1  2481 162 EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF LNCRNAS AT 13Q14.3 IN LEUKEMIA IS LINKED TO THE IN CIS DOWNREGULATION OF A GENE CLUSTER THAT TARGETS NF-KB. NON-CODING RNAS ARE MUCH MORE COMMON THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT. HOWEVER, FOR THE VAST MAJORITY OF NON-CODING RNAS, THE CELLULAR FUNCTION REMAINS ENIGMATIC. THE TWO LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) GENES DLEU1 AND DLEU2 MAP TO A CRITICAL REGION AT CHROMOSOMAL BAND 13Q14.3 THAT IS RECURRENTLY DELETED IN SOLID TUMORS AND HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES LIKE CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). WHILE NO POINT MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE PROTEIN CODING CANDIDATE GENES AT 13Q14.3, THEY ARE DEREGULATED IN MALIGNANT CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. WE THEREFORE CHARACTERIZED THE EPIGENETIC MAKEUP OF 13Q14.3 IN CLL CELLS AND FOUND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVATED TRANSCRIPTION AND SIGNIFICANT DNA-DEMETHYLATION AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITES OF DLEU1 AND DLEU2 USING 5 DIFFERENT SEMI-QUANTITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS (APRIMES, BIOCOBRA, MCIP, MASSARRAY, AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING). THESE EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS WERE CORRELATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL DEREGULATION OF THE NEIGHBORING CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, SUGGESTING A COREGULATION IN CIS OF THIS GENE CLUSTER. WE FOUND THAT THE 13Q14.3 GENES IN ADDITION TO THEIR PREVIOUSLY KNOWN FUNCTIONS REGULATE NF-KB ACTIVITY, WHICH WE COULD SHOW AFTER OVEREXPRESSION, SIRNA-MEDIATED KNOCKDOWN, AND DOMINANT-NEGATIVE MUTANT GENES BY USING WESTERN BLOTS WITH PREVIOUSLY UNDESCRIBED ANTIBODIES, BY A CUSTOMIZED ELISA AS WELL AS BY REPORTER ASSAYS. IN ADDITION, WE PERFORMED AN UNBIASED SCREEN OF 810 HUMAN MIRNAS AND IDENTIFIED THE MIR-15/16 FAMILY OF GENES AT 13Q14.3 AS THE STRONGEST INDUCERS OF NF-KB ACTIVITY. IN SUMMARY, THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM AT 13Q14.3 IS A CLUSTER OF GENES CONTROLLED BY TWO LNCRNA GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY DNA-METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND WHOSE MEMBERS ALL REGULATE NF-KB. THEREFORE, THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM IN 13Q14.3 UNDERLINES THE ROLE BOTH OF EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS AND OF LNCRNA GENES IN HUMAN TUMORIGENESIS AND IS AN EXAMPLE OF COLOCALIZATION OF A FUNCTIONALLY RELATED GENE CLUSTER.	2013	

2  2326  33 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3  4364  40 MIRNA DEREGULATION BY EPIGENETIC SILENCING DISRUPTS SUPPRESSION OF THE ONCOGENE PLAG1 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. MICRORNAS (MIRNA) PLAY A KEY ROLE IN CELLULAR REGULATION AND, IF DEREGULATED, IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS INCLUDING CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). RNAS FROM PRIMARY CELLS OF 50 TREATMENT-NAIVE CLL PATIENTS AND PERIPHERAL B CELLS OF 14 HEALTHY DONORS WERE APPLIED TO MIRNA EXPRESSION PROFILING USING BEAD CHIP TECHNOLOGY. IN CLL CELLS, A SET OF 7 UP- AND 19 DOWN-REGULATED MIRNAS WAS IDENTIFIED. AMONG THE MIRNAS DOWN-REGULATED IN CLL CELLS, 6 OF 10 MIRNA PROMOTERS EXAMINED SHOWED GAIN OF METHYLATION COMPARED WITH NORMAL B-CELL CONTROLS. SUBSEQUENT TARGET PREDICTION OF DEREGULATED MIRNAS REVEALED A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT BINDING PREDICTION AT THE 3' UNTRANSLATED REGION OF THE PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA GENE 1 (PLAG1) ONCOGENE. LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAYS INCLUDING SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS OF BINDING SITES REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT REGULATION OF PLAG1 BY MIR-181A, MIR-181B, MIR-107, AND MIR-424. ALTHOUGH EXPRESSION OF PLAG1 MRNA WAS NOT AFFECTED, PLAG1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS SHOWN TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN CLL CELLS COMPARED WITH THE LEVELS IN HEALTHY DONOR B CELLS. IN SUMMARY, WE COULD DEMONSTRATE DISRUPTION OF MIRNA-MEDIATED TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL, PARTLY DUE TO EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MIRNAS, WITH SUBSEQUENT OVEREXPRESSION OF THE ONCOGENIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PLAG1 AS A PUTATIVE NOVEL MECHANISM OF CLL PATHOGENESIS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4  1620  43 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING IN MALIGNANT GLIOMA: A COMBINED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY AND PROMOTER ARRAY ANALYSIS. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS A COMMON FEATURE IN HUMAN CANCER. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION ARE REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1 AND DNMT3B) REGULATE AND MAINTAIN PROMOTER METHYLATION AND ARE OVEREXPRESSED IN HUMAN CANCER. WE PERFORMED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY GENES WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION AFTER RNAI-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF DNMT IN A GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME (GBM) CELL LINE. WE THEN IDENTIFIED GENES WITH BOTH DECREASED EXPRESSION AND EVIDENCE OF PROMOTER CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION IN GBM TISSUE SAMPLES USING A COMBINED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS IN CONJUNCTION WITH A PROMOTER ARRAY ANALYSIS AFTER DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION WITH ANTI-5-METHYLCYTIDINE. DNMT1 AND 3B KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN THE RESTORED EXPRESSION OF 308 GENES THAT ALSO CONTAINED PROMOTER REGION HYPERMETHYLATION. OF THESE, 43 WERE ALSO FOUND TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN GBM TISSUE SAMPLES. THREE DOWNREGULATED GENES WITH HYPERMETHYLATED PROMOTERS AND RESTORED EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE DNMT SUPPRESSION WERE ASSAYED FOR METHYLATION CHANGES USING BISULFITE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE PROMOTER REGION AFTER CHRONIC DNMT SUPPRESSION. RESTORATION OF GENE EXPRESSION WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN PROMOTER REGION METHYLATION, BUT RATHER WITH CHANGES IN HISTONE METHYLATION AND CHROMATIN CONFORMATION. TWO OF THE IDENTIFIED GENES EXHIBITED GROWTH SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY IN IN VITRO ASSAYS. COMBINING TARGETED GENETIC MANIPULATIONS WITH COMPREHENSIVE GENOMIC AND EXPRESSION ANALYSES PROVIDES A POTENTIALLY POWERFUL NEW APPROACH FOR IDENTIFYING EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED GENES IN GBM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  3444  38 HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN IN LEUKEMIA. E-CADHERIN GENE IS OFTEN TERMED A "METASTASIS SUPPRESSOR" GENE BECAUSE THE E-CADHERIN PROTEIN CAN SUPPRESS TUMOR CELL INVASION AND METASTASIS. INACTIVATION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE OCCURS IN UNDIFFERENTIATED SOLID TUMORS BY BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS; HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF E-CADHERIN IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES IS ONLY NOW BEING RECOGNIZED. E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION IS ESSENTIAL FOR ERYTHROBLAST AND NORMOBLAST MATURATION, YET EXPRESSION IS REDUCED OR ABSENT IN LEUKEMIC BLAST CELLS. THIS STUDY EXAMINED THE MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE IN BONE MARROW AND BLOOD SAMPLES FROM NORMAL DONORS AND PATIENTS WITH LEUKEMIA. WE FOUND THAT ALL NORMAL DONOR SAMPLES EXPRESSED E-CADHERIN MRNA, WHEREAS BOTH SAMPLES OF ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA HAD A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OR ABSENCE OF EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, NORMAL BLAST COUNTERPARTS EXPRESSED ONLY A LOW LEVEL OF E-CADHERIN SURFACE PROTEIN. SODIUM BISULPHITE GENOMIC SEQUENCING WAS USED TO FULLY CHARACTERIZE THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE CPG ISLAND ASSOCIATED WITH THE E-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTER IN THOSE SAMPLES WITH MATCHED DNA. ALL OF THE NORMAL CONTROL SAMPLES WERE ESSENTIALLY UNMETHYLATED; HOWEVER, 14 OF 18 (78%) OF THE LEUKEMIA SAMPLES HAD ABNORMAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE E-CADHERIN CPG ISLAND. IN FACT BOTH ALLELES OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE WERE OFTEN HYPERMETHYLATED. WE CONCLUDE THE E-CADHERIN GENE IS A COMMON TARGET FOR HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  6231  33 THE LONG NONCODING RNA MEG3 AND ITS TARGET MIR-147 REGULATE JAK/STAT PATHWAY IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: LONG NON-CODING (LNC) RNAS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO UNCOVER THE MECHANISM OF THE LNCRNA MATERNALLY EXPRESSED 3 (MEG3) AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA-147 (MIR-147) IN CML. METHODS: SIXTY CML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY DONORS WERE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY. THE METHYLATION OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 PROMOTER WAS DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. THE RELATIONSHIP OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 WAS EXPLORED BY LUCIFERASE ASSAY. THE INTERACTIONS OF PROTEINS WERE STUDIED BY RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY, RNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. FINDINGS: PATIENTS IN ACCELERATED PHASE CML (CML-AP) AND BLAST PHASE CML (CML-BP) SHOWED LOWER EXPRESSIONS OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 AND HIGHER EXPRESSIONS OF DNMT1, DNMT3B, MBD2, MECP2 AND HDAC1 COMPARED TO THE CONTROLS. THESE PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED A HIGHER DEGREE OF METHYLATION OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 WHILE THERE WAS A REDUCTION AFTER CHIDAMIDE TREATMENT. FURTHERMORE, THE OVEREXPRESSION OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 INHIBITED CELL PROLIFERATION BOTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO, PROMOTED APOPTOSIS AND DECREASED THE EXPRESSIONS OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MBD2, HDAC1 AND MECP2. WE ALSO FOUND MEG3 INTERACTED WITH DNMT1, JAK2, STAT3, HDAC1, AND TYK2, AND JAK2 WAS BOUND TO STAT3, STAT5 AND MYC. MORE INTERESTINGLY, JAK2 WAS BOUND TO TYK2 BY THE BRIDGE OF MEG3. INTERPRETATION: LNCRNA MEG3 AND ITS TARGET MIR-147 MAY SERVE AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CML BLAST CRISIS, AND CHIDAMIDE MIGHT HAVE A POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATION IN TREATING CML BLAST CRISIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7  2771  39 EXTENSIVE PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND HYPOMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. DYSREGULATED MICRORNA (MIRNA) EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTES TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). HOWEVER, AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE ABERRANT MIRNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL IS LACKING. IN THIS STUDY, WE COMPREHENSIVELY INVESTIGATED THE ROLE AND EXTENT OF MIRNA EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN CLL. GENOME-WIDE PROFILING CONDUCTED ON 24 CLL AND 10 HEALTHY B CELL SAMPLES REVEALED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS UPSTREAM OF MIRNA SEQUENCES THAT DISTINGUISHED MALIGNANT FROM HEALTHY CELLS AND IDENTIFIED PUTATIVE MIRNA PROMOTERS. INTEGRATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND MIRNA PROMOTER DATA LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF 128 RECURRENT MIRNA TARGETS FOR ABERRANT PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION. DNA HYPOMETHYLATION ACCOUNTED FOR MORE THAN 60% OF ALL ABERRANT PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION IN CLL, AND PROMOTER DNA HYPOMETHYLATION WAS RESTRICTED TO WELL-DEFINED REGIONS. INDIVIDUAL HYPER- AND HYPOMETHYLATED PROMOTERS ALLOWED DISCRIMINATION OF CLL SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY CONTROLS. PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE CONFIRMED IN AN INDEPENDENT PATIENT COHORT, WITH 11 MIRNAS CONSISTENTLY SHOWING AN INVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND EXPRESSION LEVEL. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS CHARACTERIZE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE REGULATION OF MIRNA TRANSCRIPTION AND CREATE A REPOSITORY OF DISEASE-SPECIFIC PROMOTER REGIONS THAT MAY PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLL.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  6069  38 THE DIOXIN RECEPTOR IS SILENCED BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA THROUGH INHIBITION OF SP1 BINDING. THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR (AHR) HAS RELEVANT FUNCTIONS IN CELL PROLIFERATION. INTERESTINGLY, THE AHR CAN EITHER PROMOTE OR INHIBIT PROLIFERATION DEPENDING ON THE CELL PHENOTYPE. ALTHOUGH RECENT DATA REVEAL POTENTIAL PATHWAYS FOR AHR SIGNALING IN CELL PROLIFERATION, THE MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE ITS ACTIVITY IN TUMOR CELLS REMAIN UNKNOWN. HERE, WE HAVE ANALYZED PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AS A POTENTIAL MECHANISM CONTROLLING AHR EXPRESSION IN HUMAN TUMOR CELLS. AHR PROMOTER CPG METHYLATION WAS SPORADIC IN A PANEL OF 19 TUMOR CELL LINES EXCEPT FOR THE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) K562 AND THE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) REH. WHEN COMPARED WITH NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES, REH HAD VERY LOW CONSTITUTIVE AHR EXPRESSION THAT COULD BE ATTRIBUTED TO PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION SINCE