1  2363 157 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPINAL CORD GENE EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTES TO ENHANCED POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND ANALGESIC TOLERANCE SUBSEQUENT TO CONTINUOUS OPIOID EXPOSURE. BACKGROUND: OPIOIDS HAVE BECOME THE MAINSTAY FOR TREATMENT OF MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN AND ARE COMMONLY USED TO TREAT SURGICAL PAIN. WHILE OPIOID ADMINISTRATION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND TOLERANCE, INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OPIOID ADMINISTRATION AND SURGERY WITH RESPECT TO THESE PROBLEMATIC ADAPTATIONS HAVE SCARCELY BEEN ADDRESSED. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS OPIOIDS AND NOCICEPTIVE SIGNALING MAY CONVERGE ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN SPINAL CORD TO ENHANCE OR PROLONG NEUROPLASTIC CHANGES. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF (BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR) AND PDYN (PRODYNORPHIN) GENES MAY BE INVOLVED. RESULTS: FOUR DAYS OF ASCENDING DOSES OF MORPHINE TREATMENT CAUSED OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND REDUCED OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFICACY IN MICE. BOTH OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND THE REDUCED OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFICACY WERE ENHANCED IN MICE THAT RECEIVED HINDPAW INCISIONS. THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND PDYN (QPCR) WAS INCREASED AFTER MORPHINE TREATMENT AND INCISION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE PDYN AND BDNF PROMOTERS WERE MORE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ACETYLATED H3K9 AFTER MORPHINE PLUS INCISION THAN IN THE MORPHINE OR INCISION ALONE GROUPS. SELECTIVE TROPOMYOSIN-RELATED KINASE B (ANA-12) AND KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR (NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE) ANTAGONISTS WERE ADMINISTERED INTRATHECALLY, BOTH REDUCED HYPERALGESIA ONE OR THREE DAYS AFTER SURGERY. ADMINISTRATION OF ANA-12 OR NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE ATTENUATED THE DECREASED MORPHINE ANALGESIC EFFICACY ON DAY 1, BUT ONLY NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE WAS EFFECTIVE ON DAY 3 AFTER INCISION IN OPIOID-EXPOSED GROUP. COADMINISTRATION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR ANACARDIC ACID DAILY WITH MORPHINE BLOCKED THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND ATTENUATED INCISION-ENHANCED HYPERALGESIA IN MORPHINE-TREATED MICE. ANACARDIC ACID HAD SIMILAR EFFECTS ON ANALGESIC TOLERANCE, SHOWING THE INVOLVEMENT OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE INTERACTIONS DETECTED. CONCLUSIONS: SPINAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES INVOLVING BDNF AND PDYN MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ENHANCED POSTOPERATIVE NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AND ANALGESIC TOLERANCE OBSERVED AFTER CONTINUOUS OPIOID EXPOSURE. TREATMENTS BLOCKING THE EPIGENETICALLY MEDIATED UP-REGULATION OF THESE GENES OR ADMINISTRATION OF TRKB OR KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS MAY IMPROVE THE CLINICAL UTILITY OF OPIOIDS, PARTICULARLY AFTER SURGERY.	2016	

2  4913  42 PAIN MODULATION IN WAG/RIJ EPILEPTIC RATS (A GENETIC MODEL OF ABSENCE EPILEPSY): EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN EPILEPSY AND CHRONIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT. ABOUT THAT, WE STUDIED THE EFFECTS OF THE NATURAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE (BUT) IN COMPARISON WITH VALPROIC ACID (VPA) IN A VALIDATED GENETIC MODEL OF GENERALIZED ABSENCE EPILEPSY AND EPILEPTOGENESIS. WAG/RIJ RATS WERE TREATED WITH BUT (30 MG/KG), VPA (300 MG/KG), AND THEIR COMBINATION (BUT + VPA) DAILY PER OS FOR 6 MONTHS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED AT RANDALL-SELITTO, VON FREY, HOT PLATE, AND TAIL FLICK TESTS AFTER 1, 3, AND 6 MONTHS OF TREATMENT TO EVALUATE HYPERSENSITIVITY TO NOXIOUS AND NON-NOXIUOUS STIMULI. MOREOVER, PPAR-GAMMA (G3335 1 MG/KG), GABA-B (CGP35348 80 MG/KG), AND OPIOID (NALOXONE 1 MG/KG) RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS WERE ADMINISTRATED TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ANALGESIC ACTIVITY. THE EXPRESSION OF NFKB, GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, AND PROTEIN OXIDATION (CARBONYLATION) WAS ALSO EVALUATED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. WAG/RIJ RATS SHOWED AN ALTERED PAIN THRESHOLD THROUGHOUT THE STUDY (P < 0.001). BUT AND BUT + VPA TREATMENT REDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (P < 0.01). VPA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECTIVE ONLY AFTER 1 MONTH (P < 0.01). ALL THE THREE RECEPTORS ARE INVOLVED IN BUT + VPA EFFECTS (P < 0.001). BUT AND BUT + VPA DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF NFKB AND ENHANCED GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE (P < 0.01); PROTEIN OXIDATION (CARBONYLATION) WAS REDUCED (P < 0.01). NO EFFECT WAS REPORTED WITH VPA. IN CONCLUSION BUT, ALONE OR IN COADMINISTRATION WITH VPA, IS A VALUABLE CANDIDATE FOR MANAGING THE EPILEPSY-RELATED PERSISTENT PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3  2364  76 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPINAL CORD GENE EXPRESSION CONTROLS OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA. BACKGROUND: THE LONG TERM USE OF OPIOIDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN LEADS TO A GROUP OF MALADAPTATIONS WHICH INCLUDES OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA (OIH). OIH TYPICALLY RESOLVES WITHIN FEW DAYS AFTER CESSATION OF MORPHINE TREATMENT IN MICE BUT IS PROLONGED FOR WEEKS IF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY IS INHIBITED DURING OPIOID TREATMENT. THE