1  3841 126 IRON SUPPLEMENTATION REVERSES THE REDUCTION OF HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE IN HEPATIC DNA ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN RATS. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL IS KNOWN TO AFFECT TWO EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, DNA METHYLATION AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, AND IRON IS A COFACTOR OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ENZYMES THAT CATALYZE THE CONVERSION FROM METHYLCYTOSINE TO HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND FURTHER EFFECTS OF IRON ON ALCOHOL ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES. METHODS: TWENTY-FOUR MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE FED EITHER LIEBER-DECARLI ALCOHOL DIET (36% CALORIES FROM ETHANOL) OR LIEBER-DECARLI CONTROL DIET ALONG WITH OR WITHOUT IRON SUPPLEMENTATION (0.6% CARBONYL IRON) FOR 8 WEEKS. HEPATIC NON-HEME IRON CONCENTRATIONS WERE MEASURED BY COLORIMETRIC ASSAYS. PROTEIN LEVELS OF HEPATIC FERRITIN AND TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING. METHYLCYTOSINE, HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE AND UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE IN DNA WERE SIMULTANEOUSLY MEASURED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD. RESULTS: IRON SUPPLEMENTATION SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED HEPATIC NON-HEME IRON CONTENTS (P < 0.05) BUT ALCOHOL ALONE DID NOT. HOWEVER, BOTH ALCOHOL AND IRON SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED HEPATIC FERRITIN LEVELS AND DECREASED HEPATIC TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR LEVELS (P < 0.05). ALCOHOL REDUCED HEPATIC DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (0.21% +/- 0.04% VS. 0.33% +/- 0.04%, P = 0.01) COMPARED TO CONTROL, WHILE IRON SUPPLEMENTATION TO ALCOHOL DIET DID NOT CHANGE DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN METHYLCYTOSINE LEVELS, WHILE UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN ALCOHOL-FED GROUPS COMPARED TO CONTROL (95.61% +/- 0.08% VS. 95.26% +/- 0.12%, P = 0.03), SUGGESTING THAT ALCOHOL FURTHER INCREASES THE CONVERSION FROM HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE TO UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE. CONCLUSIONS: CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ALTERS GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN THE LIVER BUT IRON SUPPLEMENTATION REVERSES THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2  1358  22 DEVELOPMENT OF RATIOMETRIC ELECTROCHEMICAL MOLECULAR SWITCHES TO ASSAY ENDOGENOUS FORMALDEHYDE IN LIVE CELLS, WHOLE BLOOD AND CREATININE IN SALIVA. FORMALDEHYDE IS A REACTIVE CARBONYL SPECIES (RCS) THAT IS PRODUCED NATURALLY IN THE HUMAN BODY VIA METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES, YET IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS IS HIGHLY TOXIC TO THE ENVIRONMENT AS WELL AS TO LIVING ORGANISMS. THEREFORE, WE DESIGNED TWO RATIOMETRIC ELECTROCHEMICAL MOLECULAR REDOX PROBES, FORMALDEHYDE OXIDATIVE LATENT PROBE (FOLP) AND DIHYDROXY-FORMALDEHYDE OXIDATIVE LATENT PROBE (HFOLP), FOR THE SELECTIVE PROFILING OF ENDOGENOUS FORMALDEHYDE. FOLP AND HFOLP EACH UNDERWENT THE AZA-COPE REACTION WITH FORMALDEHYDE FOLLOWED BY HYDROLYSIS TO ELIMINATE UNMASK REDOX REPORTER N-ALKYLATED AMINOFERROCENE (AAF) TO MONITOR THEIR RESPONSE CURRENT. THE FOLP AND HFOLP SENSORS SHOWED BROAD DYNAMIC RANGES OF 0.12-1000 MUM AND 0.09-3 MM FOR FORMALDEHYDE WITH DETECTION LIMITS OF 48.2 NM AND 31.6 MUM, RESPECTIVELY. ALSO, SINCE FORMALDEHYDE IS THE BYPRODUCT OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS FOR DETECTING CREATININE AND CREATININE IS AN IMPORTANT BIOMARKER FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), WE TESTED THE FOLP PROBE FOR ITS ABILITY TO MONITOR CREATININE. IT SUCCESSFULLY DID SO, AND THIS ABILITY WAS USED TO DEVELOP AN ELECTROCHEMICAL PLATFORM FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF CREATININE; IT SHOWED A DYNAMIC RANGE OF 3.25-200 MUM AND A LIMIT OF DETECTION (1.3 MUM). IN ADDITION, THE FOLP-BASED ASSAY PLATFORM DELIVERED A RELIABLE ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF FORMALDEHYDE IN HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD AND OF CREATININE IN SALIVA, AND ALSO FOR THE REAL-TIME MONITORING OF ENDOGENOUS FORMALDEHYDE SECRETION IN HELA CELLS. MOREOVER, THE CONCENTRATIONS DETERMINED USING OUR METHOD WERE FOUND TO BE CONSISTENT WITH THOSE DETERMINED USING FORMALDEHYDE AND CREATININE FLUOROMETRIC ASSAY KITS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3  4203  36 METABOLISM OF DOXORUBICIN TO THE CARDIOTOXIC METABOLITE DOXORUBICINOL IS INCREASED IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC GLUTATHIONE DEFICIENCY: A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR CARBONYL REDUCTASE 3. DOXORUBICIN IS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE AT INDUCING DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS IN RAPIDLY DIVIDING CELLS, WHICH HAS LED TO IT BEING A WIDELY USED CANCER CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC. HOWEVER, CLINICAL ADMINISTRATION OF DOXORUBICIN IS LIMITED BY OFF-TARGET CARDIOTOXICITY, WHICH IS THOUGHT TO BE MEDIATED BY DOXORUBICINOL, THE PRIMARY ALCOHOL METABOLITE OF DOXORUBICIN. CARBONYL REDUCTASE 1 (CBR1), A WELL-CHARACTERIZED MONOMERIC ENZYME PRESENT AT HIGH BASAL LEVELS IN THE LIVER, IS KNOWN TO EXHIBIT ACTIVITY TOWARD DOXORUBICIN. