1  3620 100 IN VIVO AND IN VITRO GENOTOXIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF TWO TYPES OF COLA BEVERAGES AND CAFFEINE: A MULTIASSAY APPROACH. THE AIM OF THIS WORK WAS TO ASSESS THE BIOLOGICAL AND FOOD SAFETY OF TWO DIFFERENT BEVERAGES: CLASSIC COCA COLA (CCC) AND CAFFEINE-FREE COCA COLA (CFCC). TO THIS END, WE DETERMINED THE GENOTOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF LYOPHILISED CCC AND CFCC AND CAFFEINE (CAF), THE MAIN DISTINCTIVE CONSTITUENT. THEIR TOXIC/ANTITOXIC, GENOTOXIC/ANTIGENOTOXIC, AND CHRONIC TOXICITY (LIFESPAN ASSAY) EFFECTS WERE DETERMINED IN VIVO USING THE DROSOPHILA MODEL. THEIR CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES WERE DETERMINED USING THE HL-60 IN VITRO CANCER MODEL. IN ADDITION, CLASTOGENIC DNA TOXICITY WAS MEASURED USING INTERNUCLEOSOMAL FRAGMENTATION AND SCGE ASSAYS. THEIR EPIGENETIC EFFECTS WERE ASSESSED ON THE HL-60 METHYLATION STATUS USING SOME REPETITIVE ELEMENTS. THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS SHOWED A SLIGHT CHEMOPREVENTIVE EFFECT OF THE TWO COLA BEVERAGES AGAINST HL-60 LEUKAEMIA CELLS, PROBABLY MEDIATED BY NONAPOPTOTIC MECHANISMS. FINALLY, CCC AND CAF INDUCED A GLOBAL GENOME HYPOMETHYLATION EVALUATED IN LINE-1 AND ALU M1 REPETITIVE ELEMENTS. OVERALL, WE DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME THE SAFETY OF THIS FAMOUS BEVERAGE IN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO MODELS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  4408  23 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD (FHIT) TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE IN VESICAL TUMORS OF CATTLE WITH CHRONIC ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA (CEH). THE FHIT (FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD) GENE IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE KNOWN TO BE INACTIVATED IN MANY TUMORS INCLUDING BLADDER TUMORS AND IS SPANNING FRA3B, A VERY ACTIVE COMMON FRAGILE SITE IN THE HUMAN GENOME. WE HAVE RECENTLY ISOLATED THE BOVINE GENE, AND THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO TEST WHETHER FHIT PRESENTS ALTERED EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN VESICAL TUMORS OF CATTLE WITH CEH (CHRONIC ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA). CEH IS A COMMON SYNDROME AFFECTING MEDITERRANEAN CATTLE: CLASTOGENIC, MUTAGENIC AND CANCEROGENIC SUBSTANCES RELEASED BY THE BRACKEN FERN (PTERIDIUM SPP) GRAZED BY ANIMALS INDUCE THE FORMATION OF NEOPLASTIC LESIONS, AMONG WHICH BLADDER TUMORS HAVE A HIGH INCIDENCE. WE ANALYSED FHIT IN 23 BLADDER TUMORS OF CEH CATTLE LOOKING AT: 1) THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE CPG ISLAND COMPRISING THE PROMOTER AND PART OF EXON 1; 2) THE PRESENCE OF ALTERED FHIT TRANSCRIPTS; 3) THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS MEASURED WITH A QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) APPROACH. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT UNLIKE IN HUMAN TUMORS, FHIT IN VESICAL TUMORS OF CEH CATTLE IS LARGELY UNMETHYLATED. FURTHERMORE, THE SAME MRNA ISOFORMS OF FHIT WERE DETECTED IN TUMORS AND IN HEALTHY TISSUES, INCLUDING A NOVEL ISOFORM THAT WAS FOUND IN THIS STUDY. FINALLY, QRT-PCR DATA DID NOT REVEAL SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED EXPRESSION PROFILES OF FHIT TRANSCRIPTS. FURTHER STUDIES AND LARGER SETS OF CASES WILL BE USEFUL TO CONFIRM THIS FINDING, BUT THE DATA SEEM TO SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF FHIT AND ALTERED EXPRESSION PROFILES ARE NOT A HALLMARK OF BOVINE VESICAL TUMORS LIKE THEY ARE IN HUMAN TUMORS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3  3113  20 GERMINAL EPIMUTATION OF FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD (FHIT) GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA DISEASES. BACKGROUND: HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-I) IS ETIOLOGICALLY LINKED TO ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATL) AND AN INFLAMMATORY NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE CALLED HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY OR TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS (HAM/TSP). THE EXACT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC EVENTS AND/OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATL, OR HAM/TSP DISEASES ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE, FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD DIADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (FHIT), IS FREQUENTLY LOST IN CANCER THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND/OR DELETION. FHIT IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTING AS GENOME CARETAKER BY REGULATING CELLULAR DNA REPAIR. INDEED, FHIT LOSS LEADS TO REPLICATIVE STRESS AND ACCUMULATION OF DOUBLE DNA STRAND BREAKS. THEREFORE, LOSS OF FHIT EXPRESSION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION. METHODS: HERE, WE STUDIED OVER 400 SAMPLES FROM HTLV-I-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH ATL, TSP/HAM, OR ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS (AC) FOR FHIT LOSS AND EXPRESSION. WE EXAMINED THE EPIGENETIC STATUS OF FHIT THROUGH METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING; AND CORRELATED THESE RESULTS TO FHIT EXPRESSION IN PATIENT SAMPLES. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF FHIT IS SPECIFICALLY FOUND IN CHRONIC AND ACUTE ATL BUT IS ABSENT IN ASYMPTOMATIC HTLV-I CARRIERS AND TSP/HAM PATIENTS' SAMPLES. FURTHERMORE, THE EXTENT OF FHIT METHYLATION IN ATL PATIENTS WAS QUANTITATIVELY COMPARABLE IN VIRUS-INFECTED AND VIRUS NON-INFECTED CELLS. WE ALSO FOUND THAT LONGITUDINAL HTLV-I CARRIERS THAT PROGRESSED TO SMOLDERING ATL AND DESCENDANTS OF ATL PATIENTS HARBOR FHIT METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT GERMINAL EPIGENETIC MUTATION OF FHIT REPRESENTS A PREEXISTING MARK PREDISPOSING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATL DISEASES. THESE FINDINGS HAVE IMPORTANT CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AS PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ATL ARE RARELY CURED. OUR STUDY SUGGESTS AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY TO THE CURRENT "WAIT AND SEE APPROACH" IN THAT EARLY SCREENING OF HTLV-I-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS FOR GERMINAL EPIMUTATION OF FHIT AND EARLY TREATMENT MAY OFFER SIGNIFICANT CLINICAL BENEFITS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4   415  28 ANALYSIS OF RETROTRANSPOSON SUBFAMILY DNA METHYLATION REVEALS NOVEL EARLY EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. RETROTRANSPOSONS SUCH AS LINE-1 AND ALU COMPRISE >25% OF THE HUMAN GENOME. WHILE GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION OF THESE ELEMENTS HAS BEEN WIDELY REPORTED IN SOLID TUMOURS, THEIR EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IS YET TO BE CHARACTERISED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA, AND THERE HAS BEEN SCANT CONSIDERATION OF THEIR EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY THAT MEDIATES SENSITIVITY TO HYPOMETHYLATION. HERE, WE DEVELOPED AN APPROACH FOR LOCUS- AND EVOLUTIONARY SUBFAMILY-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS OF RETROTRANSPOSONS USING THE ILLUMINA INFINIUM HUMAN METHYLATION 450K MICROARRAY PLATFORM, WHICH WE APPLIED TO PUBLICLY-AVAILABLE DATASETS FROM CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA AND OTHER HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. WE IDENTIFIED 9,797 MICROARRAY PROBES MAPPING TO 117 LINE-1 SUBFAMILIES AND 13,130 MAPPING TO 37 ALU SUBFAMILIES. OF THESE, 10,782 WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED (PFDR<0.05) IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA PATIENTS (N=139) COMPARED WITH HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS (N=14), WITH ENRICHMENT AT ENHANCERS (P=0.002). DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH EVOLUTIONARY AGE OF LINE-1 (R2=0.31, P=0.003) AND ALU (R2=0.74, P=0.002) ELEMENTS, WITH GREATER HYPOMETHYLATION OF OLDER SUBFAMILIES (L1M, ALUJ). LOCUS-SPECIFIC HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF PROXIMAL GENES, INCLUDING DCLK2, HK1, ILRUN, TANK, TBCD, TNFRSF1B AND TXNRD2, WITH HIGHER EXPRESSION OF DCLK2 AND TNFRSF1B ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED PATIENT SURVIVAL. HYPOMETHYLATION AT NINE LOCI WAS HIGHLY FREQUENT IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (>90% PATIENTS) BUT NOT OBSERVED IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS OR OTHER LEUKAEMIAS, AND WAS DETECTABLE IN BLOOD SAMPLES TAKEN PRIOR TO CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA DIAGNOSIS IN 9 OF 82 INDIVIDUALS FROM THE MELBOURNE COLLABORATIVE COHORT STUDY. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF RETROTRANSPOSONS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA BY THEIR EVOLUTIONARY HERITAGE THAT MODULATES EXPRESSION OF PROXIMAL GENES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5  6248  16 THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER IN CHINESE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION AND AN IMPORTANT FEATURE IN HUMAN CANCERS. THE DEAD BOX POLYPEPTIDE 43 (DDX43) HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE OVEREXPRESSED IN VARIOUS SOLID TUMORS AND SOME HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER IN 87 CHINESE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND EXAMINED THE DDX43 TRANSCRIPT IN 35 PATIENTS USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. DDX43 PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN 22 (25.3%) CML PATIENTS. NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER WITH THE AGE, SEX, WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS, HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION, PLATELET COUNTS, AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES OF CML PATIENTS (P>0.05). THE FREQUENCY OF DDX43 HYPOMETHYLATION IN PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE, AND IN BLAST CRISIS WAS 23.4% (15/64), 25.0% (2/8), AND 33.3% (5/15), RESPECTIVELY (P>0.05). THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN DDX43 HYPOMETHYLATION AND DDX43 TRANSCRIPT (R=0.469, P=0.004). OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER MAY BE AN EARLY AND FREQUENT MOLECULAR EVENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CML IN CHINESE PATIENTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6   512  28 ASSOCIATION OF SAT-A AND ALU METHYLATION STATUS WITH HCV-INDUCED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ABNORMALITIES CONTRIBUTES TOGETHER TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER CANCER. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE REPETITIVE ELEMENTS (RES) IN DNA HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED IN A VARIETY OF HUMAN ILLNESSES. HOWEVER, THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF SAT-ALPHA AND ALU RES IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE (CLD) AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) CAUSED BY HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) HAVE NEVER BEEN STUDIED BEFORE. METHODOLOGY: IN THIS STUDY, 3 GROUPS OF PARTICIPANTS INCLUDING 50 PATIENTS HAVING HCV-INDUCED CLD, 50 PATIENTS HAVING HCV-INDUCED HCC, AND 46 HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE SUBJECTED TO MEASUREMENT OF SAT-ALPHA AND ALU METHYLATION USING THE QUANTITATIVE METHYLIGHT ASSAY. RESULTS: SAT-ALPHA AND ALU METHYLATION PERCENTAGES DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN BOTH CLD AND HCC, COMPARED TO CONTROL. ALSO, A SIGNIFICANT SAT-ALPHA HYPOMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN HCC, COMPARED TO CLD. IN ADDITION, SAT-ALPHA AND ALU METHYLATION SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DECLINE AS LESION SIZE GREW. HOWEVER, ONLY SAT-ALPHA HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN ASSOCIATION WITH PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS AND THE MELD SCORE. SAT-ALPHA METHYLATION PERCENTAGE HAD THE HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY FOR DIAGNOSING HCC (100% AND 84.4%) FOLLOWED BY ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (80% AND 84.4%) AND ALU METHYLATION (66% AND 61.5%). FURTHERMORE, THERE WAS A STRONG POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN SAT-ALPHA AND ALU METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: MEASURING SAT-ALPHA AND ALU METHYLATION PROVIDES US WITH A NEW TOOL FOR EARLY DETECTING HCV-INDUCED CLD AND HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. SAT-ALPHA HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BE UTILIZED AS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTIVE PARAMETER FOR HCC DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION BECAUSE OF ITS ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CLD AND HCC WITH THEIR DIFFERENT MELD SCORES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  3078  22 GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF A LARGE POPULATION SAMPLE SHOWS NEUROLOGICAL PATHWAYS INVOLVEMENT IN CHRONIC WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN. CHRONIC WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN (CWP), HAS A CONSIDERABLE HERITABLE COMPONENT, WHICH REMAINS TO BE EXPLAINED. EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO AND ACCOUNT FOR SOME OF THE HERITABILITY ESTIMATE. WE ANALYSED EPIGENOME-WIDE METHYLATION USING MEDIPSEQ IN WHOLE BLOOD DNA FROM 1708 MONOZYGOTIC AND DIZYGOTIC CAUCASIAN TWINS HAVING CWP PREVALENCE OF 19.9%. LONGITUDINALLY STABLE METHYLATION BINS (LSBINS), WERE ESTABLISHED BY TESTING REPEATED MEASUREMENTS CONDUCTED >/=3 YEARS APART, N = 292. DNA METHYLATION VARIATION AT LSBINS WAS TESTED FOR ASSOCIATION WITH CWP IN A DISCOVERY SET OF 50 MONOZYGOTIC TWIN PAIRS DISCORDANT FOR CWP, AND IN AN INDEPENDENT DATASET (N = 1608 TWINS), AND THE RESULTS FROM THE 2 SAMPLES WERE COMBINED USING FISHER METHOD. FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION OF THE MOST ASSOCIATED SIGNALS WAS BASED ON FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC ANNOTATIONS, GENE ONTOLOGY, AND PATHWAY ANALYSES. OF 723,029 SIGNALS IDENTIFIED AS LSBINS, 26,399 LSBINS DEMONSTRATED THE SAME DIRECTION OF ASSOCIATION IN BOTH DISCOVERY AND REPLICATION DATASETS AT NOMINAL SIGNIFICANCE (P </= 0.05). IN THE COMBINED ANALYSIS ACROSS 1708 INDIVIDUALS, WHEREAS NO LSBINS SHOWED GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANCE (P < 10-8), 24 SIGNALS REACHED P</=9E-5, AND THESE INCLUDED ASSOCIATION SIGNALS MAPPING IN OR NEAR TO IL17A, ADIPOR2, AND TNFRSF13B. BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSES OF THE ASSOCIATED METHYLATION BINS SHOWED ENRICHMENT FOR NEUROLOGICAL PATHWAYS IN CWP. WE ESTIMATE THAT THE VARIANCE EXPLAINED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN CWP IS 6%. THIS, THE LARGEST STUDY TO DATE OF DNA METHYLATION IN CWP, POINTS TOWARDS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF NEUROLOGICAL PATHWAYS IN CWP AND PROVIDES PROOF OF PRINCIPLE OF THIS METHOD IN TEASING APART THE COMPLEX RISK FACTORS FOR CWP.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8    25  19 A 3' TRNA-DERIVED FRAGMENT PRODUCED BY TRNA(LEUAAG) AND TRNA(LEUTAG) IS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, INDEPENDENTLY OF CLASSICAL PROGNOSTIC FACTORS. OBJECTIVE: 3' TRNA-DERIVED FRAGMENTS (3' TRFS) ARE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL VALUE OF A 3' TRF AS A PROGNOSTIC AND/OR SCREENING BIOMARKER FOR B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL). METHODS: PUBLICLY AVAILABLE NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING DATA FROM 20 B-CLL CASES WERE ANALYZED, FOLLOWED BY PREDICTION OF TARGETS OF THE MOST ABUNDANTLY AND UBIQUITOUSLY EXPRESSED 3' TRFS, LEADING TO SELECTION OF TRF-LEU(AAG/TAG) . PBMCS WERE ISOLATED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES OF 91 B-CLL PATIENTS AND 43 NON-LEUKEMIC DONORS, FOLLOWED BY TOTAL RNA EXTRACTION, IN-VITRO POLYADENYLATION, AND FIRST-STRAND CDNA SYNTHESIS. NEXT, A REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (QPCR) ASSAY WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE ACCURATE QUANTIFICATION OF TRF-LEU(AAG/TAG) AND APPLIED IN ALL SAMPLES, PRIOR TO BIOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS. RESULTS: HIGH TRF-LEU(AAG/TAG) LEVELS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INFERIOR OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS) OF B-CLL PATIENTS. THE UNFAVORABLE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRF-LEU(AAG/TAG) WAS INDEPENDENT OF ESTABLISHED PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN B-CLL. STRATIFIED KAPLAN-MEIER OS ANALYSIS UNCOVERED THE UNFAVORABLE PROGNOSTIC ROLE OF HIGH TRF-LEU(AAG/TAG) LEVELS FOR PATIENTS IN BINET A OR RAI I STAGE, NEGATIVE CD38 EXPRESSION, MUTATED, OR UNMUTATED IGHV GENOMIC LOCUS. CONCLUSION: OUR APPROACH REVEALED THE INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF A PARTICULAR 3' TRF, DERIVED FROM TRNA(LEUAAG) AND TRNA(LEUTAG) (TRF-LEU(AAG/TAG) ) IN B-CLL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  2327  22 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGEN GENE, HAGE, IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CANCER TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTA) PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR CANCER-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY. ALTHOUGH CTA GENES ARE EXPRESSED IN SOME NORMAL TISSUES, SUCH AS THE TESTIS, THIS IMMUNOLOGICALLY PROTECTED SITE LACKS MHC I EXPRESSION AND AS SUCH, DOES NOT PRESENT SELF ANTIGENS TO T CELLS. TO DATE, CTA GENES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EXPRESSED IN A RANGE OF SOLID TUMORS VIA DEMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS, BUT RARELY IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) OR OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. DESIGN AND METHODS: IN THIS STUDY, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE CTA GENE PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) AND SEQUENCING IN FOUR PHILADELPHIA-POSITIVE CELL LINES (TCC-S, K562, KU812 AND KYO-1) AND IN CML SAMPLES TAKEN FROM PATIENTS IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP N=215) OR BLAST CRISIS (BC N=47). HAGE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: THE TCC-S CELL LINE SHOWED DEMETHYLATION OF HAGE THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH OVER-EXPRESSION OF THIS GENE. HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN BC (46%) THAN IN CP (22%) (P=0.01) AND WAS CORRELATED WITH HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HAGE TRANSCRIPTS (P<0.0001). OF NOTE, IN CP-CML, EXTENSIVE HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE TO INTERFERON (P=0.01) OR IMATINIB (P=0.01), MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB (P=0.003) AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (P=0.05). INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSION: THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE PROMOTER DIRECTLY CORRELATES WITH ITS EXPRESSION IN BOTH CML CELL LINES AND PATIENTS AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE AND POOR OUTCOME.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10   813  25 CHANGES IN POLY(ADP-RIBOSYL)ATION PATTERNS IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO BTX. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO (BENZENE, TOLUENE AND XYLENE, BTX IS COMMON IN THE CHINESE WORKPLACE. CHRONIC OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO BENZENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES SUCH AS ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE STILL UNCLEAR. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATES CHANGES IN POLY(ADP-RIBOSYL)ATION AND DNA METHYLATION IN SUBJECTS OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO A BTX. BLOOD DNA SAMPLES AND EXPOSURE DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM SUBJECTS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EXPOSURE, INCLUDING 132 DECORATORS, 129 PAINTERS, AND 130 UNEXPOSED REFERENTS IN A CONTAINER-MANUFACTURING FACTORY IN SHENZHEN, CHINA. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INCLUDED PERSONAL MONITORING OF AIRBORNE BENZENE, TOLUENE AND XYLENE. HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS WERE MEASURED AND THE CYTOKINESIS-BLOCK MICRONUCLEUS (CBMN) ASSAY WAS USED TO DETECT DNA DAMAGE IN PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES. QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR WAS USED TO DETECT THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE 1 (PARP1) AND POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) GLYCOHYDROLASE (PARG), DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B, METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN PROTEIN 2(MBD2). PARP1 ASSAY WAS USED TO MEASURE PARP ACTIVITY. AIRBORNE LEVELS OF BENZENE, TOLUENE AND XYLENE IN THE TWO EXPOSED GROUPS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THOSE OF CONTROLS (P<0.001). THE TWO EXPOSED GROUPS (DECORATORS, PAINTERS) SHOWED DECREASED PARP1, DNMTS AND MBD2 EXPRESSION RELATIVE TO CONTROLS (P<0.05), AND PARP ACTIVITY WAS ALSO DECREASED (P<0.05). DECREASED PARP1, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B AND MBD2 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS CORRELATED WITH INCREASED AIRBORNE BTX (PEARSON'S R: -0.587, -0.314, -0.636, -0.567 AND -0.592 RESPECTIVELY, P<0.001). NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND CBMN WERE FOUND AMONG THE THREE GROUPS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DECREASED DNMTS, MBD2 AND PARP1 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN THE GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH BTX EXPOSURE, AND THE IMBALANCE OF PARP/PARG MIGHT PARTICIPATE IN THE DOWN-REGULATION OF DNMTS. THIS IS THE FIRST HUMAN STUDY TO LINK ALTERED POLY(ADP-RIBOSYL)ATION PATTERNS, WHICH REPRODUCE THE ABERRANT EPIGENETIC PATTERNS FOUND IN BENZENE-TREATED CELLS, TO CHRONIC OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO BTX.