1   653 98 BISPHENOL A, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, LABORATORY, AND CLINICAL TRIAL EVIDENCE. BISPHENOL A (BPA) EXPOSURE HAS BECOME ONE OF THE MOST COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURES IN HUMANS. THERE IS GROWING EVIDENCE REGARDING AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD). IF BPA EXPOSURE IS INDEED ASSOCIATED WITH RAISED BLOOD PRESSURE AND CVD, IT WOULD BE A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM. THEREFORE, WE REVIEWED THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, LABORATORY, AND CLINICAL TRIAL EVIDENCE FOR AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, CVD, AND HYPERTENSION, AND DISCUSSED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS IN THIS ARTICLE. CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES IN VARIOUS ETHNICITIES SUGGESTED A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE AND HYPERTENSION; THIS ASSOCIATION WAS SUPPORTED BY A PANEL STUDY AND A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. DESPITE THE DISCORDANCE AMONG CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES ABOUT AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE AND CVD, A LONGITUDINAL STUDY SHOWS THAT BPA EXPOSURE IS A RISK FACTOR FOR CVD. THE EFFECTS OF BPA EXPOSURE SUCH AS ENDOCRINAL DISTURBANCE, INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE, AND LINKS WITH OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES MAY HIGHLIGHT A POSSIBLE MECHANISM BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, CVD, AND HYPERTENSION. TO CLARIFY THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP, WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES ARE NEEDED IN THE FUTURE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  4881 38 OVERVIEW OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL METALS: NEW PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL INSIGHTS. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVDS) ARE GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUES. IN PARTICULAR, AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN METAL EXPOSURE AND CVDS HAS BECOME EVIDENT BUT CAUSAL EVIDENCE STILL LACKS. THEREFORE, THIS SYMPOSIUM AT THE SOCIETY OF TOXICOLOGY 2022 ANNUAL MEETING ADDRESSED EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, PRE-CLINICAL ANIMAL MODEL-DERIVED AND MECHANISM-BASED EVIDENCE BY FIVE PRESENTATIONS: 1) AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY ON POTENTIAL CVD RISKS OF INDIVIDUALS EXPOSED OCCUPATIONALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY TO HEAVY METALS; 2) BOTH PRESENTATIONS OF THE SECOND AND THIRD WERE CLINICAL STUDIES FOCUSING ON THE POTENTIAL LINK BETWEEN HEAVY METALS AND PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (PAH), BY PRESENTING ALTERED BLOOD METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF BOTH NON-ESSENTIAL AND ESSENTIAL METALS IN THE PATIENTS WITH PAH AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES; 3) ARSENIC-INDUCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS VIA INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN MOUSE MODEL; 4) PATHOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE HEART BY ADULT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO VERY LOW-DOSE CADMIUM VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND WHOLE LIFE EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSE CADMIUM VIA EXACERBATING HIGH-FAT-DIET-LIPOTOXICITY. THIS SYMPOSIUM HAS BROUGHT EPIDEMIOLOGISTS, THERAPEUTIC INDUSTRY, PHYSICIANS, AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENTISTS TOGETHER TO DISCUSS THE HEALTH RISKS OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE TO HEAVY METALS THROUGH DIRECT CARDIOTOXICITY AND INDIRECT DISRUPTION OF HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS REGULATING ESSENTIAL METALS, AS WELL AS LIPID LEVELS. THE DATA SUMMARIZED BY THE PRESENTERS INFERS A POTENTIAL CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN MULTIPLE METALS AND CVDS AND DEFINES DIFFERENCES AND COMMONALITIES. THEREFORE, SUMMARY OF THESE PRESENTATIONS MAY ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES BY FACILITATING COLLABORATIONS AMONG MULTIDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3  6295 34 THE PROMISES AND CHALLENGES OF TOXICO-EPIGENOMICS: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE EPIGENOME. BACKGROUND: IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF CHRONIC AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES CAN BE CAUSED OR EXACERBATED BY EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS. MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE INDICATE THAT EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AT RELATIVELY LOW CONCENTRATIONS COULD HAVE LASTING EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION HEALTH. ALTHOUGH THE POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS ARE KNOWN TO THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY, REGULATORY AGENCIES, AND THE PUBLIC, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MECHANISTIC BASIS BY WHICH THESE CHEMICALS CAN INDUCE LONG-TERM OR TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE EMERGED AS THE POTENTIAL LINK BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. OBJECTIVES: WE PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND A SUMMARY OF REPORTED EVIDENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS AS EPIGENETIC DISRUPTORS. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF USING EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS AS AN INDICATOR OF TOXICANT EXPOSURE, USING MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN TO IMPROVE RISK ASSESSMENT, AND OUR PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN TOXICOLOGY. DISCUSSION: UNTIL RECENTLY, EFFORTS TO APPLY EPIGENOMIC DATA IN TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT WERE RESTRICTED BY AN INCOMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENOMIC VARIABILITY ACROSS TISSUE TYPES AND POPULATIONS. THIS IS POISED TO CHANGE WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TOOLS AND CONCERTED EFFORTS BY RESEARCHERS ACROSS DISCIPLINES THAT HAVE LED TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND COMPREHENSIVE MAPS OF EPIGENOMIC VARIATION. WITH THE FOUNDATIONS NOW IN PLACE, WE FORESEE THAT UNPRECEDENTED ADVANCEMENTS WILL TAKE PLACE IN THE FIELD IN THE COMING YEARS. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1289/EHP6104.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  1157 33 CONTAMINANT METALS AS CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS: A SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION. EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IS LINKED TO INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. BEYOND THE EXTENSIVE EVIDENCE FOR PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION, ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THAT EXPOSURE TO NONESSENTIAL METALS SUCH AS LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC IS A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WORLDWIDE. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO METALS THROUGH AIR, WATER, SOIL, AND FOOD AND EXTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL AND PUBLIC USE. CONTAMINANT METALS INTERFERE WITH CRITICAL INTRACELLULAR REACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS LEADING TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION THAT RESULT IN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, HYPERTENSION, EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND CHANGES IN MYOCARDIAL EXCITATION AND CONTRACTILE FUNCTION. LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC HAVE BEEN LINKED TO SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CORONARY ARTERY STENOSIS, AND CALCIFICATION AS WELL AS TO INCREASED RISK OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND STROKE, LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HEART FAILURE, AND PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOW THAT EXPOSURE TO LEAD, CADMIUM, OR ARSENIC IS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH MOSTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES REDUCING METAL EXPOSURE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DEATH. POPULATIONS OF COLOR AND LOW SOCIOECONOMIC MEANS ARE MORE COMMONLY EXPOSED TO METALS AND THEREFORE AT GREATER RISK OF METAL-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. TOGETHER WITH STRENGTHENING PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES TO PREVENT METAL EXPOSURES, DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SENSITIVE AND SELECTIVE MEASUREMENT MODALITIES, CLINICAL MONITORING OF METAL EXPOSURES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF METAL CHELATION THERAPIES COULD FURTHER DIMINISH THE BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ATTRIBUTABLE TO METAL EXPOSURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  6781 48 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