PRESENT WORK SEEKS TO IDENTIFY GENE TARGETS SUPPORTING THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS RESPONSIBLE FOR OIH PROLONGATION. RESULTS: MICE WERE TREATED WITH MORPHINE ACCORDING TO AN ASCENDING DOSE PROTOCOL. SOME MICE ALSO RECEIVED THE SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ADDITIONALLY. CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT WITH SIMULTANEOUS HDAC INHIBITION ENHANCED OIH, AND SEVERAL SPINAL CORD GENES WERE UP-REGULATED. THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF (BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR) AND PDYN (PRODYNORPHIN) WERE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO THE OBSERVED BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. CHIP (CHROMATIN IMMUOPRECIPATION) ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT PROMOTER REGIONS OF PDYN AND BDNF WERE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ACEH3K9 (ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 LYSINE9) AFTER MORPHINE AND SAHA TREATMENT. FURTHERMORE, MORPHINE TREATMENT CAUSED AN INCREASE IN SPINAL BDNF AND DYNORPHIN LEVELS, AND THESE LEVELS WERE FURTHER INCREASED IN SAHA TREATED MICE. THE SELECTIVE TRKB (TROPOMYOSIN-RECEPTOR-KINASE) ANTAGONIST ANA-12 REDUCED OIH WHEN GIVEN ONE OR SEVEN DAYS AFTER CESSATION OF MORPHINE. TREATMENT WITH THE SELECTIVE KAPPA OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST NOR-BNI ALSO REDUCED ESTABLISHED OIH. THE CO-ADMINISTRATION OF EITHER RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST AGENT DAILY WITH MORPHINE RESULTED IN ATTENUATION OF HYPERALGESIA PRESENT ONE DAY AFTER CESSATION OF TREATMENT. ADDITIONALLY, REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE INDUCED A RISE IN BDNF EXPRESSION THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED NUMBER OF BDNF+ CELLS IN THE SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN, SHOWING STRONG CO-LOCALIZATION WITH ACEH3K9 IN NEURONAL CELLS. LASTLY, SPINAL APPLICATION OF LOW DOSE BDNF OR DYNORPHIN A AFTER RESOLUTION OF OIH PRODUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WITH NO EFFECT IN CONTROLS. CONCLUSIONS: THE PRESENT STUDY IDENTIFIED TWO GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS DURING MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TREATMENTS AIMED AT PREVENTING THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES OR BLOCKING BDNF AND DYNORPHIN SIGNALING MAY REDUCE OIH AND IMPROVE LONG-TERM PAIN USING OPIOIDS.	2014	
                                                                                                                     
4  2365  53 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPINAL CXCR2 SIGNALING IN INCISIONAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MICE. BACKGROUND: THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAYS CONTRIBUTES TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF PAIN SENSITIZATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CONTROLLING CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND GENE EXPRESSION. CHEMOKINE CC MOTIF RECEPTOR 2 (CXCR2) IS A PROINFLAMMATORY RECEPTOR IMPLICATED IN NEUROPATHIC AND INFLAMMATORY PAIN AND IS KNOWN TO BE REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SOME SETTINGS. THE AUTHORS SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ON SPINAL CXCR2 SIGNALING AFTER INCISION. METHODS: GROUPS OF 5-8 MICE UNDERWENT HIND PAW INCISION. SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID AND ANACARDIC ACID WERE USED TO INHIBIT HISTONE DEACETYLASE AND HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, RESPECTIVELY. BEHAVIORAL MEASURES OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION AS WELL AS HYPERALGESIC PRIMING WERE USED. BOTH MESSAGE RNA QUANTIFICATION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS WERE USED TO STUDY THE REGULATION OF CXCR2 AND LIGAND EXPRESSION. FINALLY, THE SELECTIVE CXCR2 ANTAGONIST SB225002 WAS ADMINISTERED INTRATHECALLY TO REVEAL THE FUNCTION OF SPINAL CXCR2 RECEPTORS AFTER HIND PAW INCISION. RESULTS: SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID SIGNIFICANTLY EXACERBATED MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION. CONVERSELY, ANACARDIC ACID REDUCED INCISIONAL SENSITIZATION AND ALSO ATTENUATED INCISION-INDUCED HYPERALGESIC PRIMING. OVERALL, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 9 WAS INCREASED IN SPINAL CORD TISSUES AFTER INCISION, AND ENHANCED ASSOCIATION OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 9 WITH THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF CXCR2 AND KERATINOCYTE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE (CXCL1) WAS OBSERVED AS WELL. BLOCKING CXCR2 REVERSED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AFTER HIND PAW INCISION. CONCLUSIONS: HISTONE MODIFICATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM REGULATING INCISION-INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION. THE SPINAL CXCR2 SIGNALING PATHWAY IS ONE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED PATHWAY CONTROLLING EARLY AND LATENT SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  6612  38 ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE ENHANCES THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE IN PTX-TREATED RATS: REGULATION ON GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. OBJECTIVE: EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING MAY HAVE A POSSIBLE ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT; THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE GLOBAL PATTERNS OF LYSINE HISTONE MODIFICATION. IN THIS SERIAL STUDY WE ANALYZED THE LEVELS OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 MONOMETHYLATION, HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 DIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 TRIMETHYLATION IN PERTUSSIS TOXIN (PTX)-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIC RAT SPINAL CORDS. METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS IMPLANTED WITH AN INTRATHECAL CATHETER RECEIVED A SINGLE INTRATHECAL PTX (1 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION. FOUR DAYS LATER, THEY WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO RECEIVE EITHER A SINGLE INJECTION OF SALINE, OR ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE (15 NG IN 5 MUL SALINE), FOLLOWED BY MORPHINE (10 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION 30 MINUTES LATER. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT PTX INJECTION INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORDS. INTRATHECAL MORPHINE ALONE DID NOT AFFECT THE THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. IN CONTRAST, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE PLUS MORPHINE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED THE PTX-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND DOWN-REGULATED THE GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE MIGHT BE CLINICAL VALUABLE FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT VIA REGULATING GLOBAL HISTONE MODIFICATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6   687  40 BRAINSTEM BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR SIGNALING IS REQUIRED FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR-INDUCED PAIN RELIEF. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT PERSISTENT PAIN CAN EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESS THE TRANSCRIPTION OF GAD2 [ENCODING GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE 65 (GAD65)] AND CONSEQUENTLY IMPAIR THE INHIBITORY FUNCTION OF GABAERGIC SYNAPSES IN CENTRAL PAIN-MODULATING NEURONS. THIS CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT PAIN SENSITIZATION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCREASED GAD65 ACTIVITY CONSIDERABLY, RESTORED GABA SYNAPTIC FUNCTION, AND RENDERED SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOR LESS PRONOUNCED. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH HDAC REGULATES GABAERGIC TRANSMISSION THROUGH GAD65 UNDER PAIN CONDITIONS ARE UNKNOWN. THIS WORK SHOWED THAT HDAC INHIBITOR-INDUCED INCREASES IN COLOCALIZATION OF GAD65 AND SYNAPTIC PROTEIN SYNAPSIN I ON THE PRESYNAPTIC AXON TERMINALS OF THE NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS (NRM) WERE BLOCKED BY A TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST K252A [(9S,10R,12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12-HEXAHYDRO-10-HYDROXY-9-METHYL-1-OXO-9,12-EPOXY-1H-DIINDOLO[1,2,3-FG:3',2',1'-KL]PYRROLO[3,4-I][1,6]BENZODIAZOCINE-10-CARBOXYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER], INDICATING THAT BDNF-TRKB SIGNALING MAY BE REQUIRED IN GAD65 MODULATION OF GABA SYNAPTIC FUNCTION. AT THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) PROMOTER, HDAC INHIBITORS INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN H3 HYPERACETYLATION, CONSISTENT WITH THE INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA AND TOTAL PROTEINS. ALTHOUGH EXOGENOUS BDNF FACILITATED GABA MINIATURE INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS AND GAD65 ACCUMULATION IN NRM NEURONAL SYNAPSES IN NORMAL RATS, IT FAILED TO DO SO IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION. IN ADDITION, BLOCKADE OF THE TRKB RECEPTOR WITH K252A HAS NO EFFECT ON MINIATURE INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS AND SYNAPTIC GAD65 ACCUMULATION UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS. IN ADDITION, THE ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF HDAC INHIBITORS ON BEHAVIOR WERE BLOCKED BY NRM INFUSION OF K252A. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT BDNF-TRKB SIGNALING IS REQUIRED FOR DRUGS THAT REVERSE THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CHRONIC PAIN AT THE GENE LEVEL, SUCH AS HDAC INHIBITORS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  1827  43 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY IN WAG/RIJ RATS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION BASED ON HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ACTIVITY, HAVE BEEN LINKED NOT ONLY TO NORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION BUT ALSO TO SEVERAL BRAIN DISORDERS INCLUDING EPILEPSY AND THE EPILEPTOGENIC PROCESS. IN WAG/RIJ RATS, A GENETIC MODEL OF ABSENCE EPILEPSY, EPILEPTOGENESIS AND MILD-DEPRESSION COMORBIDITY, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF TWO HDAC INHIBITORS (HDACI), NAMELY SODIUM BUTYRATE (NAB), VALPROIC ACID (VPA) AND THEIR CO-ADMINISTRATION, ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ABSENCE SEIZURES AND RELATED PSYCHIATRIC/NEUROLOGIC COMORBIDITIES FOLLOWING TWO DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGMS. TREATMENT EFFECTS HAVE BEEN EVALUATED BY EEG RECORDINGS (EEG) AND BEHAVIOURAL TESTS AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS. PROLONGED AND DAILY VPA AND NAB TREATMENT, STARTED BEFORE ABSENCE SEIZURE ONSET (P30), SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ABSENCE EPILEPSY SHOWING ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC EFFECTS. THESE EFFECTS WERE ENHANCED BY NAB/VPA CO-ADMINISTRATION. FURTHERMORE, EARLY-CHRONIC HDACI TREATMENT IMPROVED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOUR AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE 1 MONTH AFTER TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL. WAG/RIJ RATS OF 7 MONTHS OF AGE SHOWED REDUCED ACETYLATED LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 AND H4, ANALYSED BY WESTERN BLOTTING OF HOMOGENIZED BRAIN, IN COMPARISON TO WAG/RIJ BEFORE SEIZURE ONSET (P30). THE BRAIN HISTONE ACETYLATION INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY DURING TREATMENT WITH NAB OR VPA ALONE AND MORE MARKEDLY DURING CO-ADMINISTRATION. WE ALSO OBSERVED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF BOTH HDAC1 AND 3 FOLLOWING HDACI TREATMENT COMPARED TO CONTROL GROUP. