1  6756 133 WNT ANTAGONIST, SFRP1, IS HEDGEHOG SIGNALING TARGET. HEDGEHOG AND WNT SIGNALING PATHWAYS NETWORK TOGETHER DURING EMBRYOGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM REPRESSES CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING TO RESTRICT EXPRESSION OF WNT TARGET GENES TO STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM REMAINS UNCLEAR. THE HEDGEHOG SIGNAL IS TRANSDUCED TO GLI FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS THOUGH PATCHED RECEPTOR, SMOOTHENED SIGNAL TRANSDUCER, AND OTHER SIGNALING COMPONENTS, SUCH AS KIF27, KIF7, STK36, SUFU, AND DZIP1. HERE, WE SEARCHED FOR THE GLI-BINDING SITE WITHIN THE PROMOTER REGION OF GENES ENCODING SECRETED-TYPE WNT SIGNAL INHIBITORS, INCLUDING SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP3, SFRP4, SFRP5, DKK1, DKK2, DKK3, DKK4, AND WIF1. THE GLI-BINDING SITE WAS IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE HUMAN SFRP1 PROMOTER BASED ON BIOINFORMATICS AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE. THE CHIMPANZEE SFRP1 GENE WAS IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE NW_110515.1 GENOME SEQUENCE. THE GLI-BINDING SITE OF THE HUMAN SFRP1 PROMOTER WAS CONSERVED IN CHIMPANZEE SFRP1, MOUSE SFRP1, AND RAT SFRP1 PROMOTERS. SFRP1 IS THE EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED TARGET OF THE HEDGEHOG-GLI SIGNALING PATHWAY. EXPRESSION DOMAIN ANALYSES BASED ON TEXT MINING REVEALED THAT INDIAN HEDGEHOG (IHH), SFRP1, AND WNT6 ARE EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENTIATED INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, MESENCHYMAL CELLS, AND STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS, RESPECTIVELY. HEDGEHOG IS SECRETED FROM DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS TO INDUCE SFRP1 EXPRESSION IN MESENCHYMAL CELLS, WHICH KEEPS DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS AWAY FROM THE EFFECTS OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING. THESE FACTS INDICATE THAT SFRP1 IS THE HEDGEHOG TARGET TO CONFINE CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING WITHIN STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS. THEREFORE, EPIGENETIC CPG HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER DURING CHRONIC PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AND AGING LEADS TO THE OCCURRENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS, SUCH AS COLORECTAL CANCER AND GASTRIC CANCER, THROUGH THE BREAKDOWN OF HEDGEHOG-DEPENDENT WNT SIGNAL INHIBITION.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  3216  61 HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY AND GASTROINTESTINAL STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK (REVIEW). HEDGEHOG, BMP/TGFBETA, FGF, WNT AND NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAYS CONSTITUTE THE STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK, WHICH PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN A VARIETY OF PROCESSES, SUCH AS EMBRYOGENESIS, MAINTENANCE OF ADULT TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS, TISSUE REPAIR DURING CHRONIC PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, AND CARCINOGENESIS. SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH), INDIAN HEDGEHOG (IHH) AND DESERT HEDGEHOG (DHH) BIND TO PTCH1/PTCH OR PTCH2 RECEPTOR TO RELEASE SMOOTHENED (SMO) SIGNAL TRANSDUCER FROM PATCHED-DEPENDENT SUPPRESSION. SMO THEN ACTIVATES STK36 SERINE/THREONINE KINASE TO STABILIZE GLI FAMILY MEMBERS AND TO PHOSPHORYLATE SUFU FOR NUCLEAR ACCUMULATION OF GLI. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING ACTIVATION LEADS TO GLI-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF TARGET GENES, SUCH AS GLI1, PTCH1, CCND2, FOXL1, JAG2 AND SFRP1. GLI1-DEPENDENT POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP COMBINED WITH PTCH1-DEPENDENT NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP GIVES RISE TO TRANSIENT PROLIFERATION OF HEDGEHOG TARGET CELLS. IGUANA HOMOLOGS (DZIP1 AND DZIP1L) AND COSTAL-2 HOMOLOGS (KIF7 AND KIF27) ARE IDENTIFIED BY COMPARATIVE INTEGROMICS. SHH-DEPENDENT PARIETAL CELL PROLIFERATION IS IMPLICATED IN GASTRIC MUCOSAL REPAIR DURING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. BMP-RUNX3 SIGNALING INDUCES IHH EXPRESSION IN SURFACE DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS OF STOMACH AND INTESTINE. HEDGEHOG SIGNALS FROM EPITHELIAL CELLS THEN INDUCES FOXL1-MEDIATED BMP4 UPREGULATION IN MESENCHYMAL CELLS. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IS FREQUENTLY ACTIVATED IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, GASTRIC CANCER AND PANCREATIC CANCER DUE TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL UPREGULATION OF HEDGEHOG LIGANDS AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF HHIP1/HHIP GENE, ENCODING THE HEDGEHOG INHIBITOR. HOWEVER, HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IS RARELY ACTIVATED IN COLORECTAL CANCER DUE TO NEGATIVE REGULATION BY THE CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING MOLECULES OR TARGETS, SUCH AS SHH, IHH, HHIP1, PTCH1 AND GLI1, ARE APPLIED AS BIOMARKERS FOR CANCER DIAGNOSTICS, PROGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTICS. SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS FOR SMO OR STK36 ARE SUITABLE TO BE USED FOR TREATMENT OF HEDGEHOG-DEPENDENT CANCER.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3  1483  29 DKK1 IS EPIGENETICALLY DOWNREGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION AND INHIBITS BILE ACID-INDUCED GASTRIC INTESTINAL METAPLASIA. DICKKOPF-RELATED PROTEIN 1 (DKK1) IS ESSENTIAL TO GASTRIC CANCER AS AN INHIBITOR OF WNT SIGNALING. GASTRIC INTESTINAL METAPLASIA (GIM) IS AN IMPORTANT PRECANCEROUS LESION OF GASTRIC CANCER THAT CAN BE ACTIVATED BY BILE ACID REFLUX AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISM OF DKK1 IN BILE ACID-INDUCED GIM HAS NOT BEEN COMPLETELY ELUCIDATED. WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF DKK1 IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GIM. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, BILE ACID WAS FOUND TO INDUCE THE EXPRESSION OF INTESTINAL MARKERS IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS, WHEREAS DKK1 WAS DOWNREGULATED IN RESPONSE TO BILE ACID STIMULATION. THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DKK1 WERE DECREASED IN GIM TISSUES AS EVIDENCED BY QRT-PCR AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING. SURPRISINGLY, THE METHYLATION OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER INCREASED IN GIM TISSUES, AND WE DISCOVERED 28 DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION SITES OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER IN GIM TISSUES. BILE ACID WAS ABLE TO INDUCE THE PARTIAL METHYLATION OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER, WHILE 5-AZA COULD INCREASE DKK1 EXPRESSION AS WELL AS DECREASE INTESTINAL MARKERS EXPRESSION IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. IN CONCLUSION, THE PROMOTER METHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF DKK1 MIGHT PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GIM, ESPECIALLY BILE ACID-INDUCED GIM.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  1146  41 CONCURRENT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA. BACKGROUND: THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALLING IS ABERRANTLY ACTIVATED IN PRIMARY B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL). EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES MAY BE A MECHANISM FOR ITS ACTIVATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED SYSTEMATICALLY AND QUANTITATIVELY THE METHYLATION STATUS OF 12 WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES - CDH1, DACT1, DKK1, DKK2, DKK3, DKK4, SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP3, SFRP4, SFRP5 AND WIF1 - IN THE CELL LINES EHEB AND MEC-1 AS WELL AS PATIENT SAMPLES. METHODS: QUANTIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION WAS PERFORMED BY MEANS OF BISULPHITE PYROSEQUENCING AND CONFIRMED BY BISULPHITE SANGER SEQUENCING. GENE EXPRESSION WAS ANALYSED BY QPCR USING GAPDH AS INTERNAL CONTROL. E-CADHERIN AND BETA-CATENIN PROTEIN QUANTIFICATION WAS CARRIED OUT BY MICROSPHERE-BASED IMMUNOASSAYS. METHYLATION DIFFERENCES OBSERVED BETWEEN THE PATIENT AND CONTROL GROUPS WERE TESTED USING GENERALISED LEAST SQUARES MODELS. RESULTS: FOR 10 GENES, A HIGHER METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED IN TUMOUR MATERIAL. ONLY DKK4 EXHIBITED SIMILARLY HIGH METHYLATION LEVELS IN BOTH TUMOUR AND NORMAL SPECIMENS, WHILE DACT1 WAS ALWAYS ESSENTIALLY UNMETHYLATED. HOWEVER, ALSO FOR THESE INHIBITORS, TREATMENT OF CELLS WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2 -DEOXYCYTIDINE RESULTED IN AN INDUCTION OF THEIR EXPRESSION, AS SHOWN BY QUANTITATIVE PCR, SUGGESTING AN INDIRECT EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF ACTIVITY. WHILE THE DEGREE OF DEMETHYLATION AND ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONSEQUENCES DIFFERED BETWEEN THE GENES, THERE WAS AN OVERALL HIGH CORRELATION OF DEMETHYLATION AND INCREASED ACTIVITY. PROTEIN EXPRESSION STUDIES REVEALED THAT NO CONSTITUTIVE WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALLING OCCURRED IN THE CELL LINES, WHICH IS IN DISCREPANCY WITH RESULTS FROM PRIMARY CLL. HOWEVER, TREATMENT WITH 5-AZA-2 -DEOXYCYTIDINE CAUSED ACCUMULATION OF BETA-CATENIN. SIMULTANEOUSLY, E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION WAS STRONGLY INDUCED, LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF A COMPLEX WITH BETA-CATENIN AND THUS DEMONSTRATING ITS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED INHIBITION EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST AN EPIGENETIC SILENCING MECHANISM OF THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES IN CLL. HYPERMETHYLATION AND SILENCING OF FUNCTIONALLY RELATED GENES MAY NOT BE COMPLETELY STOCHASTIC BUT RESULT FROM THE TUMOUR EPIGENOME REPROGRAMMING ORCHESTRATED BY POLYCOMB-GROUP REPRESSIVE COMPLEXES. THE DATA ARE OF INTEREST IN THE CONTEXT OF EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPY.	2012	

5  1730  38 DYSREGULATION OF STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION IN GASTRIC CANCER. GENETIC FACTORS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, SALT OVER-UPTAKE, DECREASED VEGETABLE/FRUIT CONSUMPTION, SMOKING, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME ARE RISK FACTORS OF HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER. GERMLINE MUTATIONS OF CDH1 GENE, AND SNPS OF PTPN11 (SHP2), TLR4, IL1B, TNFA, BMP6, GDF15 AND RUNX3 GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRIC CANCER. HELICOBACTER PYLORI ACTIVATES CAGA-SHP2-ERK AND PEPTIDOGLYCAN-NOD1-NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS USING TYPE IV SECRETION SYSTEM, AND ALSO TRAF6-MAP3K7-NFKAPPAB AND TRAF6-MAP3K7-AP-1 SIGNALING CASCADES IN EPITHELIAL AND IMMUNE CELLS THROUGH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE RECOGNITION BY TLR2 OR TLR4. IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNFALPHA AND IFNGAMMA ARE ELEVATED IN GASTRIC MUCOSA WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. IL-6 AND TNFALPHA INDUCE UPREGULATION OF WNT5A AND WNT10B, RESPECTIVELY. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF, RHOA, JNK, PKC, NFAT, AND NLK SIGNALING CASCADES. WNT-BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF SIGNALING INDUCES UPREGULATION OF MYC, CCND1, WISP1, FGF20, JAG1 AND DKK1 GENES. NOTCH SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CSL-NICD-MAML AND NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES. FGF SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO ERK, PI3K-AKT, PKC, AND NFAT SIGNALING CASCADES. HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES SHH UPREGULATION IN PARIETAL CELL LINEAGE, WHILE BMP SIGNALS INDUCE IHH UPREGULATION IN PIT CELL LINEAGE. HEDGEHOG SIGNALS INDUCE UPREGULATION OF GLI1, PTCH1, CCND2, FOXL1, JAG2 AND SFRP1 GENES. JAG1 AND JAG2 ACTIVATE NOTCH SIGNALING, WHILE DKK1 AND SFRP1 INHIBIT WNT SIGNALING. STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK, CONSISTING OF WNT, NOTCH, FGF, HEDGEHOG AND BMP SIGNALING PATHWAYS, IS ACTIVATED DURING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 GENE OCCURS IN THE EARLIER STAGE OF CARCINOGENESIS IN THE STOMACH, WHILE AMPLIFICATION AND OVEREXPRESSION OF FGFR2 GENE IN THE LATER STAGE. DYSREGULATION OF THE STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO THE ACCUMULATION OF GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION GIVES RISE TO GASTRIC CANCER. SNP TYPING AND CUSTOM-MADE MICROARRAY ANALYSES ON GENES ENCODING STEM CELL SIGNALING MOLECULES COULD BE UTILIZED FOR THE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                            
6  6758  44 WNT SIGNALING IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. WNT FAMILY MEMBERS ARE SECRETED-TYPE GLYCOPROTEINS TO ORCHESTRATE EMBRYOGENESIS, TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS, AND TO INDUCE PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, LRP5, LRP6, AND ROR2 ARE TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS TRANSDUCING WNT SIGNALS BASED ON LIGAND-DEPENDENT PREFERENTIALITY FOR CAVEOLIN- OR CLATHRIN-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CANONICAL PATHWAY FOR CELL FATE DETERMINATION, AND TO NON-CANONICAL PATHWAYS FOR REGULATION OF PLANAR CELL POLARITY, CELL ADHESION, AND MOTILITY. MYC, CCND1, AXIN2, FGF20, WISP1, JAG1, DKK1 AND GLUCAGON ARE TARGET GENES OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADE, WHILE CD44, VIMENTIN AND STX5 ARE TARGET GENES OF NON-CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADES. HOWEVER, TARGET GENES OF WNT SIGNALING CASCADES ARE DETERMINED IN A CONTEXT-DEPENDENT MANNER DUE TO EXPRESSION PROFILE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC STATUS. WNT SIGNALING CASCADES NETWORK WITH NOTCH, FGF, BMP AND HEDGEHOG SIGNALING CASCADES TO REGULATE THE BALANCE OF STEM CELLS AND PROGENITOR CELLS. HERE WNT SIGNALING IN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, NEURAL STEM CELLS, MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS, HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, AND INTESTINAL STEM CELLS WILL BE REVIEWED. WNT3, WNT5A AND WNT10B ARE EXPRESSED IN UNDIFFERENTIATED HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, WHILE WNT6, WNT8B AND WNT10B IN ENDODERM PRECURSOR CELLS. WNT6 IS EXPRESSED IN INTESTINAL CRYPT REGION FOR STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS. TNF/ALPHA-WNT10B SIGNALING IS A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE AND GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. RECOMBINANT WNT PROTEIN OR WNT MIMETIC (CIRCULAR PEPTIDE, SMALL MOLECULE COMPOUND, OR RNA APTAMER) IN COMBINATION WITH NOTCH MIMETIC, FGF PROTEIN, AND BMP PROTEIN OPENS A NEW WINDOW TO TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  3179  24 HAIR CORTISOL AS A HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS BIOMARKER IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA: A RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY. BACKGROUND: CORTISOL IS A HORMONE INVOLVED IN MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS INCLUDING FETAL MATURATION AND EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING DURING PREGNANCY. THIS STUDY AIMED TO USE HAIR CORTISOL AS A BIOMARKER OF CHRONIC INHALED CORTICOSTEROID (ICS) EXPOSURE AND ASSESS THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF ASTHMA ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS IN PREGNANT WOMEN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA TREATED WITH ICS WOULD EXHIBIT LOWER HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS, INDICATIVE OF ADRENAL SUPPRESSION, COMPARED TO WOMEN WITH ASTHMA NOT USING ICS AND WOMEN WHO DO NOT HAVE ASTHMA. METHODS: WE PERFORMED AN OBSERVATIONAL RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. HAIR SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FROM PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA, WITH (N = 56) AND WITHOUT (N = 31) ICS TREATMENT, AND PREGNANT WOMEN WITHOUT ASTHMA (N = 31). HAIR SAMPLES WERE SEGMENTED BASED ON THE GROWTH RATE OF 1 CM/MONTH AND ANALYZED BY ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY TO PROVIDE CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS CORRESPONDING TO PRECONCEPTION, TRIMESTERS 1-3, AND POSTPARTUM. HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS WERE COMPARED WITHIN AND AMONG THE GROUPS USING NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TESTS. RESULTS: HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS INCREASED ACROSS TRIMESTERS FOR ALL THREE GROUPS, BUT THIS INCREASE WAS DAMPENED IN WOMEN WITH ASTHMA (P = 0.03 FOR CONTROLS VS. ICS TREATED AND CONTROLS VS. NO ICS). ICS TREATED WOMEN TAKING MORE THAN FIVE DOSES PER WEEK HAD HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS 47 % LOWER IN THIRD TRIMESTER THAN CONTROLS. LINEAR REGRESSION OF THE THIRD TRIMESTER HAIR CORTISOL RESULTS IDENTIFIED ASTHMA AS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR WHEN COMPARING CONSISTENT ICS USE OR ASTHMA AS THE PREDICTOR (F(1, 25) = 9.7, P = 0.005, R(2) ADJ = 0.257). CONCLUSIONS: HAIR CORTISOL SUCCESSFULLY SHOWED THE EXPECTED CHANGE IN CORTISOL OVER THE COURSE OF PREGNANCY AND MAY BE A USEFUL BIOMARKER OF HPA AXIS FUNCTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA. THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DECREASED MATERNAL CORTISOL IN WOMEN WITH ASTHMA ON PERINATAL OUTCOMES REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  2666  26 ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTERMITTENT COLD STRESS MODEL USING TUPAIA BELANGERI AND EVALUATION OF COMPOUND C737 TARGETING NEURON-RESTRICTIVE SILENCER FACTOR. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT INTERMITTENT COLD STRESS (ICS) INDUCES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN MAMMALS. TUPAIA BELANGERI (THE TREE SHREW) IS THE ONLY EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL OTHER THAN THE CHIMPANZEE THAT HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFECTION BY HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUSES. MOREOVER, FULL GENOME SEQUENCE ANALYSIS HAS REVEALED STRONG HOMOLOGY BETWEEN HOST PROTEINS IN TUPAIA AND IN HUMANS AND OTHER PRIMATES. TUPAIA NEUROMODULATOR RECEPTOR PROTEINS ARE ALSO KNOWN TO HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF HOMOLOGY WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING PRIMATE PROTEINS. BASED ON THESE SIMILARITIES, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT INDUCTION OF ICS IN TUPAIA WOULD PROVIDE A USEFUL ANIMAL MODEL OF STRESS RESPONSES. WE EXPOSED YOUNG ADULT TUPAIA TO ICS AND OBSERVED DECREASES IN BODY TEMPERATURE AND BODY WEIGHT IN BOTH FEMALE AND MALE TUPAIA, SUGGESTING THAT TUPAIA ARE AN APPROPRIATE ANIMAL MODEL FOR ICS STUDIES. WE FURTHER EXAMINED THE EFFICACY OF A NEW SMALL-MOLECULE COMPOUND, C737, AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF ICS. C737 MIMICS THE HELICAL STRUCTURE OF NEURON-RESTRICTIVE SILENCER FACTOR (NRSF/REST), WHICH REGULATES A WIDE RANGE OF TARGET GENES INVOLVED IN NEURONAL FUNCTION AND PAIN MODULATION. TREATMENT WITH C737 SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED STRESS-INDUCED WEIGHT LOSS IN FEMALE TUPAIA; THESE EFFECTS WERE STRONGER THAN THOSE ELICITED BY THE ANTIDEPRESSANT AGOMELATINE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TUPAIA REPRESENTS A USEFUL NON-RODENT ICS MODEL. OUR DATA ALSO PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE FUNCTION OF NRSF/REST IN STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION AND OTHER DISORDERS WITH EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES OR THOSE WITH HIGH PREVALENCE IN WOMEN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9   869  20 CHRONIC AGOMELATINE TREATMENT CORRECTS BEHAVIORAL, CELLULAR, AND BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY PRENATAL STRESS IN RATS. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: THE RAT MODEL OF PRENATAL RESTRAINT STRESS (PRS) REPLICATES FACTORS THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. WE USED THIS MODEL TO TEST THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF AGOMELATINE, A NOVEL ANTIDEPRESSANT THAT BEHAVES AS A MIXED MT1/MT2 MELATONIN RECEPTOR AGONIST/5-HT(2C) SEROTONIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. RESULTS: ADULT PRS RATS SHOWED BEHAVIORAL, CELLULAR, AND BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES THAT WERE CONSISTENT WITH AN ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE PHENOTYPE. THESE INCLUDED AN INCREASED IMMOBILITY IN THE FORCED SWIM TEST, AN ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE, REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL LEVELS OF PHOSPHORYLATED CAMP-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (P-CREB), REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL LEVELS OF MGLU2/3 AND MGLU5 METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS, AND REDUCED NEUROGENESIS IN THE VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS, THE SPECIFIC PORTION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS THAT ENCODES MEMORIES RELATED TO STRESS AND EMOTIONS. ALL OF THESE CHANGES WERE REVERSED BY A 3- OR 6-WEEK TREATMENT WITH AGOMELATINE (40-50 MG/KG, I.P., ONCE A DAY). REMARKABLY, AGOMELATINE HAD NO EFFECT IN AGE-MATCHED CONTROL RATS, THEREBY BEHAVING AS A "DISEASE-DEPENDENT" DRUG. CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA INDICATE THAT AGOMELATINE DID NOT ACT ON INDIVIDUAL SYMPTOMS BUT CORRECTED ALL ASPECTS OF THE PATHOLOGICAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING TRIGGERED BY PRS. OUR FINDINGS STRONGLY SUPPORT THE ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF AGOMELATINE AND SUGGEST THAT THE DRUG IMPACTS MECHANISMS THAT LIE AT THE CORE OF ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10  4162  27 MECP2 REGULATES PTCH1 EXPRESSION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, IN WHICH PATHOGENESIS IS NOT CLEAR. MANY RESEARCH DEMONSTRATED THAT FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES (FLSS) PLAY A KEY ROLE IN RA PATHOGENESIS, JOIN IN THE CARTILAGE INJURY AND HYPERPLASIA OF THE SYNOVIUM, AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. WE USED ADJUVANT ARTHRITIS (AA) RATS AS RA ANIMAL MODELS. THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) ENABLES THE SUPPRESSED CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TO BE SELECTIVELY DETECTED IN AA FLSS. OVEREXPRESSION OF THIS PROTEIN LEADS TO AN INCREASE OF INTEGRAL METHYLATION LEVELS. SOME RESEARCH HAS CONFIRMED THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN RA PATHOGENESIS; FURTHERMORE, PATCHED 1 (PTCH1) IS A NEGATIVE FRACTION OF HH SIGNALING PATHWAY. WE USED 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZADC) AS DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR. IN OUR RESEARCH, WE FOUND MECP2 REDUCED PTCH1 EXPRESSION IN AA FLSS; 5-AZADC OBSTRUCTED THE LOSS OF PTCH1 EXPRESSION. 