TREATMENT WITH THE DNA DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCITIDINE (AZA) SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AHR MRNA AND PROTEIN. THESE RESULTS IN LEUKEMIA-DERIVED CELL LINES WERE FURTHER CONFIRMED IN PRIMARY ALL, WHERE 33% OF THE PATIENTS (7/21) HAD AHR PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) SHOWED THAT METHYLATION IMPAIRED BINDING OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SP1 TO THE AHR PROMOTER, THUS PROVIDING A MECHANISM FOR AHR DOWNREGULATION IN REH CELLS. THEREFORE, PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION REPRESENTS A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM DOWNREGULATING AHR ACTIVITY IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES SUCH AS ALL.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9  1577  33 DNA METHYLATION PROFILE IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA ASSOCIATES WITH DISTINCT CLINICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC FEATURES. CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES ARE DETECTED IN 20-30% OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) AND CORRELATE WITH PROGNOSIS. ON THE MUTATION LEVEL, DISRUPTIVE ALTERATIONS ARE PARTICULARLY FREQUENT IN CHROMATIN REGULATORY GENES. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE CONSEQUENTIAL ALTERATIONS IN THE EPIGENETIC MARKING OF THE GENOME. HERE, WE REPORT THE ANALYSIS OF GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF 64 CMML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY CONTROLS, USING A DNA METHYLATION MICROARRAY FOCUSED ON PROMOTER REGIONS. DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY ABNORMALITIES IN DNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES AND LARGE GENOME REGIONS WITH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. UNSUPERVISED HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED TWO MAIN CLUSTERS THAT ASSOCIATED WITH THE CLINICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GENETIC FEATURES OF PATIENTS. GROUP 1 WAS ENRICHED IN PATIENTS WITH ADVERSE CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND POORER OVERALL AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL. IN ADDITION, SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION WERE OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH LOW RISK AND INTERMEDIATE/HIGH RISK KARYOTYPES AND BETWEEN TET2 MUTANT AND WILD TYPE PATIENTS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ALTERED DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS REFLECT THE CMML DISEASE STATE AND ALLOW TO IDENTIFY PATIENT GROUPS WITH DISTINCT CLINICAL FEATURES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  5979  34 TET2 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC 5-METHYLCYTOSINE AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) HAS RECENTLY BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH INCIDENCE OF DIVERSE MUTATIONS IN GENES SUCH AS TET2 OR EZH2 THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WE HAVE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ARRAYS AND MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF TET2, IDH1, IDH2, EZH2 AND JAK2 IN A GROUP OF 24 PATIENTS WITH CMML. 249 GENES WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BETWEEN CMML PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. USING INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS, WE IDENTIFIED ENRICHMENT IN A GENE NETWORK CENTERED AROUND PLC, JNK AND ERK SUGGESTING THAT THESE PATHWAYS, WHOSE DEREGULATION HAS BEEN RECENTLY DESCRIBED IN CMML, ARE AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. MUTATIONS OF TET2, JAK2 AND EZH2 WERE FOUND IN 15 PATIENTS (65%), 4 PATIENTS (17%) AND 1 PATIENT (4%) RESPECTIVELY WHILE NO MUTATIONS IN THE IDH1 AND IDH2 GENES WERE IDENTIFIED. INTERESTINGLY, PATIENTS WITH WILD TYPE TET2 CLUSTERED SEPARATELY FROM PATIENTS WITH TET2 MUTATIONS, SHOWED A HIGHER DEGREE OF HYPERMETHYLATION AND WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RISK KARYOTYPES. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE PRESENCE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN CMML AND IDENTIFIES TET2 MUTANT CMML AS A BIOLOGICALLY DISTINCT DISEASE SUBTYPE WITH A DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC PROFILE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11  5116  25 POSITIVE REGULATION OF HUMAN TELOMERASE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE GENE EXPRESSION AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY BY DNA METHYLATION IN PANCREATIC CANCER. AIM: WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF TELOMERASE AND ITS CATALYTIC SUBUNIT HTERT IN PANCREATIC CANCER AND EVALUATE THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HTERT BY PROMOTER METHYLATION. METHODS: THIRTY PAIRED SAMPLES OF PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS AND ADJACENT NORMAL TISSUE AND 12 CHRONIC PANCREATITIS SAMPLES WERE STUDIED. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, TELOMERIC REPEAT AMPLIFICATION PROTOCOL ASSAY, AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WERE PERFORMED TO ANALYZE HTERT EXPRESSION, TELOMERASE ACTIVITY, AND METHYLATION STATUS OF GENE PROMOTERS, RESPECTIVELY. RESULT: HTERT AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY WERE UPREGULATED IN PANCREATIC CANCER COMPARED WITH PAIRED NORMAL TISSUES AND SAMPLES OF PANCREATITIS. HTERT EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH TELOMERASE ACTIVITY (P \ .05) AND IN TURN CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH HTERT PROMOTER METHYLATION (P \ .001) AND P16 PROMOTER METHYLATION. HTERT TRANSCRIPT EXPRESSION AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY BOTH CONFERRED A WORSE OUTCOME BY UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS (P \ .05). CONCLUSION: HTERT EXPRESSION AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY ARE PREDICTORS OF POOR OUTCOME IN PANCREATIC CANCER. HTERT GENE EXPRESSION IS POSITIVELY REGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  1581  28 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATIENTS TREATED WITH CHEMOIMMUNOTHERAPY. BACKGROUND: IN ORDER TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO THE CONTRIBUTION OF DNA METHYLATION TO DISEASE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), USING 450K ILLUMINA ARRAYS, WE DETERMINED THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PAIRED PRE-TREATMENT/RELAPSE SAMPLES FROM 34 CLL PATIENTS TREATED WITH CHEMOIMMUNOTHERAPY, MOSTLY (N = 31) WITH THE FLUDARABINE-CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE-RITUXIMAB (FCR) REGIMEN. RESULTS: THE EXTENT OF IDENTIFIED CHANGES IN CLL CELLS VERSUS MEMORY B CELLS FROM HEALTHY DONORS WAS TERMED "EPIGENETIC BURDEN" (EB) WHEREAS THE NUMBER OF CHANGES BETWEEN THE PRE-TREATMENT VERSUS THE RELAPSE SAMPLE WAS TERMED "RELAPSE CHANGES" (RC). SIGNIFICANT (P < 0.05) ASSOCIATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN (I) HIGH EB AND SHORT TIME-TO-FIRST-TREATMENT (TTFT); AND, (II) FEW RCS AND SHORT TIME-TO-RELAPSE. BOTH THE EB AND THE RC CLUSTERED IN SPECIFIC GENOMIC REGIONS AND CHROMATIN STATES, INCLUDING REGULATORY REGIONS CONTAINING BINDING SITES OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IMPLICATED IN B CELL AND CLL BIOLOGY. CONCLUSIONS: OVERALL, WE SHOW THAT DNA METHYLATION IN CLL FOLLOWS DIFFERENT DYNAMICS IN RESPONSE TO CHEMOIMMUNOTHERAPY. THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS WERE LINKED WITH SPECIFIC CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13  1495  30 DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF CELL CYCLE (P15 AND P16) AND APOPTOTIC (P14, P53, DAPK AND TMS1) GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF LEUKEMIA PATIENTS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES HAS BEEN REPORTED IN ALL MAJOR TYPES OF LEUKEMIA WITH POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE INACTIVATION OF REGULATORY CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS GENES. HOWEVER, MOST OF THE PREVIOUS REPORTS DID NOT SHOW THE EXTENT OF CONCURRENT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES IN THE FOUR LEUKEMIA TYPES. HERE, WE ANALYZED SIX KEY GENES (P14, P15, P16, P53, DAPK AND TMS1) FOR DNA METHYLATION USING METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR TO ANALYZE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF 78 LEUKEMIA PATIENTS (24 CML, 25 CLL, 12 AML, AND 17 ALL) AND 24 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. IN CML, METHYLATION WAS DETECTED FOR P15 (11%), P16 (9%), P53 (23%) AND DAPK (23%), IN CLL, P14 (25%), P15 (19%), P16 (12%), P53 (17%) AND DAPK (36%), IN AML, P14 (8%), P15 (45%), P53 (9%) AND DAPK (17%) AND IN ALL, P15 (14%), P16 (8%), AND P53 (8%). THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTED AN ESSENTIAL ROLE OF DAPK METHYLATION IN CHRONIC LEUKEMIA IN CONTRAST TO P15 METHYLATION IN THE ACUTE CASES, WHEREAS TMS1 HYPERMETHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN ALL CASES. FURTHERMORE, HYPERMETHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES PER PATIENT WAS OBSERVED, WITH OBVIOUS SELECTIVENESS IN THE 9P21 CHROMOSOMAL REGION GENES (P14, P15 AND P16). INTERESTINGLY, METHYLATION OF P15 INCREASED THE RISK OF METHYLATION IN P53, AND VICE VERSA, BY FIVE FOLDS (P=0.03) INDICATING POSSIBLE SYNERGISTIC EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION OF DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE OR BETWEEN THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS. THE INVESTIGATION OF MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN METHYLATED GENES MIGHT SHED LIGHT ON TUMOR SPECIFIC INACTIVATION OF THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOTIC PATHWAYS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14  6415  28 THE STUDY OF P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND THEIR QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION IN PLASMA BY REAL-TIME PCR. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES BY PROMOTER METHYLATION ARE COMMONLY OBSERVED IN HUMAN EPITHELIAL MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS (HNSCC). IN THIS STUDY, A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IN 73 HNSCC SURGICAL SPECIMENS. P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION WAS ALSO EXAMINED IN 29 PAIRED METASTATIC LYMPH NODES AND 29 PAIRED HISTOLOGICALLY, NORMAL RESECTION MARGIN MUCOSAE. THE QUANTITY OF CELL-FREE METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN THE PLASMA SAMPLES OF 20 HNSCC PATIENTS AND 24 HEALTHY CONTROLS WAS ALSO EXAMINED USING A FLUORESCENCE-BASED REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY. THE FREQUENCIES OF P16 AND P15 METHYLATION IN THE PRIMARY TUMOUR WERE 49% AND 60%, RESPECTIVELY. CONCORDANT METHYLATION OF P16 AND P15 IN TUMOUR SAMPLES AND METASTATIC LYMPH NODES WAS FOUND IN 59 AND 38% OF CASES, RESPECTIVELY. A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER PREVALENCE OF P15 METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN HISTOLOGICALLY-NORMAL SURGICAL MARGIN EPITHELIA OF HNSCC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING HABITS COMPARED WITH NON-SMOKERS AND NON-DRINKERS. IN ADDITION, METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE PLASMA OF HNSCC PATIENTS (MEAN 56 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 65 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY) COMPARED WITH NORMAL CONTROLS (MEAN 6 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 16 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY). IN CONCLUSION, PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HNSCC AND MAY BE RELATED TO CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING. THE DIFFERENTIAL LEVELS OF METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN PLASMA MIGHT BE POTENTIAL USEFUL MARKERS IN SCREENING HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS FOR EARLY HNSCC AND MONITORING THEIR TREATMENT RESPONSE.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15   326  46 ALLELIC SILENCING AT THE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR LOCUS 13Q14.3 SUGGESTS AN EPIGENETIC TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. GENOMIC MATERIAL FROM CHROMOSOME BAND 13Q14.3 DISTAL TO THE RETINOBLASTOMA LOCUS IS RECURRENTLY LOST IN A VARIETY OF HUMAN NEOPLASMS, INDICATING AN AS-YET-UNIDENTIFIED TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. NO PATHOGENIC MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE MINIMALLY DELETED REGION UNTIL NOW. HOWEVER, IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA TUMORS WITH LOSS OF ONE COPY OF THE CRITICAL REGION, RESPECTIVE CANDIDATE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES ARE DOWN-REGULATED BY A FACTOR >2, WHICH WOULD BE EXPECTED BY A NORMAL GENE-DOSAGE EFFECT. THIS FINDING POINTS TO AN EPIGENETIC PATHOMECHANISM. WE FIND THAT THE TWO COPIES OF THE CRITICAL REGION REPLICATE ASYNCHRONOUSLY, SUGGESTING DIFFERENTIAL CHROMATIN PACKAGING OF THE TWO COPIES OF 13Q14.3. ALTHOUGH WE ALSO DETECT MONOALLELIC SILENCING OF GENES LOCALIZED IN THE CRITICAL REGION, MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION ORIGINATES FROM EITHER THE MATERNAL OR PATERNAL COPY, EXCLUDING AN IMPRINTING MECHANISM. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSES REVEALED ONE CPG ISLAND OF THE REGION TO BE METHYLATED. DNA DEMETHYLATION OF THIS CPG ISLAND AND GLOBAL HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION INDUCED BIALLELIC EXPRESSION, WHEREAS REPLICATION TIMING WAS NOT AFFECTED. WE PROPOSE THAT DIFFERENTIAL REPLICATION TIMING REPRESENTS AN EARLY EPIGENETIC MARK THAT DISTINGUISHES THE TWO COPIES OF 13Q14.3, RESULTING IN DIFFERENTIAL CHROMATIN PACKAGING AND MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION. ACCORDINGLY, DELETION OF THE SINGLE ACTIVE COPY OF 13Q14.3 RESULTS IN SIGNIFICANT DOWN-REGULATION OF THE CANDIDATE GENES AND LOSS OF FUNCTION, PROVIDING A MODEL FOR THE