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11  3615  21 IN VITRO FOLATE DEFICIENCY INDUCES DEOXYNUCLEOTIDE POOL IMBALANCE, APOPTOSIS, AND MUTAGENESIS IN CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS. THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL FOLATE DEFICIENCY WERE STUDIED IN TWO CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY (CHO) CELL LINES. THE CHO-AA8 CELL LINE (HEMIZYGOUS AT THE APRT LOCUS) AND CHO-UV5 (DNA REPAIR-DEFICIENT MUTANT OF AA8) WERE CULTURED IN HAM'S F-12 MEDIUM OR IN CUSTOM-PREPARED HAM'S F-12 MEDIUM LACKING FOLIC ACID, THYMIDINE, AND HYPOXANTHINE. CELLS CULTURED ACUTELY IN THE FOLATE DEFICIENT MEDIUM EXHIBITED INITIAL GROWTH ARREST, FOLLOWED BY MASSIVE CELL DEATH AND DNA FRAGMENTATION INTO NUCLEOSOMAL MULTIMERS CHARACTERISTIC OF APOPTOSIS. ALTHOUGH PROLONGED CULTURE IN THE FOLATE DEFICIENT MEDIUM WAS CYTOSTATIC AND LETHAL TO THE MAJORITY CELLS, MINOR SUBPOPULATIONS IN BOTH CELL LINES FAILED TO INITIATE CELL DEATH, EXHIBITED PHENOTYPIC ABNORMALITIES, AND ADAPTED A SELECTIVE GROWTH ADVANTAGE UNDER MARGINAL FOLATE CONDITIONS. THESE "RESISTANT" CLONES EXHIBITED MAJOR ALTERATIONS IN DEOXYNUCLEOTIDE POOLS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN MUTANT FREQUENCY AT THE APRT LOCUS AS DETECTED BY RESISTANCE TO CYTOTOXICITY IN 8-AZAADENOSINE. THE MUTATION FREQUENCY IN THE DNA REPAIR-DEFICIENT CHO-UV5 CELLS WAS APPROXIMATELY 100-FOLD GREATER THAN THAT IN THE PARENTAL AA8 CLONES, UNDERSCORING THE IMPORTANCE OF DNA REPAIR UNDER CONDITIONS OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY AND NUCLEOTIDE POOL IMBALANCE. THE ENHANCED MUTATION FREQUENCY IN THE DNA REPAIR-COMPETENT FOLATE-DEFICIENT CHO-AA8 CELLS SUGGESTS THAT DNA REPAIR ACTIVITY IS LESS EFFECTIVE UNDER FOLATE-DEFICIENT CONDITIONS. THESE RESULTS ADD TO THE ACCUMULATING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE RELATING CHRONIC FOLATE DEFICIENCY TO GENOMIC INSTABILITY AND CARCINOGENESIS.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12   811  23 CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION OF TANDEM DNA REPEATS ARE DIFFERENT FROM INTERSPERSED REPEATS IN CANCER. HYPOMETHYLATION OF DNA REPETITIVE ELEMENTS IS A COMMON FINDING IN CANCER, BUT VERY LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DNA REPETITIVE ELEMENTS, SUCH AS INTERSPERSED REPEATS (LINE1 AND ALU YB8) AND TANDEM REPEATS (SAT-ALPHA, NBL-2 AND D4Z4). WE USED BISULFITE-PCR PYROSEQUENCING TO QUANTITATIVELY MEASURE THE DNA METHYLATION OF FIVE DIFFERENT DNA REPETITIVE ELEMENTS IN NORMAL TISSUE AND CANCER. IN ALL WE STUDIED 10 DIFFERENT TISSUES FROM FOUR INDIVIDUALS UNDERGOING AUTOPSY, 34 PAIRED NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH BLADDER CANCER, 58 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA AND 23 PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. WE FOUND THAT THE DNA METHYLATION OF INTERSPERSED REPEATS (LINE1 AND ALU YB8) WAS VERY CONSISTENT FROM PERSON TO PERSON AND TISSUE TO TISSUE WHILE TANDEM DNA REPEATS APPEARED MORE VARIABLE IN NORMAL TISSUES. IN BLADDER CANCER WE FOUND CLEAR HYPOMETHYLATION OF LINE1, ALU YB8, SAT-ALPHA AND NBL-2. CONVERSELY, WE FOUND AN INCREASE IN THE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF D4Z4 FROM NORMAL TO CANCER. IN CONTRAST LEUKEMIA SHOWED NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE DNA METHYLATION OF LINE1 AND ALU YB8, BUT DNA METHYLATION INCREASES IN NBL-2 AND D4Z4 TANDEM REPEATS. OUR FINDINGS SHOW THAT THE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF INDIVIDUAL DNA REPETITIVE ELEMENTS ARE UNIQUE FOR EACH REPETITIVE ELEMENT, WHICH MAY REFLECT DISTINCT EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND MAY HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS IN THE USE OF DNA METHYLATION OF REPETITIVE ELEMENTS AS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  1018  15 CIRCFHIT MODULATES GABAERGIC SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION VIA REGULATING THE PARENTAL GENE FHIT EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN ARE LACKING DUE TO OUR LIMITED UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS. THE CIRCRNAS ARE MAINLY ENRICHED IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. HOWEVER, THEIR FUNCTION IN VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS HAVE YET TO BE DETERMINED. HERE, WE IDENTIFIED CIRCFHIT, AN EXON-INTRON CIRCRNA EXPRESSED IN GABAERGIC NEURONS, WHICH REDUCED THE INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN TO MEDIATE SPARED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. MOREOVER, WE FOUND THAT CIRCFHIT DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF GAD65 AND INDUCED HYPEREXCITATION IN NK1R(+) NEURONS BY PROMOTING THE EXPRESSION OF ITS PARENTAL GENE FHIT IN CIS. MECHANISTICALLY, CIRCFHIT WAS DIRECTLY BOUND TO THE INTRONIC REGION OF FHIT, AND FORMED A CIRCFHIT/HNRNPK COMPLEX TO PROMOTE POL II PHOSPHORYLATION AND H2B MONOUBIQUITINATION BY RECRUITING CDK9 AND RNF40 TO THE FHIT INTRON. IN SUMMARY, WE REVEALED THAT THE EXON-INTRON CIRCFHIT CONTRIBUTES TO GABAERGIC NEURON-MEDIATED NK1R(+) NEURONAL HYPEREXCITATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA REGULATING FHIT IN CIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  6514  20 TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF THE GP91PHOX NADPH OXIDASE SUBUNIT BY TPA IN HL-60 CELLS. THE EXPOSURE TO EPIGENETIC EFFECTORS CAPABLE OF INDUCING COPIOUS PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, TUMOR INITIATION, AND PROMOTION. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE REGULATION OF GP91PHOX, THE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT OF THE NADPH OXIDASE, AND THE KINETICS OF ROS PRODUCTION IN PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA HL-60 CELLS INDUCED WITH 12-O-TETRADECONYLPHORBOL-13-ACETATE (TPA). THE TREATMENT OF HL-60 CELLS WITH TPA (0.1 MICROM) INDUCED CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION, WHICH WAS FOLLOWED AFTER 48 H BY A TENFOLD INCREASE IN CHEMILUMINESCENCE FROM LUCIGENIN AND A 2.5-FOLD INCREASE IN THE INTRACELLULAR OXIDATION OF 2',7'-DICHOLOROFLUORESCIN (DCFH). WHEREAS HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS (1.0 MICROM) OF TPA DID NOT STIMULATE FURTHER ROS PRODUCTION, REPEATED STIMULATION WITH 0.1 MICROM TPA OF DIFFERENTIATED CELLS INDUCED A MODEST (1.2-FOLD) BUT RAPID (15 MIN) INCREASE IN CHEMILUMINESCENCE. IN CELLS TREATED WITH TPA, THE BURST IN ROS AT 48 H WAS PRECEDED BY ACCUMULATION AT 12 H OF GP91PHOX (8.8-FOLD) AND P47PHOX MRNA (THREEFOLD), WHEREAS UNTREATED CELLS CONTAINED STEADY-STATE LEVELS OF BOTH TRANSCRIPTS. TIME-COURSE EXPERIMENTS WITH ACTINOMYCIN D TO INHIBIT TRANSCRIPTION REVEALED THAT TPA DID NOT IMPROVE THE STABILITY OF GP91PHOX. IN TRANSIENT TRANSFECTIONS, LUCIFERASE REPORTER ACTIVITY DIRECTED FROM A 1.5-KB GP91PHOX PROMOTER FRAGMENT WAS ENHANCED THREEFOLD UPON TREATMENT WITH TPA FOR 24 H. WE CONCLUDE THAT TPA CAN COMMIT HL-60 CELLS TO DIFFERENTIATION AND ELICIT TRANSCRIPTION FROM THE PROXIMAL GP91PHOX PROMOTER.	2001	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  6243  30 THE MECHANISM OF APOLIPROTEIN A1 DOWN-REGULATED BY HEPATITIS B VIRUS. BACKGROUND: HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION CORRELATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIRRHOSIS, LIVER FAILURE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), POSES A HUGE HEALTH BURDEN ON THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY. HOWEVER, THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) REMAINS UNCLEAR. APOLIPOPROTEIN A1 (APOA1) MAINLY SECRETED BY HEPATOCYTES, REPRESENTS THE MAJOR PROTEIN COMPONENT OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN. APOA1 SECRETION MAY BE DISRUPTED BY HBV INFECTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE MAINLY INVESTIGATED THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF APOA1 DOWN REGULATED BY HBV FOR REVEALING THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHB. METHODS: APOA1 EXPRESSION IN LIVERS OF CHB PATIENTS AS WELL AS HEALTHY CONTROLS WERE PERFORMED BY REAL-TIME PCR (RT-PCR) AND WESTERN BLOT. THE SERUM APOA1 LEVELS WERE MEASURED BY ENZYMED-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA). EXPRESSION OF APOA1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE PERFORMED BY RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT IN HUMAN HEPATOMA HEPG2 CELLS AND SUBLINE HEPG2.2.15 CELLS. HBV EXPRESSION CONSTRUCT, PHBV1.3 WERE TRANSFECTED INTO HEPG2, THE CHANGES OF APOA1 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE DETECTED BY RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. TO FURTHER STUDY THE MECHANISM OF APOA1 DOWN REGULATION BY HBV, 11 CPG ISLANDS IN APOA1 PROMOTOR WERE TESTED FOR DNA METHYLATION STATUS BY MSP. HEPG2.2.15 CELL LINES WERE TREATED WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZA-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC), THEN, EXPRESSION OF APOA1 MRNA AND HBV PARTICLES IN THE SUPERNATANT, AS WELL AS APOA1 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE DETECTED BY RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. SECRETION OF HBSAG AND HBEAG IN HEPG2 CELLS COTRANSFECTED WITH PAPOA1 AND PHBV1.3 CONSTRUCTS WAS TESTED BY ELISA. MEANWHILE, SECRETION OF HBSAG AND HBEAG IN THE SUPERNATANT WERE QUANTIFIED BY ELISA IN THE HEPG2.2.15 CELLS TREATED WITH 5-AZA-DC PLUS APOA1 SIRNA. RESULTS: EXPRESSION OF APOA1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS, AS WELL AS SERUM APOA1 LEVELS IN CHB PATIENTS WERE DECREASED CORRESPONDING HEALTHY CONTROLS IN VIVO. IN ADDITION, THE EXPRESSION OF APOA1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE DOWN REGULATED IN HEPG2.2.15 CELLS CORREPONDING HEPG2 CELLS, 11 CPG ISLANDS IN APOA1 PROMOTER WERE TESTED FOR METHYLATION STATUS BY MSP IN HEPG2.2.15 CELLS COMPARED TO HEPG2 CELLS, WHILE TWO CPG ISLANDS WERE FOUND HYPERMETHYLATED. EXPRESSION OF APOA1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE INCREASED IN HEPG2.2.15 CELLS TREATED WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZA-DC. FURTHERMORE, OVEREXPRESSION OF APOA1 CAN ENHANCE HBV EXPRESSION IN HEPG2 CELLS WHILE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF 5-AZA-DC ON HBV EXPRESSION WAS COMPLETELY ABOLISHED BY BLOCKING 5-AZA-DC-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF APOA1 USING RNAI. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF APOA1 GENE EXPRESSION BY CPG ISLAND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION INDUCED BY HBV MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHB.	2016	