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MAY HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY AND EARLY TREATMENT WITH HDACI MIGHT BE A POSSIBLE STRATEGY FOR PREVENTING EPILEPTOGENESIS ALSO AFFECTING BEHAVIOURAL COMORBIDITIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  2353  51 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA, DEPENDENCE, AND TOLERANCE IN MICE. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF OPIOIDS SUCH AS MORPHINE INDUCES PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL CHANGES INCLUDING OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA (OIH), TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. IN THE CURRENT WORK WE EXPLORED HOW THE BALANCE OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) VERSUS HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MIGHT REGULATE THESE MORPHINE-INDUCED CHANGES. NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS, ANALGESIA, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE WERE ASSESSED DURING AND FOR A PERIOD OF SEVERAL WEEKS AFTER MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TO PROBE THE ROLES OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, THE HAT INHIBITOR CURCUMIN OR A SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) WAS ADMINISTERED DAILY TO GROUPS OF ANIMALS. HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SPINAL CORD WAS ASSESSED BY WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. CONCURRENT ADMINISTRATION OF CURCUMIN WITH MORPHINE FOR 4 DAYS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. CONVERSELY, THE HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA ENHANCED THESE RESPONSES. INTERESTINGLY, SAHA TREATMENT AFTER THE TERMINATION OF OPIOID ADMINISTRATION SUSTAINED THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES FOR AT LEAST 4 WEEKS. HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD WAS INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT, BUT H4 ACETYLATION WAS UNCHANGED. MOREOVER, WE OBSERVED A DECREASE IN HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORDS OF MORPHINE-TREATED MICE WHILE OVERALL HAT ACTIVITY WAS UNCHANGED, SUGGESTING A SHIFT TOWARD A STATE OF ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION. PERSPECTIVE: THE CURRENT STUDY INDICATES THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN OPIOID-INDUCED LONG-LASTING NEUROPLASTICITY. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE NEW SIGHT INTO UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF OPIOID-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY AND SUGGEST NEW STRATEGIES TO LIMIT OPIOID ABUSE POTENTIAL AND INCREASE THE VALUE OF THESE DRUGS AS ANALGESICS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9    69  38 A MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX-NUCLEUS ACUMENS CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR CIRCUITRY FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN-INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID REWARD. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT PERSISTENT PAIN FACILITATES THE RESPONSE TO MORPHINE REWARD. HOWEVER, THE CIRCUIT MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS PROCESS REMAINS AMBIGUOUS. IN THIS STUDY, USING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE IN MICE, WE FOUND THAT PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN REDUCED THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF MORPHINE CONDITIONING SESSIONS REQUIRED TO INDUCE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE (CPP) BEHAVIOR. THIS DOSE OF MORPHINE HAD NO EFFECT ON THE PAIN THRESHOLD. IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC), WHICH IS INVOLVED IN BOTH PAIN AND EMOTION PROCESSING, CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) EXPRESSING NEURONAL ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED IN CCI MICE. CHEMOGENETIC INHIBITION OF MPFC CRF NEURONS REVERSED CCI-INDUCED MORPHINE CPP FACILITATION. FURTHERMORE, THE NUCLEUS ACUMENS (NAC) RECEIVED MPFC CRF FUNCTIONAL PROJECTIONS THAT EXERTED EXCITATORY EFFECTS ON NAC NEURONS. OPTOGENETIC INHIBITION OF MPCF NEURONAL TERMINALS OR LOCAL INFUSION OF THE CRF RECEPTOR 1 (CRFR1) ANTAGONIST IN THE NAC RESTORED THE EFFECTS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN ON MORPHINE-INDUCED CPP BEHAVIOR, BUT NOT IN NORMAL MICE. ON A MOLECULAR LEVEL, IN CCI MICE, CRFR1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED IN THE NAC BY A HISTONE DIMETHYLTRANSFERASE G9A-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. LOCAL G9A KNOCKDOWN INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF CRFR1 AND MIMICKED CCI-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO ACQUIRING MORPHINE CPP. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE A PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN AND SPECIFIC MPFC CRF ENGAGEMENT OF NAC NEURONAL CIRCUITS, THE SENSITIZATION OF WHICH FACILITATES BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO MORPHINE REWARD IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN STATES VIA CRFR1S.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