INTERACTION OF GENETIC LESIONS AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING AT 13Q14.3 IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16    18  30 5-AZACYTIDINE MODULATES CPG METHYLATION LEVELS OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. PURPOSE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF RESPONSE TO HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IN PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) STILL REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. THEREFORE, THE EFFECTS OF 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA) ON CLONAL ARCHITECTURE AND DNA METHYLATION WERE INVESTIGATED IN THIS STUDY. METHODS: USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), 30 MYELOID LEUKEMIA-ASSOCIATED GENES WERE ANALYZED IN 15 MDS/CMML PATIENTS WITH EXCELLENT RESPONSE TO AZA. EFFECTS ON METHYLATION LEVELS WERE ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING PYROSEQUENCING FOR THE GLOBAL METHYLATION MARKER LINE-1 IN PATIENTS AND MYELOID CELL LINES. VARIOUS MYELOID CELL LINES AND A HEALTHY COHORT WERE SCREENED FOR METHYLATION LEVELS IN 23 GENES. SELECTED TARGETS WERE VERIFIED ON THE MDS/CMML COHORT. RESULTS: THE STUDY PRESENTED HERE SHOWED A STABLE VARIANT ALLELE FREQUENCY AND STABLE GLOBAL METHYLATION LEVELS IN RESPONDING PATIENTS. A SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 WAS REVEALED IN PATIENTS WITH AZA RESPONSE. CONCLUSIONS: A RESPONSE TO AZA IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ERADICATION OF MALIGNANT CLONES, BUT RATHER WITH A STABILIZATION OF THE CLONAL ARCHITECTURE. WE SUGGEST CHANGES IN CPG METHYLATION LEVELS OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 AS POTENTIAL TARGETS OF EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO AZA TREATMENT WHICH MAY ALSO SERVE AS USEFUL BIOMARKERS AFTER CLINICAL EVALUATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  1968  28 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. THE EXPRESSION OF THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING-1 (SOCS1) PROTEIN IS INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION BY SEVERAL CYTOKINES. THE INDUCED SOCS1 INHIBITS THE SIGNALLING PATHWAY THROUGH THE ASSOCIATION WITH A VARIETY OF TYROSINE KINASE PROTEINS. IN THIS STUDY, THE MUTATION ANALYSES, CPG ISLAND METHYLATION STATUS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN 112 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) SAMPLES, FIVE LEUKAEMIA CELL LINES, AND 30 NORMAL CONTROLS WERE ANALYSED. NO GENETIC MUTATIONS OF SOCS1 GENE WERE NOTED IN THE CML SAMPLES. THE SOCS1 GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN 67% AND 46% OF THE BLASTIC AND CHRONIC PHASE CML SAMPLES RESPECTIVELY (P < 0.0001). HOWEVER, THERE WAS NO METHYLATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN NORMAL CONTROLS OR CML IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE SOCS1 GENE IS CONSISTENT WITH THE RESULTS OF THE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STAINING. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE SOCS1 GENE SILENCING IS CAUSED BY THE METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN CML AND IS REVERSED TO AN UNMETHYLATED STATUS IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. AS SOCS1 HAS UNIVERSAL ACTIVITY TO NEGATIVELY REGULATE SEVERAL CYTOKINE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, THE LOSS OF THE NEGATIVE REGULATION OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING BY THE SOCS1 MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  3132  43 GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) HAS BEEN A GOOD MODEL SYSTEM TO UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5-MC) IN CANCER PROGRESSION. MORE RECENTLY, AN OXIDIZED FORM OF 5-MC, 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5-HMC) HAS GAINED LOT OF ATTENTION AS A REGULATORY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WITH PROGNOSTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS FOR SEVERAL CANCERS. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO GLOBAL STUDY EXPLORING THE ROLE OF 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5-HMC) LEVELS IN CLL. HEREIN, USING MASS SPECTROMETRY AND HMEDIP-SEQUENCING, WE ANALYSED THE DYNAMICS OF 5-HMC DURING B CELL MATURATION AND CLL PATHOGENESIS. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT NAIVE B-CELLS HAD HIGHER LEVELS OF 5-HMC AND 5-MC COMPARED TO NON-CLASS SWITCHED AND CLASS-SWITCHED MEMORY B-CELLS. WE FOUND A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN GLOBAL 5-MC LEVELS IN CLL PATIENTS (N = 15) COMPARED TO NAIVE AND MEMORY B CELLS, WITH NO CHANGES DETECTED BETWEEN THE CLL PROGNOSTIC GROUPS. ON THE OTHER HAND, GLOBAL 5-HMC LEVELS OF CLL PATIENTS WERE SIMILAR TO MEMORY B CELLS AND REDUCED COMPARED TO NAIVE B CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, 5-HMC LEVELS WERE INCREASED AT REGULATORY REGIONS SUCH AS GENE-BODY, CPG ISLAND SHORES AND SHELVES AND 5-HMC DISTRIBUTION OVER THE GENE-BODY POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH DEGREE OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY. IMPORTANTLY, CLL SAMPLES SHOWED ABERRANT 5-HMC AND 5-MC PATTERN OVER GENE-BODY COMPARED TO WELL-DEFINED PATTERNS IN NORMAL B-CELLS. INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF 5-HMC AND RNA-SEQUENCING FROM CLL DATASETS IDENTIFIED THREE NOVEL ONCOGENIC DRIVERS THAT COULD HAVE POTENTIAL ROLES IN CLL DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THUS, OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE GLOBAL LOSS OF 5-HMC, ACCOMPANIED BY ITS SIGNIFICANT INCREASE AT THE GENE REGULATORY REGIONS, CONSTITUTE A NOVEL HALLMARK OF CLL PATHOGENESIS. OUR COMBINED ANALYSIS OF 5-MC AND 5-HMC SEQUENCING PROVIDED INSIGHTS INTO THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF 5-HMC IN MODULATING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES DURING CLL PATHOGENESIS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  6793  37 [DOWN-REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 VIA ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PU.1 DOWN-EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS. METHODS: DIFFERENT METHYLATION STATUS OF PU.1 PROMOTER REGION CONTAINING 20 CPG ISLANDS IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION PATIENTS AFTER IMATINIB TREATMENT, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS WAS DETECTED BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING. SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR WAS USED TO DETECT THE PU.1 MRNA EXPRESSION IN NORMAL CONTROLS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. INDIRECT IMMUNE FLUORESCENCE AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO ANALYZE THE EXPRTESSION OF PU.1 PROTEIN IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. RESULTS: ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 WAS FOUND IN BOTH CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PHASE BONE MARROW CELLS, AS WELL AS IN CML BLAST K562 CELLS. DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WAS FOUND IN ABOVE CELLS. NO METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF PU.1 WAS OBSERVED IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, AND THE PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS WERE NOT REDUCED AT ALL. FURTHERMORE, HIGH METHYLATION STATUS OF BONE MARROW CELLS WAS EVEN OBSERVED IN THE CML PATIENTS WHO ACQUIRED COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS OF OUR STUDY INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PU.1 IN CML PATIENTS AND K562 CELL LINE MIGHT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1. THE DATA SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PU.1 PLAYS A ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS, THEREFORE, IT MIGHT SERVE AS A USEFUL BIOMARKER AND POTENTIAL TARGET IN THERAPY FOR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  2639  31 EPIGENOMIC ANALYSIS DETECTS WIDESPREAD GENE-BODY DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. WE HAVE EXTENSIVELY CHARACTERIZED THE DNA METHYLOMES OF 139 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) WITH MUTATED OR UNMUTATED IGHV AND OF SEVERAL MATURE B-CELL SUBPOPULATIONS THROUGH THE USE OF WHOLE-GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND HIGH-DENSITY MICROARRAYS. THE TWO MOLECULAR SUBTYPES OF CLL HAVE DIFFERING DNA METHYLOMES THAT SEEM TO REPRESENT EPIGENETIC IMPRINTS FROM DISTINCT NORMAL B-CELL SUBPOPULATIONS. DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN THE GENE BODY, TARGETING MOSTLY ENHANCER SITES, WAS THE MOST FREQUENT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NAIVE AND MEMORY B CELLS AND BETWEEN THE TWO MOLECULAR SUBTYPES OF CLL AND NORMAL B CELLS. ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION WERE POORLY CORRELATED, WE IDENTIFIED GENE-BODY CPG DINUCLEOTIDES WHOSE METHYLATION WAS POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH EXPRESSION. WE HAVE ALSO RECOGNIZED A DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE THAT DISTINGUISHES NEW CLINICO-BIOLOGICAL SUBTYPES OF CLL. WE PROPOSE AN EPIGENOMIC SCENARIO IN WHICH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN THE GENE BODY MAY HAVE FUNCTIONAL AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS IN LEUKEMOGENESIS.	2012