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT A CLOSELY RELATED ENZYME, CARBONYL REDUCTASE 3 (CBR3), WHICH IS PRESENT IN THE LIVER AT LOW BASAL LEVELS BUT IS HIGHLY INDUCIBLE BY THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2. GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS IN CBR3, BUT NOT CBR1, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL CARDIAC OUTCOMES IN DOXORUBICIN TREATED PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. CBR3 MRNA AND CBR3 PROTEIN ARE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN THE LIVERS OF GCLM-/- MICE (A MOUSE MODEL OF GLUTATHIONE DEFICIENCY) RELATIVE TO WILD TYPE MICE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FIRST INVESTIGATED THE ABILITY OF CBR3 TO METABOLIZE DOXORUBICIN. INCUBATIONS OF DOXORUBICIN AND PURIFIED RECOMBINANT MURINE CBR3 (MCBR3) WERE ANALYZED FOR DOXORUBICINOL FORMATION USING HPLC, REVEALING FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT DOXORUBICIN IS A SUBSTRATE OF MCBR3. MOREOVER, HEPATOCYTES FROM GCLM-/- MICE PRODUCED MORE DOXORUBICINOL THAN GCLM+/+ HEPATOCYTES. IN ADDITION, DIFFERENTIATED RAT MYOBLASTS (C2C12 CELLS) CO-CULTURED WITH PRIMARY GCLM-/- MURINE HEPATOCYTES WERE MORE SENSITIVE TO DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED CYTOSTASIS/CYTOTOXICITY THAN INCUBATIONS WITH GCLM+/+ HEPATOCYTES. OUR RESULTS INDICATE A POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT ROLE FOR CBR3 IN DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY. BECAUSE THERE IS LIKELY TO BE VARIABILITY IN HEPATIC CBR3 ACTIVITY IN HUMANS (DUE TO EITHER GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ON ITS EXPRESSION), THESE DATA ALSO SUGGEST THAT INHIBITION OF CBR3 MAY PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM DOXORUBICINOL CARDIOTOXICITY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                             
4  6086  33 THE EFFECTS OF ACETALDEHYDE EXPOSURE ON HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IN HUMAN LUNG BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS. AS THE PRIMARY METABOLITE OF ALCOHOL AND THE MOST ABUNDANT CARCINOGEN IN TOBACCO SMOKE, ACETALDEHYDE IS LINKED TO A NUMBER OF HUMAN DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND SMOKING INCLUDING CANCERS. IN ADDITION TO DIRECT DNA DAMAGE AS A RESULT OF THE FORMATION OF ACETALDEHYDE-DNA ADDUCTS, ACETALDEHYDE MAY ALSO INDIRECTLY IMPACT PROPER GENOME FUNCTION THROUGH THE FORMATION OF PROTEIN ADDUCTS. HISTONE PROTEINS ARE THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE CHROMATIN. POST-TRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS (PTMS) ARE CRITICALLY IMPORTANT FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STABILITY. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW ACETALDEHYDE-HISTONE ADDUCTS AFFECT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. THE RESULTS OF PROTEIN CARBONYL ASSAYS SUGGEST THAT ACETALDEHYDE FORMS ADDUCTS WITH HISTONE PROTEINS IN HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL BEAS-2B CELLS. THE LEVEL OF ACETYLATION FOR N-TERMINAL TAILS OF CYTOSOLIC HISTONES H3 AND H4, AN IMPORTANT MODIFICATION FOR HISTONE NUCLEAR IMPORT AND CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY, IS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED FOLLOWING ACETALDEHYDE EXPOSURE IN BEAS-2B CELLS, POSSIBLY DUE TO THE FORMATION OF HISTONE ADDUCTS AND/OR THE DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES. NOTABLY, THE LEVEL OF NUCLEOSOMAL HISTONES IN THE CHROMATIN FRACTION AND AT MOST OF THE GENOMIC LOCI WE TESTED ARE LOW IN ACETALDEHYDE-TREATED CELLS AS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL CELLS, WHICH IS SUGGESTIVE OF INHIBITION OF CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY. MOREOVER, ACETALDEHYDE EXPOSURE PERTURBS CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AS EVIDENCED BY THE INCREASE IN GENERAL CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY AND THE DECREASE IN NUCLEOSOME OCCUPANCY AT GENOMIC LOCI FOLLOWING ACETALDEHYDE TREATMENT. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT REGULATION OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY MAY PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN ACETALDEHYDE-INDUCED PATHOGENESIS. ENVIRON. MOL. MUTAGEN. 