10  3332  41 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR-INDUCED EMERGENCE OF SYNAPTIC DELTA-OPIOID RECEPTORS AND BEHAVIORAL ANTINOCICEPTION IN PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE EFFICACY OF OPIOIDS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL. ALTHOUGH ACTIVATION OF DELTA-OPIOID RECEPTORS (DORS) IN THE BRAINSTEM REDUCES INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PERSISTENT HYPERALGESIA, IT IS NOT EFFECTIVE UNDER PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS AND THESE CLINICAL PROBLEMS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY, BY USING A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE IN RATS, WE FOUND THAT IN THE BRAINSTEM NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS (NRM), DORS EMERGED ON THE SURFACE MEMBRANE OF CENTRAL SYNAPTIC TERMINALS ON DAY 3 AFTER CCI SURGERY AND DISAPPEARED ON DAY 14. HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS MICROINJECTED INTO THE NRM IN VIVO INCREASED THE LEVEL OF SYNAPTOSOMAL DOR PROTEIN AND NRM INFUSION OF DOR AGONISTS PRODUCING AN ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT IN A NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) SIGNALING-DEPENDENT MANNER. IN VITRO, IN CCI RAT SLICES INCUBATED WITH HDAC INHIBITORS, DOR AGONISTS SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED EPSCS. THIS EFFECT WAS BLOCKED BY TYROSINE RECEPTOR KINASE A ANTAGONISTS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT NRM INFUSION OF HDAC INHIBITORS IN CCI RATS INCREASED THE LEVEL OF HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION AT NGF GENE PROMOTER REGIONS. NGF WAS INFUSED INTO THE NRM OR INCUBATED CCI RAT SLICES DROVE DORS TO THE SURFACE MEMBRANE OF SYNAPTIC TERMINALS. TAKEN TOGETHER, EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF NGF ACTIVITY BY HDAC INHIBITORS IN THE NRM PROMOTES THE TRAFFICKING OF DORS TO PAIN-MODULATING NEURONAL SYNAPSES UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS, LEADING TO DELTA-OPIOID ANALGESIA. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT THERAPEUTIC USE OF DOR AGONISTS COMBINED WITH HDAC INHIBITORS MIGHT BE EFFECTIVE IN CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENTS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11  1320  39 DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS IS IMPLICATED IN OPIOID-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RATS. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF MORPHINE MAY RESULT IN OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (OIH), WHICH INVOLVES ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS GENES, INCLUDING BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS. YET, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW BDNF EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF CERTAIN BDNF GENE PROMOTERS IN DRG NEURONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH. REAL-TIME RT-PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN THE MRNA TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF MAJOR BDNF EXONS INCLUDING EXON I, II, IV, VI, AS WELL AS TOTAL BDNF MRNA IN DRGS FROM RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION. THE LEVELS OF EXON IV AND TOTAL BDNF MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION, AS COMPARED TO THAT IN SALINE CONTROL GROUP. FURTHER, ELISA ARRAY AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STUDY REVEALED A ROBUST UPREGULATION OF BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. CORRESPONDINGLY, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF BDNF EXON IV PROMOTER SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION BY MORPHINE TREATMENT. IMPORTANTLY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF A BDNF ANTIBODY, BUT NOT CONTROL IGG, SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT DEVELOPED IN RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. CONVERSELY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLATION, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) MARKEDLY UPREGULATED THE BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AND ENHANCED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE PROMOTER MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH THROUGH EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  2452  45 EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 EXPRESSION IN INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA). BACKGROUND: MULTIPLE MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE STIMULUS-EVOKED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT MAY BE EXPERIENCED AFTER PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION. PERSISTENT PATHOLOGICAL STIMULI IN MANY PAIN CONDITIONS AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN GENES THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF OUR STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ON POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 (KCC2) GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PERSISTENCE OF INFLAMMATORY PAIN. METHODS: PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN WAS INDUCED THROUGH THE INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN THE LEFT HIND PAW OF RATS. ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND H4 LEVEL WAS DETERMINED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. PAIN BEHAVIOUR AND INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC FUNCTION OF SPINAL CORD WERE DETERMINED BEFORE AND AFTER CFA INJECTION. KCC2 EXPRESSION WAS DETERMINED BY REAL TIME RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. INTRATHECAL KCC2 SIRNA (2 MUG PER 10 MUL PER RAT) OR HDAC INHIBITOR (10 MUG PER 10 MUL PER RAT) WAS INJECTED ONCE DAILY FOR 3 DAYS BEFORE CFA INJECTION. RESULTS: PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESSED KCC2 EXPRESSION THROUGH HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC)-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION, RESULTING IN DECREASED INHIBITORY SIGNALLING EFFICACY. KCC2 KNOCK-DOWN CAUSED BY INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF KCC2 SIRNA IN NAIVE RATS REDUCED KCC2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD, LEADING TO SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOURS AND IMPAIRED INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THEIR SPINAL CORDS. MOREOVER, INTRATHECAL HDAC INHIBITOR INJECTION IN CFA RATS INCREASED KCC2 EXPRESSION, PARTIALLY RESTORING THE SPINAL INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND RELIEVING THE SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOUR. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF SPINAL KCC2 IS REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION EPIGENETICALLY FOLLOWING CFA. SIGNIFICANCE: PERSISTENT PAIN SUPPRESSES KCC2 EXPRESSION THROUGH HDAC-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION AND CONSEQUENTLY IMPAIRS THE INHIBITORY FUNCTION OF INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS. DRUGS SUCH AS HDAC INHIBITORS THAT SUPPRESS THE INFLUENCES OF PERSISTENT PAIN ON THE EXPRESSION OF KCC2 MAY SERVE AS A NOVEL ANALGESIC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  4172  38 MELATONIN IMPEDES TET1-DEPENDENT MGLUR5 PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION TO RELIEVE PAIN. MELATONIN (N-ACETYL-5-METHOXYTRYPTAMINE)/MT2 RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION REPRESENTS A NOVEL PATHWAY IN THE TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BECAUSE SPINAL TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1)-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC DEMETHYLATION HAS RECENTLY BEEN LINKED TO PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT MELATONIN/MT2-DEPENDENT ANALGESIA INVOLVES SPINAL TET1-DEPENDENT DEMETHYLATION. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT SPINAL TET1 GENE TRANSFER BY INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF TET1-ENCODING VECTORS TO NAIVE RATS PRODUCED PROFOUND AND LONG-LASTING NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY. IN ADDITION, ENHANCED TET1 EXPRESSION, TET1-METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SUBTYPE 5 (MGLUR5) PROMOTER COUPLING, DEMETHYLATION AT THE MGLUR5 PROMOTER, AND MGLUR5 EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS WERE OBSERVED. RATS SUBJECTED TO SPINAL NERVE LIGATION AND INTRAPLANTAR COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT INJECTION DISPLAYED TACTILE ALLODYNIA AND BEHAVIORAL HYPERALGESIA ASSOCIATED WITH SIMILAR CHANGES IN THE DORSAL HORN. NOTABLY, INTRATHECAL MELATONIN INJECTION REVERSED THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION, PROTEIN-PROMOTER COUPLING, PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION, AND PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY TET1 GENE TRANSFER, SPINAL NERVE LIGATION, AND INTRAPLANTAR COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT INJECTION. ALL THE EFFECTS CAUSED BY MELATONIN WERE BLOCKED BY PRETREATMENT WITH A MT2 RECEPTOR-SELECTIVE ANTAGONIST. IN CONCLUSION, MELATONIN RELIEVES PAIN BY IMPEDING TET1-DEPENDENT DEMETHYLATION OF MGLUR5 IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS THROUGH THE MT2 RECEPTOR. OUR FINDINGS LINK MELATONIN/MT2 SIGNALING TO TET1-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC DEMETHYLATION OF NOCICEPTIVE GENES FOR THE FIRST TIME AND SUGGEST MELATONIN AS A PROMISING THERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  1559  42 DNA METHYLATION MODULATES NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION. DNA METHYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CONTROLLING DNA ACCESSIBILITY AND GENE EXPRESSION. BLOCKADE OF DNA METHYLATION CAN SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT PAIN BEHAVIORS IMPLICATED IN NEUROPATHIC AND INFLAMMATORY PAIN. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION WITH REGARD TO POSTOPERATIVE PAIN HAS NOT YET BEEN EXPLORED. IN THIS STUDY WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MODULATING INCISIONAL PAIN AND IDENTIFY POSSIBLE TARGETS UNDER DNA METHYLATION AND CONTRIBUTING TO INCISIONAL PAIN. DNA METHYLTRANFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL SENSITIVITY. AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE ALSO REDUCED HINDPAW SWELLING AFTER INCISION, SUGGESTING AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT3B EXPRESSION WERE INCREASED IN SKIN AFTER INCISION, BUT NONE OF DNMT1, DNMT3A OR DNMT3B WAS ALTERED IN SPINAL CORD OR DRG. THE EXPRESSION OF PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN POMC ENCODING BETA-ENDORPHIN AND OPRM1 ENCODING THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR WERE UPREGULATED PERIPHERALLY AFTER INCISION; MOREOVER, OPRM1 EXPRESSION WAS FURTHER INCREASED UNDER DNMT INHIBITOR TREATMENT. FINALLY, LOCAL PERIPHERAL INJECTION OF THE OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST NALOXONE SIGNIFICANTLY EXACERBATED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION IS FUNCTIONALLY RELEVANT TO INCISIONAL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION, AND THAT MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR SIGNALING MIGHT BE ONE METHYLATION REGULATED PATHWAY CONTROLLING SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15  1238  34 CURCUMIN BLOCKS CHRONIC MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR UPREGULATION. THIS STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) MAY COUNTERBALANCE THE ACTION OF MORPHINE IN THE BRAIN. MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE AFTER DAILY ADMINISTRATIONS FOR SIX DAYS WAS BLOCKED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION OF ANTI-BDNF IGG ON DAY 5, BUT NOT BY ADMINISTRATIONS ON DAYS 1-4. CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF EXON I AND IV BDNF TRANSCRIPTS, INDICATING DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION. DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF THE CREB-BINDING PROTEIN INHIBITOR CURCUMIN ABOLISHED THE UPREGULATION OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION AND MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CURCUMIN MIGHT BE A PROMISING ADJUVANT TO REDUCE MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE, AND