6  1932 32 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES: AN UNDERRECOGNIZED CONTRIBUTION TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES. PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE TO WHICH EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) HAVE BEEN VERY CONSERVATIVE AND HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY UNDERESTIMATED THE ACTUAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR AT LEAST TWO REASONS. FIRSTLY, MOST PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE EXCLUDED THE CONTRIBUTION OF LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS, BUT THESE USUALLY INVOLVE SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS THAT INCREASE RISK OF DISEASE. SECONDLY, EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IS NOW CLEARLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN ELEVATED RISK OF SEVERAL DISEASES LATER IN LIFE, BUT THESE CONNECTIONS ARE OFTEN DIFFICULT TO DISCERN. THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR ASTHMA AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS, BUT THERE IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASES. MOST CANCERS ARE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. IN ADDITION, NEW INFORMATION SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND DIABETES AND EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS PRESENT IN AIR, FOOD, AND WATER. THESE RELATIONSHIPS LIKELY REFLECT THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AND GENE INDUCTION. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE TO NCDS THAN PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE SUGGESTED. PREVENTION NEEDS TO SHIFT FOCUS FROM INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND AN UNDERSTANDING THAT EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OF NCDS ULTIMATELY RELIES ON IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO MODIFIABLE RISKS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  5195 37 PRENATAL FAMINE EXPOSURE AND ADULT HEALTH OUTCOMES: AN EPIGENETIC LINK. NUMEROUS HUMAN CHRONIC PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS DEPEND ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS THROUGHOUT SENSITIVE STAGES EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT. DEVELOPMENTAL MALNUTRITION IS REGARDED AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS IN THESE PROCESSES. WE PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF STUDIES THAT THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF MANY DISEASES ARE LARGELY DEPENDENT ON PERSISTING EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS EARLY IN LIFE. FOR PARTICULAR DISORDERS, CANDIDATE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED THAT UNDERLIE THESE ASSOCIATIONS. THE CURRENT STUDY ASSESSED THE MOST CONVINCING EVIDENCE FOR THE EPIGENETIC LINK BETWEEN DEVELOPMENTAL MALNUTRITION AND ADULT-LIFE DISEASE IN THE HUMAN POPULATION. THESE FINDINGS WERE OBTAINED FROM QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES (SO-CALLED 'NATURAL EXPERIMENTS'), I.E. NATURALLY OCCURRING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN WHICH CERTAIN SUBSETS OF THE POPULATION HAVE DIFFERING LEVELS OF EXPOSURE TO A SUPPOSED CAUSAL FACTOR. MOST OF THIS EVIDENCE WAS DERIVED ON THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL. WE DISCUSSED DNA METHYLATION AS A KEY PLAYER IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT CAN BE INHERITED THROUGH MULTIPLE CELL DIVISIONS. IN THIS PERSPECTIVE ARTICLE, AN OVERVIEW OF THE QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING BY EARLY-LIFE UNDERNUTRITION IS PROVIDED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8  3106 29 GENOMICS AND THE RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE. ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS FROM AIR POLLUTANTS REMAIN IMPORTANT, DESPITE IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY IN THE PAST FEW DECADES. THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF LUNG INJURY FROM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS ARE NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTOOD. STUDYING THE GENOME (E.G. SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNP) ), EPIGENOME (E.G. METHYLATION OF GENES), TRANSCRIPTOME (MRNA EXPRESSION) AND MICRORNAOME (MICRORNA EXPRESSION) HAS THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF SNP HAVE DETECTED SNP ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY PHENOTYPES; HOWEVER, TO DATE, ONLY CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES OF AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE HAVE BEEN PERFORMED. CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, SUCH DNA METHYLATION THAT LEADS TO GENE SILENCING WITHOUT ALTERING THE DNA SEQUENCE, OCCUR WITH AIR POLLUTANT EXPOSURE, ESPECIALLY GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION CHANGES. RESPIRATORY CELL LINE AND ANIMAL MODELS DEMONSTRATE DISTINCT GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME, ARISING FROM EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER OR OZONE. PARTICULATE MATTER AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS ALTER EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA, WHICH ARE SHORT NON-CODING RNA THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. WHILE IT IS CLEARLY IMPORTANT TO CONTAIN RISING LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION, STRATEGIES ALSO NEED TO BE DEVELOPED TO