59:375-385, 2018. (C) 2018 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5  4423  22 MOLECULAR AND IMMUNOLOGIC MARKERS OF KIDNEY CANCER-POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE. KIDNEY CANCER IS ONE OF THE DEADLIEST MALIGNANCIES DUE TO FREQUENT LATE DIAGNOSIS (33 % OR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA ARE METASTATIC AT DIAGNOSIS) AND POOR TREATMENT OPTIONS. THERE ARE TWO MAJOR SUBTYPES OF KIDNEY CANCER: RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (RCC) AND RENAL PELVIS CARCINOMA. THE RISK FACTORS FOR RCC, ACCOUNTING FOR MORE THAN 90 % OF ALL KIDNEY CANCERS, ARE SMOKING, OBESITY, HYPERTENSION, MISUSE OF PAIN MEDICATION, AND SOME GENETIC DISEASES. THE MOST COMMON MOLECULAR MARKERS OF KIDNEY CANCER INCLUDE MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF VON HIPPEL-LINDAU (VHL) GENE, GENES OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) PATHWAY, AND CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IX (CIAX). THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE REMODELING, WAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED. IMMUNOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF RCC ENABLE THIS TYPE OF TUMOR TO ESCAPE IMMUNE RESPONSE EFFECTIVELY. AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THIS PROCESS IS PLAYED BY TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES THAT DEMONSTRATE MIXED M1/M2 PHENOTYPE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ASPECTS FOR RCC DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ALLOWING PERSONALIZED APPROACHES FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND PROGNOSTIC PREDICTION OF THIS DISEASE. A SET OF MACROPHAGE MARKERS IS SUGGESTED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MACROPHAGE PHENOTYPE AND DISEASE PROGNOSIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  4044  17 MACROPHAGES IN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND MODELS TO EVALUATE THE ANTIOXIDANT FUNCTION OF DIETARY NATURAL COMPOUNDS. ANTIOXIDANT TESTING OF NATURAL PRODUCTS HAS ATTRACTED INCREASING INTEREST IN RECENT YEARS, MAINLY DUE TO THE FACT THAT AN ANTIOXIDANT-RICH DIET MIGHT PROVIDE HEALTH BENEFITS. ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES ARE A MAJOR SOURCE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES, AND PEROXYNITRITE GENERATED THROUGH THE SO-CALLED RESPIRATORY BURST. CONSTITUTIVELY RELEASED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE, ESPECIALLY TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, TRIGGERS NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, AND ACTIVATOR PROTEIN-1 TRANSLOCATION LEADING TO THE OVER PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES IN MACROPHAGES. ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN THE LONG-LIVED TISSUE-RESIDENT MACROPHAGES AND/OR MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES, TRIGGER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASES. NUTRACEUTICALS INCLUDING LIPID RAFT STRUCTURE DISRUPTION AGENT, CHOLESTEROL DEPLETION AGENT, FARNESYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB BLOCKER (ALPHA,BETA-UNSATURATED CARBONYL COMPOUNDS), GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AGONIST, AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AGONIST HAVE LONG BEEN USED TO INACTIVE MACROPHAGE. THE INHIBITION EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE, SUPEROXIDE, AND NITRITE PEROXIDE MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FUNCTIONALITIES. ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE MODELS COULD BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE ACTIVE COMPONENTS FOR FUNCTIONAL DIETS DEVELOPMENT THROUGH A MULTIPLE TARGETS STRATEGY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7  1502  24 DNA METHYLATION AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS UNDERLYING RENAL CELL CARCINOMAS. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (RCC) REFERS TO A GROUP OF TUMORS THAT DEVELOP FROM THE EPITHELIUM OF THE KIDNEY TUBES, INCLUDING CLEAR CELL RCC, PAPILLARY RCC, AND CHROMOPHOBE RCC. MOST CLEAR CELL RENAL CARCINOMAS HAVE A LARGE HISTOLOGIC SUBTYPE, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC VON HIPPEL-LINDAU (VHL). A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GENETIC MODIFICATION GENOME SUGGESTED THAT CHROMOSOME 3P LOSS AND CHROMOSOME GAINS 5Q AND 7 MAY BE SIGNIFICANT COPY DEFECTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAR RCC. A MORE POTENT RCC MAY DEVELOP IF CHROMOSOME 1P, 4, 9, 13Q, OR 14Q IS ALSO LOST. RENAL CARCINOGENESIS IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OR HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES. HOWEVER, IF REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF DNA IN CPG C-TYPE ISLANDS HAS ALREADY ACCUMULATED IN CANCER-FREE KIDNEY TISSUE, IT IMPLIES THAT THE PRESENCE OF MALIGNANT KIDNEY LESIONS MAY ALSO BE DETECTED BY MODIFIED DNA METHYLATION. MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN CANCEROUS KIDNEY TISSUE MAY ADVANCE KIDNEY TISSUE TO EPIGENETIC MUTATIONS AND GENES, LEADING TO MORE SERIOUS CANCERS AND EVEN DETERMINING A PATIENT'S OUTCOME. THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILE PROVIDES ACCURATE PREDICTORS FOR PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY CANCER. NEW GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGIES WILL HELP TO SPEED UP THE IDENTIFICATION OF VITAL CELLS FOR KIDNEY CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8   286  65 AGING AND ALCOHOL INTERACT TO ALTER HEPATIC DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: AGING AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ARE BOTH MODIFIERS OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT IT IS NOT YET KNOWN WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ALSO ALTERS DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, A NEWLY DISCOVERED EPIGENETIC MARK PRODUCED BY OXIDATION OF METHYLCYTOSINE. FURTHERMORE, IT HAS NOT BEEN TESTED WHETHER AGING AND ALCOHOL INTERACT TO MODIFY THIS EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON, THEREBY HAVING AN INDEPENDENT EFFECT ON GENE EXPRESSION. METHODS: OLD (18 MONTHS) AND YOUNG (4 MONTHS) MALE C57BL/6 MICE WERE PAIR-FED EITHER A LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID DIET WITH ALCOHOL (18% OF ENERGY) OR AN ISOCALORIC LIEBER-DECARLI CONTROL DIET FOR 5 WEEKS. GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED FROM HEPATIC DNA USING A NEW LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD. HEPATIC MRNA EXPRESSION OF THE TET ENZYMES WERE MEASURED VIA QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: IN YOUNG MICE, MILD CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL MICE (0.22 +/- 0.01 VS. 0.29 +/- 0.06%, P = 0.004). ALCOHOL DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ALTER HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE LEVELS IN OLD MICE. OLD MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET SHOWED DECREASED GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH YOUNG MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET (0.24 +/- 0.02 VS. 0.29 +/- 0.06%, P = 0.04). THIS MODEL SUGGESTS AN INTERACTION BETWEEN AGING AND ALCOHOL IN DETERMINING DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (PINTERACTION = 0.009). EXPRESSION OF TET2 AND TET3 WAS DECREASED IN THE OLD MICE RELATIVE TO THE YOUNG (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: THE OBSERVATION THAT ALCOHOL ALTERS DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION INDICATES A NEW EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOL. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY DEMONSTRATING THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND AGING ON DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  2937  28 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING RENAL CARCINOGENESIS. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (RCC) IS NOT A SINGLE ENTITY, BUT COMPRISES A GROUP OF TUMORS INCLUDING CLEAR CELL RCC, PAPILLARY RCC AND CHROMOPHOBE RCC, WHICH ARISE FROM THE EPITHELIUM OF RENAL TUBULES. THE MAJORITY OF CLEAR CELL RCCS, THE MAJOR HISTOLOGICAL SUBTYPE, HAVE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE VON HIPPEL-LINDAU (VHL) GENE. GERMLINE MUTATIONS IN THE MET AND FUMARATE HYDRATASE (FH) GENES LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 PAPILLARY RCCS, RESPECTIVELY, AND SUCH MUTATIONS OF EITHER THE TSC1 OR TSC2 GENE INCREASE THE RISK OF RCC. GENOME-WIDE COPY NUMBER ALTERATION ANALYSIS HAS SUGGESTED THAT LOSS OF CHROMOSOME 3P AND GAIN OF CHROMOSOMES 5Q AND 7 MAY BE COPY NUMBER ABERRATIONS INDISPENSABLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAR CELL RCC. WHEN CHROMOSOME 1P, 4, 9, 13Q OR 14Q IS ALSO LOST, MORE CLINICOPATHOLOGICALLY AGGRESSIVE CLEAR CELL RCC MAY DEVELOP. SINCE RENAL CARCINOGENESIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH NEITHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATION NOR PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION, AND HARDLY ANY HISTOLOGICAL CHANGE IS EVIDENT IN CORRESPONDING NON-TUMOROUS RENAL TISSUE FROM PATIENTS WITH RENAL TUMORS, PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS IN THE KIDNEY HAVE BEEN RARELY DESCRIBED. HOWEVER, REGIONAL DNA HYPERMETHYLATION ON C-TYPE CPG ISLANDS HAS ALREADY ACCUMULATED IN SUCH NON-CANCEROUS RENAL TISSUES, SUGGESTING THAT, FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF ALTERED DNA METHYLATION, THE PRESENCE OF PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS CAN BE RECOGNIZED EVEN IN THE KIDNEY. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS ARE BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CLEAR CELL RCCS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS: DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE MAY FURTHER PREDISPOSE RENAL TISSUE TO EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND EVEN DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. THE LIST OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES SILENCED BY DNA HYPERMETHYLATION HAS RECENTLY BEEN INCREASING. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILING PROVIDES AN OPTIMAL MEANS OF PROGNOSTICATION FOR PATIENTS WITH RCCS. RECENTLY DEVELOPED HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNOLOGIES FOR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ANALYSES WILL FURTHER ACCELERATE THE IDENTIFICATION OF KEY MOLECULES FOR USE IN THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY OF RCCS.	2010	
                          