THAT EPIGENETIC CONTROL COULD BE A NEW STRATEGY USEFUL FOR THE CONTROL OF THIS PROBLEM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16  4851  44 OPIOIDS ENHANCE CXCL1 EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION AFTER INCISION IN MICE. CHRONIC OPIOID CONSUMPTION INCREASES POSTOPERATIVE PAIN. EPIGENETIC CHANGES RELATED TO CHRONIC OPIOID USE AND SURGICAL INCISION MAY BE PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS ENHANCEMENT. THE CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING PATHWAY, IMPLICATED IN SEVERAL PAIN MODELS, IS KNOWN TO BE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED VIA HISTONE ACETYLATION. THE CURRENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING IN OPIOID-ENHANCED INCISIONAL SENSITIZATION AND TO ELUCIDATE THE POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM UNDERLYING CXCL1/CXCR2 PATHWAY-MEDIATED REGULATION OF NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION IN MICE. CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT GENERATED MECHANICAL AND THERMAL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AND ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY EXACERBATED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. PERIPHERAL BUT NOT CENTRAL MESSENGER RNA LEVELS OF CXCL1 AND CXCR2 WERE INCREASED AFTER INCISION. THE SOURCE OF PERIPHERAL CXCL1 APPEARED TO BE WOUND AREA NEUTROPHILS. HISTONE H3 SUBUNIT ACETYLATED AT THE LYSINE 9 POSITION (ACH3K9) WAS INCREASED IN INFILTRATING DERMAL NEUTROPHILS AFTER INCISION AND WAS FURTHER INCREASED IN MICE WITH CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT. THE ASSOCIATION OF ACH3K9 WITH THE PROMOTER REGION OF CXCL1 WAS ENHANCED IN MICE AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT. THE INCREASE IN CXCL1 NEAR WOUNDS CAUSED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE PRETREATMENT WAS MIMICKED BY PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION. FINALLY, LOCAL INJECTION OF CXCL1 INDUCED MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY IN NAIVE MICE, WHEREAS BLOCKING CXCR2 REVERSED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AFTER HIND PAW INCISION. PERSPECTIVE: PERIPHERAL CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING HELPS TO CONTROL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CXCL1 EXPRESSION EXPLAINS IN PART OPIOID-ENHANCED INCISIONAL ALLODYNIA IN MICE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TARGETING CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING MAY BE USEFUL IN TREATING NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION, PARTICULARLY FOR POSTOPERATIVE PAIN IN CHRONIC OPIOID-CONSUMING PATIENTS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17   742  30 CANNABINOID CB2 RECEPTORS ARE UPREGULATED VIA BIVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CONTROL PRIMARY AFFERENT INPUT TO THE SPINAL CORD IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TYPE-2 CANNABINOID RECEPTORS (CB2, ENCODED BY THE CNR2 GENE) ARE MAINLY EXPRESSED IN IMMUNE CELLS, AND CB2 AGONISTS NORMALLY HAVE NO ANALGESIC EFFECT. HOWEVER, NERVE INJURY UPREGULATES CB2 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG), FOLLOWING WHICH CB2 STIMULATION REDUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IT IS UNCLEAR HOW NERVE INJURY INCREASES CB2 EXPRESSION OR HOW CB2 ACTIVITY IS TRANSFORMED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, IMMUNOBLOTTING SHOWED THAT SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) INDUCED A DELAYED AND SUSTAINED INCREASE IN CB2 EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND DORSAL SPINAL CORD SYNAPTOSOMES. RNASCOPE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION ALSO SHOWED THAT SNL SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED CB2 MRNA LEVELS, MOSTLY IN MEDIUM AND LARGE DRG NEURONS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT THE SPECIFIC CB2 AGONIST JWH-133 SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITS THE AMPLITUDE OF DORSAL ROOT-EVOKED GLUTAMATERGIC EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS IN SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS IN SNL RATS, BUT NOT IN SHAM CONTROL RATS; INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF JWH-133 REVERSED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN SNL RATS, BUT HAD NO EFFECT IN SHAM CONTROL RATS. IN ADDITION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-QPCR ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT SNL INCREASED ENRICHMENT OF TWO ACTIVATING HISTONE MARKS (H3K4ME3 AND H3K9AC) AND DIMINISHED OCCUPANCY OF TWO REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARKS (H3K9ME2 AND H3K27ME3) AT THE CNR2 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. IN CONTRAST, SNL HAD NO EFFECT ON DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AROUND THE CNR2 PROMOTER. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY PROMOTES CB2 EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS VIA EPIGENETIC BIVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND THAT CB2 ACTIVATION REDUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY ATTENUATING NOCICEPTIVE TRANSMISSION FROM PRIMARY AFFERENT NERVES TO THE SPINAL CORD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  6039  54 THE CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR2 SUPPORTS NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. CHRONIC PAIN AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI) IS VERY COMMON, BUT THE MECHANISMS LINKING TBI TO PAIN AND THE PAIN-RELATED INTERACTIONS OF TBI WITH PERIPHERAL INJURIES ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN BOTH PAIN AND BRAIN INJURY. IN THE CURRENT WORK, WE PURSUED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED CXC CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR 2 (CXCR2) IS A CRUCIAL