1   745 300 CANNABIS ALTERS EPIGENETIC INTEGRITY AND ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALLING IN THE HUMAN FOLLICULAR NICHE. STUDY QUESTION: DO PHYTOCANNABINOIDS (PCS) AFFECT FOLLICULAR ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALLING AND THE EPIGENOME IN THE SURROUNDING GRANULOSA CELLS (GCS)? SUMMARY ANSWER: EXPOSURE TO PCS INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF ENDOCANNABINOID RECEPTORS AND REDUCES DNA METHYLATION ENZYME EXPRESSION AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN NAIVE GCS. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: CANNABIS PLANT DERIVATIVES, KNOWN AS PCS, ARE USED FOR MEDICINAL AND RECREATIONAL PURPOSES. THE MAIN PC, TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC), IS THE THIRD MOST COMMONLY USED SUBSTANCE BY WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE, HENCE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EFFECT IT HAS ON REPRODUCTION IS OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE. THC EXERTS ITS EFFECTS VIA RECEPTORS OF THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM (ECS) AND CAN INTERFERE WITH FOLLICULOGENESIS, OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND OVULATION. ENDOCANNABINOIDS HAVE BEEN MEASURED IN FOLLICULAR FLUID (FF) OBTAINED DURING OOCYTE RETRIEVAL AND ARE IMPLICATED IN CONTROLLING FOLLICULOGENESIS. IT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED THAT IN THE PLACENTA, PCS DISRUPT ENDOCANNABINOID HOMEOSTASIS VIA IMPAIRMENT OF THE SYNTHETIC AND DEGRADING ENZYMES, LEADING TO A NET INCREASE OF ENDOCANNABINOID LEVELS. FINALLY, PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THC ALTERS METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN SPERM, BRAIN AND BLOOD CELLS. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: THIS STUDY INCLUDED AN IN VIVO COHORT ASSESSMENT OF CANNABIS EXPOSURE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE FOLLICLE AND IN VITRO ASSAYS CONDUCTED TO VALIDATE THE IN VIVO FINDINGS AND TO EXPLORE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: A TOTAL OF 318 FF SAMPLES, FROM 261 PATIENTS UNDERGOING IVF TREATMENT AT A PRIVATE FERTILITY CLINIC WHO CONSENTED FOR BIOBANKING BIOLOGICAL WASTE MATERIAL BETWEEN JANUARY 2018 AND JULY 2019, WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. CONCENTRATIONS OF PCS AND ENDOCANNABINOIDS WERE ASSESSED IN FF BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS/MS). EXPOSURE TO PCS WAS DETERMINED BASED ON THESE MEASURED LEVELS. LEVELS OF BOTH ENDOCANNABINOID RECEPTORS (CB1R, CB2R) AND THE DE NOVO DNA METHYLATING ENZYME, DNMT3B, IN GCS WERE ASSESSED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS ASSESSED IN VITRO BY ELISA. IN VIVO EFFECTS WERE ASSESSED BY COMPARING SAMPLES POSITIVE FOR AT LEAST ONE PC, WITH SAMPLES NEGATIVE FOR ALL MEASURED PCS. IN VITRO EFFECTS WERE DETERMINED IN NAIVE GCS, OBTAINED CONCURRENTLY WITH FF SAMPLES THAT HAD TESTED NEGATIVE FOR ALL PCS. THESE GCS WERE TREATED WITH DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF THE MAIN THREE PCS. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: OVERALL, 17 PATIENTS (6.4%) WERE POSITIVE FOR CANNABIS CONSUMPTION. FURTHERMORE, THE PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS POSITIVITY IN THE FF INCREASED FROM 4% OF THE TESTED SAMPLES THAT WERE COLLECTED PRIOR TO NATIONAL LEGALISATION IN OCTOBER 2018 TO 12% OF THOSE COLLECTED FOLLOWING LEGALISATION. OF NOTE, 59% OF PATIENTS WHO TESTED POSITIVE FOR PCS (10 OF 17) REPORTED PREVIOUS OR ONGOING EXPOSURE TO CANNABIS UPON THEIR INITIAL INTAKE. ENDOCANNABINOID LEVELS WERE NOT AFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE OF PCS. CB2R WAS MORE PREVALENT THAN CB1R IN GCS AND ITS EXPRESSION INCREASED FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC IN VITRO EXPOSURE TO PCS. THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B AND GLOBAL METHYLATION DECREASED FOLLOWING EXPOSURE, SUGGESTING THAT CANNABIS MAY AFFECT THE EPIGENOME IN THE FOLLICULAR NICHE. THE ACUTE CHANGES WERE SUSTAINED THROUGHOUT CHRONIC TREATMENT. LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: OUR STUDY IS LIMITED BY LACK OF DETAILS REGARDING MODE, FREQUENCY AND TIMING OF PC CONSUMPTION. MOREOVER, WE WERE NOT ABLE TO ADEQUATELY ASSESS THE EFFECT OF PCS ON IMMEDIATE OR LONG-TERM CLINICAL OUTCOMES, DUE TO THE SMALL SAMPLE SIZE AND THE LACK OF FOLLOW UP. FUTURE, LARGE-SCALE STUDIES SHOULD FOCUS ON ASSESS THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CANNABIS EXPOSURE, VALIDATE OUR FINDINGS, AND DETERMINE TO WHAT EXTENT CANNABIS AFFECTS THE EPIGENOME OVARIAN FOLLICLE AND THE DEVELOPING OOCYTE. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY MEASURING PCS IN FF BY LC-MS/MS. WE SHOW THAT CONSUMING CANNABIS ALTERS THE ECS IN THE DEVELOPING FOLLICLE, AND DIRECTLY AFFECTS DNMT EXPRESSION AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS. CANNABIS LEGALISATION AND USE IS INCREASING WORLDWIDE, THEREFORE FURTHER UNDERSTANDING ITS ROLE IN FEMALE FERTILITY AND FOLLICULOGENESIS IS CRITICAL. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): ALL FUNDING WAS PROVIDED BY CREATE FERTILITY CENTRE THROUGH THE REINVESTMENT OF CLINICAL EARNINGS. THE AUTHORS DECLARE NO COMPETING INTERESTS.	2021	