10  1819  27 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC OCHRATOXIN A EXPOSURE ON P53 HETEROZYGOUS AND P53 HOMOZYGOUS MICE. EXPOSURE TO THE MYCOTOXIN OCHRATOXIN A (OTA) CAUSES NEPHROPATHY IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND RODENTS AND RENAL TUMORS IN RODENTS AND POULTRY. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO OTA BY CONSUMING FOODS MADE WITH CONTAMINATED CEREAL GRAINS AND OTHER COMMODITIES. MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS DUE TO OTA EXPOSURE DEPENDS, IN PART, ON ESTABLISHING A MODE OF ACTION (MOA) FOR OTA CARCINOGENESIS. TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE OTA'S MOA, P53 HETEROZYGOUS (P53+/-) AND P53 HOMOZYGOUS (P53+/+) MICE WERE EXPOSED TO OTA IN DIET FOR 26 WEEKS. THE FORMER ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO TUMORIGENESIS UPON CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS. OTA-INDUCED RENAL DAMAGE BUT NO TUMORS WERE OBSERVED IN EITHER STRAIN, INDICATING THAT P53 HETEROZYGOSITY CONFERRED LITTLE ADDITIONAL SENSITIVITY TO OTA. RENAL CHANGES INCLUDED DOSE-DEPENDENT INCREASES IN CELLULAR PROLIFERATION, APOPTOSIS, KARYOMEGALY, AND TUBULAR DEGENERATION IN PROXIMAL TUBULES, WHICH WERE CONSISTENT WITH OCHRATOXICOSIS. THE LOWEST OBSERVED EFFECT LEVEL FOR RENAL CHANGES IN P53+/- AND P53+/+ MICE WAS 200 MUG OTA/KG BW/DAY. BASED ON THE LACK OF TUMORS AND THE SEVERITY OF RENAL AND BODY WEIGHT CHANGES AT A MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE, THE RESULTS WERE INTERPRETED AS SUGGESTIVE OF A PRIMARILY NONGENOTOXIC (EPIGENETIC) MOA FOR OTA CARCINOGENESIS IN THIS MOUSE MODEL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  6704  31 VHL GENE METHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO EXCESSIVE ERYTHROCYTOSIS IN CHRONIC MOUNTAIN SICKNESS RAT MODEL BY UPREGULATING THE HIF-2ALPHA/EPO PATHWAY. AIMS: HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTORS (HIFS) PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ERYTHROCYTOSIS IN CHRONIC MOUNTAIN SICKNESS (CMS). VON HIPPEL-LINDAU (VHL) IS A KEY REGULATOR OF HYPOXIA THAT CAN DIRECT THE POLY-UBIQUITYLATION AND DEGRADATION OF HIFS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TOWARD ADAPTION TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE CONTRIBUTION AND MECHANISM OF VHL METHYLATION IN RATS WITH ERYTHROCYTOSIS IN CMS. MAIN METHODS: THE METHYLATION STATUS OF VHL WAS MEASURED VIA BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR, WHILE VHL, DNMT1, DNMT3ALPHA, AND DNMT3BETA EXPRESSION WERE ASSESSED USING REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING. HIF-2ALPHA AND EPO EXPRESSION LEVELS IN BONE MARROW WERE DETERMINED VIA IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING, AND ERYTHROID HYPERPLASIA IN BONE MARROW SECTIONS WERE OBSERVED WITH HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN STAINING. KEY FINDINGS: WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA TRIGGERED ERYTHROID HYPERPLASIA IN THE BONE MARROW AND INCREASED THE QUANTITY OF PERIPHERAL RED BLOOD CELLS IN CMS RATS. CHRONIC HYPOXIA SIGNIFICANTLY INDUCED METHYLATION AT THE CPG SITE IN THE VHL PROMOTER, DECREASED VHL EXPRESSION, AND INCREASED HIF-2ALPHA AND EPO EXPRESSION. CHRONIC HYPOXIA INCREASED DNMT3ALPHA AND DNMT3BETA EXPRESSION, CONSISTENT WITH THE DECREASE IN VHL EXPRESSION. THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE REDUCED CHRONIC HYPOXIA-INDUCED ERYTHROID PROLIFERATION IN THE BONE MARROW OF RATS WITH CMS BY SUPPRESSING VHL METHYLATION AND DNMTS EXPRESSION. SIGNIFICANCE: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT VHL METHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TOWARD EXCESSIVE ERYTHROCYTOSIS IN CMS BY UPREGULATING THE HIF-2ALPHA/EPO PATHWAY IN THE BONE MARROW OF RATS. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE DNMT INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE CAN ATTENUATE ERYTHROID HYPERPLASIA IN THE BONE MARROW BY DEMETHYLATING THE VHL PROMOTER.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12   447  34 APABETALONE LOWERS SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND IMPROVES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CONSIDERABLE RESIDUAL RISK REMAINS DESPITE EVIDENCE-BASED SECONDARY PREVENTION MEASURES. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS A MODIFIABLE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR. WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION BY THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL (BET) PROTEIN INHIBITOR APABETALONE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONCOMITANT LOWERING OF SERUM ALP. METHODS: IN A POST-HOC ANALYSIS OF 795 PATIENTS WITH ESTABLISHED CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND STATIN TREATMENT, WHO PARTICIPATED IN PHASE 2 PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIALS OF APABETALONE, WE DETERMINED THE EFFECT OF ASSIGNED TREATMENT FOR UP TO 24 WEEKS ON THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS (MACE) AND SERUM ALP. RESULTS: BASELINE ALP (MEDIAN 72 U/L) PREDICTED MACE (DEATH, NON-FATAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION, OR HOSPITALIZATION FOR CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES), INDEPENDENT OF HIGH-SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (HSCRP), SEX, AGE, RACE, STUDY, CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), LIVER FUNCTION MARKERS AND TREATMENT ALLOCATION (HAZARD RATIO [HR] PER STANDARD DEVIATION [SD] 1.6, 95% CI 1.19-2.16, P = 0.002). MEAN PLACEBO-CORRECTED DECREASES IN ALP FROM BASELINE WERE 9.2% (P < 0.001) AFTER 12-14 WEEKS AND 7.7% (P < 0.001) AFTER 24-26 WEEKS OF APABETALONE TREATMENT. IN THE APABETALONE GROUP, A 1-SD REDUCTION IN ALP WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HR FOR MACE OF 0.64 (95% CI 0.46-0.90, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: SERUM ALP PREDICTS RESIDUAL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK, INDEPENDENT OF HSCRP, ESTABLISHED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AND CKD, IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ON STATIN TREATMENT. APABETALONE LOWERS SERUM ALP, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A LOWER RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS. WHETHER THE BENEFICIAL CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF APABETALONE ARE CAUSALLY RELATED TO ALP REDUCTION REMAINS UNDETERMINED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  5764  39 SORAFENIB ATTENUATES FIBROTIC HEPATIC INJURY THROUGH MEDIATING LYSINE CROTONYLATION. BACKGROUND: LIVER FIBROSIS IS AN INDEPENDENT CONTRIBUTOR OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, AND REGRESSING LIVER FIBROSIS IS CONSIDERED A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES. WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE EFFECTS AND MECHANISM OF SORAFENIB IN LIVER FIBROSIS. METHODS: MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY (SD) RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCL(4)) FOR 8 WEEKS TO INDUCE LIVER FIBROSIS AND THEN TREATED WITH SORAFENIB. THE DEGREE OF LIVER FIBROSIS WAS ANALYZED BY HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN (H&E) STAINING, MASSON STAINING, AND PICROSIRIUS RED (PSR) STAINING. SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDEXES WERE DETECTED BY FULLY AUTOMATIC BIOCHEMICAL ANALYZER OR ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA). QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QRT-PCR) WAS PERFORMED TO DETECT THE EXPRESSION OF PRO-FIBROTIC GENES. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING AND WESTERN BLOTTING WERE CARRIED OUT TO EVALUATE THE LEVELS OF LYSINE CROTONYLATION. RESULTS: LIVER INDEX WAS REDUCED WITH ORAL SORAFENIB IN CCL(4)-INDUCED RATS. SERUM LIVER FUNCTION (ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT), ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (AST), AND TOTAL BILIRUBIN (TBIL)) AND FIBROSIS INDICATORS (TYPE III PROCOLLAGEN (PC-III), HYALURONIC ACID (HA), AND LAMININ (LN)) WERE ATTENUATED WITH SORAFENIB TREATMENT. SORAFENIB IMPROVED THE HEPATIC STRUCTURE AND FIBROTIC PROGRESSION. THE EXPRESSION OF FIBROSIS-RELATED GENES WAS REMARKELY REDUCED WITH SORAFENIB TREATMENT. MEANWHILE, SORAFENIB INHIBITED ALPHA-SMA AND COLLAGEN I CUMULATION INDUCED BY CCL(4) INJECTION. BESIDES, PROTEIN LYSINE CROTONYLATION ESPECIALLY THE CROTONYLATED H2BK12 (H2BK12CR) AND CROTONYLATED H3K18 (H3K18CR) WERE REVERSED BY SORAFENIB, WHICH WERE DECREASED IN RESPONSE TO CCL(4) TREATMENT. SPEARMAN CORRELATION ANALYSIS SHOWN LYSINE CROTONYLATION EXPRESSION WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH SERUM FIBROTIC INDICATORS. CONVERSELY, CROTONYLATION-REGULATED ENZYMES, WHICH NEGATIVELY REGULATE PROTEIN CROTONYLATION, WERE INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO CCL(4) TREATMENT, WHILE SORAFENIB REDUCED THEIR EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: SORAFENIB EXERTS SIGNIFICANT ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS THROUGH MEDIATING CROTONYLATION-REGULATED ENZYMES AND PROTEIN CROTONYLATION IN FIBROTIC RATS.	2022	