MODULATOR OF NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION INDUCED BY TBI. FOR THESE STUDIES, WE USED THE RAT LATERAL FLUID PERCUSSION MODEL OF TBI. HISTONE ACTYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY WAS BLOCKED USING ANACARDIC ACID BEGINNING IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING INJURY, OR DELAYED FOR SEVEN DAYS PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION. THE SELECTIVE CXCR2 ANTAGONIST SCH527123 ADMINISTERED SYSTEMICALLY OR INTRATHECALLY WAS USED TO PROBE THE ROLE OF CHEMOKINE SIGNALING ON MECHANICAL HINDPAW SENSITIZATION AFTER TBI. THE EXPRESSION OF THE CXCR2 RECEPTOR WAS ACCOMPLISHED USING REAL-TIME PCR, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND WESTERN BLOTTING, WHILE EPIGENETIC REGULATION WAS ASSESSED USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. THE SPINAL LEVELS OF SEVERAL PAIN-RELATED MEDIATORS INCLUDING CXCL1, AN ENDOGENOUS LIGAND FOR CXCR2, AS WELL AS BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR AND PRODYNORPHIN WERE MEASURED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. WE OBSERVED THAT ANACARDIC ACID POTENTLY BLOCKED AND REVERSED MECHANICAL HINDPAW SENSITIZATION AFTER TBI. THE SAME DRUG WAS ABLE TO PREVENT THE UPREGULATION OF CXCR2 AFTER TBI, BUT DID NOT AFFECT THE SPINAL EXPRESSION OF OTHER PAIN MEDIATORS. ON THE OTHER HAND, BOTH SYSTEMICALLY AND INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTERED SCH527123 REVERSED HINDPAW ALLODYNIA AFTER TBI. MOST OF THE SPINAL CXCR2 APPEARED TO BE EXPRESSED BY SPINAL CORD NEURONS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATED TBI-ENHANCED ASSOCIATION OF THE CXCR2 PROMOTER WITH ACETYLATED-H3K9 HISTONE PROTEIN THAT WAS ALSO REVERSIBLE USING ANACARDIC ACID. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT TBI CAUSES THE UPREGULATION OF SPINAL CXCR2 THROUGH AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM ULTIMATELY SUPPORTING NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION. THE USE OF CXCR2 ANTAGONISTS MAY, THEREFORE, BE USEFUL IN PAIN RESULTING FROM TBI.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  5537  34 ROLE OF CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE IN LIGHT-AVERSIVE BEHAVIOR: IMPLICATIONS FOR MIGRAINE. MIGRAINE IS A CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT EPISODES OF SEVERE UNILATERAL THROBBING HEAD PAIN AND ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS, SUCH AS PHOTOPHOBIA. OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING MIGRAINE HAS BEEN HAMPERED BY LIMITATIONS IN ASCERTAINING MIGRAINE SYMPTOMS IN ANIMAL MODELS. CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE ESTABLISHED THE NEUROPEPTIDE CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP) AS A KEY PLAYER IN MIGRAINE. HERE, WE ESTABLISH A GENETIC MODEL OF PHOTOPHOBIA BY ENGINEERING INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO CGRP IN MICE. THESE TRANSGENIC MICE (NESTIN/HRAMP1) DISPLAY LIGHT-AVERSIVE BEHAVIOR THAT IS GREATLY ENHANCED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION OF CGRP AND BLOCKED BY COADMINISTRATION OF THE CGRP RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST OLCEGEPANT. THIS BEHAVIOR APPEARS TO BE AN INDICATOR OF PHOTOPHOBIA AND CANNOT BE FULLY EXPLAINED BY GROSS ABNORMALITY OF OCULAR ANATOMY OR DIFFERENCES IN GENERAL ANXIETY OR MOTOR ACTIVITY. OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT A SINGLE GENE, RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1 (RAMP1), CAN BE A MODIFIER OF PHOTOPHOBIA AND, BY EXTENSION, SUGGEST THAT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF RAMP1 LEVELS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO MIGRAINE SUSCEPTIBILITY. MOREOVER, THEY VALIDATE CGRP HYPERSENSITIVE MICE AS A TOOL FOR EXPLORING THE NEUROBIOLOGY AND NOVEL THERAPIES FOR MIGRAINE AND OTHER DISORDERS INVOLVING PHOTOPHOBIA.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20  2751  34 EXPRESSION OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND ACETYL-HISTONE H4 IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN RAT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. AIMS: HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION ARE TWO HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE USUALLY CONTROLLED BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). ALTHOUGH HATS OR HDACS INHIBITORS COULD RELIEVE PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN ANIMAL MODELS, IT IS NOT CLEAR ON THE EXPRESSION OF GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) OR SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. MAIN METHODS: A SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL)-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL AND A COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA)-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL IN RATS WERE USED TO EXAMINE THE EXPRESSION OF TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H3 (ACH3) AND TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H4 (ACH4) BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OR WESTERN BLOT. KEY FINDINGS: ACH3 AND ACH4 NOT ONLY LOCALIZED IN NEURONAL NUCLEI, BUT ALSO IN NUCLEI OF GLIAL CELLS IN THE DRG. UNILATERAL SNL INDUCED THE INCREASE OF ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED LUMBAR 5 (L5) DRG, BUT NOT IN THE UNINJURED L5 DRG OR THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, WHILE UNILATERAL INTRAPLANTAR INJECTION OF CFA INCREASED ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 SPINAL DORSAL HORN, BUT NOT IN THE L4/5 DRG. SIGNIFICANCE: THESE RESULTS PROVIDE MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL CORD AND INDICATE THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. MORE PRECISE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ON THE TARGET GENES NEED TO BE REVEALED.	2018