MINIMIZE THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANT EXPOSURE ON THE LUNG, ESPECIALLY FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE AND FOR PEOPLE AT RISK OF FUTURE LUNG DISEASE. CAREFUL STUDY OF GENOMIC RESPONSES WILL IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF LUNG INJURY FROM AIR POLLUTION AND ENABLE FUTURE CLINICAL TESTING OF INTERVENTIONS AGAINST THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  5813 24 STRESS AND ASTHMA: NOVEL INSIGHTS ON GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISMS. IN THE UNITED STATES THE ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED AND SOME ETHNIC MINORITIES ARE OFTEN EXPOSED TO CHRONIC PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS AND DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTED BY ASTHMA. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A CAUSAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AND ASTHMA OR ASTHMA MORBIDITY. RECENT FINDINGS SUGGEST POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS ASSOCIATION, INCLUDING CHANGES IN THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF GENES THAT REGULATE BEHAVIORAL, AUTONOMIC, NEUROENDOCRINE, AND IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES TO STRESS. THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THE EXISTENCE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES THAT PREDISPOSE CHRONICALLY STRESSED YOUTH TO BOTH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND ASTHMA. IN THIS REVIEW WE CRITICALLY EXAMINE PUBLISHED EVIDENCE AND SUGGEST FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  1931 30 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, THE EPIGENOME, AND AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S HEALTH. STRESS IS A COMMON FEATURE OF MODERN LIFE, BUT BOTH THE EXTENT OF EXPOSURE TO STRESSORS AND THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF THESE STRESS EXPOSURES CAN VARY CONSIDERABLY AMONG INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES, AND POPULATIONS. WHEN INDIVIDUALS ARE EXPOSED TO REPEATED OR CHRONIC STRESS, WEAR AND TEAR ON THE BODY CAN ACCUMULATE AND MANIFEST IN MANY WAYS. THE TERM "ALLOSTATIC LOAD" REPRESENTS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF REPEATED OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND IS LINKED TO FLUCTUATING AND/OR HEIGHTENED NEURAL OR NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSES. AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN ARE ONE POPULATION SUBGROUP THAT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS POTENTIALLY HAVING BOTH AN ELEVATED ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND AN ENHANCED RESILIENCE TO EXTERNAL FACTORS. ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS MAY IMPACT HUMAN HEALTH IS VIA EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF THE GENOME. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS MAY AFFECT THE EPIGENOME AND EXPLORE LINKS BETWEEN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND ALTERED ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND RESILIENCE AS IT PERTAINS TO AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S HEALTH.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11  5361 27 RECENT ADVANCES IN ARSENIC RESEARCH: SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATION. ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER AND ASSOCIATED ADVERSE OUTCOMES ARE ONE OF THE MAJOR HEALTH ISSUES IN MORE THAN 50 COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE. THE SCENARIO IS GETTING EVEN MORE DETRIMENTAL WITH INCREASING NUMBER OF AFFECTED PEOPLE AND NEWER SITES REPORTED FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD. APART FROM DRINKING WATER, THE PRESENCE OF ARSENIC HAS BEEN FOUND IN VARIOUS OTHER DIETARY SOURCES. CHRONIC ARSENIC TOXICITY AFFECTS MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND MAY CAUSE MALIGNANCIES LEADING TO DEATH. EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS, RESIDING IN THE SAME AREA, DEVELOPED DIFFERENTIAL DERMATOLOGICAL LESION PHENOTYPES AND VARIED SUSCEPTIBILITY TOWARD VARIOUS OTHER ARSENIC-INDUCED DISEASE RISK, EVEN AFTER CONSUMING EQUIVALENT AMOUNT OF ARSENIC FROM THE SIMILAR SOURCE, OVER THE SAME DURATION OF TIME. RESEARCHES SO FAR INDICATE THAT DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ARSENIC-INDUCED DISEASE MANIFESTATION. IN THIS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED MAJOR POPULATION-BASED STUDIES OF THE LAST 20 YEARS, INDICATING POSSIBLE CAUSES OF DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY EMPHASIZING ARSENIC METHYLATION CAPACITY, VARIATION IN HOST GENOME (SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM), AND INDIVIDUAL EPIGENETIC PATTERN (DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND MIRNA EXPRESSION). HOLISTIC MULTIDISCIPLINARY