2   506  39 ASSOCIATION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: GENETIC ASPECTS (REVIEW). CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) COMPRISES A BROAD SPECTRUM OF PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE HEART OR BLOOD VESSELS, INCLUDING SEQUELAE THAT ARISE FROM DAMAGED VASCULATURE IN OTHER ORGANS OF THE BODY, SUCH AS THE BRAIN, KIDNEYS OR EYES. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE ARTERIAL INTIMA AND IS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE, HEART ATTACK, STROKE AND RENAL PATHOLOGY. IT REPRESENTS A LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY WORLDWIDE AND THE LOSS OF HUMAN PRODUCTIVITY THAT IS MARKED BY AN ALTERED IMMUNE RESPONSE. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A HERITABLE, HETEROGENEOUS, COMMON GYNECOLOGICAL CONDITION INFLUENCED BY MULTIPLE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AFFECTING UP TO 10% OF THE FEMALE POPULATION OF CHILDBEARING AGE, CAUSING PAIN AND INFERTILITY; IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE ECTOPIC GROWTH OF ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE OUTSIDE THE UTERINE CAVITY. OF NOTE, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA OBTAINED THUS FAR HAVE SUGGESTED A LINK BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CVD. THE SIMILARITIES OBSERVED IN SPECIFIC MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PATHWAYS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND CVD MAY BE PARTIALLY EXPLAINED BY A SHARED GENETIC BACKGROUND. THE PRESENT REVIEW PRESENTS AND DISCUSSES THE SHARED GENETIC FACTORS WHICH HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH DISORDERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3   621  47 BIOENERGETIC EVOLUTION EXPLAINS PREVALENCE OF LOW NEPHRON NUMBER AT BIRTH: RISK FACTOR FOR CKD. THERE IS GREATER THAN TENFOLD VARIATION IN NEPHRON NUMBER OF THE HUMAN KIDNEY AT BIRTH. ALTHOUGH LOW NEPHRON NUMBER IS A RECOGNIZED RISK FACTOR FOR CKD, ITS DETERMINANTS ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. EVOLUTIONARY MEDICINE REPRESENTS A NEW DISCIPLINE THAT SEEKS EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATIONS FOR DISEASE, BROADENING PERSPECTIVES ON RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES. EVOLUTION OF THE KIDNEY, AN ORGAN RICH IN MITOCHONDRIA, HAS BEEN DRIVEN BY NATURAL SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS CONSTRAINED BY ENERGY AVAILABILITY. OVER THE PAST 2 MILLION YEARS, RAPID GROWTH OF AN ENERGY-DEMANDING BRAIN IN HOMO SAPIENS ENABLED HOMINID ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES THROUGH SELECTION FOR MUTATIONS IN MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR DNA EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED BY ALLOCATION OF ENERGY TO DEVELOPING ORGANS. MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION OR HYPOXIA RESULTS IN INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION OR PRETERM BIRTH, RESULTING IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND LOW NEPHRON NUMBER. REGULATED THROUGH PLACENTAL TRANSFER, ENVIRONMENTAL OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS SIGNAL NEPHRON PROGENITOR CELLS TO REPROGRAM METABOLISM FROM GLYCOLYSIS TO OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. THESE PROCESSES ARE MODULATED BY COUNTERBALANCING ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC METABOLIC PATHWAYS THAT EVOLVED FROM PROKARYOTE HOMOLOGS AND BY HYPOXIA-DRIVEN AND AUTOPHAGY PATHWAYS THAT EVOLVED IN EUKARYOTES. REGULATION OF NEPHRON DIFFERENTIATION BY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES PROVIDE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF NEPHRON NUMBER IN RESPONSE TO ENERGY AVAILABLE TO THE FETUS. DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY OF NEPHROGENESIS REPRESENTS AN EVOLVED LIFE HISTORY STRATEGY THAT PRIORITIZES ENERGY TO EARLY BRAIN GROWTH WITH ADEQUATE KIDNEY FUNCTION THROUGH REPRODUCTIVE YEARS, THE TRADE-OFF BEING INCREASING PREVALENCE OF CKD DELAYED UNTIL LATER ADULTHOOD. THE RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS OF THIS EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS ARE TO IDENTIFY REGULATORY PATHWAYS OF ENERGY ALLOCATION DIRECTING NEPHROGENESIS WHILE ACCOUNTING FOR THE DIFFERENT LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES OF ANIMAL MODELS SUCH AS THE MOUSE. THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS ARE TO OPTIMIZE NUTRITION AND MINIMIZE HYPOXIC/TOXIC STRESSORS IN CHILDBEARING WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN EARLY POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4  1887  79 ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY IN WOMEN OF ADVANCED AGE: AN UNDERRATED FACTOR IN INFERTILITY. BACKGROUND: MODERN LIFESTYLE HAS LED TO AN INCREASE IN THE AGE AT CONCEPTION. ADVANCED AGE IS ONE OF THE CRITICAL RISK FACTORS FOR FEMALE-RELATED INFERTILITY. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT MATERNAL AGE POSITIVELY CORRELATES WITH THE DETERIORATION OF OOCYTE QUALITY AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN OOCYTES AND EMBRYOS. THE EFFECT OF AGE ON ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTION MAY BE AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT FACTOR INFLUENCING IMPLANTATION RATE, PREGNANCY RATE, AND OVERALL FEMALE FERTILITY. HOWEVER, THERE ARE ONLY A FEW PUBLISHED STUDIES ON THIS TOPIC, SUGGESTING THAT THIS AREA HAS BEEN UNDER-EXPLORED. IMPROVING OUR KNOWLEDGE OF ENDOMETRIAL AGING FROM THE BIOLOGICAL (CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, HISTOLOGICAL) AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES WOULD BROADEN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE RISKS OF AGE-RELATED FEMALE INFERTILITY. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW IS TO CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE EXISTING LITERATURE ON ENDOMETRIAL AGING WITH A FOCUS ON SYNTHESIZING THE EVIDENCE FOR THE IMPACT OF ENDOMETRIAL AGING ON CONCEPTION AND PREGNANCY SUCCESS. THIS WOULD PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO EXISTING GAPS IN THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS AND PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TREATMENT OPTIONS IN THIS FIELD. SEARCH METHODS: THE REVIEW WAS PREPARED USING PUBMED (MEDLINE) UNTIL FEBRUARY 2023 WITH THE KEYWORDS SUCH AS 'ENDOMETRIAL AGING', 'RECEPTIVITY', 'DECIDUALIZATION', 'HORMONE', 'SENESCENCE', 'CELLULAR', 'MOLECULAR', 'METHYLATION', 'BIOLOGICAL AGE', 'EPIGENETIC', 'OOCYTE RECIPIENT', 'OOCYTE DONATION', 'EMBRYO TRANSFER', AND 'PREGNANCY RATE'. ARTICLES IN A LANGUAGE OTHER THAN ENGLISH WERE EXCLUDED. OUTCOMES: IN THE AGING ENDOMETRIUM, ALTERATIONS OCCUR AT THE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND HISTOLOGICAL LEVELS SUGGESTING THAT AGING HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON ENDOMETRIAL BIOLOGY AND MAY IMPAIR ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY. ADDITIONALLY, ADVANCED AGE INFLUENCES CELLULAR SENESCENCE, WHICH PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE DURING THE INITIAL PHASE OF IMPLANTATION AND IS A MAJOR OBSTACLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE SENOLYTIC AGENTS FOR ENDOMETRIAL AGING. AGING IS ALSO ACCOUNTABLE FOR CHRONIC CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMAGING, WHICH EVENTUALLY CAN LEAD TO INCREASED PRO-INFLAMMATION AND TISSUE FIBROSIS. FURTHERMORE, ADVANCED AGE INFLUENCES EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE ENDOMETRIUM, THUS ALTERING THE RELATION BETWEEN ITS EPIGENETIC AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. THE STUDIES IN OOCYTE DONATION CYCLES TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF AGE ON ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY WITH RESPECT TO THE RATES OF IMPLANTATION, CLINICAL PREGNANCY, MISCARRIAGE, AND LIVE BIRTH HAVE REVEALED CONTRADICTORY INFERENCES INDICATING THE NEED FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ON THE MECHANISMS AND CORRESPONDING CAUSAL EFFECTS OF WOMEN'S AGE ON ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY. WIDER IMPLICATIONS: INCREASING AGE CAN BE ACCOUNTABLE FOR FEMALE INFERTILITY AND IVF FAILURES. BASED ON THE COMPLIED OBSERVATIONS AND SYNTHESIZED CONCLUSIONS IN THIS REVIEW, ADVANCED AGE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTIONING. THIS INFORMATION CAN PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH FOCUSING ON MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AGE-RELATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CELLULAR COMPOSITION, AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES IN RELATION TO ENDOMETRIAL AGING. ADDITIONALLY, FURTHER PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO EXPLORE NEWLY EMERGING THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS, SUCH AS THE SENOLYTIC AGENTS THAT CAN TARGET ENDOMETRIAL AGING WITHOUT AFFECTING DECIDUALIZATION. MOREOVER, CLINICAL TRIAL PROTOCOLS, FOCUSING ON OOCYTE DONATION CYCLES, WOULD BE BENEFICIAL IN UNDERSTANDING THE DIRECT CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ENDOMETRIAL AGING ON PREGNANCY OUTCOMES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  1888  41 ENDOMETRIOSIS AND IN VITRO FERTILISATION. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW WAS TO DISCUSS A MATTER OF CONCERN IN THE CLINICAL FIELD OF OBSTETRICS/GYNECOLOGY, NAMELY THE POTENCY OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED INFERTILITY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A MEDICAL CONDITION AFFECTING ONE TENTH OF WOMEN IN THEIR FERTILE YEARS, AND ACCOUNTS FOR UP TO 50% OF INFERTILE WOMEN. THUS, SUCH HIGH PREVALENCE HAS ESTABLISHED THE NECESSITY FOR INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES IN ERADICATING THE DISEASE AND CONSTRAINING INFERTILITY AS WELL AS THE ACCOMPANYING PAIN SYMPTOMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS CONNECTING ENDOMETRIOSIS WITH LOW FECUNDITY HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED, BOTH IN TERMS OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE MANIFESTATION OF AN INFERTILITY PHENOTYPE IN WOMEN WITH THE DISEASE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE DEALT WITH THE IMPACT OF IVF IN PREGNANCY RATES (PRS) ON PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS, PARTICULARLY REGARDING WOMEN WHO WISH TO CONCEIVE. RESULTS RETRIEVED FROM STUDIES AND META-ANALYSES DEPICT A DIVERSE PATTERN OF IVF SUCCESS, UNDERLINING THE INVOLVEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL PARAMETERS IN THE CONFIGURATION OF THE FINAL OUTCOME. THE ULTIMATE DECISION ON UNDERGOING IVF TREATMENT SHOULD BE BASED ON OBJECTIVE CRITERIA AND CLINICIANS' EXPERIENCE, CUSTOMIZED ACCORDING TO PATIENTS' INDIVIDUAL NEEDS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6  2989  36 GENETIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE CO?OCCURRENCE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (REVIEW). PREVIOUS RESEARCH HAS REVEALED AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND VARIOUS AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, WHILE RECENT DATA SUGGEST, FOR THE FIRST TIME, AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND THE RISK OF DEVELOPING ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (AS). AS, THE PROTOTYPE OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIDES DISEASES, IS A SYSTEMIC, CHRONIC, IMMUNE?MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS, WHICH PRIMARILY AFFECTS THE SPINE AND SACROILIAC JOINTS, AS WELL AS THE AXIAL SKELETON WITH OR WITHOUT EXTRASPINAL MANIFESTATIONS. AS IS OF POLYGENIC INHERITANCE AND NUMEROUS IMMUNOLOGICALLY RELEVANT GENES CONTRIBUTE TO ITS DEVELOPMENT. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS AN ENIGMATIC, RELATIVELY COMMON, BENIGN, ESTROGEN?DEPENDENT, HETEROGENEOUS GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASE, INFLUENCED BY MULTIPLE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE GROWTH OF ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE OCCURRING IN SITES OTHER THAN THE UTERINE CAVITY, MOST COMMONLY IN THE PELVIC CAVITY, INCLUDING THE OVARIES AND THE UTEROSACRAL LIGAMENTS, AFFECTING UP TO 10% OF THE FEMALE POPULATION OF CHILDBEARING AGE, CAUSING PAIN AND INFERTILITY. THE PRESENT REVIEW DISCUSSES WHETHER A PARTIALLY SHARED GENETIC BACKGROUND MAY EXPLAIN THE CO?OCCURRENCE OF THESE DISORDERS, AS WELL AS POTENTIAL SIMILARITIES REGARDING THE UNDERLYING PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS AND SPECIFIC MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PATHWAYS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7  4957  43 PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: THE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC THEORY. OBJECTIVE: TO STUDY THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. DESIGN: OVERVIEW OF OBSERVATIONS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS. SETTING: NOT APPLICABLE. PATIENT(S): NONE. INTERVENTIONS(S): NONE. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): THE HYPOTHESIS IS COMPATIBLE WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS. RESULT(S): ENDOMETRIOSIS, ENDOMETRIUM-LIKE TISSUE OUTSIDE THE UTERUS, HAS A VARIABLE MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCE AND A POORLY UNDERSTOOD NATURAL HISTORY. IT IS A HEREDITARY AND HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE WITH MANY BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE LESIONS, WHICH ARE CLONAL IN ORIGIN. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN, INFERTILITY, ADENOMYOSIS, AND CHANGES IN THE JUNCTIONAL ZONE, PLACENTATION, IMMUNOLOGY, PLASMA, PERITONEAL FLUID, AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY. THE SAMPSON HYPOTHESIS OF IMPLANTED ENDOMETRIAL CELLS FOLLOWING RETROGRADE MENSTRUATION, ANGIOGENIC SPREAD, LYMPHOGENIC SPREAD, OR THE METAPLASIA THEORY CANNOT EXPLAIN ALL OBSERVATIONS IF METAPLASIA IS DEFINED AS CELLS WITH REVERSIBLE CHANGES AND AN ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR/MORPHOLOGY DUE TO THE ABNORMAL ENVIRONMENT. WE PROPOSE A POLYGENETIC/POLYEPIGENETIC MECHANISM. THE SET OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INCIDENTS TRANSMITTED AT BIRTH COULD EXPLAIN THE HEREDITARY ASPECTS, THE PREDISPOSITION, AND THE ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PLACENTATION. TO DEVELOP TYPICAL, CYSTIC OVARIAN OR DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS, A VARIABLE SERIES OF ADDITIONAL TRANSMISSIBLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INCIDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO OCCUR IN A CELL WHICH MAY VARY FROM ENDOMETRIAL TO STEM CELLS. SUBTLE LESIONS ARE VIEWED AS ENDOMETRIUM IN A DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT UNTIL ADDITIONAL INCIDENTS OCCUR. TYPICAL CYSTIC OVARIAN OR DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS ARE HETEROGENEOUS AND REPRESENT THREE DIFFERENT DISEASES. CONCLUSION(S): THE GENETIC EPIGENETIC THEORY IS COMPATIBLE WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS. IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION ARE DISCUSSED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  3400  38 HOW CAN PRECISION MEDICINE BE APPLIED TO TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS AND ITS COMORBIDITIES? THE EIGHTH SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE TMJ ASSOCIATION, LTD. WAS HELD IN BETHESDA, MARYLAND, SEPTEMBER 11-13, 2016. AS IN THE PAST, THE MEETING WAS COSPONSORED BY COMPONENTS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH WITH SPEAKERS INVITED TO REVIEW THE STATE OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER SCIENCE AND PROPOSE RECOMMENDATIONS TO FURTHER PROGRESS. THE THEME OF PRECISION MEDICINE, WHICH AIMS TO TAILOR DISEASE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION TO MATCH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT (GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, LIFESTYLE) UNDERSCORED THE CURRENT CONSENSUS THAT TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS ARE NO LONGER VIEWED AS LOCAL CONDITIONS OF JAW PAIN AND DYSFUNCTION. RATHER, THEY REPRESENT A COMPLEX FAMILY OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDERS THAT CAN PROGRESS TO CHRONIC PAIN, MOST OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY ONE OR MORE OTHER CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS AND THESE COMORBIDITIES, CALLED CHRONIC OVERLAPPING PAIN CONDITIONS, PREDOMINANTLY OR EXCLUSIVELY AFFECT WOMEN IN THEIR CHILDBEARING YEARS AND REFLECT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SENSITIZATION. PRESENTERS AT THE MEETING INCLUDED LEADERS IN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER AND PAIN RESEARCH, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER PATIENTS AND ADVOCATES, AND EXPERTS IN OTHER FIELDS OR IN THE USE OF TECHNOLOGIES THAT COULD FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRECISION MEDICINE APPROACHES IN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  1114  31 COMMONALITIES AND DISPARITIES BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS: THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF NOVEL ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT STRATEGY AGAINST ECTOPIC ENDOMETRIUM. CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS (CE) IS A LOCAL MUCOSAL INFLAMMATORY DISORDER OF THE UTERINE LINING, WHICH IS HISTOPATHOLOGICALLY RECOGNIZED AS THE UNUSUAL INFILTRATION OF CD138(+) PLASMACYTES INTO THE ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL COMPARTMENT. ACCUMULATING BODY OF RESEARCH DOCUMENTED THAT CE IS ASSOCIATED WITH FEMALE INFERTILITY AND SEVERAL OBSTETRIC/NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS. THE MAJOR CAUSE OF CE IS THOUGHT TO BE INTRAUTERINE INFECTION REPRESENTED BY COMMON BACTERIA (ESCHERICHIA COLI, ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS, STREPTOCOCCUS, AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS), MYCOPLASMA/UREAPLASMA, AND MYCOBACTERIUM. ADDITIONALLY, LOCAL DYSBIOSIS IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF CE. ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENTS AGAINST THESE MICROORGANISMS ARE EFFECTIVE IN THE ELIMINATION OF ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL PLASMACYTES IN THE AFFECTED PATIENTS. MEANWHILE, ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A COMMON FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY ENDOMETRIOTIC TISSUES (ECTOPIC ENDOMETRIUM) GROWING OUTSIDE THE UTERUS AND POTENTIALLY CAUSES CHRONIC PELVIC SYMPTOMS (DYSMENORRHEA, DYSPAREUNIA, DYSCHEZIA, AND DYSURIA), INFERTILITY, AND OVARIAN CANCERS. ENDOMETRIOSIS INVOLVES ENDOCRINOLOGICAL, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN ITS ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS. RECENT STUDIES FOCUS ON IMMUNOLOGICAL, INFLAMMATORY, AND INFECTIOUS ASPECTS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND DEMONSTRATE SEVERAL COMMON CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND CE. THIS REVIEW AIMED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE IMMUNOLOGICAL AND MICROBIAL BACKGROUNDS UNDERLYING ENDOMETRIOSIS AND CE AND LOOK INTO THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF THE NOVEL ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT STRATEGY AGAINST ENDOMETRIOSIS IN LIGHT OF ENDOMETRIAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10  3820  30 INTRODUCTION TO PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE FROM ANIMAL MODELS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS, THE PRESENCE AND GROWTH OF UTERINE ENDOMETRIAL GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL AND STROMA CELLS OUTSIDE THE UTERINE CAVITY, CAUSES PAIN AND INFERTILITY IN WOMEN AND GIRLS OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE. AS RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLINDED, CONTROLLED STUDIES OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IN WOMEN ARE IMPRACTICAL AND AT TIMES ETHICALLY PROHIBITIVE, ANIMAL MODELS FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS AROSE AS AN IMPORTANT ADJUNCT TO GAIN MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO THE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF THIS PERPLEXING DISORDER. A MORE THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IN WOMEN MAY HELP DEVELOP NOVEL NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTICS, CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS, THERAPEUTIC REGIMES, AND EVEN PREVENTATIVE METHODS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. THIS CHAPTER IS INTENDED TO INTRODUCE A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, BIOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS, THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS, AND AN EXAMPLE OF AN EPIGENETIC FACTOR OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IN WOMEN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  2604  37 EPIGENETICS, PREGNANCY AND AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISEASES. AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISEASES (ARDS) ARE CHRONIC CONDITIONS WITH A STRIKING FEMALE PREDOMINANCE, FREQUENTLY AFFECTING WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE. SEX HORMONES AND GENDER DIMORPHISM OF IMMUNE RESPONSE ARE MAJOR DETERMINANTS IN THE MULTIFACTORIAL PATHOGENESIS OF ARDS, WITH SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS THROUGHOUT REPRODUCTIVE LIFE. PARTICULARLY, PREGNANCY REPRESENTS A CHALLENGING CONDITION IN THE CONTEXT OF AUTOIMMUNITY, BARING PROFOUND HORMONAL AND IMMUNOLOGIC CHANGES, WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BI-DIRECTIONAL INTERACTION BETWEEN ARDS OUTCOME AND PREGNANCY COURSE. IN THE LATEST YEARS EPIGENETICS HAS PROVEN TO BE AN IMPORTANT PLAYER IN ARDS PATHOGENESIS, FINELY MODULATING MAJOR IMMUNE FUNCTIONS AND VARIABLY TUNING THE SIGNIFICANT GENDER EFFECTS IN AUTOIMMUNITY. ADDITIONALLY, EPIGENETICS IS A RECOGNISED INFLUENCER OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DYNAMIC MODIFICATIONS OCCURRING DURING PREGNANCY. STILL, THERE IS CURRENTLY LITTLE EVIDENCE ON THE PREGNANCY-RELATED EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE IN ARDS PATIENTS. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO OVERVIEW THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE CONTEXT OF AUTOIMMUNITY, AS WELL AS DURING PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC PREGNANCY, DISCUSSING UNDER-REGARDED ASPECTS IN THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN ARDS AND PREGNANCY PATHOLOGY. THE OUTLINE OF A NEW ONGOING EUROPEAN PROJECT WILL BE PRESENTED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12  3509  40 IDENTIFYING MECHANISMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED REDUCED FECUNDITY IN A RAT MODEL: NOVEL INSIGHTS TOWARD UNDERSTANDING HUMAN INFERTILITY. THE EXISTENCE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS HAS BEEN KNOWN SINCE AT LEAST THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, YET THE LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF CAUSES OF INFERTILITY AND THEREFORE INADEQUATE TREATMENT APPROACHES IN ENDOMETRIOSIS CREATES A SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE IN REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE. WOMEN WORLDWIDE SUFFER NOT ONLY PAIN AND INFERTILITY BUT ALSO ECONOMICAL, SOCIETAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BURDENS. STUDIES OF REPRODUCTIVE EVENTS IN WOMEN ARE DIFFICULT TO CONDUCT DUE TO A HOST OF CONFOUNDING PERSONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND ETHICALLY LIMITED DUE TO THE