPULATIONS FOLLOWING STIMULATION, COCULTURE, OR BOTH. WE TESTED THE IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF A GLUCOCORTICOID (DEXAMETHASONE [DEX]) ON THIS IMMUNOPHENOTYPE AND CYTOKINE PROFILE. USING AN EPIGENETIC APPROACH, WE CONFIRMED THE IMMUNE POLARIZATION IN BLOOD DNA OF PATIENTS WITH PAH. RESULTS: THE PROFILE OF MEMBRANE COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES OF PAH MODCS WAS SIMILAR TO THAT OF CONTROL SUBJECTS. HOWEVER, PAH MODCS RETAINED HIGHER LEVELS OF THE T-CELL ACTIVATING MOLECULES CD86 AND CD40 AFTER DEX PRETREATMENT THAN DID CONTROL MODCS. THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF IL-12P40 AND A REDUCED MIGRATION TOWARD CHEMOKINE (C-C MOTIF) LIGAND 21. MOREOVER, BOTH WITH AND WITHOUT DEX, PAH MODCS INDUCED A HIGHER ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATION OF CD4+ T CELLS, ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED EXPRESSION OF IL-4 (T HELPER 2 RESPONSE) AND A HIGHER EXPRESSION OF IL-17 (T HELPER 17 RESPONSE). PURIFIED PAH CD4+ T CELLS EXPRESSED A HIGHER LEVEL OF IL-17 AFTER ACTIVATION THAN DID THOSE OF CONTROL SUBJECTS. LASTLY, THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE IL-17 PROMOTER IN THE PAH BLOOD DNA AS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL BLOOD. CONCLUSIONS: WE HAVE HIGHLIGHTED T HELPER 17 CELL IMMUNE POLARIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH PAH, AS HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED IN OTHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4   744  33 CANNABINOID WIN55,212-2 REPROGRAMS MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES TO INHIBIT LPS-INDUCED INFLAMMATION. INTRODUCTION: CHRONIC OR UNCONTROLLED ACTIVATION OF MYELOID CELLS INCLUDING MONOCYTES, MACROPHAGES AND DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) IS A HALLMARK OF IMMUNE-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS. THERE IS AN URGENT NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL DRUGS WITH THE CAPACITY TO IMPAIR INNATE IMMUNE CELL OVERACTIVATION UNDER INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. COMPELLING EVIDENCE POINTED OUT CANNABINOIDS AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TOOLS WITH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOMODULATORY CAPACITY. WIN55,212-2, A NON-SELECTIVE SYNTHETIC CANNABINOID AGONIST, DISPLAYS PROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS BY MECHANISMS PARTIALLY DEPENDING ON THE GENERATION OF TOLEROGENIC DCS ABLE TO INDUCE FUNCTIONAL REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS). HOWEVER, ITS IMMUNOMODULATORY CAPACITY ON OTHER MYELOID CELLS SUCH AS MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES REMAINS INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED DCS (HMODCS) WERE DIFFERENTIATED IN THE ABSENCE (CONVENTIONAL HMODCS) OR PRESENCE OF WIN55,212-2 (WIN-HMODCS). CELLS WERE STIMULATED WITH LPS, COCULTURED WITH NAIVE T LYMPHOCYTES AND THEIR CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND ABILITY TO INDUCE T CELL RESPONSES WERE ANALYSED BY ELISA OR FLOW CYTOMETRY. TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF WIN55,212-2 IN MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION, HUMAN AND MURINE MACROPHAGES WERE ACTIVATED WITH LPS OR LPS/IFNGAMMA, IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE CANNABINOID. CYTOKINE, COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES AND INFLAMMASOME MARKERS WERE ASSAYED. METABOLIC AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS WERE ALSO PERFORMED. FINALLY, THE PROTECTIVE CAPACITY OF WIN55,212-2 WAS STUDIED IN VIVO IN BALB/C MICE AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION WITH LPS. RESULTS: WE SHOW FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HMODCS IN THE PRESENCE OF WIN55,212-2 GENERATES TOLEROGENIC WIN-HMODCS THAT ARE LESS RESPONSIVE TO LPS STIMULATION AND ABLE TO PRIME TREGS. WIN55,212-2 ALSO IMPAIRS THE PRO-INFLAMMATORY POLARIZATION OF HUMAN MACROPHAGES BY INHIBITING CYTOKINE PRODUCTION, INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION AND RESCUING MACROPHAGES FROM PYROPTOTIC CELL DEATH. MECHANISTICALLY, WIN55,212-2 INDUCED A METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC SHIFT IN MACROPHAGES BY DECREASING LPS-INDUCED MTORC1 SIGNALING, COMMITMENT TO GLYCOLYSIS AND ACTIVE HISTONE MARKS IN PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PROMOTERS. WE CONFIRMED THESE DATA IN EX VIVO LPS-STIMULATED PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES (PMPHIS), WHICH WERE ALSO SUPPORTED BY THE IN VIVO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CAPACITY OF WIN55,212-2 IN A LPS-INDUCED SEPSIS MOUSE MODEL. CONCLUSION: OVERALL, WE SHED LIGHT INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH CANNABINOIDS EXERT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES IN MYELOID CELLS, WHICH MIGHT WELL CONTRIBUTE TO THE FUTURE RATIONAL DESIGN OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  2185  38 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HIV-INFECTION INDUCED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CD4+ T CELLS TO ENHANCED ACTIVATION-INDUCED FASL EXPRESSION AND CELL DEATH. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND CD4 T CELL DEPLETION ARE SIGNIFICANT PATHOGENIC FEATURES OF HIV INFECTION. EXPRESSION OF FAS LIGAND (FASL), A KEY MEDIATOR OF ACTIVATION-INDUCED CELL DEATH IN T CELLS, IS ELEVATED IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV-1 INFECTION (PLWH). HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ENHANCED INDUCTION OF FASL EXPRESSION IN CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES IN PLWH ARE NOT COMPLETELY ELUCIDATED. HENCE, THE CURRENT WORK EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF HIV INFECTION ON FASL PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES IN PLWH. METHOD: FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE THE FAS-FASL EXPRESSION ON TOTAL CD4 T CELLS AND NAIVE/MEMORY CD4 T CELL SUBSETS. EPIGENETIC FASL PROMOTER HISTONE MODIFICATIONS WERE INVESTIGATED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSIS USING FRESHLY ISOLATED TOTAL CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES FROM HIV-1 INFECTED AND NONINFECTED INDIVIDUALS. RESULTS: ALL NAIVE/MEMORY CD4 T CELL SUBSETS FROM PLWH SHOWED MARKEDLY GREATER FREQUENCY OF FASL EXPRESSION. NOTABLY, EXAMINATION OF FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME OF FASL/FAS CO-EXPRESSION DEMONSTRATED THE PREFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF TCM AND TEM SUBSETS TO ACTIVATION-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. IMPORTANTLY, THESE CD4 T CELLS COLLECTIVELY DEMONSTRATED A DISTINCT FASL PROMOTER HISTONE PROFILE INVOLVING A COORDINATED CROSS-TALK BETWEEN HISTONE H3 MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO ENHANCED FASL GENE EXPRESSION. SPECIFICALLY, LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONALLY PERMISSIVE HISTONE H3K4-TRIMETHYLATION (H3K4ME3) AND HISTONE H3K9-ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) WERE INCREASED, WITH A CONCOMITANT DECREASE IN THE REPRESSIVE H3K9-TRIMETHYLATION (H3K9ME3). CONCLUSION: THE PRESENT WORK DEMONSTRATES THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVING PROMOTER-HISTONE MODIFICATIONS REGULATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL COMPETENCE AND FASL EXPRESSION IN CD4 T CELLS FROM PLWH AND RENDER THEM SUSCEPTIBLE TO ACTIVATION-INDUCED CELL DEATH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  5760  36 SOLUBLE URIC ACID PRIMES TLR-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION BY HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF IL-1RA. OBJECTIVES: THE STUDY OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY ROLE OF URIC ACID HAS FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ITS CRYSTALS OF MONOSODIUM URATE (MSU). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER URIC ACID ITSELF CAN DIRECTLY HAVE PROINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATE THE PRIMING EFFECTS OF URIC ACID EXPOSURE ON THE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN CELLS UPON STIMULATION WITH GOUT-RELATED STIMULI. METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE HARVESTED FROM PATIENTS WITH GOUT AND HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. CELLS WERE PRETREATED WITH OR WITHOUT URIC ACID IN SOLUBLE FORM FOR 24 H AND THEN STIMULATED FOR 24 H WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)2 OR TLR4 LIGANDS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF MSU CRYSTALS. CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS MEASURED BY ELISA; MRNA LEVELS WERE ASSESSED USING QPCR. RESULTS: THE PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND THIS CORRELATED WITH SERUM URATE LEVELS. PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED WHEN CELLS FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE PRETREATED WITH URIC ACID. SURPRISINGLY, THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA). THIS EFFECT WAS SPECIFIC TO STIMULATION BY URIC ACID AND WAS EXERTED AT THE LEVEL OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT THE LEVEL OF HISTONE METHYLATION BY URIC ACID WAS INVOLVED IN THIS EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY WE DEMONSTRATE A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF URIC ACID (UP TO 50 MG/DL) INFLUENCE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES BY FACILITATING IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN PBMCS. WE SHOW THAT A MECHANISM FOR THE AMPLIFICATION OF IL-1BETA CONSISTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF IL-1RA AND THAT THIS EFFECT COULD BE EXERTED VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION. HYPERURICAEMIA CAUSES A SHIFT IN THE IL-1BETA/IL-1RA BALANCE PRODUCED BY PBMCS AFTER EXPOSURE TO MSU CRYSTALS AND TLR-MEDIATED STIMULI, AND THIS PHENOMENON IS LIKELY TO REINFORCE THE ENHANCED STATE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7  5479  34 RESVERATROL ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY ACCELERATED