16  1996  19 EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS OF THE EDNRB GENE IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY (LOH) AT 13Q22 IS A COMMON EVENT IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (NPC). EDNRB GENE LOCATED AT 13Q22 HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE HYPERMETHYLATED IN SOME KINDS OF TUMORS. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE FOCUSED ON THE EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS OF EDNRB IN NPC. METHODS: THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF EDNRB WAS DETECTED BY SEMIQUANTITATIVE RT-PCR AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR IN 49 NPC AND 12 CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS BIOPSIES. THE METHYLATION AND LOH STATUS OF EDNRB WERE EXAMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, MICROSATELLITE PCR AND SEQUENCING. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF EDNRB IN FOUR NPC CELL LINES AFTER 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE TREATMENT. RESULTS: EDNRB WAS DOWNREGULATED IN PRIMARY NPC TISSUES AND NPC CELL LINES, AND A RELATIVELY HIGHER METHYLATION LEVEL OF EDNRB WAS FOUND IN NPC BIOPSIES (84%) COMPARED TO THAT IN CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS BIOPSIES (42%). TREATMENT OF NPC CELL LINES WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE ACTIVATED EDNRB EXPRESSION. LOH OF EDNRB GENE WAS ALSO FOUND AT TWO MICROSATELLITE SITES WITH RATIOS OF 6.25 AND 16.67% IN NPC. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT EDNRB EXPRESSION MAY BE AFFECTED BY ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE DELETION AND MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NPC.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17   156  18 ABERRANT METHYLATION OF THE DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 (DAPK1) CPG ISLAND IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. THE DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 (DAPK1) GENE IS A CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR (TSG) AND THE ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF DAPK1 GENE HAS BEEN FOUND IN MANY CARCINOMAS. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF TSGS ARE NOW RECOGNIZED AS A MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). TO CLARIFY THE ROLE OF DAPK1 IN CML, WE EXAMINED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF DAPK1 IN 49 PATIENTS WITH CML USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE ABERRANT METHYLATION OF THE DAPK1 GENE WAS FOUND IN 25 OF 49 (51.0%) CML CASES, NOT IN ALL CONTROLS. NO CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN DAPK1 GENE METHYLATION AND THE AGE, HEMATOLOGIC PARAMETERS, CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES, THE TYPES AND LEVELS OF BCR/ABL TRANSCRIPTS OF CML PATIENTS. HOWEVER, CORRELATION COULD BE OBSERVED BETWEEN THE SEX AND THE STATUS OF DAPK1 METHYLATION IN CML PATIENTS (R = 0.374, P = 0.008). FURTHERMORE, THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN DAPK1 METHYLATION AND THE STAGES OF CML (R = 0.354, P = 0.013). THE CML PATIENTS IN ACCELERATED PHASE (AP) AND BLAST CRISIS (BC) HAD HIGHER FREQUENCY OF DAPK1 METHYLATION THAN THOSE IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP) (75.0% VS. 34.5%) (CHI(2) = 7.776, P = 0.005). IN ONE PATIENT, THE STATUS OF DAPK1 METHYLATION BECAME POSITIVE ON THE TRANSITION FROM CP TO AP AND BC. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT DAPK1 PROMOTER METHYLATION MIGHT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF CML.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  2688  19 EVIDENCE THAT METHYLATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN LIVER TISSUES OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B MODULATES HBV REPLICATION. EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY MODULATE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRAL INFECTION BY AFFECTING VIRION GENE TRANSCRIPTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO COMPARE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE INTRAHEPATIC COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) CPG ISLAND 2 AND HBV REPLICATION CAPABILITY. HBV CCCDNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM LIVER BIOPSIES OF 55 HBSAG-POSITIVE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (32 HBEAG-POSITIVE AND 23 HBEAG-NEGATIVE), AND WAS ANALYZED FOR METHYLATION STATUS AND QUANTITY. THE TWO HPA II RECOGNITION SEQUENCES CCPGG IN THE CPG ISLAND 2 WERE METHYLATED IN INFECTED LIVER TISSUES FROM 24 (43.6%) OF 55 PATIENTS. POSITIVE RATIOS OF CCCDNA METHYLATION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HBEAG-NEGATIVE PATIENTS (15/23, 65.2%) THAN HBEAG-POSITIVE PATIENTS (9/32, 28.1%) (P < 0.05). THE PERCENTAGE OF METHYLATED-CCCDNA/TOTAL-CCCDNA OF HBEAG-NEGATIVE SAMPLES (A MEDIAN OF 48%, RANGING FROM 5% TO 83%) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER (P < 0.001) THAN HBEAG-POSITIVE SAMPLES (A MEDIAN OF 14%, RANGING FROM 0.26% TO 35%). RATIOS OF RELAXED CIRCULAR DNA (RCDNA) TO CCCDNA MOLECULES REVEALED THAT CCCDNA METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH IMPAIRED VIRION PRODUCTIVITY IN HBEAG-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS (P < 0.05). THE BISULFITE DNA SEQUENCING SHOWED THAT METHYLATION DENSITY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HBEAG-NEGATIVE THAN IN HBEAG-POSITIVE PATIENTS (P < 0.05). THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE CPG ISLAND 2 OF THE CCCDNA IN HBEAG-NEGATIVE PATIENTS WAS HIGHER THAN THAT IN HBEAG-POSITIVE PATIENTS, SUGGESTING THAT HBV CCCDNA METHYLATION MAY BE RELEVANT TO REPLICATION CAPABILITY OF HBV.