VERY NATURE OF WORKING WITH REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES AND CELLS, ESPECIALLY EMBRYOS. ANIMAL MODELS ARE A VIABLE ADJUNCT TO STUDY MECHANISMS CAUSING HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE ANOMALIES AND INFERTILITY IN ENDOMETRIOSIS. THIS CHAPTER DISCUSSES REPRODUCTIVE ANOMALIES CAUSING INFERTILITY IN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND WELL-ESTABLISHED ANIMAL MODELS WHICH HELP DECIPHER THE PROBLEMS AND LEAD TO HERETOFORE UNKNOWN NONSURGICAL, NONHORMONAL METHODS TO MANAGE ENDOMETRIOSIS IN WOMEN. IN ADDITION, STUDIES OF EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO ENDOMETRIOSIS ARE REVEALING FOR THE FIRST TIME, IN BOTH FEMALE AND MALE OFFSPRING, TRANSGENERATIONAL SUBFERTILITY IN A RAT MODEL PROVIDING INSIGHTS INTO THE FAMILIAL NATURE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC INVOLVEMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  1892  25 ENDOMETRIOSIS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION, PATHOGENESIS, TREATMENT AND GENETICS (REVIEW OF LITERATURE). ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A "MYSTERIOUS" DISEASE AND ITS EXACT CAUSE HAS NOT YET BEEN ESTABLISHED. AMONG THE ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS, CONGENITAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, EPIGENETIC, AUTOIMMUNE AND ALLERGIC FACTORS ARE LISTED. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE PRIMARY MECHANISM OF THE FORMATION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS FOCI IS RETROGRADE MENSTRUATION, I.E., THE PASSAGE OF MENSTRUAL BLOOD THROUGH THE FALLOPIAN TUBES INTO THE PERITONEAL CAVITY AND IMPLANTATION OF EXFOLIATED ENDOMETRIAL CELLS. HOWEVER, SINCE THIS MECHANISM IS ALSO OBSERVED IN HEALTHY WOMEN, OTHER FACTORS MUST ALSO BE INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS FOCI. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS IN MANY WOMEN THE CAUSE OF INFERTILITY, CHRONIC PAIN AND THE DETERIORATION OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE. IT ALSO REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL BURDEN ON HEALTH SYSTEMS. THE ARTICLE PRESENTS A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ENDOMETRIOSIS-A DISEASE AFFECTING WOMEN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  6237  34 THE MAIN THEORIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A COMPLEX DISEASE, WHICH IS DEFINED BY ABNORMAL GROWTH OF ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE OUTSIDE THE UTERUS. IT AFFECTS ABOUT 10% OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ALL OVER THE WORLD. ENDOMETRIOSIS CAUSES SYMPTOMS THAT NOTABLY WORSEN PATIENT'S WELL-BEING-SUCH AS SEVERE PELVIC PAIN, DYSFUNCTION OF THE ORGANS OF PELVIC CAVITY, INFERTILITY AND SECONDARY MENTAL ISSUES. THE DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IS QUITE OFTEN DELAYED BECAUSE OF NONSPECIFIC MANIFESTATIONS. SINCE THE DISEASE WAS DEFINED, SEVERAL DIFFERENT PATHOGENETIC PATHWAYS HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED, INCLUDING RETROGRADE MENSTRUATION, BENIGN METASTASIS, IMMUNE DYSREGULATION, COELOMIC METAPLASIA, HORMONAL DISBALANCE, INVOLVEMENT OF STEM CELLS AND ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION, BUT THE TRUE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXACT MECHANISM OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESSION OF THIS DISEASE IS SIGNIFICANT FOR THE APPROPRIATE TREATMENT. THEREFORE, THIS REVIEW REPORTS THE MAIN PATHOGENETIC THEORIES OF ENDOMETRIOSIS BASED ON CURRENT STUDIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  6682  44 UTERINE LEIOMYOMA: AVAILABLE MEDICAL TREATMENTS AND NEW POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. CONTEXT: UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS (FIBROIDS OR MYOMAS) ARE BENIGN TUMORS OF THE UTERUS AND ARE CLINICALLY APPARENT IN UP TO 25% OF REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN. HEAVY OR ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING, PELVIC PAIN OR PRESSURE, INFERTILITY, AND RECURRENT PREGNANCY LOSS ARE GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH LEIOMYOMA. ALTHOUGH SURGICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL THERAPIES ARE FREQUENTLY USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THIS TUMOR, MEDICAL THERAPIES ARE CONSIDERED THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT OF LEIOMYOMA. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION AND SYNTHESIS: A REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED OF ELECTRONIC AND PRINT DATA COMPRISING BOTH ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES ON PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICAL TREATMENTS OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMA RETRIEVED FROM THE PUBMED OR GOOGLE SCHOLAR DATABASE UP TO JUNE 2012. THESE RESOURCES WERE INTEGRATED WITH THE AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE FIELD. CONCLUSION: TO DATE, SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS GENETIC FACTORS, EPIGENETIC FACTORS, ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE, GROWTH FACTORS, CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN LEIOMYOMA DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH. ON THE BASIS OF CURRENT HYPOTHESES, SEVERAL MEDICAL THERAPIES HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED. GNRH AGONIST HAS BEEN APPROVED BY US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FOR REDUCING FIBROID VOLUME AND RELATED SYMPTOMS. IN ADDITION, THE FDA ALSO APPROVED AN INTRAUTERINE DEVICE, LEVONORGESTREL-RELEASING INTRAUTERINE SYSTEM (MIRENA), FOR ADDITIONAL USE TO TREAT HEAVY MENSTRUAL BLEEDING IN INTRAUTERINE DEVICE USERS ONLY. CURRENTLY, MIFEPRISTONE, ASOPRISNIL, ULIPRISTAL ACETATE, AND EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EFFECTIVE FOR FIBROID REGRESSION AND SYMPTOMATIC IMPROVEMENT WHICH ARE ALL IN CLINICAL TRIAL. IN ADDITION, SOME SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL COMPOUNDS AS WELL AS GROWTH FACTOR INHIBITORS ARE NOW UNDER LABORATORY INVESTIGATION, AND THEY COULD SERVE AS FUTURE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  3052  55 GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS OF PAIN SEVERITY IN DYSMENORRHEA IDENTIFIES ASSOCIATION AT CHROMOSOME 1P13.2, NEAR THE NERVE GROWTH FACTOR LOCUS. DYSMENORRHEA IS A COMMON CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME AFFECTING WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING POTENTIAL. FAMILY STUDIES SUGGEST THAT GENETIC BACKGROUND INFLUENCES THE SEVERITY OF DYSMENORRHEA, BUT GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DYSMENORRHEA ARE NOT UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE CONDUCT THE FIRST GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY TO IDENTIFY GENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DYSMENORRHEA PAIN SEVERITY. A COHORT OF FEMALES OF EUROPEAN DESCENT (N = 11,891) AGED 18 TO 45 YEARS RATED THEIR AVERAGE DYSMENORRHEA PAIN SEVERITY. WE USED A LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL ADJUSTING FOR AGE AND BODY MASS INDEX, IDENTIFYING ONE GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT (P < 5 X 10) ASSOCIATION (RS7523086, P = 4.1 X 10, EFFECT SIZE 0.1 [95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.074-0.126]). THIS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM IS COLOCALISING WITH NGF, ENCODING NERVE GROWTH FACTOR. THE PRESENCE OF ONE RISK ALLELE CORRESPONDS TO A PREDICTED 0.1-POINT INCREASE IN PAIN INTENSITY ON A 4-POINT ORDINAL PAIN SCALE. THE PUTATIVE EFFECTS ON NGF FUNCTION AND/OR EXPRESSION REMAIN UNKNOWN. HOWEVER, GENETIC VARIATION COLOCALISES WITH ACTIVE EPIGENETIC MARKS IN FAT AND OVARY TISSUES, AND EXPRESSION LEVELS IN AORTA TISSUE OF A NONCODING RNA FLANKING NGF CORRELATE. PARTICIPANTS REPORTING EXTREME DYSMENORRHEA PAIN WERE MORE LIKELY TO REPORT BEING POSITIVE FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME, DEPRESSION, AND OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT DYSMENORRHEA PAIN SEVERITY IS PARTLY GENETICALLY DETERMINED. NGF ALREADY HAS AN ESTABLISHED ROLE IN CHRONIC PAIN DISORDERS, AND OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT NGF MAY BE AN IMPORTANT MEDIATOR FOR GYNAECOLOGICAL/PELVIC PAIN IN THE VISCERA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  3743  63 INSIGHTS FROM GENOMIC STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF SEX STEROIDS IN THE AETIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A CHRONIC NEURO-INFLAMMATORY DISORDER THE DEFINING FEATURE OF WHICH IS THE GROWTH OF TISSUE (LESIONS) THAT RESEMBLES THE ENDOMETRIUM OUTSIDE THE UTERUS. ESTIMATES OF PREVALENCE QUOTE RATES OF ~10% OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE, EQUATING TO AT LEAST 190 MILLION WOMEN WORLD-WIDE. GENETIC, HORMONAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL FACTORS HAVE ALL BEEN PROPOSED AS CONTRIBUTING TO RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF LESIONS. TWIN STUDIES REPORT THE HERITABLE COMPONENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AS ~50%. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) HAVE IDENTIFIED SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) THAT APPEAR OVER-REPRESENTED IN PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS, PARTICULARLY THOSE WITH MORE EXTENSIVE DISEASE (STAGE III/IV). IN DIFFERENT SAMPLE POPULATIONS, THERE HAS BEEN REPLICATION OF SNPS NEAR GENES INVOLVED IN OESTROGEN AND OTHER STEROID REGULATED PATHWAYS INCLUDING ESR1 (OESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA), GREB1, HOXA10, WNT4 AND MAPK KINASE SIGNALLING. COMPARISONS WITH GWAS CONDUCTED ON OTHER PATIENT COHORTS HAVE FOUND LINKS WITH REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS (AGE AT MENARCHE) AND DISORDERS (FIBROIDS, ENDOMETRIAL AND OVARIAN CANCER) AND COMMON CO-MORBIDITIES (MIGRAINE, DEPRESSION, ASTHMA). IN SUMMARY, GENETIC ANALYSES HAVE PROVIDED NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE HORMONE-REGULATED PATHWAYS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING ENDOMETRIOSIS SOME OF WHICH MAY ACT IN EARLY LIFE. NEW STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MANY SNPS IDENTIFIED, THE GENES THAT THEY REGULATE AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION(S) TO DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. WE HOPE THAT MORE ADVANCED METHODS ALLOWING INTEGRATION BETWEEN GWAS, EPIGENETIC AND TISSUE EXPRESSION DATA WILL IMPROVE RISK ANALYSIS AND REDUCE DIAGNOSITIC DELAY. LAY SUMMARY: ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A DEBILITATING REPRODUCTIVE DISORDER AFFECTING ~10% OF REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN, AND THOSE ASSIGNED FEMALE AT BIRTH, WHICH CAUSES A RANGE OF SYMPTOMS INCLUDING CHRONIC PAIN AND INFERTILITY. THE REASON WHY SOME, BUT NOT ALL THESE INDIVIDUALS, DEVELOP THE LESIONS THAT CHARACTERISE THE DISEASE ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD, BUT RECENTLY ATTENTION HAS FOCUSED ON GENETIC RISK FACTORS TO EXPLAIN WHY THE INCIDENCE IS HIGHER IN SOME FAMILIES. STUDIES ON LARGE COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH COMPARISON OF THEIR DNA TO WOMEN WITHOUT ENDOMETRIOSIS OR WITH OTHER DISORDERS HAVE DOCUMENTED CHANGES IN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH STEROID HORMONE PRODUCTION OR ACTION. THE RESULTS PROVIDE FURTHER EVIDENCE THAT ENDOMETRIOSIS SHARES GENETIC RISK FACTORS WITH OTHER DISORDERS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND A PLATFORM FOR NEW IDEAS