LUNG AGING. SMOKING IS THE CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR COPD. CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS IS THE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACCELERATED LUNG AGING IN COPD, AND THE REGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) IS THE CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE. RESVERATROL (RES) IS A POLYPHENOL WITH ANTI-AGING PROPERTIES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER RES ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE)-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS (BEAS-2B) THROUGH THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. BEAS-2B CELLS WERE TREATED WITH RES, CSE AND TRANSFECTED WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMICS. CELLULAR SENESCENCE WAS EVALUATED BY SENESCENCE -RELATED BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (SA-BETA-GAL) STAINING AND EXPRESSION OF SENESCENCE-RELATED GENES (P16, P21, AND P53). THE EXPRESSIONS OF MIR-34A-5P, SIRT1, AND NF-KAPPAB P65 WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOTTING. THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP) CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) WERE ASSESSED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. THE BINDING BETWEEN MIR-34A-5P AND SIRT1 WAS CONFIRMED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY DECREASED CELL VIABILITY AND ELEVATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED SA-BETA-GAL STAINING AND SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS (P16, P21, AND P53). FURTHER, CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P AND SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN BEAS-2B CELLS. PRETREATMENT WITH RES INHIBITED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND SECRETION OF SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. MOREOVER, RES REVERSED THE CSE-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UP-REGULATION OF MIR-34A-5P AND NF-KAPPAB P65. SIRT1 IS A TARGET OF MIR-34A-5P. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P VIA TRANSFECTION WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMIC IN BEAS-2B CELLS ATTENUATED THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RES ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE, ACCOMPANIED BY REVERSING THE EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 AND NF-KAPPAB P65. IN CONCLUSION, RES ATTENUATED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN BEAS-2B CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A NEW APPROACH FOR COPD TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  3246  26 HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN-8 THAT IN TURN REDUCES HBV SENSITIVITY TO INTERFERON-ALPHA. HIGH LEVELS OF SERUM INTERLEUKIN-8 (IL-8) HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) PATIENTS DURING EPISODES OF HEPATITIS FLARES. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) MAY DIRECTLY INDUCE IL-8 PRODUCTION AND WHETHER IL-8 MAY ANTAGONIZE INTERFERON-ALPHA (IFN-ALPHA) ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HBV. WE SHOWED THAT CHB PATIENTS HAD SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IL-8 LEVELS BOTH IN SERUM AND IN LIVER TISSUE THAN CONTROLS. IN HBV-REPLICATING HEPG2 CELLS, IL-8 TRANSCRIPTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ACTIVATED. AP-1, C/EBP AND NF-KB TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WERE CONCURRENTLY NECESSARY FOR MAXIMUM IL-8 INDUCTION. MOREOVER, HBX VIRAL PROTEIN WAS RECRUITED ONTO THE IL-8 PROMOTER AND THIS WAS PARALLELED BY IL8-BOUND HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND BY ACTIVE RECRUITMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATORS. INHIBITION OF IL-8 INCREASES THE ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF IFN-ALPHA AGAINST HBV. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT HBV ACTIVATES IL-8 GENE EXPRESSION BY TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE IL-8 PROMOTER AND THAT IL-8 MAY CONTRIBUTE TO REDUCE HBV SENSITIVITY TO IFN-ALPHA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  3456  30 HYPOMETHYLATION OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENES IS LINKED TO THE DYSBALANCE IN IL1BETA/IL-1RA AXIS IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. INFLAMMATION HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM). SUPPORTING THIS CONCEPT, ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND INCREASED INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES ARE OBSERVED IN PANCREATIC ISLETS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM. ALTHOUGH IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA) PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN CONTROLLING OF IL-1BETA-MEDIATED INFLAMMATION, ITS COUNTERACTION EFFECTS AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN T2DM ARE LESS STUDIED. THUS, WE AIMED TO ANALYZE THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN IL1RN, RELA (P65) AND NFKB1 (P50) GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM TREATED T2DM PATIENTS (N = 35) AND AGE-/SEX- MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 31). PRODUCTION OF IL-1BETA AND IL-1RA WAS ANALYZED IN PLASMA AND SUPERNATANTS FROM LPS-INDUCED PBMCS. IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF IL-1BETA AND IL-1RA WERE STUDIED ON THP-1 CELLS. AVERAGE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENE PROMOTERS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN T2DM PATIENTS IN COMPARISON WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS (P< 0.05), WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCREASED IL-1RA (P< 0.001) AND IL-1BETA (P = 0.039) PLASMA LEVELS IN T2DM PATIENTS. NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AVERAGE METHYLATION OF IL1RN GENE AND IL-1RA PLASMA LEVELS WERE OBSERVED IN FEMALE T2DM PATIENTS. METHYLATION OF NFKB1 GENE WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH IL-1RA LEVELS IN THE PATIENTS AND POSITIVELY WITH IL-1BETA LEVELS IN FEMALE PATIENTS. LPS-STIMULATED PBMCS FROM FEMALE PATIENTS FAILED TO RAISE IL-1BETA PRODUCTION, WHILE THE CELLS FROM HEALTHY FEMALES INCREASED IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN COMPARISON WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS (P< 0.001). TAKEN TOGETHER, THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENE PROMOTERS MAY PROMOTE THE INCREASED IL-1BETA/IL-1RA PRODUCTION AND REGULATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN T2DM. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO ELUCIDATE THE CAUSAL DIRECTION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS AND POTENTIAL ROLE OF IL-1RA IN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN TREATED PATIENTS WITH T2DM.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10   533  25 ASTROCYTIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REST UPREGULATES GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER EAAT2, PROTECTING DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS FROM MANGANESE-INDUCED EXCITOTOXICITY. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HIGH LEVELS OF MANGANESE (MN) LEADS TO MANGANISM, A NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER WITH SIMILAR SYMPTOMS TO THOSE INHERENT TO PARKINSON'S DISEASE. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF THIS PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION HAVE YET TO BE ESTABLISHED. SINCE THE HUMAN EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 2 (EAAT2) (GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER 1 IN RODENTS) IS PREDOMINANTLY EXPRESSED IN ASTROCYTES AND ITS DYSREGULATION IS INVOLVED IN MN-INDUCED EXCITOTOXIC NEURONAL INJURY, CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE THE MN-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT IN EAAT2 FUNCTION IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS AGAINST MN NEUROTOXICITY. REPRESSOR ELEMENT 1-SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST) EXERTS PROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN MANY NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. BUT THE EFFECTS OF REST ON EAAT2 EXPRESSION AND ENSUING NEUROPROTECTION ARE UNKNOWN. GIVEN THAT THE EAAT2 PROMOTER CONTAINS REST BINDING SITES, THE PRESENT STUDY INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF REST IN EAAT2 EXPRESSION AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL IN ASTROCYTES AND MN-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IN AN ASTROCYTE-NEURON COCULTURE SYSTEM. THE RESULTS REVEAL THAT ASTROCYTIC REST POSITIVELY REGULATES EAAT2 EXPRESSION WITH THE RECRUITMENT OF AN EPIGENETIC MODIFIER, CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN-BINDING PROTEIN/P300, TO ITS CONSENSUS BINDING SITES IN THE EAAT2 PROMOTER. MOREOVER, ASTROCYTIC OVEREXPRESSION OF REST ATTENUATES MN-INDUCED REDUCTION IN EAAT2 EXPRESSION, LEADING TO ATTENUATION OF GLUTAMATE-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IN THE ASTROCYTE-NEURON COCULTURE SYSTEM. OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT ASTROCYTIC REST PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN PROTECTION AGAINST MN-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY BY ATTENUATING MN-INDUCED EAAT2 REPRESSION AND THE ENSUING EXCITOTOXIC DOPAMINERGIC NEURONAL INJURY. THIS INDICATES THAT ASTROCYTIC REST COULD BE A POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGET FOR THE TREATMENT OF MN TOXICITY AND OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH EAAT2 DYSREGULATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11  3460  40 HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE IL8 PROMOTER IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS. BACKGROUND: IL-8 IS AN IMPORTANT CHEMOKINE IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS), BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF IL8 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CRS. OBJECTIVE: WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER AND CRS IN HAN CHINESE SUBJECTS. METHODS: PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP; N = 187), PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITHOUT NASAL POLYPS (CRSSNP; N = 89), AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (N = 57) WERE ENROLLED IN 2 INDEPENDENT COHORTS. PURIFIED HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM EACH PARTICIPANT WERE ASSESSED FOR PERCENTAGE DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER BY USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING AND FOR FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF METHYLATION STATUS BY USING IN VITRO ASSAYS. RESULTS: DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES 1, 2, AND 3, RESPECTIVELY, IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP COMPARED WITH THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CRSSNP (P < .001) AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (P < .001). PERCENTAGE OF DNA METHYLATION OF THE CPG3 SITE WAS CORRELATED NEGATIVELY WITH BOTH TISSUE EOSINOPHILIC CATIONIC PROTEIN (P < .01) AND MYELOPEROXIDASE (P < .05) LEVELS. IL-1BETA (P < .001) AND TNF-ALPHA (P < .01) SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IL8 EXPRESSION ACCOMPANIED BY A REDUCTION IN METHYLATION AT THE CPG3 SITE (P < .001). ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT METHYLATION STATUS OF CPG3 CHANGED THE BINDING OF OCTAMER-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 AND NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB. CONCLUSION: DECREASED DNA METHYLATION OF PARTICULARLY CPG SITES IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CRSWNP.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12  3231  39 HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED MODULATION OF THE PROMOTER METHYLATION OF WNT ANTAGONIST GENES IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE WNT ANTAGONISTS BETWEEN THE CHRONIC INFECTION AND ERADICATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. METHODS: THE LEVELS OF METHYLATION AND CORRESPONDING MRNA EXPRESSION OF SEVEN WNT ANTAGONIST GENES (SFRP1, -2, -5, DKK1, -2, -3, WIF1) WERE COMPARED AMONG THE PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GASTRIC CANCERS (GCS), AND H. PYLORI-POSITIVE AND H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS, BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLIGHT ASSAY AND REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (RT)-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), RESPECTIVELY. THE CHANGES OF THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE GENES WERE ALSO COMPARED BETWEEN THE H. PYLORI ERADICATION AND H. PYLORI-PERSISTENT GROUPS 1 YEAR AFTER ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION OF GCS. RESULTS: THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF SFRP AND DKK FAMILY GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GCS AND FOLLOWED BY H. PYLORI-POSITIVE CONTROLS COMPARED WITH H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS (P < 0.001). SFRP1, -2, AND DKK3 GENE EXPRESSION WAS STEPWISE DOWNREGULATED FROM H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS, H. PYLORI-POSITIVE CONTROLS, AND TO H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GCS (P < 0.05). AMONG THE WNT ANTAGONISTS, ONLY THE DEGREES OF METHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF DKK3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP AND DKK FAMILY GENES MAY FACILITATE THE FORMATION OF AN EPIGENETIC FIELD DURING H. PYLORI-ASSOCIATED GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. THE EPIGENETIC FIELD MAY NOT BE REVERSED EVEN AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION EXCEPT BY DKK3 METHYLATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13  2392  28 EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN 2 EXPRESSION IN SENESCENT CD4+ T CELLS DURING CHRONIC HIV TYPE 1 INFECTION. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR IL2 GENE-SPECIFIC DYSREGULATION DURING CHRONIC HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 (HIV-1) INFECTION ARE UNKNOWN. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN SUPPRESSING INTERLEUKIN 2 (IL-2) EXPRESSION IN MEMORY CD4(+) T CELLS DURING CHRONIC HIV-1 INFECTION. WE OBSERVED THAT CPG SITES IN THE IL2 PROMOTER OF CD4(+) T CELLS WERE FULLY METHYLATED IN NAIVE CD4(+) T CELLS AND SIGNIFICANTLY DEMETHYLATED IN THE MEMORY POPULATIONS. INTERESTINGLY, WE FOUND THAT THE MEMORY CELLS THAT HAD A TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED PHENOTYPE AND EXPRESSED CD57 HAD INCREASED IL2 PROMOTER METHYLATION RELATIVE TO LESS DIFFERENTIATED MEMORY CELLS IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. IMPORTANTLY, EARLY EFFECTOR MEMORY SUBSETS FROM HIV-1-INFECTED SUBJECTS EXPRESSED HIGH LEVELS OF CD57 AND WERE HIGHLY METHYLATED AT THE IL2 LOCUS. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASED CD57 EXPRESSION ON MEMORY CD4(+) T CELLS WAS INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH IL-2 PRODUCTION. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION AT THE IL2 LOCUS IN CD4(+) T CELLS IS COUPLED TO IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE BROAD DYSFUNCTION THAT OCCURS IN POLYCLONAL T CELLS DURING HIV-1 INFECTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14   766  35 CCL5 SUPPRESSES KLOTHO EXPRESSION VIA P-STAT3/DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE1-MEDIATED PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: ENHANCED INFLAMMATION AND REDUCED KLOTHO ARE COMMON FEATURES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). INFLAMMATION INDUCES DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. THIS STUDY ASSESSED THE PERFORMANCE OF INFLAMMATORY MARKER C-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 5 (CCL5) IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KLOTHO EXPRESSION. METHODS: FIFTY CKD PATIENTS AND 25 MATCHED CONTROLS WERE ENROLLED, AND SERUM CCL5 LEVEL, SKLOTHO LEVEL, AND DNA METHYLATION WERE EVALUATED IN THESE SUBJECTS. A RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (RIF) MODEL WITH CKD WAS INDUCED IN MICE VIA UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) IN VIVO AND HUMAN PROXIMAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL (HK-2) CELLS TREATED WITH CCL5 IN VITRO. 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA), A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR WAS GIVEN TO UUO MICE. HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN (HE) AND MASSON TRICHROME STAINING WERE ADOPTED TO EVALUATE RENAL PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR WAS PERFORMED TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION OF KLOTHO PROMOTER IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUCOCYTES (PBLS) FROM CKD PATIENTS AND OBSTRUCTIVE KIDNEY FROM UUO MICE. CCL5, KLOTHO, AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) WERE DETERMINED BY ELISAS, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE, OR WESTERN BLOTTING. HK-2 CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO CCL5 WITH OR WITHOUT 5-AZA AND STATTIC, A P-SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 (STAT3) INHIBITOR, AND EXPRESSIONS OF P-STAT3, DNMT1, AND KLOTHO WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING. RESULTS: CCL5 UPREGULATION CONCOMITANT WITH KLOTHO DOWNREGULATION IN SERUM AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN PBLS WERE OBSERVED IN CKD SAMPLES. UUO CONTRIBUTED TO SEVERE RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS AND ENHANCED EXPRESSIONS OF FIBROTIC MARKERS. MOREOVER, UUO INCREASED THE CCL5 LEVEL, INDUCED KLOTHO PROMOTER METHYLATION, SUPPRESSED KLOTHO LEVEL, ACTIVATED P-STAT3 SIGNALING, AND UPREGULATED DNMT1 LEVEL. A SIMILAR OBSERVATION WAS MADE IN HK-2 CELLS TREATED WITH CCL5. MORE IMPORTANTLY, 5-AZA INHIBITED UUO-INDUCED KLOTHO HYPERMETHYLATION, REVERSED KLOTHO, DOWNREGULATED P-STAT3 EXPRESSIONS, AND AMELIORATED RIF IN VIVO. THE CONSISTENT FINDINGS IN VITRO WERE ALSO OBTAINED IN HK-2 CELLS EXPOSED TO 5-AZA AND STATTIC. CONCLUSION: THE CCL5/P-STAT3/DNMT1 AXIS IS IMPLICATED IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KLOTHO EXPRESSION IN CKD. THIS STUDY PROVIDES NOVEL THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES FOR REVERSAL OF KLOTHO SUPPRESSION BY CKD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  1061  42 CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL T-REGULATORY CELL POLARIZED TOWARDS T-BET AND TIGIT. BACKGROUND: NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS CAN CAUSE CHRONIC RELAPSING AND REMITTING OCULAR INFLAMMATION, WHICH MAY REQUIRE HIGH DOSE SYSTEMIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSION TO PREVENT SEVERE SIGHT LOSS. IT HAS BEEN CLASSICALLY DESCRIBED AS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, MEDIATED BY PRO-INFLAMMATORY TH1 AND TH17 T-CELL SUBSETS. STUDIES SUGGEST THAT NATURAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T-REGULATORY CELLS (TREGS) ARE INVOLVED IN RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CLINICAL REMISSION. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THERE IS A PERIPHERAL BLOOD IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS BY COMPARING PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEVELS OF TREG, TH1, AND TH17, AND ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION AND CYTOKINE LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE, CONTROL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS (WITH PREVIOUSLY ACTIVE DISEASE) IN CLINICAL REMISSION INDUCED BY IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS. METHODS: ISOLATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES FROM PROSPECTIVELY RECRUITED SUBJECTS WERE ANALYZED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY FOR CD3, CD4, FOXP3, TIGIT, T-BET, AND RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR GAMMAT. EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF FOXP3 TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), FOXP3 PROMOTER, TBX21, RORC2, AND TIGIT LOCI WERE DETERMINED IN CRYOPRESERVED PBMC USING A NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING APPROACH. RELATED CYTOKINES WERE MEASURED IN BLOOD SERA. FUNCTIONAL SUPPRESSIVE CAPACITY OF TREG WAS ASSESSED USING T-CELL PROLIFERATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: FIFTY PATIENTS WITH UVEITIS (INTERMEDIATE, POSTERIOR, AND PANUVEITIS) AND 10 CONTROL SUBJECTS WERE RECRUITED. THE FREQUENCY OF CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) TREG, TIGIT(+) TREG, AND T-BET(+) TREG AND THE RATIO OF TREG TO TH1 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN REMISSION PATIENTS COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE; AND TIGIT(+) TREGS WERE A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF CLINICAL REMISSION. TREG FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION DEMONSTRATED A HIGH LEVEL OF IN VITRO SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION COMPARED WITH TREG FROM CONTROL SUBJECTS AND FROM PATIENTS WITH UNTREATED ACTIVE DISEASE. PBMC FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER METHYLATION LEVELS AT THE FOXP3 TSDR, FOXP3 PROMOTER, AND TIGIT LOCI AND HIGHER LEVELS AT RORC LOCI THAN THOSE WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CLINICAL REMISSION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER SERUM LEVELS OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA AND IL-10, WHICH POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH TREG LEVELS, AND LOWER SERUM LEVELS OF IFNGAMMA, IL-17A, AND IL-22 COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CONCLUSION: CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS HAS AN IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL TREG, POLARIZED TOWARD T-BET AND TIGIT. THESE FINDINGS MAY ASSIST WITH INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY OF UVEITIS, BY INFORMING WHETHER DRUG THERAPY HAS INDUCED PHENOTYPICALLY STABLE TREG ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM CLINICAL REMISSION.	2018	

16  5868  35 SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON T-HELPER 1-RELATED CHEMOKINES EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) ARE CHRONIC T-CELL-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. METFORMIN IS A WIDELY USED DRUG FOR TYPE 2 DM THAT REDUCES THE NEED FOR INSULIN IN TYPE 1 DM. HOWEVER, WHETHER METFORMIN HAS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT FOR TREATING DM IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MECHANISM OF METFORMIN IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1 WAS PRETREATED WITH METFORMIN AND STIMULATED WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS). THE PRODUCTION OF T-HELPER (TH)-1-RELATED CHEMOKINES INCLUDING INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCED PROTEIN-10 (IP-10) AND MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 (MCP-1), TH2-RELATED CHEMOKINE MACROPHAGE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE, AND THE PROINFLAMMATORY CHEMOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA WAS MEASURED USING ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE INVESTIGATED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED IP-10 AND MCP-1 PRODUCTION AS WELL AS LPS-INDUCED PHOSPHORYLATION OF C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK), P38, EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK), AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB). MOREOVER, METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 AT THE IP-10 PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED THE PRODUCTION OF TH1-RELATED CHEMOKINES IP-10 AND MCP-1 IN THP-1 CELLS. SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON IP-10 PRODUCTION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED AT LEAST PARTIALLY TO THE JNK, P38, ERK, AND NF-KAPPAB PATHWAYS AS WELL AS TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4. THESE RESULTS INDICATED THE THERAPEUTIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF METFORMIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  6382  34 THE ROLE OF PARTICULATE MATTERS ON METHYLATION OF IFN-GAMMA AND IL-4 PROMOTER GENES IN PEDIATRIC ALLERGIC RHINITIS. ALLERGIC RHINITIS (AR) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER DRIVEN BY T CELL ACTIVATION. HOW PARTICULATE MATTER CONTRIBUTES TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT IN TURN INFLUENCE CYTOKINE GENE EXPRESSION IN CD4(+)T CELLS REMAINS UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, 105 CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH AR AND 90 HEALTHY CONTROLS WERE RECRUITED TO EXPLORE THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CD4(+)T IFN-GAMMA AND IL-4 PROMOTER GENES. DAILY AVERAGE PM(10) AND PM(2.5) WERE OBTAINED FROM FIVE STATE-CONTROLLED MONITORING STATIONS, AND ACTIVITY-BASED DYNAMIC EXPOSURE AND PERSONAL EXPOSURE DATA WERE COLLECTED. DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF IFN-GAMMA AND IL-4 PROMOTER REGIONS WERE ANALYZED USING BISULFITE SEQUENCING. MRNA LEVELS WERE DETECTED BY REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. WE FOUND THAT THE METHYLATION RATE IN IFN-GAMMA WAS HIGHER IN AR CD4(+)T CELLS THAN IN THE CONTROLS. IFN-GAMMA MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN CD4(+)T CELLS, AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE MEAN METHYLATION LEVEL OF IFN-GAMMA. HOWEVER, NO CORRELATION BETWEEN IL-4 METHYLATION AND IL-4 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS FOUND. AFTER ADJUSTING FOR AGE, GENDER, EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING WITHIN 4 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH AND PARENTAL HISTORY OF ALLERGIC DISEASE, OUT DATA SHOWED THAT PM(2.5) EXPOSURE LEVEL WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH METHYLATION LEVEL IN IFN-GAMMA PROMOTER REGION AND DECREASED CYTOKINE EXPRESSION. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE EFFECT OF PM(2.5) ON PEDIATRIC AR MAY BE MEDIATED THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF IFN-GAMMA PROMOTER REGION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  1632  36 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19  4303  35 MICRORNA-223 INHIBITS TISSUE FACTOR EXPRESSION IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. OBJECTIVE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, IN WHICH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL OWING TO THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY FACTOR AND GROWTH FACTORS. TISSUE FACTOR (TF) EXPRESSION IS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN ACTIVATED ECS. TF INITIATES THROMBOSIS ON DISRUPTED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE DURING THE ONSET OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES (ACS). INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICRORNAS AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY IF MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) TARGETS TF IN ECS. METHODS AND RESULTS: BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TF IS A TARGET CANDIDATE OF MIR-223. WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) INCREASED TF EXPRESSION IN AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS (EA.HY926 CELLS AND HUVEC) AFTER 4 H TREATMENT. IN TNF-ALPHA TREATED ECS, TF MRNA WAS ALSO INCREASED MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. REAL-TIME PCR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-223 LEVELS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS. TRANSFECTION OF ECS WITH MIR-223 MIMIC OR MIR-223 INHIBITOR MODIFIED TF EXPRESSION BOTH IN MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. LUCIFERASE ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT MIR-223 SUPPRESSED TF EXPRESSION BY BINDING TO THE SEQUENCE OF TF 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (3'UTR). TF PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY OVEREXPRESSING MIR-223 WITH OR WITHOUT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-223-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TF EXPRESSION PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE, AND SUGGESTS A CLUE AGAINST THROMBOGENESIS DURING THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE RUPTURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20  6764  37 ZINC DEFICIENCY ENHANCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE BY INCREASING IMMUNE CELL ACTIVATION AND INDUCING IL6 PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION. SCOPE: ZINC DEFICIENCY RESULTS IN IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND PROMOTES SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF ZINC DEFICIENCY ON CELLULAR IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT PROMOTE INFLAMMATION. THIS WORK IS POTENTIALLY RELEVANT TO THE AGING POPULATION GIVEN THAT AGE-RELATED IMMUNE DEFECTS, INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, COINCIDE WITH DECLINING ZINC STATUS. METHODS AND RESULTS: AN IN VITRO CELL CULTURE SYSTEM AND THE AGED MOUSE MODEL WERE USED TO CHARACTERIZE IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND DNA METHYLATION PROFILES THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ENHANCED PROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MEDIATED BY ZINC DEFICIENCY. ZINC DEFICIENCY UPREGULATED CELL ACTIVATION MARKERS ICAM1, MHC CLASS II, AND CD86 IN THP1 CELLS, WHICH COINCIDED WITH INCREASED IL1BETA AND IL6 RESPONSES FOLLOWING LPS STIMULATION. A DECREASED ZINC STATUS IN AGED MICE WAS SIMILARLY ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ICAM1 AND IL6 GENE EXPRESSION. REDUCED IL6 PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN ZINC-DEFICIENT THP1 CELLS, AS WELL AS IN AGED MICE AND HUMAN LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL LINES DERIVED FROM AGED INDIVIDUALS. CONCLUSION: ZINC DEFICIENCY INDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN PART BY ELICITING ABERRANT IMMUNE CELL ACTIVATION AND ALTERED PROMOTER METHYLATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ZINC STATUS, EPIGENETICS, AND IMMUNE FUNCTION, AND HOW THEIR DYSREGULATION COULD CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2015