1  1875 157 EMERGING ROLE OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND DNA METHYLATION ENRICHMENT ON DELTA-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE CEREBELLUM OF SUBJECTS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS (AUD). BACKGROUND: CEREBELLUM IS AN AREA OF THE BRAIN PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DECREASES CEREBELLAR PURKINJE CELL OUTPUT BY INCREASING GABA RELEASE FROM GOLGI CELLS ONTO EXTRASYNAPTIC ALPHA6/DELTA-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTORS LOCATED ON GLUTAMATERGIC GRANULE CELLS. HERE, WE STUDIED WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION INDUCES CHANGES IN GABAA RECEPTOR SUBUNIT EXPRESSION AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS VIA DNA METHYLATION. METHODS: WE USED A COHORT OF POSTMORTEM CEREBELLUM FROM CONTROL AND CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS, HERE DEFINED AS ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS SUBJECTS (N=25/GROUP). S-ADENOSYL-METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL-HOMOCYSTEINE WERE MEASURED BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. MRNA LEVELS OF VARIOUS GENES WERE ASSESSED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. PROMOTER METHYLATION ENRICHMENT WAS ASSESSED USING METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND HYDROXY-METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: MRNAS ENCODING KEY ENZYMES OF 1-CARBON METABOLISM THAT DETERMINE THE S-ADENOSYL-METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL-HOMOCYSTEINE RATIO WERE INCREASED, INDICATING HIGHER "METHYLATION INDEX" IN ALCOHOL USE DISORDER SUBJECTS. WE FOUND THAT INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER OF THE DELTA SUBUNIT GABAA RECEPTOR WAS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE CEREBELLUM OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDER SUBJECTS. NO CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN ALPHA1- OR ALPHA6-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. THE EXPRESSION OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES (1, 3A, AND 3B) WAS UNALTERED, WHEREAS THE MRNA LEVEL OF TET1, WHICH PARTICIPATES IN THE DNA DEMETHYLATION PATHWAY, WAS DECREASED. HENCE, INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE DELTA SUBUNIT GABAA RECEPTOR PROMOTER MAY RESULT FROM ALCOHOL-INDUCED REDUCTION OF DNA DEMETHYLATION. CONCLUSION: TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN CEREBELLAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM. FURTHERMORE, THIS WORK PROVIDES NOVEL EVIDENCE FOR A CENTRAL ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION MECHANISMS IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES OF HUMAN CEREBELLAR GABAA RECEPTOR FUNCTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2  5014  51 PERSISTENCE OF CEREBELLAR ATAXIA DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC UP-REGULATION OF FMR1 GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT CEREBELLUM. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL INTOXICATION PRODUCES ATAXIA BY AFFECTING THE CEREBELLUM, WHICH COORDINATES MOVEMENTS. FRAGILE X MENTAL RETARDATION (FMR) PROTEIN IS A COMPLEX REGULATOR OF RNA AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IMPLICATED IN FRAGILE X-ASSOCIATED TREMOR/ATAXIA SYNDROME, WHICH FEATURES ATAXIA AND INCREASED FMR1 MRNA EXPRESSION RESULTING FROM EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF FMRP. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED THAT ACUTE ETHANOL-INDUCED ATAXIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CEREBELLAR FMR1 GENE EXPRESSION VIA HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN RATS, BUT IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER SIMILAR BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES OCCUR FOLLOWING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE ON ATAXIA AND EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED CHANGES IN FMR1 EXPRESSION IN THE CEREBELLUM. METHODS: MALE ADULT SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TRAINED ON THE ACCELERATING ROTAROD AND THEN FED WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL OR A CONTROL LIEBER-DECARLI DIET WHILE UNDERGOING PERIODIC BEHAVIORAL TESTING FOR ATAXIA DURING ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. CEREBELLAR TISSUES WERE ANALYZED FOR EXPRESSION OF THE FMR1 GENE AND ITS TARGETS USING A REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY. THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FMR1 WAS ALSO INVESTIGATED USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: ATAXIC BEHAVIOR MEASURED BY THE ACCELERATING ROTAROD BEHAVIORAL TEST DEVELOPED DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT AND PERSISTED AT BOTH THE 8-H AND 24-H WITHDRAWAL TIME POINTS COMPARED TO CONTROL DIET-FED RATS. IN ADDITION, CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT RESULTED IN UP-REGULATED EXPRESSION OF FMR1 MRNA AND INCREASED ACTIVATING EPIGENETIC MARKS H3K27 ACETYLATION AND H3K4 TRIMETHYLATION AT 2 SITES WITHIN THE FMR1 PROMOTER. FINALLY, MEASUREMENT OF THE EXPRESSION OF RELEVANT FMRP MRNA TARGETS IN THE CEREBELLUM SHOWED THAT CHRONIC ETHANOL UP-REGULATED CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING (CREB) CREB1, PSD95, GRM5, AND GRIN2B MRNA EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING GRIN2A, EAA1, OR HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) OR P300 MRNA TRANSCRIPTS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FMR1 AND SUBSEQUENT FMRP REGULATION OF TARGET MRNA TRANSCRIPTS CONSTITUTE NEUROADAPTATIONS IN THE CEREBELLUM THAT MAY UNDERLIE THE PERSISTENCE OF ATAXIC BEHAVIOR DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3   872  53 CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DIFFERENTIALLY ALTERS ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN RAT LIVER AND BRAIN. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM. CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE LEADS TO BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AS WELL AS DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. IN THE LIVER, IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IMPAIRS METHIONINE SYNTHASE (MS) ACTIVITY LEADING TO A DECREASE IN S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE (SAM/SAH) RATIO WHICH RESULTS IN DNA HYPOMETHYLATION; HOWEVER, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER SIMILAR ALTERATIONS OF SAM AND SAH LEVELS ARE ALSO PRODUCED IN BRAIN. METHODS: MALE ADULT SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE FED CHRONICALLY WITH LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL (ETOH) (9% V/V) OR CONTROL DIET. THE ETOH-DIET-FED RATS WERE WITHDRAWN FOR 0 AND 24 HOURS. THE CEREBELLUM AND LIVER TISSUES WERE DISSECTED AND USED TO INVESTIGATE CHANGES IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, SAM, AND SAH LEVELS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAM LEVELS, SAM/SAH RATIO, MS, METHYLENE TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE, AND BETAINE HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE (BHMT) EXPRESSION AND INCREASED METHIONINE ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE-2B (MAT2B) BUT NOT MAT2A EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER. IN CONTRAST, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAH LEVELS, INCREASED SAM/SAH RATIO AND THE EXPRESSION OF MAT2A AND S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE HYDROLASE, WHILE THE LEVELS OF SAM OR BHMT EXPRESSION IN CEREBELLUM REMAINED UNALTERED. HOWEVER, IN BOTH LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MS AND INCREASED MAT2B EXPRESSION. ALL CHRONIC ETOH-INDUCED CHANGES OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN CEREBELLUM, BUT NOT LIVER, RETURNED TO NEAR-NORMAL LEVELS DURING ETOH WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS INDICATE A DECREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN LIVER AND AN INCREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN CEREBELLUM. THE OPPOSING CHANGES OF THE "METHYLATION INDEX" SUGGEST ALTERED DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, THUS IMPLICATING ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4  3331  51 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT REVERSES HYPOSENSITIVITY TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. BACKGROUND: THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) IS IMPORTANT FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED REWARD AND REINFORCEMENT. MOUSE VTA NEURONS ARE HYPOSENSITIVE TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) DURING ETHANOL (ETOH) WITHDRAWAL, AND GABA RESPONSIVENESS IS NORMALIZED BY IN VITRO TREATMENT WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI). THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF A SYSTEMICALLY ADMINISTERED HDACI, SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ON GABA SENSITIVITY, AND RELATED MOLECULAR CHANGES IN VTA NEURONS DURING WITHDRAWAL AFTER CHRONIC ETOH INTAKE IN RATS. METHODS: SPRAGUE DAWLEY MALE ADULT RATS WERE FED WITH LIEBER-DECARLI DIET (9% ETOH OR CONTROL DIET) FOR 16 DAYS. EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS INCLUDED CONTROL DIET-FED AND ETOH DIET-FED (0- OR 24-HOUR WITHDRAWAL) RATS TREATED WITH EITHER SAHA OR VEHICLE INJECTION. SINGLE-UNIT RECORDINGS WERE USED TO MEASURE THE RESPONSE OF VTA NEURONS TO GABA. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE LEVELS OF HDAC2, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 (ACH3K9), AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR ALPHA1 AND ALPHA5 SUBUNITS IN THE VTA; QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE THE MRNA LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. RESULTS: VTA NEURONS FROM THE WITHDRAWAL GROUP EXHIBITED GABA HYPOSENSITIVITY. IN VIVO SAHA TREATMENT 2 HOURS BEFORE SACRIFICE NORMALIZED THE SENSITIVITY OF VTA NEURONS TO GABA. ETOH WITHDRAWAL WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED ACH3K9 PROTEIN LEVELS; SAHA TREATMENT NORMALIZED ACH3K9 LEVELS. INTERESTINGLY, NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE WAS OBSERVED IN THE MRNA LEVELS OF HDAC2. THE MRNA LEVELS, BUT NOT PROTEIN LEVELS, OF GABA(A) RECEPTOR ALPHA1 AND ALPHA5 SUBUNITS WERE INCREASED DURING WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE RESULTS IN A DECREASE IN GABA-MEDIATED INHIBITION, AND THIS GABA HYPOSENSITIVITY IS NORMALIZED BY IN VIVO SAHA TREATMENT. DISRUPTION OF SIGNALING IN THE VTA PRODUCED BY ALTERATION OF GABA NEUROTRANSMISSION COULD BE 1 NEUROADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS LEADING TO CRAVING AND RELAPSE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDACI PHARMACOTHERAPY WITH AGENTS LIKE SAHA MIGHT BE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOLISM.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  4829  42 OLANZAPINE-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND CEREBELLUM IN GENES MAPPED TO HUMAN 22Q11 AND IMPLICATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH THERE IS INDIRECT EVIDENCE THAT THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS MAY INVOLVE MODULATION OF DOPAMINE TRANSMISSION, THEIR MECHANISM OF ACTION IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS MEDIATE THEIR EFFECTS BY EPIGENETIC MODULATION. HERE, WE TESTED THE EFFECT OF AN ANTIPSYCHOTIC, OLANZAPINE, ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF GENES FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT USING RAT-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ARRAYS. METHODS: FORTY-EIGHT HOURS AFTER THE LAST DOSE OF OLANZAPINE/VEHICLE, RATS WERE HABITUATED TO AN OPEN-FIELD ACTIVITY-MONITORING CHAMBER FOR 30 MIN TO VERIFY WHETHER STRESS-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY WAS REDUCED IN OLANZAPINE-TREATED RATS. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF OLANZAPINE, A COMMONLY USED ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG, ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF 49 GENES MAPPED TO HUMAN 22Q11 AND IMPLICATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM THE CEREBELLUM, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND LIVER OF OLANZAPINE-TREATED (N=2) AND CONTROL (N=2) RATS WERE ANALYZED USING RAT-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ARRAYS. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY OF OLANZAPINE-TREATED RATS CONFIRMED THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF THE DRUG ADMINISTERED. THE EFFECTS OF OLANZAPINE HAVE BEEN SHOWN THROUGH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED (P<0.01) DNA METHYLATION OF GENES AFFECTING SEVERAL NETWORKS MAINLY (I) NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE, INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND (II) CANCER, CELL DEATH AND SURVIVAL, TUMOR MORPHOLOGY. ALSO, PROLINE DEGRADATION AND L-DOPA DEGRADATION WERE AFFECTED BY OLANZAPINE-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION. FURTHER, FROM A SET OF GENES IN THE 22Q11.2 MICRODELETIONS THAT HAS BEEN IMPLICATED PREVIOUSLY IN PSYCHOSIS, 29 GENES SHOWED INCREASED METHYLATION FOLLOWING OLANZAPINE TREATMENT. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF GENES (34/49) MAPPED TO HUMAN 22Q11 AND IMPLICATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA WERE AFFECTED BY OLANZAPINE-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF OLANZAPINE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  2319  62 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GABAERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION AND NEUROSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN ALCOHOL USE DISORDER. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING BRAIN DISORDER. GABAA RECEPTOR (GABAAR) SUBUNITS ARE A TARGET FOR THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL. NEUROSTEROIDS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE FINE-TUNING OF GABAAR FUNCTION IN THE BRAIN. RECENTLY, WE HAVE SHOWN THAT AUD IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE REGULATION OF NEUROSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS AND GABAERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IN AUD PATIENTS REMAINS UNDER-INVESTIGATED. METHODS: IN A COHORT OF POSTMORTEM BRAINS FROM 20 MALE CONTROLS AND AUD PATIENTS, WE INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION OF GABAAR SUBUNITS AND NEUROSTEROID BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYMES AND THEIR REGULATION BY DNA METHYLATION MECHANISMS. NEUROSTEROID LEVELS WERE QUANTIFIED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY. RESULTS: THE ALPHA 2 SUBUNIT EXPRESSION WAS REDUCED DUE TO INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AT THE GENE PROMOTER REGION IN THE CEREBELLUM OF AUD PATIENTS, A BRAIN AREA PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL. ALCOHOL-INDUCED ALTERATION IN GABAAR SUBUNITS WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. NEUROSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS WAS ALSO AFFECTED WITH REDUCED CEREBELLAR EXPRESSION OF THE 18KDA TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN AND 3ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE MRNAS. NOTABLY, INCREASED DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE OBSERVED AT THE PROMOTER REGION OF 3ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE. THESE CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MARKEDLY REDUCED LEVELS OF ALLOPREGNANOLONE AND PREGNANOLONE IN THE CEREBELLUM. CONCLUSION: GIVEN THE KEY ROLE OF NEUROSTEROIDS IN MODULATING THE STRENGTH OF GABAAR-MEDIATED INHIBITION, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED IMPAIRMENTS IN GABAERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION MIGHT BE PROFOUNDLY IMPACTED BY REDUCED NEUROSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS MOST LIKELY VIA DNA HYPERMETHYLATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7  6108  46 THE ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT AMELIORATES CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MIR-134 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HUMANS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BY ENHANCING BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE BDNF MODULATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT OCCURS AFTER EE TREATMENT FOR THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS ELICITED BY CUMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EE. METHODS: ALL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO THE 5-WEEK CUMS PROCEDURE EXCEPT THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER CUMS PROCEDURE, SOME RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH SIRT1 PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITOR EX527 OR SIRT1 KNOCKING DOWN LENTIVIRUS (SH-SIRT1) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWED BY EE TREATMENT FOR 3 WEEKS. OTHER RATS WERE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO EE TREATMENT WITHOUT STEREOTAXIC INJECTION. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION AFTER EE TREATMENT. THEN EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCHES, AND SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INCLUDING DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE RATIO, PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND REDUCED LOCOMOTOR AND EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY; COGNITIVE DEFICITS INCLUDING SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; REDUCED DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES; THINNED POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; DOWNREGULATED SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, DECREASED BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, THE CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCH NUMBER REDUCTION, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY THINNING, SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY DOWNREGULATION, BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS REDUCTION, INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95), WERE REVERSED BY EE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS WERE OBSERVED AGAIN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO STEREOTAXIC INJECTION WITH EX527 OR SH-SIRT1. FURTHERMORE, THIS STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 REGULATES THE DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES BDNF, AND THE SYNAPTIC PROTEINS SYN AND PSD95 IN PRIMARY CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF EE ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INCLUDING BDNF, PSD95 AND SYN, DENDRITIC REMODELING AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF SYNAPSES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2019	

8  4828  50 OLANZAPINE INDUCED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES SUPPORT THE DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF PSYCHOSIS. BACKGROUND: THE DOPAMINE (DA) HYPOTHESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PROPOSES THE MENTAL ILLNESS IS CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE TRANSMISSION OF DOPAMINE IN SELECTED BRAIN REGIONS. MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE, INCLUDING BLOCKAGE OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS BY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS THAT ARE USED TO TREAT SCHIZOPHRENIA, SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS. HOWEVER, THE DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR (DRD2) BLOCKADE CANNOT EXPLAIN SOME IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS COULD AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF GENES IN THE DA PATHWAY BY ALTERING THEIR EPIGENETIC PROFILE. METHODS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF OLANZAPINE, A COMMONLY USED ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG, ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF GENES FROM DA NEUROTRANSMISSION IN THE BRAIN AND LIVER OF RATS. GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM HIPPOCAMPUS, CEREBELLUM, AND LIVER OF OLANZAPINE TREATED (N = 2) AND CONTROL (N = 2) RATS WERE ANALYZED USING RAT SPECIFIC METHYLATION ARRAYS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT OLANZAPINE CAUSES METHYLATION CHANGES IN GENES ENCODING FOR DA RECEPTORS (DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR, DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR AND DOPAMINE D5 RECEPTOR), A DA TRANSPORTER (SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 18 MEMBER 2), A DA SYNTHESIS (DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY CLONE 8), AND A DA METABOLISM (CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE). WE ASSESSED A TOTAL OF 40 GENES IN THE DA PATHWAY AND FOUND 19 TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BETWEEN OLANZAPINE TREATED AND CONTROL RATS. MOST (17/19) GENES SHOWED AN INCREASE IN METHYLATION, IN THEIR PROMOTER REGIONS WITH IN SILICO ANALYSIS STRONGLY INDICATING A FUNCTIONAL POTENTIAL TO SUPPRESS TRANSCRIPTION IN THE BRAIN. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC OLANZAPINE MAY REDUCE DA ACTIVITY BY ALTERING GENE METHYLATION. IT MAY ALSO EXPLAIN THE DELAYED THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS, WHICH OCCURS DESPITE RAPID DOPAMINE BLOCKADE. FURTHERMORE, GIVEN THE COMMON NATURE OF EPIGENETIC VARIATION, THIS LENDS INSIGHT INTO THE DIFFERENTIAL THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE OF PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS WHO DISPLAY ADEQUATE BLOCKAGE OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  1809  36 EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPI OF CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RATS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON HISTONE MODIFICATION REMAIN UNCLEAR. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE BDNF GENE IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (6 H/D FOR 21 D) AND THEN WERE ADMINISTERED WITH EITHER OLANZAPINE (2 MG/KG) OR HALOPERIDOL (1 MG/KG). THE LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV WERE ASSESSED WITH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF WITH EXON IV, HDAC5, DNMT1, AND DNMT3A WERE ASSESSED WITH A QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR PROCEDURE. CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RESULTED IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF TOTAL AND EXON IV BDNF MRNA LEVELS AND A DECREASE IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV. FURTHERMORE, THERE WERE ROBUST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND DNMTS. OLANZAPINE ADMINISTRATION LARGELY PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. THE ADMINISTRATION OF HALOPERIDOL HAD NO EFFECT. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG OLANZAPINE INDUCED HISTONE MODIFICATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY REPRESENT ONE OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ACTIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  1800  35 EFFECT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: INCREASED PAIN SENSITIVITY IS OBSERVED FOLLOWING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL, AND ATTEMPTS TO ALLEVIATE THIS HYPERALGESIA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE CYCLE OF ADDICTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA WAS OBSERVED IN A CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE MODEL AND IF THIS PAIN WAS AFFECTED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, THUS REVEALING AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. METHODS: ADULT MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS RECEIVED LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID CONTROL OR ETHANOL (9% V/V) DIET FOR 15 DAYS. MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY WAS MEASURED WITH VON FREY HAIR STIMULATION OF THE HINDPAW DURING ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND 24- AND 72-HOUR WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL PRODUCED SEVERE AND SUSTAINED MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA, AN EFFECT NOT OBSERVED IN THE CONTROL OR ETHANOL-MAINTAINED GROUPS. FURTHERMORE, THIS HYPERALGESIA WAS ATTENUATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: HEIGHTENED PAIN SENSITIVITY WAS OBSERVED FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS COULD BE NOVEL TREATMENTS FOR THIS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11  6082  35 THE EFFECT OF MORPHINE UPON DNA METHYLATION IN TEN REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN. MORPHINE IS ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE ANALGESICS IN MEDICINE. HOWEVER, ITS USE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. RECENT STUDIES DEMONSTRATING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN AFTER EXPOSURE TO OPIATES HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO MECHANISMS POSSIBLY UNDERLYING ADDICTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN TEN REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE. WE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION OF SIX NUCLEAR-ENCODED GENES IMPLICATED IN BRAIN FUNCTION (BDNF, COMT, IL1B, IL6, NR3C1, AND TNF) AND THREE MITOCHONDRIALLY-ENCODED GENES (MTCO1, MTCO2, AND MTCO3), AND MEASURED GLOBAL 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5 HMC) LEVELS. WE OBSERVED DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF BDNF AND IL6 IN THE PONS, NR3C1 IN THE CEREBELLUM, AND IL1B IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE MORPHINE EXPOSURE (ALL P VALUE < 0.05). CHRONIC EXPOSURE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF BDNF AND COMT IN THE PONS, NR3C1 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND IL1B IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA (ALL P VALUE < 0.05). GLOBAL 5MC LEVELS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS FOLLOWING BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE, AND INCREASED IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS FOLLOWING CHRONIC EXPOSURE. CHRONIC EXPOSURE WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED GLOBAL 5HMC LEVELS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND HYPOTHALAMUS, BUT SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE MIDBRAIN. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, HIGHLY LOCALIZED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE. FURTHER WORK IS REQUIRED TO ELUCIDATE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF THESE CHANGES IN THE FORMATION OF TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  1320  39 DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS IS IMPLICATED IN OPIOID-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RATS. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF MORPHINE MAY RESULT IN OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (OIH), WHICH INVOLVES ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS GENES, INCLUDING BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS. YET, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW BDNF EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF CERTAIN BDNF GENE PROMOTERS IN DRG NEURONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH. REAL-TIME RT-PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN THE MRNA TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF MAJOR BDNF EXONS INCLUDING EXON I, II, IV, VI, AS WELL AS TOTAL BDNF MRNA IN DRGS FROM RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION. THE LEVELS OF EXON IV AND TOTAL BDNF MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION, AS COMPARED TO THAT IN SALINE CONTROL GROUP. FURTHER, ELISA ARRAY AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STUDY REVEALED A ROBUST UPREGULATION OF BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. CORRESPONDINGLY, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF BDNF EXON IV PROMOTER SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION BY MORPHINE TREATMENT. IMPORTANTLY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF A BDNF ANTIBODY, BUT NOT CONTROL IGG, SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT DEVELOPED IN RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. CONVERSELY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLATION, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) MARKEDLY UPREGULATED THE BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AND ENHANCED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE PROMOTER MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH THROUGH EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13   893  44 CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL IMPAIR SYNAPTIC GABA(A) RECEPTOR-MEDIATED NEUROTRANSMISSION IN DEEP-LAYER PREFRONTAL CORTEX. BACKGROUND: THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) ACTS AS AN INTEGRATIVE HUB FOR THE PROCESSING OF CORTICAL AND SUBCORTICAL INPUT INTO MEANINGFUL EFFERENT SIGNALING, PERMITTING COMPLEX ASSOCIATIVE BEHAVIORS. PFC DYSFUNCTION IS CONSISTENTLY OBSERVED WITH ETHANOL (ETOH) DEPENDENCE AND IS A CORE COMPONENT OF THE PATHOLOGY OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS IN CURRENT MODELS OF ADDICTION. WHILE INTRACORTICAL GAMMA-AMINOBUTRYRIC ACID (GABA)ERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IS UNDERSTOOD TO BE ESSENTIAL FOR MAINTAINING COORDINATED NETWORK ACTIVITY WITHIN THE CORTEX, RELATIVELY LITTLE IS KNOWN REGARDING FUNCTIONAL GABAERGIC ADAPTATIONS IN PFC DURING ETOH DEPENDENCE. METHODS: IN THE PRESENT STUDY, MALE AND FEMALE (> POSTNATAL DAY 60) SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE ADMINISTERED ETOH (5.0 G/KG; INTRAGASTRIC GAVAGE) FOR 14 TO 15 CONSECUTIVE DAYS. TWENTY-FOUR HOURS AFTER THE FINAL ADMINISTRATION, ANIMALS WERE SACRIFICED AND BRAINS EXTRACTED FOR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS OF ISOLATED GABA(A) RECEPTOR-MEDIATED CURRENTS OR ANALYSIS OF GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNIT PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DEEP-LAYER PFC NEURONS. RESULTS: CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT SPONTANEOUS GABA(A) RECEPTOR-MEDIATED INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENT (IPSC) FREQUENCY WITH NO EFFECT ON AMPLITUDE. FURTHERMORE, ANALYSIS OF IPSC DECAY KINETICS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT ENHANCEMENT OF IPSC DECAY TIME THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREMENTS IN EXPRESSION OF THE ALPHA1 GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNIT, INDICATIVE OF FURTHER IMPAIRED PHASIC INHIBITION. THESE PHENOMENA OCCURRED IRRESPECTIVE OF NEURON PROJECTION DESTINATION AND SEX. BASED ON PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS BY OUR LABORATORY OF AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR ETOH-INDUCED CHANGES IN CORTICAL GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNIT EXPRESSION, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A WAS ADMINISTERED TO WATER- AND ETOH-EXPOSED ANIMALS, AND PREVENTED ETOH-INDUCED CHANGES IN SPONTANEOUS IPSC FREQUENCY, IPSC DECAY KINETICS, AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNIT EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE IMPAIRS SYNAPTIC INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMISSION IN DEEP-LAYER PYRAMIDAL NEURONS OF THE MEDIAL PFC IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE RATS. THESE MALADAPTATIONS OCCUR IN NEURONS PROJECTING TO NUMEROUS REGIONS IMPLICATED IN THE SEQUELAE OF ETOH DEPENDENCE, OFFERING A MECHANISTIC LINK BETWEEN THE MANIFESTATION OF PFC DYSFUNCTION AND NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES OBSERVED WITH EXTENDED CONSUMPTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14  4397  48 MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN RODENT CORTICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PATHWAYS EXERTS RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. BACKGROUND: STRESS INCREASES DNA METHYLATION, PRIMARILY A SUPPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION. DESPITE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT DECREASES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER INHIBITION OF DNMT WOULD CONVEY RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. AIM: THIS WORK TESTED SUCH A HYPOTHESIS AND EVALUATED WHETHER A BEHAVIORAL EFFECT INDUCED BY DNMT INHIBITORS (DNMTI) CORRESPONDS WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN GENES CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (BDNF, TRKB, 5-HT(1A), NMDA, AND AMPA). METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS RECEIVED INTRAPERITONEAL (I.P.) INJECTION OF TWO PHARMACOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DNMTI (5-AZAD 0.2 AND 0.6 MG/KG OR RG108 0.6 MG/KG) OR VEHICLE (1 ML/KG), 1 H OR 7 DAYS BEFORE THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS TEST (LH). DNA METHYLATION IN TARGET GENES AND THE CORRESPONDENT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) USING MEDIP-QPCR. IN PARALLEL SEPARATE GROUPS, THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF 5-AZAD AND RG108 WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST (FST). THE INVOLVEMENT OF CORTICAL BDNF-TRKB-MTOR PATHWAYS WAS ASSESSED BY INTRA-VENTRAL MEDIAL PFC (VMPFC) INJECTIONS OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR INHIBITOR), K252A (TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST), OR VEHICLE (0.2 MUL/SIDE). RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT BOTH 5-AZAD AND RG108 ACUTELY AND 7 DAYS BEFORE THE TEST DECREASED ESCAPE FAILURES IN THE LH. LH STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF BDNF IV AND TRKB IN THE PFC, EFFECTS THAT WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY RG108 TREATMENT. THE SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZAD (0.2 MG/KG) AND RG108 (0.2 MG/KG) INDUCED AN ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN FST, WHICH WAS, HOWEVER, ATTENUATED BY TRKB AND MTOR INHIBITION INTO THE VMPFC. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ACUTE INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RAPID AND SUSTAINED ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BDNF-TRKB-MTOR SIGNALING IN THE PFC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  1831  44 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXON I PROMOTER IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. AIM: EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND IS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTION. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) DURING EARLY LIFE AND TREATED WITH AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AS ADULTS. METHODS: RAT PUPS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 21 AND RECEIVED CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM (ESC) AS ADULTS. WE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF MS AND ESC ON BDNF EXON I AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) MRNA LEVELS (QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, AND MECP2 BINDING TO THE BDNF PROMOTER I (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY). RESULTS: THE LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA WERE ALTERED IN THE MS GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. SIGNIFICANT DECREASES WERE OBSERVED IN THE BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MS + ESC AND MS GROUPS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN MECP2 AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER AND THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG TREATMENT DURING ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  3321  41 HISTONE ACETYLATION OF THE HTR3A GENE IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF WISTAR RATS REGULATES ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. PREVIOUS REPORTS SHOWED THAT DECREASED HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED THE REWARDING EFFECTS OF PSYCHOSTIMULANTS, AND THAT ENCODING OF THE 5-HT3 RECEPTOR BY THE HTR3A GENE WAS RELATED TO ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. USING QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND ITS INTERACTION WITH A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON HISTONE-ACETYLATION-MEDIATED CHANGES IN HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE HTR3A PROMOTER REGION. THE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE PROCEDURE WAS USED TO EVALUATE ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL EFFECTIVELY ELICITED PLACE CONDITIONING. IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THE ACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE HTR3A PROMOTER REGION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE ETHANOL GROUP THAN IN THE SALINE GROUP. THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE POTENTIATED THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION AND ENHANCED ETHANOL-INDUCED CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCES. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ETHANOL UPREGULATES HTR3A LEVELS THROUGH MECHANISMS INVOLVING H3K9 ACETYLATION, AND THAT HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY BE A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR TREATING ETHANOL ABUSE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  2750  43 EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE GENE AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AROUND ITS PROMOTER IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA OF RATS DURING FORCED ABSTINENCE FROM MORPHINE. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE STRUCTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH ADDICTION. WE STUDIED WHETHER MORPHINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN MRNA LEVELS OF THE CATECHOLAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS ENZYME, TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE (TH), ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AROUND THE PROMOTER OF THIS GENE IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS (LC) AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) OF RATS. METHODS: DEPENDENCE WAS INDUCED IN RATS BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF MORPHINE FOR 11 DAYS. THE ANIMALS WERE KILLED 2 H (CHRONIC MORPHINE), 24 H AND 7 DAYS (SPONTANEOUS WITHDRAWAL) AFTER THE LAST INJECTION OF MORPHINE. RESULTS: ANALYSIS OF OUR REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR RESULTS BY 1-WAY ANOVA SHOWED SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION (5.13 +/- 0.39 FOLDS) OF LC LEVELS OF THE TH TRANSCRIPT 24 H AFTER THE LAST INJECTION OF MORPHINE TO RATS, WHEN COMPARED WITH 2 H AND 7 DAYS TIME POINTS. CHRONIC MORPHINE AND MORPHINE ABSTINENCE FAILED TO CAUSE ANY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF TH MRNA IN THE VTA AFTER CESSATION OF MORPHINE. CONSISTENTLY, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR ASSAYS REVEALED THAT 24 H AFTER THE LAST INJECTION OF MORPHINE, LEVELS OF H3 ACETYLATION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED (4.12 +/- 0.38 FOLDS) AT THE PROMOTER OF THE TH GENE IN THE LC BUT NOT IN THE VTA. OUR DATA ALSO SHOWED THAT HISTONE H3 TRIMETHYLATION FAILED TO CHANGE AROUND THE TH GENE PROMOTER EITHER IN THE VTA OR IN THE LC AFTER MORPHINE ABSTINENCE. CONCLUSIONS: RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY, FOR THE FIRST TIME, DEMONSTRATE THE INVOLVEMENT OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE REGULATION OF TH GENE EXPRESSION IN THE LC OF RATS DURING FORCED ABSTINENCE FROM MORPHINE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18  3177  33 H3K9ME2 REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IS INVOLVED IN THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE INDUCED BY MATERNAL SEPARATION IN MALE RATS. BACKGROUND: EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) INDUCES A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND INCREASES THE RISK OF DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN CONFIRMED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ELS ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF AND