14  4819  24 OCCURRENCE OF TOXICITY AND CELL PROLIFERATION AFTER A SINGLE GAVAGE ADMINISTRATION OF CHLOROFORM TO MALE F344 RATS. CHLOROFORM, AN INDUSTRIAL SOLVENT AND ONE OF THE MOST COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS WHICH PRODUCES CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS IN THE LIVER AND KIDNEY OF RODENTS, IS NOT GENOTOXIC IN MOST TRADITIONAL BACTERIAL AND MAMMALIAN TEST SYSTEMS. ITS CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL APPEARS ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE SUSTAINED CELL TURNOVER (REGENERATIVE HYPERPLASIA) WHICH RESULTS FROM CHRONIC CHLOROFORM TOXICITY. IN THIS PRESENT STUDY, CELL PROLIFERATION (REPLICATIVE DNA SYNTHESIS, RDS) AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN HEPATOCYTES AND RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS WERE ASSESSED IN MALE F344 RATS FOLLOWING A SINGLE GAVAGE CHLOROFORM EXPOSURE (50, 150 OR 500 MG/KG). IN ADDITION, BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS (BUN, GOT, LDH AND NAG) WERE EXAMINED USING PLASMA AND URINE SAMPLES. CELL PROLIFERATION AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES (E.G. HYPERTROPHY, NECROSIS, VACUOLATION) WERE ONLY SEEN AT THE DOSE OF 500 MG/KG IN THE LIVER AND KIDNEY. AT THE SAME DOSE, ALL BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS WERE INCREASED AT THE 24 TO 48 HR TIME POINTS. THESE RESULTS OBTAINED ARE THUS IN LINE WITH EARLIER FINDINGS POINTING TO EPIGENETIC CARCINOGENICITY.	1998	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  5683  33 SHORTER TELOMERE LENGTH IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. SHORTER TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES (PBLS) IS PREDICTIVE OF LUNG CANCER RISK. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) ARE ESTABLISHED LUNG CARCINOGENS THAT CAUSE CHROMOSOME INSTABILITY. WHETHER PAH EXPOSURE AND ITS MOLECULAR EFFECTS ARE LINKED WITH SHORTER TL HAS NEVER BEEN EVALUATED. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PAHS ON TL MEASURED IN PBLS OF POLISH MALE NON-CURRENT SMOKING COKEOVEN WORKERS AND MATCHED CONTROLS. PAH EXPOSURE AND MOLECULAR EFFECTS WERE CHARACTERIZED USING MEASURES OF INTERNAL DOSE (URINARY 1-PYRENOL), EFFECTIVE DOSE [ANTI-BENZO[A]PYRENE DIOLEPOXIDE (ANTI-BPDE)-DNA ADDUCT], GENETIC INSTABILITY (MICRONUCLEI, MN) AND DNA METHYLATION [P53 PROMOTER AND ALU AND LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENT-1 (LINE-1) REPETITIVE ELEMENTS, AS SURROGATE MEASURES OF GLOBAL METHYLATION] IN PBLS. TL WAS MEASURED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. COKEOVEN WORKERS WERE HEAVILY EXPOSED TO PAHS (79% EXCEEDED THE URINARY 1-PYRENOL BIOLOGICAL EXPOSURE INDEX) AND EXHIBITED LOWER TL (P = 0.038) THAN CONTROLS, AS WELL AS HIGHER LEVELS OF GENETIC AND CHROMOSOMAL ALTERATIONS [I.E. ANTI-BPDE-DNA ADDUCT AND MN (P < 0.0001)] AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES [I.E. P53 GENE-SPECIFIC PROMOTER AND GLOBAL METHYLATION (P <OR= 0.001)]. TL DECREASED WITH LONGER DURATION OF WORK AS COKEOVEN WORKER (P = 0.039) AND IN ALL SUBJECTS WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF ANTI-BPDE-DNA ADDUCT (P = 0.042), P53 HYPOMETHYLATION (P = 0.005) AND MN (P = 0.009). IN MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS, YEARS OF WORK IN COKERY (P = 0.008) AND P53 HYPOMETHYLATION (P = 0.001) WERE THE PRINCIPAL DETERMINANTS OF SHORTER TL. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT SHORTER TL IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAH EXPOSURE. THE INTERRELATIONS WITH OTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT SHORTER TL COULD BE A CENTRAL EVENT IN PAH CARCINOGENESIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  5843  31 STUDIES ON THE CARCINOGENICITY OF POTASSIUM IODIDE IN F344 RATS. A CHRONIC TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY STUDY, IN WHICH MALE AND FEMALE F344/DUCRJ RATS WERE GIVEN POTASSIUM IODIDE (KI) IN THE DRINKING WATER AT CONCENTRATIONS OF 0, 10, 100 OR 1000 PPM FOR 104 WEEKS, AND A TWO-STAGE CARCINOGENICITY STUDY OF APPLICATION AT 0 OR 1000 PPM FOR 83 WEEKS FOLLOWING A SINGLE INJECTION OF N-BIS(2-HYDROXYPROPYL)NITROSAMINE (DHPN), WERE CONDUCTED. IN THE FORMER, SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS WERE INDUCED IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF THE 1000 PPM GROUP, BUT NO TUMORS WERE OBSERVED IN THE THYROID. IN THE TWO-STAGE CARCINOGENICITY STUDY, THYROIDAL WEIGHTS AND THE INCIDENCE OF THYROID TUMORS DERIVED FROM THE FOLLICULAR EPITHELIUM WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE DHPN+KI AS COMPARED WITH THE DHPN ALONE GROUP. THE RESULTS OF OUR STUDIES SUGGEST THAT EXCESS KI HAS A THYROID TUMOR-PROMOTING EFFECT, BUT KI PER SE DOES NOT INDUCE THYROID TUMORS IN RATS. IN THE SALIVARY GLAND, KI WAS SUGGESTED TO HAVE CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL VIA AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, ONLY ACTIVE AT A HIGH DOSE.