RELATED TO RISK, BIOMARKERS AND THERAPIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  4950  35 PATHOGENESIS OF ADENOMYOSIS: AN UPDATE ON MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. ADENOMYOSIS IS A UTERINE DISORDER BECOMING MORE COMMONLY DIAGNOSED IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE BECAUSE OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING ADVANCEMENTS. THE NEW EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SCENARIO AND THE CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF PELVIC PAIN, ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING AND INFERTILITY ARE CHANGING THE CLASSIC PERSPECTIVE OF ADENOMYOSIS AS A PREMENOPAUSAL DISEASE. IN THE LAST DECADE, THE EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE MOLECULAR MEDIATORS HAS IMPROVED OUR KNOWLEDGE OF PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF ADENOMYOSIS, SUPPORTING THAT THIS IS AN INDEPENDENT DISEASE FROM ENDOMETRIOSIS. ALTHOUGH THEY SHARE COMMON GENETIC MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEX STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS AND SIMILAR INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN PATHOGENIC PATHWAYS SPECIFIC FOR ADENOMYOSIS. A PUBMED SEARCH UP TO OCTOBER 2016 SUMMARIZES THE KEY MEDIATORS OF PAIN, ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING AND INFERTILITY IN ADENOMYOSIS, INCLUDING SEX STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS, INFLAMMATORY MOLECULES, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ENZYMES, GROWTH FACTORS AND NEUROANGIOGENIC FACTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19  1891  46 ENDOMETRIOSIS. PELVIC ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A COMPLEX SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY AN ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS THAT AFFECTS PRIMARILY PELVIC TISSUES, INCLUDING THE OVARIES. IT IS CAUSED WHEN SHED ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE TRAVELS RETROGRADE INTO THE LOWER ABDOMINAL CAVITY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN IN WOMEN AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH INFERTILITY. THE UNDERLYING PATHOLOGIC MECHANISMS IN THE INTRACAVITARY ENDOMETRIUM AND EXTRAUTERINE ENDOMETRIOTIC TISSUE INVOLVE DEFECTIVELY PROGRAMMED ENDOMETRIAL MESENCHYMAL PROGENITOR/STEM CELLS. ALTHOUGH ENDOMETRIOTIC STROMAL CELLS, WHICH COMPOSE THE BULK OF ENDOMETRIOTIC LESIONS, DO NOT CARRY SOMATIC MUTATIONS, THEY DEMONSTRATE SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES THAT ALTER EXPRESSION OF KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. FOR EXAMPLE, GATA-BINDING FACTOR-6 OVEREXPRESSION TRANSFORMS AN ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL CELL TO AN ENDOMETRIOTIC PHENOTYPE, AND STEROIDOGENIC FACTOR-1 OVEREXPRESSION CAUSES EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF ESTROGEN, WHICH DRIVES INFLAMMATION VIA PATHOLOGICALLY HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-BETA. PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR DEFICIENCY CAUSES PROGESTERONE RESISTANCE. POPULATIONS OF ENDOMETRIAL AND ENDOMETRIOTIC EPITHELIAL CELLS ALSO HARBOR MULTIPLE CANCER DRIVER MUTATIONS, SUCH AS KRAS, WHICH MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PELVIC ENDOMETRIOSIS OR OVARIAN CANCER. IT IS NOT KNOWN HOW INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EPIGENOMICALLY DEFECTIVE STROMAL CELLS AND THE MUTATED GENES IN EPITHELIAL CELLS CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED PELVIC PAIN IS MANAGED BY SUPPRESSION OF OVULATORY MENSES AND ESTROGEN PRODUCTION, CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS, AND SURGICAL REMOVAL OF PELVIC LESIONS, AND IN VITRO FERTILIZATION IS FREQUENTLY USED TO OVERCOME INFERTILITY. ALTHOUGH NOVEL TARGETED TREATMENTS ARE BECOMING AVAILABLE, AS ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IS BETTER UNDERSTOOD, PREVENTIVE APPROACHES SUCH AS LONG-TERM OVULATION SUPPRESSION MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE FUTURE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20  4413  35 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR INSIGHTS INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF UTERINE FIBROIDS. UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS REPRESENT THE MOST COMMON BENIGN GYNECOLOGIC TUMOR. THESE HORMONE-DEPENDENT SMOOTH-MUSCLE FORMATIONS OCCUR WITH AN ESTIMATED PREVALENCE OF ~70% AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND CAUSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING PAIN, ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING, INFERTILITY, AND RECURRENT ABORTION. DESPITE THE PREVALENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS, AVAILABLE TREATMENTS REMAIN LIMITED. AMONG THE POTENTIAL CAUSES OF LEIOMYOMAS, EARLY HORMONAL EXPOSURE DURING PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT MAY RESULT IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT PERSIST IN ADULTHOOD, LEADING TO DISEASE ONSET OR PROGRESSION. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN UNBIASED HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY ENABLE POWERFUL APPROACHES TO DETECT DRIVER MUTATIONS, YIELDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE GENOMIC INSTABILITY OF LEIOMYOMAS. CURRENT DATA ALSO SUGGEST THAT EACH LEIOMYOMA ORIGINATES FROM THE CLONAL EXPANSION OF A SINGLE TRANSFORMED SOMATIC STEM CELL OF THE MYOMETRIUM. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROPOSE AN INTEGRATED CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR VIEW OF THE ORIGINS OF LEIOMYOMAS, AS WELL AS PARADIGM-SHIFTING STUDIES THAT WILL LEAD TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-SURGICAL TREATMENTS FOR THESE HIGHLY FREQUENT TUMORS.	2021