5-AZADC, TREATMENT OF AA FLSS, ALSO BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. IN ORDER TO PROBE THE POTENTIAL MOLECULAR MECHANISM, WE ASSUMED THE EPIGENETIC PARTICIPATION IN THE REGULATION OF PTCH1. RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT PTCH1 HYPERMETHYLATION IS RELATED TO THE PERSISTENT FLS ACTIVATION AND INFLAMMATION IN AA RATS. KNOCKDOWN OF MECP2 USING SMALL-INTERFERING RNA TECHNIQUE ADDED PTCH1 EXPRESSION IN AA FLSS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY OFFER MOLECULE MECHANISMS, AND THE REDUCED PTCH1 METHYLATION LEVEL COULD REGULATE INFLAMMATION THROUGH KNOCKDOWN OF MECP2. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT PTCH1 IS AN INHIBITORY PROTEIN OF THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PTCH1 CAN INHIBIT THE EXPRESSION OF GLI1 AND SHH, THEREBY INHIBITING THE ACTIVATION OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY. INACTIVATED HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITS THE SECRETION OF IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA. MECP2 MEDIATES HYPERMETHYLATION OF PTCH1 GENE AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF PTCH1 PROTEIN, THUS ACTIVATING HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY AND INCREASING SECRETION OF IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11  2379  34 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF WNT PATHWAY ANTAGONISTS IN HUMAN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS COMMON IN HUMAN CANCER. USING A LARGE-SCALE WHOLE-GENOME APPROACH IN AN EARLIER STUDY, THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED GENES WITH POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTION IN GLIOBLASTOMA (GBM). THREE GENES IDENTIFIED IN THIS ANALYSIS-DKK1, SFRP1, AND WIF1-ARE POTENT INHIBITORS OF THE WNT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. HERE, THE AUTHORS CONFIRM DECREASED EXPRESSION OF THESE GENES IN GBM TUMOR TISSUE SAMPLES RELATIVE TO NONTUMOR BRAIN TISSUE SAMPLES USING REAL-TIME PCR. THEY THEN SHOW THAT EXPRESSION OF ALL 3 GENES IS RESTORED IN T98 GBM CELLS BY TREATMENT WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), BUT ONLY DKK1 EXPRESSION IS RESTORED BY TREATMENT WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZACYTIDINE. BISULFITE SEQUENCING DID NOT REVEAL SIGNIFICANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF DKK1, WHEREAS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY FOR ALL 3 GENES AFTER TSA TREATMENT. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF DKK1 SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES COLONY FORMATION AND INCREASES CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY INHIBITORS WIF1 AND SFRP1 SHOWS A RELATIVE LACK OF RESPONSE. CHRONIC WNT3A STIMULATION ONLY PARTIALLY REVERSES GROWTH SUPPRESSION AFTER DKK1 REEXPRESSION, WHEREAS A SPECIFIC INHIBITOR OF THE JNK PATHWAY SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSES THE EFFECT OF DKK1 REEXPRESSION ON COLONY FORMATION AND APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. THESE RESULTS SUPPORT A POTENTIAL GROWTH-SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION FOR EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED DKK1 IN GBM AND SUGGEST THAT DKK1 RESTORATION COULD MODULATE WNT SIGNALING THROUGH BOTH CANONICAL AND NONCANONICAL PATHWAYS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  3231  26 HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED MODULATION OF THE PROMOTER METHYLATION OF WNT ANTAGONIST GENES IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE WNT ANTAGONISTS BETWEEN THE CHRONIC INFECTION AND ERADICATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. METHODS: THE LEVELS OF METHYLATION AND CORRESPONDING MRNA EXPRESSION OF SEVEN WNT ANTAGONIST GENES (SFRP1, -2, -5, DKK1, -2, -3, WIF1) WERE COMPARED AMONG THE PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GASTRIC CANCERS (GCS), AND H. PYLORI-POSITIVE AND H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS, BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLIGHT ASSAY AND REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (RT)-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), RESPECTIVELY. THE CHANGES OF THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE GENES WERE ALSO COMPARED BETWEEN THE H. PYLORI ERADICATION AND H. PYLORI-PERSISTENT GROUPS 1 YEAR AFTER ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION OF GCS. RESULTS: THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF SFRP AND DKK FAMILY GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GCS AND FOLLOWED BY H. PYLORI-POSITIVE CONTROLS COMPARED WITH H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS (P < 0.001). SFRP1, -2, AND DKK3 GENE EXPRESSION WAS STEPWISE DOWNREGULATED FROM H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS, H. PYLORI-POSITIVE CONTROLS, AND TO H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GCS (P < 0.05). AMONG THE WNT ANTAGONISTS, ONLY THE DEGREES OF METHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF DKK3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP AND DKK FAMILY GENES MAY FACILITATE THE FORMATION OF AN EPIGENETIC FIELD DURING H. PYLORI-ASSOCIATED GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. THE EPIGENETIC FIELD MAY NOT BE REVERSED EVEN AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION EXCEPT BY DKK3 METHYLATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  3785  12 INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF PRE-PREGNANCY CHRONIC LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS ON THE LEARNING, MEMORY AND SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OFFSPRING. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF PRE-PREGNANCY CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS LPS (PG LPS) ON THE LEARNING, MEMORY, AND SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE OFFSPRING. DESIGN: TO ACHIEVE PERIODONTITIS, PG LPS (5 MUG/KG) WAS INJECTED INTO THE GINGIVAL OF FIVE FEMALE RATS EVERY 48 H FOR THREE WEEKS. FIVE CONTROL FEMALE RATS RECEIVED SALINE (0.9 %) AND FIVE FEMALE WERE KEPT INTACT. THE CONCENTRATIONS OF TNF-ALPHA AND IL-6 WERE MEASURED IN THE BLOOD SAMPLES. ONE WEEK AFTER THE FINAL INJECTION, FEMALES WERE MATED WITH INTACT MALES. FOLLOWING BIRTH AND WEANING, TWO MALE AND TWO FEMALE OFFSPRING WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED FROM EACH MOTHER, AND NEW GROUPS OF MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING WERE DEFINED FOR BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS. MORRIS WATER MAZE WAS USED TO EVALUATE SPATIAL MEMORY, SHUTTLE BOX WAS USED TO INVESTIGATE AVOIDANCE MEMORY AND A PENTYLENETETRAZOLE-INDUCED SEIZURE WAS USED TO EVALUATE SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN THE OFFSPRING. RESULTS: SPATIAL LEARNING AND AVOIDANCE MEMORY SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING OF PG LPS-EXPOSED FEMALE RATS, COMPARED TO THE CONTROL OFFSPRING. LATENCY TO REACH SEIZURE STAGES 1 AND 2 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE MALE OFFSPRING, BUT NOT THE FEMALE OFFSPRING OF PG LPS-EXPOSED FEMALE, COMPARED TO THE CONTROL OFFSPRING. HOWEVER, NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND IN LATENCY TO REACH STAGES 3-5. CONCLUSION: PRE-PREGNANCY EXPOSURE TO PG LPS COULD AFFECT SOME BEHAVIORAL FUNCTIONS IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING INTERGENERATIONALLY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14  3600  27 IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN VISCERAL PAIN INDUCED BY CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS. EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, WHICH INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION, ARE IMPLICATED IN THE DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. PREVIOUSLY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT REPEATED WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS), A VALIDATED MODEL OF CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, INDUCES HEIGHTENED VISCERAL PAIN BEHAVIORS IN RODENTS THAT RESEMBLE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) SEQUELAE. HOWEVER, THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN HAS NOT BEEN EXPLORED. OUR HYPOTHESIS IS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) ARE IMPORTANT TO CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. ADULT MALE F-344 RATS WITH INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR (I.C.V.) CANNULAE WERE EXPOSED TO 7 DAYS OF REPEATED WAS. CONTROLS RECEIVED A SHAM STRESS. FOLLOWING THE DAILY 1H STRESSOR, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA; 100 NG/ML), A POTENT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, OR VEHICLE (VEH; 0.1% DMSO/SALINE,) AS CONTROL WAS ADMINISTERED VIA THE I.C.V. CANNULA. VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED 24H AFTER THE FINAL WAS AND QUANTIFIED THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) BY RECORDING THE NUMBER OF ABDOMINAL CONTRACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO GRADED PRESSURES (20-60 MMHG) OF COLORECTAL DISTENSIONS (CRD). FROM A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS THAT WERE EXPOSED TO REPEATED WAS OR SHAM STRESS, THE AMYGDALA WAS ISOLATED TO ASSESS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF) GENES VIA BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND VERIFIED BY PYROSEQUENCING. GR AND CRF GENE EXPRESSION WAS QUANTIFIED VIA QRT-PCR. STRESSED RATS EXHIBITED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY TSA. COMPARED TO SHAM CONTROLS, METHYLATION OF THE GR GENE WAS INCREASED FOLLOWING WAS WHILE EXPRESSION OF THE GR GENE WAS DECREASED. METHYLATION OF THE CRF PROMOTER WAS DECREASED WITH WAS WITH A CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN CRF EXPRESSION. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE INVOLVEMENT OF CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND PROVIDES A FOUNDATION FOR EXPLORING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO IBS-LIKE SYMPTOMATOLOGY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15  5667  33 SFRP TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES ARE POTENTIAL PLASMA-BASED EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS FOR MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA. MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA (MPM) IS ASSOCIATED WITH ASBESTOS EXPOSURE. ASBESTOS CAN INDUCE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WHICH IN TURN CAN LEAD TO SILENCING OF TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES. WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY CAN BE AFFECTED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND IS ABERRANTLY ACTIVATED IN MANY CANCERS INCLUDING COLON AND MPM. SFRP GENES ARE ANTAGONISTS OF WNT PATHWAY, AND SFRPS ARE POTENTIAL TUMOUR SUPPRESSORS IN COLON, GASTRIC, BREAST, OVARIAN, AND LUNG CANCERS AND MESOTHELIOMA. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION OF SFRP GENES IN MPM CELLS LINES WITH AND WITHOUT DEMETHYLATION TREATMENT. SIXTY-SIX PATIENT FFPE SAMPLES WERE ANALYSED AND HAVE SHOWED METHYLATION OF SFRP2 (56%) AND SFRP5 (70%) IN MPM. SFRP2 AND SFRP5 TUMOUR-SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY IN ELEVEN MPM LINES WAS CONFIRMED, AND LONG-TERM ASBESTOS EXPOSURE LED TO REDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE SFRP1 AND SFRP2 GENES IN THE MESOTHELIUM (MET-5A) VIA EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. FINALLY, DNA METHYLATION OF SFRPS IS DETECTABLE IN MPM PATIENT PLASMA SAMPLES, WITH METHYLATED SFRP2 AND SFRP5 SHOWING A TENDENCY TOWARDS GREATER ABUNDANCE IN PATIENTS. THESE DATA SUGGESTED THAT SFRP GENES HAVE TUMOUR-SUPPRESIVE ACTIVITY IN MPM AND THAT METHYLATED DNA FROM SFRP GENE PROMOTERS HAS THE POTENTIAL TO SERVE AS A BIOMARKER FOR MPM PATIENT PLASMA.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  5651  24 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN FOLLOWING UNPREDICTABLE EARLY LIFE STRESS. BACKGROUND: WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) DYSREGULATED GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA). EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SERVE AS MEMORIES OF ADVERSE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED DURING EARLY LIFE. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALTER GR AND CRH EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND UNDERLIE CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN AFTER ELS. METHODS: NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR WESTERN BLOT OR CHIP-QPCR TO STUDY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE GR AND CRH PROMOTERS. FEMALE ADULT RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS FOR MICROINJECTIONS OF GARCINOL (HAT INHIBITOR) INTO THE CEA. AFTER 7 DAYS OF MICROINJECTIONS, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR CHIP-QPCR ASSAYS. RESULTS: UNPREDICTABLE ELS INCREASED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY IN ADULT FEMALE RATS, BUT NOT IN MALE COUNTERPARTS. ELS INCREASED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION IN THE CEA AND H3K9 ACETYLATION LEVELS AT THE GR PROMOTER IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALE RATS. AFTER UNPREDICTABLE ELS, H3K9 ACETYLATION WAS INCREASED AND GR BINDING WAS DECREASED AT THE CRH PROMOTER. ADMINISTRATION OF GARCINOL IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALES, THAT UNDERWENT UNPREDICTABLE ELS, NORMALIZED H3K9 ACETYLATION AND RESTORED GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER. CONCLUSION: DYSREGULATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA ARE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR "MEMORIZING" ELS EVENTS MEDIATING VISCERAL PAIN IN ADULTHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
17  4397  30 MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN RODENT CORTICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PATHWAYS EXERTS RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. BACKGROUND: STRESS INCREASES DNA METHYLATION, PRIMARILY A SUPPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION. DESPITE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT DECREASES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER INHIBITION OF DNMT WOULD CONVEY RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. AIM: THIS WORK TESTED SUCH A HYPOTHESIS AND EVALUATED WHETHER A BEHAVIORAL EFFECT INDUCED BY DNMT INHIBITORS (DNMTI) CORRESPONDS WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN GENES CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (BDNF, TRKB, 5-HT(1A), NMDA, AND AMPA). METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS RECEIVED INTRAPERITONEAL (I.P.) INJECTION OF TWO PHARMACOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DNMTI (5-AZAD 0.2 AND 0.6 MG/KG OR RG108 0.6 MG/KG) OR VEHICLE (1 ML/KG), 1 H OR 7 DAYS BEFORE THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS TEST (LH). DNA METHYLATION IN TARGET GENES AND THE CORRESPONDENT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) USING MEDIP-QPCR. IN PARALLEL SEPARATE GROUPS, THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF 5-AZAD AND RG108 WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST (FST). THE INVOLVEMENT OF CORTICAL BDNF-TRKB-MTOR PATHWAYS WAS ASSESSED BY INTRA-VENTRAL MEDIAL PFC (VMPFC) INJECTIONS OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR INHIBITOR), K252A (TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST), OR VEHICLE (0.2 MUL/SIDE). RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT BOTH 5-AZAD AND RG108 ACUTELY AND 7 DAYS BEFORE THE TEST DECREASED ESCAPE FAILURES IN THE LH. LH STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF BDNF IV AND TRKB IN THE PFC, EFFECTS THAT WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY RG108 TREATMENT. THE SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZAD (0.2 MG/KG) AND RG108 (0.2 MG/KG) INDUCED AN ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN FST, WHICH WAS, HOWEVER, ATTENUATED BY TRKB AND MTOR INHIBITION INTO THE VMPFC. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ACUTE INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RAPID AND SUSTAINED ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BDNF-TRKB-MTOR SIGNALING IN THE PFC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18   910  25 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL OF MALE MICE BEFORE MATING PRODUCES ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER-LIKE PHENOTYPE ALONG WITH EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER EXPRESSION IN MOUSE OFFSPRING. PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURE TO ETOH THROUGH THE PATERNAL ROUTE MAY AFFECT NEUROBEHAVIORAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL FEATURES OF OFFSPRING. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATES THE EFFECTS OF PATERNAL EXPOSURE TO ETOH BEFORE CONCEPTION ON THE HYPERACTIVITY, INATTENTION, AND IMPULSIVITY BEHAVIOR OF MALE OFFSPRING IN MICE. SIRE MICE WERE TREATED WITH ETOH IN A CONCENTRATION RANGE APPROXIMATING HUMAN BINGE DRINKING (0-4 G/KG/DAY ETOH) FOR 7 WEEKS AND MATED WITH UNTREATED FEMALES MICE TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING. ETOH EXPOSURE TO SIRE MICE INDUCED ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)-LIKE HYPERACTIVE, INATTENTIVE, AND IMPULSIVE BEHAVIORS IN OFFSPRING. AS A MECHANISTIC LINK, BOTH PROTEIN AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT), A KEY DETERMINANT OF ADHD-LIKE PHENOTYPES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND HUMANS, WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED BY PATERNAL ETOH EXPOSURE IN CEREBRAL CORTEX AND STRIATUM OF OFFSPRING MICE ALONG WITH INCREASED METHYLATION OF A CPG REGION OF THE DAT GENE PROMOTER. THE INCREASE IN METHYLATION OF DAT GENE PROMOTER WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN THE SPERM OF SIRE MICE, SUGGESTING GERMLINE CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF DAT GENE BY ETOH EXPOSURE. IN ADDITION, THE EXPRESSION OF TWO KEY REGULATORS OF METHYLATION-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FUNCTIONAL GENE EXPRESSION, NAMELY, MECP2 AND DNMT1, WAS MARKEDLY DECREASED IN OFFSPRING CORTEX AND STRIATUM SIRED BY ETOH-EXPOSED MICE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT PRECONCEPTIONAL EXPOSURE TO ETOH THROUGH THE PATERNAL ROUTE INDUCES BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN OFFSPRING, POSSIBLY VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE REGULATION OF ADHD-LIKE BEHAVIORS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  1003  17 CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH FLUOXETINE INDUCES SEX-DEPENDENT ANALGESIC EFFECTS AND MODULATES HDAC2 AND MGLU2 EXPRESSION IN FEMALE MICE. GENDER AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN PAIN RECOGNITION AND DRUG RESPONSES HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF PAIN. AMONG ANTIDEPRESSANTS, CONTRADICTORY RESULTS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS). THIS STUDY EVALUATED SEX DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO THE SSRI FLUOXETINE AFTER CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE MOUSE FORMALIN TEST. ADULT MALE AND FEMALE CD1 MICE WERE INTRAPERITONEALLY INJECTED WITH FLUOXETINE (10 MG/KG) FOR 21 DAYS AND SUBJECTED TO PAIN ASSESSMENT. FLUOXETINE TREATMENT REDUCED THE SECOND PHASE OF THE FORMALIN TEST ONLY IN FEMALE MICE WITHOUT PRODUCING BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN MALES. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT FLUOXETINE WAS ABLE TO SPECIFICALLY INCREASE THE EXPRESSION OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR TYPE-2 (MGLU2) IN FEMALES. ALSO A REDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYME, HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2), IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) AND DORSAL HORN (DH) TOGETHER WITH AN INCREASE HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION (H3) LEVEL WAS OBSERVED IN FEMALES BUT NOT IN MALES. WITH THIS STUDY WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT FLUOXETINE INDUCES SEX SPECIFIC CHANGES IN HDAC2 AND MGLU2 EXPRESSION IN THE DH OF THE SPINAL CORD AND IN DRGS AND SUGGESTS A MOLECULAR EXPLANATION FOR THE ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN FEMALE MICE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20  2482  19 EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 2 IN THE SPINAL CORD ATTENUATES OESTROGEN-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. OBJECTIVE: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE POTENTIAL TARGETS TO RELIEVE SOMATIC PAIN. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER EPIGENETIC REGULATION INTERFERES WITH VISCERAL PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES SHOW THAT OESTROGEN FACILITATES VISCERAL PAIN. THIS STUDY AIMED TO DETERMINE WHETHER HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD COULD ATTENUATE OESTROGEN-FACILITATED VISCERAL PAIN. DESIGN: THE EFFECT OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ON THE MAGNITUDE OF THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) TO COLORECTAL DISTENTION WAS EXAMINED IN OVARIECTOMISED RATS WITH/WITHOUT OESTROGEN REPLACEMENT. AN ADDITIONAL INTERACTION WITH THE METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 2/3 (MGLUR2/3) ANTAGONIST LY341495 WAS TESTED. THE LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HISTONE AND MGLUR2 MRNA AND PROTEIN WERE ANALYSED. THE BINDING OF ACETYLATED H3 AND OESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA (ERALPHA) TO THE GRM2 PROMOTER WAS MEASURED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION COUPLED WITH QPCR. RESULTS: IN OVARIECTOMISED RATS, 17BETA-ESTRADIOL (E2), BUT NOT SAFFLOWER OIL, INCREASED THE MAGNITUDE OF THE VMR TO COLORECTAL DISTENTION. SAHA ATTENUATED THE E2-FACILITATED VMR, BUT HAD NO EFFECT IN SAFFLOWER OIL-TREATED RATS. SUBSEQUENT SPINAL ADMINISTRATION OF LY341495 REVERSED THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF SAHA IN E2 RATS. IN ADDITION, SAHA INCREASED MGLUR2 MRNA AND PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN FOLLOWING E2, BUT NOT VEHICLE, TREATMENT. IN CONTRAST, NEITHER E2 NOR SAHA ALONE ALTERED MGLUR2 MRNA. SAHA INCREASED BINDING OF H3K9AC AND ERALPHA TO THE SAME REGIONS OF THE GRM2 PROMOTER IN E2-SAHA-TREATED ANIMALS. CONCLUSIONS: HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD ATTENUATES THE PRONOCICEPTIVE EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN ON VISCERAL SENSITIVITY, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY BE A POTENTIAL APPROACH TO RELIEVE VISCERAL PAIN.	2015