STRATEGIES NEED TO BE IMPLEMENTED WITH FEW SUSTAINABLE YET COST-EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS LIKE ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCE, TREATMENT OF ARSENIC-CONTAMINATED WATER, NEW ADAPTATIONS IN IRRIGATION SYSTEM, SIMPLE MODIFICATIONS IN COOKING STRATEGY, AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATIONS TO COMBAT THIS MENACE. OUR REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE PRESENT PERSPECTIVES OF ARSENIC RESEARCH WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE PROBABLE CAUSES OF DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TOWARD CHRONIC ARSENIC TOXICITY AND SUSTAINABLE REMEDIATION STRATEGIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12  1324 34 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS DEVELOPMENT. AIR POLLUTION IS A SUBSTANTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO CHILDREN AND ACTS AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK FACTORS ALIKE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONCERNING ITS EXPOSURE ACROSS VARIOUS LIFE STAGES. HOWEVER, FINDINGS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS THE CONSEQUENCES OF AIR POLLUTION DURING CHILDHOOD ARE RATHER MINIMAL. THIS REVIEW EVALUATED HIGHLY RELEVANT STUDIES IN THE FIELD TO ANALYZE THE EXISTING LITERATURE REGARDING EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, WITH A FOCUS ON EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING CHILDHOOD AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS. THE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED USING READILY AVAILABLE ELECTRONIC DATABASES (PUBMED AND SCIENCEDIRECT) TO SCREEN FOR CHILDREN'S STUDIES ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOLLOWING EITHER PRE- OR POST-NATAL EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS. STUDIES RELEVANT ENOUGH AND MATCHED THE PREDETERMINED CRITERIA WERE CHOSEN TO BE REVIEWED. NON-ENGLISH ARTICLES AND STUDIES THAT DID NOT REPORT BOTH AIR MONITORING AND EPIGENETIC OUTCOMES IN THE SAME ARTICLE WERE EXCLUDED. THE REVIEW FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS DURING EARLY LIFE WITH EVIDENCE AND REPORTS OF HOW THEY MAY DEREGULATE THE EPIGENOME BALANCE, THUS INDUCING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN THE FUTURE. EPIGENETIC STUDIES EVOLVE AS A PROMISING NEW APPROACH IN DECIPHERING THE UNDERLYING IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) DUE TO LINKS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ILLNESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  3901 34 LEAD (PB) AND NEURODEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW ON EXPOSURE AND BIOMARKERS OF EFFECT (BDNF, HDL) AND SUSCEPTIBILITY. LEAD (PB) IS A UBIQUITOUS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT AND A POTENT TOXIC COMPOUND. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO PB THROUGH INHALATION, INGESTION, AND SKIN CONTACT VIA FOOD, WATER, TOBACCO SMOKE, AIR, DUST, AND SOIL. PB ACCUMULATES IN BONES, BRAIN, LIVER AND KIDNEY. FETAL EXPOSURE OCCURS VIA TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION. THE MOST CRITICAL HEALTH EFFECTS ARE DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY IN INFANTS AND CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS AND NEPHROTOXICITY IN ADULTS. PB EXPOSURE HAS BEEN STEADILY DECREASING OVER THE PAST DECADES, BUT THERE ARE FEW RECENT EXPOSURE DATA FROM THE GENERAL EUROPEAN POPULATION; MOREOVER, NO SAFE PB LIMIT HAS BEEN SET. SENSITIVE BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE, EFFECT AND SUSCEPTIBILITY, THAT RELIABLY AND TIMELY INDICATE PB-ASSOCIATED TOXICITY ARE REQUIRED TO ASSESS HUMAN EXPOSURE-HEALTH RELATIONSHIPS IN A SITUATION OF LOW TO MODERATE EXPOSURE. THEREFORE, A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW BASED ON PUBMED ENTRIES PUBLISHED BEFORE JULY 2019 THAT ADDRESSED PB EXPOSURE AND BIOMARKERS OF EFFECT AND SUSCEPTIBILITY, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND TRANSCRIPTOMICS WAS CONDUCTED. FINALLY INCLUDED WERE 58 ORIGINAL PAPERS ON PB EXPOSURE AND 17 STUDIES ON BIOMARKERS. THE BIOMARKERS THAT ARE LINKED TO PB EXPOSURE AND NEURODEVELOPMENT WERE GROUPED INTO EFFECT BIOMARKERS (SERUM BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND SERUM/SALIVA CORTISOL), SUSCEPTIBILITY MARKERS (EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND GENE SEQUENCE VARIANTS) AND OTHER BIOMARKERS (SERUM HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL), MATERNAL IRON (FE) AND CALCIUM (CA) STATUS). SERUM BDNF AND PLASMA HDL ARE POTENTIAL CANDIDATES TO BE FURTHER VALIDATED AS EFFECT MARKERS FOR ROUTINE USE IN HBM STUDIES OF PB, COMPLEMENTED BY MARKERS OF FE AND CA STATUS TO ALSO ADDRESS NUTRITIONAL INTERACTIONS RELATED TO NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. FOR SEVERAL MARKERS, A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP WITH PB-INDUCED NEURODEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY IS LIKELY. RESULTS ON BDNF ARE DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAY (AOP) 13 ("CHRONIC BINDING OF ANTAGONIST TO N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTORS (NMDARS) DURING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT INDUCES IMPAIRMENT OF LEARNING AND MEMORY ABILITIES") OF THE AOP-WIKI. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO VALIDATE SENSITIVE, RELIABLE, AND TIMELY EFFECT BIOMARKERS, ESPECIALLY FOR LOW TO MODERATE PB EXPOSURE SCENARIOS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  3775 31 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ARSENIC-INDUCED TOXICITY AND NUTRITION IN EARLY LIFE. EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC THROUGH DRINKING WATER IS A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM AFFECTING MOST COUNTRIES, ALTHOUGH THE SITUATION IS PARTICULARLY SEVERE IN LOW-INCOME NATIONS. THE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE INCLUDE INCREASED RISK FOR VARIOUS FORMS OF CANCER AND NUMEROUS NONCANCER EFFECTS, INCLUDING DIABETES, SKIN DISEASES, CHRONIC COUGH, AND TOXIC EFFECTS ON LIVER, KIDNEY, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, AND PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS. IN RECENT YEARS INCREASING REPORTS OF EFFECTS ON FETAL AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT HAVE APPEARED. THERE SEEMS TO BE A WIDE VARIATION IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ARSENIC TOXICITY, WHICH IS LIKELY TO BE RELATED TO FACTORS SUCH AS VARIATION IN ARSENIC METABOLISM, NUTRITION, HOST-RELATED DEFENSE MECHANISMS, AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITION. THE MAIN MECHANISMS OF ARSENIC-NUTRITION INTERACTIONS INCLUDE ARSENIC-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS, WHICH REQUIRES NUTRIENT-DEPENDENT DEFENSE SYSTEMS, AND ARSENIC METABOLISM (METHYLATION) VIA 1-CARBON METABOLISM, WHICH REQUIRES METHYL GROUPS, FOLIC ACID, VITAMIN B-12, AND BETAINE FOR THE REMETHYLATION OF HOMOCYSTEINE TO METHIONINE. AN EFFICIENT FIRST METHYLATION STEP IN COMBINATION WITH A SLOW SECOND METHYLATION STEP SEEMS TO BE MOST CRITICAL FROM A TOXICOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW. A THIRD MODE OF ARSENIC-NUTRITION INTERACTION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AND FETAL PROGRAMMING VIA DNA METHYLATION.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  1925 25 ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS IN METAL EXPOSURE. ALTHOUGH IT IS WIDELY ACCEPTED THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENITE, NICKEL, CHROMIUM AND CADMIUM INCREASES CANCER INCIDENCE IN INDIVIDUALS, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THEIR ABILITY TO TRANSFORM CELLS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. CARCINOGENIC METALS ARE TYPICALLY WEAK MUTAGENS, SUGGESTING THAT GENETIC-BASED MECHANISMS MAY NOT BE PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR METAL-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS. GROWING EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT ENVIRONMENTAL METAL EXPOSURE INVOLVES CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC MARKS, WHICH MAY LEAD TO A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DEVELOPMENT. HERE, WE REVIEW RECENT ADVANCES IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF METAL EXPOSURE AFFECTING EPIGENETIC MARKS AND DISCUSS ESTABLISHMENT OF HERITABLE GENE EXPRESSION IN METAL-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  1936 39 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES-AN EXPOSOME APPROACH. TYPE 2 DIABETES IS ONE OF THE MAJOR CHRONIC DISEASES ACCOUNTING FOR A SUBSTANTIAL PROPORTION OF DISEASE BURDEN IN WESTERN COUNTRIES. THE MAJORITY OF THE BURDEN OF TYPE 2 DIABETES IS ATTRIBUTED TO ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS SUCH AS LIFESTYLE. THE ENVIRONMENT WE LIVE IN, AND CHANGES TO IT, CAN THUS CONTRIBUTE SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AT A POPULATION LEVEL. THE 'EXPOSOME' REPRESENTS THE (MEASURABLE) TOTALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL, I.E. NONGENETIC, DRIVERS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. THE EXTERNAL EXPOSOME COMPRISES ASPECTS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE LIFESTYLE/FOOD ENVIRONMENT. THE INTERNAL EXPOSOME COMPRISES MEASUREMENTS AT THE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPT, PROTEOME, MICROBIOME OR METABOLOME LEVEL TO STUDY EITHER THE EXPOSURES DIRECTLY, THE IMPRINTS THESE EXPOSURES LEAVE IN THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM, THE POTENTIAL OF THE BODY TO COMBAT ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS AND/OR THE BIOLOGY ITSELF. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE EVIDENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES, FOCUSING ON BOTH THE GENERAL EXTERNAL EXPOSOME AND IMPRINTS OF THIS ON THE INTERNAL EXPOSOME. STUDIES PROVIDED ESTABLISHED ASSOCIATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION, RESIDENTIAL NOISE AND AREA-LEVEL SOCIOECONOMIC DEPRIVATION WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES, WHILE NEIGHBOURHOOD WALKABILITY AND GREEN SPACE ARE CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES. THERE IS LITTLE OR INCONSISTENT EVIDENCE ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE FOOD ENVIRONMENT, OTHER ASPECTS OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE. THESE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE THOUGHT TO AFFECT TYPE 2 DIABETES RISK MAINLY THROUGH MECHANISMS INCORPORATING LIFESTYLE FACTORS SUCH AS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OR DIET, THE MICROBIOME, INFLAMMATION OR CHRONIC STRESS. TO FURTHER ASSESS CAUSALITY OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS, FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD FOCUS ON INVESTIGATING THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS OF OUR ENVIRONMENT (AND CHANGES TO IT) IN RELATION TO TYPE 2 DIABETES RISK AND WHETHER THESE ASSOCIATIONS ARE EXPLAINED BY THESE PROPOSED MECHANISMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  3397 28 HOW ADVANCED ARE WE ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF ORAL EXPOSURE TO FOOD CONTAMINANTS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CHRONIC NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES? THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL DURING FETAL LIFE AND CHILDHOOD IS CHARACTERIZED BY RAPID GROWTH AS WELL AS GRADUAL MATURATION OF ORGANS AND SYSTEMS. BEYOND THE NUTRITIONAL INTAKE IN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, FOOD CONTAMINANTS CAN PERMANENTLY INFLUENCE THE WAY ORGANS MATURE AND FUNCTION. THESE PROCESSES ARE CALLED "PROGRAMMING" AND PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE OCCURRENCE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN. POPULATIONS AS PREGNANT WOMEN, FETUSES AND YOUNG CHILDREN ARE VULNERABLE AND PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO FOOD CONTAMINANTS WHICH CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS TRANSMISSIBLE TO FUTURE GENERATIONS. AMONG THESE CONTAMINANTS, PESTICIDES ARE FOUND IN MOST FOOD MATRICES EXPOSING HUMANS TO COCKTAILS OF MOLECULES THROUGH VARIABLE CONCENTRATIONS AND DURATION OF EXPOSURE. THE MAILLARD REACTION PRODUCTS (MRPS) REPRESENT OTHER FOOD CONTAMINANTS RESULTING FROM HEAT TREATMENT OF FOOD. MODERN DIET, RICH IN FATS AND SUGARS, IS ALSO RICH IN NEOFORMED PATHOGENIC COMPOUNDS, ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES), THE LEVELS OF WHICH DEPEND ON THE HEAT TREATMENT OF FOODS AND EATING HABITS AND WHOSE EFFECTS ON HEALTH ARE CONTROVERSIAL. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE CHOSEN TO PRESENT THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE IMPACTS OF SELECTED PESTICIDES AND MRPS, ON THE RISK OF DEVELOPING DURING LIFE NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS IBD, METABOLIC DISORDERS OR ALLERGIES. A LARGE REVIEW OF LITERATURE WAS PERFORMED VIA PUBMED, AND THE MOST APPROPRIATE STUDIES WERE SUMMARISED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  6169 27 THE GUT MICROBIOTA AND HEALTHY AGING: A MINI-REVIEW. THE GUT MICROBIOTA SHOWS A WIDE INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION, BUT ITS WITHIN-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IS RELATIVELY STABLE OVER TIME. A FUNCTIONAL CORE MICROBIOME, PROVIDED BY ABUNDANT BACTERIAL TAXA, SEEMS TO BE COMMON TO VARIOUS HUMAN HOSTS REGARDLESS OF THEIR GENDER, GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, AND AGE. WITH ADVANCING CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, THE GUT MICROBIOTA BECOMES MORE DIVERSE AND VARIABLE. HOWEVER, WHEN MEASURES OF BIOLOGICAL AGE ARE USED WITH ADJUSTMENT FOR CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, OVERALL RICHNESS DECREASES, WHILE A CERTAIN GROUP OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH FRAILTY INCREASES. THIS HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING BIOLOGICAL OR FUNCTIONAL MEASURES OF AGING. STUDIES USING MODEL ORGANISMS INDICATE THAT AGE-RELATED GUT DYSBIOSIS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO UNHEALTHY AGING AND REDUCED LONGEVITY. THE GUT MICROBIOME DEPENDS ON THE HOST NUTRIENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR ITS BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON HOST HEALTH AND LIFESPAN, AND GUT DYSBIOSIS DISRUPTING THE INTERDEPENDENCE MAY DIMINISH THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OR EVEN HAVE REVERSE EFFECTS. GUT DYSBIOSIS CAN TRIGGER THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, LEADING TO MANY AGE-RELATED DEGENERATIVE PATHOLOGIES AND UNHEALTHY AGING. THE GUT MICROBIOTA COMMUNICATES WITH THE HOST THROUGH VARIOUS BIOMOLECULES, NUTRIENT SIGNALING-INDEPENDENT PATHWAYS, AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. DISTURBANCE OF THESE COMMUNICATIONS BY AGE-RELATED GUT DYSBIOSIS CAN AFFECT THE HOST HEALTH AND LIFESPAN. THIS MAY EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF THE GUT MICROBIOME ON HEALTH AND AGING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19  2677 23 EVALUATING THE CHALLENGES AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF STUDIES INVESTIGATING DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF A WIDE RANGE OF NEGATIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES. STUDIES HAVE BEEN COMPLETED TO DETERMINE IF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OCCUR IN THE HUMAN BRAIN BECAUSE OF STRESS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND DISEASE, BUT RESULTS HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT. HUMAN CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES (150) AND EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (67) WERE SYSTEMATICALLY EVALUATED TO ASSESS HOW DNA METHYLATION IS IMPACTED BY STRESS DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION OF NR3C1 EXON 1F AND CHILD MALTREATMENT AND EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY WAS WELL DEMONSTRATED, BUT OTHER GENES DID NOT EXHIBIT A CLEAR ASSOCIATION. THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES IN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES WAS ALSO POOR. HOWEVER, BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING STRESS RESPONSE, BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNITY, HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED ACROSS DIFFERENT STRESSORS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN. FUTURE STUDIES WOULD BENEFIT FROM THE INCREASED SAMPLE SIZE, LONGITUDINAL DESIGN, STANDARDIZED METHODOLOGY, OPTIMAL QUALITY CONTROL, AND IMPROVED STATISTICAL PROCEDURES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20   361 40 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND THROMBOSIS. AIR POLLUTION IS A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN OF GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE. ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE IS KNOWN TO IMPAIR CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION, EXACERBATE DISEASE AND INCREASE CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY. SEVERAL PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR THESE ASSOCIATIONS, HOWEVER, AT PRESENT, THE PATHWAYS ARE INCOMPLETE. A SEMINAL REVIEW BY THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2010) CONCLUDED THAT THE THROMBOTIC EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION LIKELY CONTRIBUTED TO THEIR EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY. THE AIM OF THE CURRENT REVIEW IS TO APPRAISE THE NEWLY ACCUMULATED SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE (2009-2016) ON CONTRIBUTION OF HAEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS TOWARDS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO BOTH PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS POLLUTANTS.SEVENTY FOUR PUBLICATIONS WERE REVIEWED IN-DEPTH. THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ACUTE EXPOSURE TO FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM(2.5)) INDUCES A SHIFT IN THE HAEMOSTATIC BALANCE TOWARDS A PRO-THROMBOTIC/PRO-COAGULATIVE STATE. INSUFFICIENT DATA WAS AVAILABLE TO ASCERTAIN IF A SIMILAR RELATIONSHIP EXISTS FOR GASEOUS POLLUTANTS, AND VERY FEW STUDIES HAVE ADDRESSED LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION. PLATELET ACTIVATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, INTERPLAY BETWEEN INTERLEUKIN-6 AND TISSUE FACTOR, ALL APPEAR TO BE POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT MECHANISMS IN POLLUTION-MEDIATED THROMBOSIS, TOGETHER WITH AN EMERGING ROLE FOR CIRCULATING MICROVESICLES AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES.OVERALL, THE RECENT LITERATURE SUPPORTS, AND ARGUABLY STRENGTHENS, THE CONTENTION THAT AIR POLLUTION CONTRIBUTES TO CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY BY PROMOTING HAEMOSTASIS. THE VOLUME AND DIVERSITY OF THE EVIDENCE HIGHLIGHTS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH AIR POLLUTION PROMOTES THROMBOSIS; MULTIPLE PATHWAYS ARE PLAUSIBLE AND IT IS MOST LIKELY THEY ACT IN CONCERT. FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD ADDRESS THE ROLE GASEOUS POLLUTANTS PLAY IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION MIXTURE AND DIRECT COMPARISON OF POTENTIALLY SUSCEPTIBLE GROUPS TO HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS.	2018