CHANGES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION HAS NOT BEEN FULLY CLARIFIED. METHODS: THE PRESENT STUDY USED MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) AND CHRONIC UNPREDICTED MILD STRESS (CUMS) TO ESTABLISH AN MS ANIMAL MODEL AND A DEPRESSIVE ANIMAL MODEL. WE ASSESSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS, INCLUDING ANHEDONIA, LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR, AND SPATIAL MEMORY, USING THE SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST, THE OPEN FIELD TEST, THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, AND THE MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. WE ALSO INVESTIGATED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC) BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, WESTERN BLOTTING, AND QPCR ANALYSIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE USED UNC0642, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (G9A), AS AN INTERVENTION. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS IN RATS AND RESULTED IN INCREASED H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. MORE IMPORTANTLY, ADULT MS RATS EXPERIENCING CUMS HAD MORE SEVERE DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOURS, HAD HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K9ME2 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC, AND HAD LOWER EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. IN ADDITION, ADMINISTRATION OF THE G9A INHIBITOR REVERSED MOST OF THE CHANGES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT ELS CHANGED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE RAT BRAIN, RESULTING IN A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19  5021  43 PERSISTENT PAIN MAINTAINS MORPHINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR AFTER MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL THROUGH REDUCED MECP2 REPRESSION OF GLUA1 IN RAT CENTRAL AMYGDALA. AS LONG-TERM OPIOIDS ARE INCREASINGLY USED FOR CONTROL OF CHRONIC PAIN, HOW PAIN AFFECTS THE REWARDING EFFECT OF OPIOIDS AND HENCE RISK OF PRESCRIPTION OPIOID MISUSE AND ABUSE REMAINS A HEALTHCARE CONCERN AND A CHALLENGING ISSUE IN CURRENT PAIN MANAGEMENT. IN THIS STUDY, USING A RAT MODEL OF MORPHINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION, WE INVESTIGATED THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE IMPACT OF PAIN ON OPERANT BEHAVIOR OF MORPHINE INTAKE AND MORPHINE SEEKING BEFORE AND AFTER MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL. WE FOUND THAT RATS WITH PERSISTENT PAIN CONSUMED A SIMILAR AMOUNT OF DAILY MORPHINE TO THAT IN CONTROL RATS WITHOUT PAIN, BUT MAINTAINED THEIR LEVEL-PRESSING BEHAVIOR OF MORPHINE SEEKING AFTER ABSTINENCE OF MORPHINE AT 0.2 MG/KG, WHEREAS THIS BEHAVIOR WAS GRADUALLY DIMINISHED IN CONTROL RATS. IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF AMYGDALA (CEA), A LIMBIC STRUCTURE CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN THE AFFECTIVE DIMENSION OF PAIN, PROTEINS OF GLUA1 SUBUNITS OF GLUTAMATE AMPA RECEPTORS WERE UPREGULATED DURING MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL, AND VIRAL KNOCKDOWN OF CEA GLUA1 ELIMINATED THE MORPHINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR IN WITHDRAWN RATS OF THE PAIN GROUP. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT THE METHYL CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) WAS ENRICHED IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF GRIA1 ENCODING GLUA1 AND THIS ENRICHMENT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED IN WITHDRAWN RATS OF THE PAIN GROUP. FURTHERMORE, VIRAL OVEREXPRESSION OF CEA MECP2 REPRESSED THE GLUA1 LEVEL AND ELIMINATED THE MAINTENANCE OF MORPHINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR AFTER MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST DIRECT MECP2 REPRESSION OF GLUA1 FUNCTION AS A LIKELY MECHANISM FOR MORPHINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR MAINTAINED BY LONG-LASTING AFFECTIVE PAIN AFTER MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20  4989  41 PCSK9 IS INCREASED IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER. BACKGROUND: RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ALCOHOL USE AFFECTS THE REGULATION AND EXPRESSION OF PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE SUBTILISIN/KEXIN 9 (PCSK9). WHILE A MAJOR ROLE OF PCSK9 IN HEPATIC FUNCTION AND LIPID REGULATION HAS BEEN CLEARLY ESTABLISHED, OTHER PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. EXISTING RESEARCH SUGGESTS A POSITIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF PCSK9 IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF PCSK9 ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE WOULD INCREASE PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN CSF. METHODS: PCSK9 LEVELS IN CSF WERE MEASURED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD (N = 42) ADMITTED TO AN INPATIENT REHABILITATION PROGRAM AND CONTROLS (N = 25). CSF SAMPLES IN AUD WERE ASSESSED AT 2 TIME POINTS, AT DAY 5 AND DAY 21 AFTER ADMISSION. FURTHERMORE, PLASMA SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AND MEASURED FROM THE INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD. RESULTS: PCSK9 IN CSF WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE AUD GROUP AT DAY 5 AND DAY 21 COMPARED TO THE CONTROLS (P < 0.0001). PLASMA PCSK9 LEVELS WERE CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH CSF PCSK9 LEVELS IN AUD (P = 0.0493). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT PCSK9 IS ELEVATED IN THE CSF OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD, WHICH MAY INDICATE A POTENTIAL ROLE OF PCSK9 IN AUD. ADDITIONAL STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO FURTHER ELUCIDATE THE FUNCTIONS OF PCSK9 IN THE BRAIN.	2019