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19  3627  22 INACTIVATION OF LARS2, LOCATED AT THE COMMONLY DELETED REGION 3P21.3, BY BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC MECHANISMS IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA. ALLELIC LOSS OF CHROMOSOME 3P, INCLUDING THE 3P21.3 REGION, IS FOUND IN 95-100% OF PRIMARY NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (NPC) BIOPSIES, SUGGESTING THAT THIS REGION SHOULD HARBOR SOME TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) CLOSELY RELATED TO NPC DEVELOPMENT. SEVERAL TSGS LOCATED AT 3P21.3, SUCH AS RASSF1A, LTF AND BLU, HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE INVOLVED IN NPC DEVELOPMENT. LARS2 (LEUCYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE 2, MITOCHONDRIAL) IS ANOTHER GENE LOCATED IN THE CHROMOSOME 3 COMMON ELIMINATED REGION-1 (C3CER1) AT 3P21.3. IN THIS STUDY, WE FOCUSSED ON THE EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS OF LARS2 IN NPC. THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF LARS2 WAS DETECTED IN 36 NPC AND 8 CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS (NP) TISSUES BY SEMI-QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR) AND REAL-TIME RT-PCR. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE MUTATION, ALLELIC LOSS, AND METHYLATION STATUS OF LARS2 WERE ANALYSED BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION-SINGLE-STRAND CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM (PCR-SSCP), HOMOZYGOUS DELETION (HD) ANALYSIS AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IN PRIMARY NPC TISSUES. NO EXPRESSION OR DOWNREGULATION OF LARS2 WAS OBSERVED IN 78% OF PRIMARY NPC TISSUES. NO MUTATIONS, ASSESSED BY PCR-SSCP AND DNA SEQUENCING, WERE FOUND IN THE PROMOTER REGION AND EXON 1 OF LARS2 IN NPC TISSUES, WHEREAS HD WAS DETECTED IN 28% OF NPC SPECIMENS AT THE LARS2 LOCUS. IN ADDITION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF LARS2 WAS FOUND IN 64% OF NPC SAMPLES BUT ONLY IN 12.5% OF NP BIOPSIES. OUR DATA INDICATE THAT INACTIVATION OF LARS2 BY BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE A COMMON AND IMPORTANT EVENT IN THE CARCINOGENESIS OF NPC.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20  2304  21 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CATHEPSIN L EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. THE EXPRESSION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CATHEPSIN L (CTSL) HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN SOLID TUMOURS. HOWEVER NO SUCH INFORMATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) WAS AVAILABLE. WE INVESTIGATED THE ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF THIS PROTEASE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF 47 ADULT CML PATIENTS. THIRTY ADULTS SUFFERING FROM SYSTEMIC DISEASES AND 50 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS SERVED AS CONTROLS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF CTSL, ITS SPECIFIC ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR CYSTATIN C AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL UP-REGULATOR VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) WERE QUANTITATED BY REAL-TIME QPCR. CTSL PROTEASE ACTIVITY AND ITS MRNA EXPRESSION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN CML CHRONIC PHASE (CP) PATIENTS COMPARED TO CML ACCELERATED PHASE/BLAST CRISIS (AP/BC) PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P</= 0.001). VEGF WHOSE EXPRESSION WAS MOST PRONOUNCED IN CP AND DECLINED (P</= 0.001) IN THE ADVANCED PHASES OF THE MALIGNANCY EXHIBITED A STRONG POSITIVE CORRELATION WITH CTSL EXPRESSION (R= 0.97; P</= 0.001). CYSTATIN C EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER (P</= 0.001) IN CML AND DISPLAYED INVERSE CORRELATION WITH CTSL (R=-0.713; P</= 0.001) ACTIVITY. CTSL PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HYPOMETHYLATED IN CML CP COMPARED TO CML AP/BC PATIENTS AS WELL AS CONTROLS. K562, A BC CML CELL LINE DISPLAYED CTSL ACTIVITY, EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF CTSL PROMOTER THAT WAS COMPARABLE TO CML AP/BC PATIENTS. TREATMENT OF THESE CELLS OR PBMCS ISOLATED FROM CML AP/BC PATIENTS WITH 5'-AZA-CYTIDINE RESULTED IN A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN CSTL ACTIVITY AND/OR EXPRESSION THEREBY DEMONSTRATING THE ROLE OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE STAGE SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF CTSL IN CML. DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF CTSL IN CML AT VARIOUS STAGES OF MALIGNANCY MAY PROVE USEFUL IN IDENTIFICATION OF THE HIGH-RISK PATIENTS THEREBY FACILITATING BETTER MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE.	2011