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  1140  31 CONCENTRATION OF FOLIC ACID (FA) IN SERUM OF JAPANESE PREGNANT WOMEN. OBJECTIVES EXPOSURE TO INORGANIC ARSENIC (IAS) IS A WORLD-WIDE HEALTH CONCERN. WE REPORTED THAT JAPANESE CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN ARE EXPOSED TO MODERATE LEVELS OF IAS THROUGH FOOD. REDUCING IAS CONTAMINATION FROM FOODS OF HIGH IAS IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE UNIQUE IN JAPAN. INTEGRATED IAS IS METHYLATED TO LESS TOXIC ORGANIC FORMS, AND S-ADENOSYL-L-METHYONINE (SAM), A COMMON METHYL-DONOR OF DNA AND HISTONES, IS UTILIZED IN THIS PROCESS. CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF SAM BY IAS METABOLISM DUE TO EXPOSURE TO IAS MIGHT ALTER THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF GENOME. THE SAM BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY IS DEPENDENT ON FOLATE CYCLE, AND IT IS POSSIBLE THAT INGESTION OF SUFFICIENT FOLIC ACID (FA) IS PROTECTIVE TO IAS INDUCED TOXICITY. METHODS IN THE COURSE OF OUR CROSS-SECTIONAL BODY BURDEN ANALYSES OF PB AND IAS IN JAPANESE CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN, TERMED "PBAS STUDY", FA CONCENTRATION IN SERUM OF 104 PREGNANT WOMEN WAS MEASURED. RESULTS MEAN (+/-SEM) OF SERUM FA CONCENTRATION WAS 15.8 +/- 1.3 (NG/ML). THERE ARE SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF PEOPLE SHOWING VERY HIGH FA (>30 NG/ ML), AND LARGE FRACTION OF THEM WERE TAKING SUPPLEMENTS DAILY. CONCLUSIONS THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT LEVEL OF FA INGESTION OF JAPANESE PREGNANT WOMEN IS HIGH FOR SUPPORTING NORMAL FETAL DEVELOPMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18   872  43 CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DIFFERENTIALLY ALTERS ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN RAT LIVER AND BRAIN. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM. CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE LEADS TO BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AS WELL AS DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. IN THE LIVER, IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IMPAIRS METHIONINE SYNTHASE (MS) ACTIVITY LEADING TO A DECREASE IN S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE (SAM/SAH) RATIO WHICH RESULTS IN DNA HYPOMETHYLATION; HOWEVER, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER SIMILAR ALTERATIONS OF SAM AND SAH LEVELS ARE ALSO PRODUCED IN BRAIN. METHODS: MALE ADULT SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE FED CHRONICALLY WITH LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL (ETOH) (9% V/V) OR CONTROL DIET. THE ETOH-DIET-FED RATS WERE WITHDRAWN FOR 0 AND 24 HOURS. THE CEREBELLUM AND LIVER TISSUES WERE DISSECTED AND USED TO INVESTIGATE CHANGES IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, SAM, AND SAH LEVELS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAM LEVELS, SAM/SAH RATIO, MS, METHYLENE TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE, AND BETAINE HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE (BHMT) EXPRESSION AND INCREASED METHIONINE ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE-2B (MAT2B) BUT NOT MAT2A EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER. IN CONTRAST, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAH LEVELS, INCREASED SAM/SAH RATIO AND THE EXPRESSION OF MAT2A AND S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE HYDROLASE, WHILE THE LEVELS OF SAM OR BHMT EXPRESSION IN CEREBELLUM REMAINED UNALTERED. HOWEVER, IN BOTH LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MS AND INCREASED MAT2B EXPRESSION. ALL CHRONIC ETOH-INDUCED CHANGES OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN CEREBELLUM, BUT NOT LIVER, RETURNED TO NEAR-NORMAL LEVELS DURING ETOH WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS INDICATE A DECREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN LIVER AND AN INCREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN CEREBELLUM. THE OPPOSING CHANGES OF THE "METHYLATION INDEX" SUGGEST ALTERED DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, THUS IMPLICATING ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  2838  22 FORMALDEHYDE CARCINOGENICITY RESEARCH: 30 YEARS AND COUNTING FOR MODE OF ACTION, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT. FORMALDEHYDE IS A WIDELY USED HIGH PRODUCTION CHEMICAL THAT IS ALSO RELEASED AS A BYPRODUCT OF COMBUSTION, OFF-GASSING OF VARIOUS BUILDING PRODUCTS, AND AS A FIXATIVE FOR PATHOLOGISTS AND EMBALMERS. WHAT IS NOT OFTEN REALIZED IS THAT FORMALDEHYDE IS ALSO PRODUCED AS A NORMAL PHYSIOLOGIC CHEMICAL IN ALL LIVING CELLS. IN 1980, CHRONIC INHALATION OF HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF FORMALDEHYDE WAS SHOWN TO BE CARCINOGENIC, INDUCING A HIGH INCIDENCE OF NASAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS IN RATS. SOME EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES HAVE ALSO FOUND INCREASED NUMBERS OF NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA AND LEUKEMIA IN HUMANS EXPOSED TO FORMALDEHYDE THAT RESULTED IN FORMALDEHYDE BEING CONSIDERED A KNOWN HUMAN CARCINOGEN. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE DATA FOR RODENT AND HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY, EARLY MODE OF ACTION STUDIES, MORE RECENT MOLECULAR STUDIES OF BOTH ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS DNA ADDUCTS, AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES. IT GOES ON TO DEMONSTRATE THE POWER OF THESE RESEARCH STUDIES TO PROVIDE CRITICAL DATA TO IMPROVE OUR ABILITY TO DEVELOP SCIENCE-BASED CANCER RISK ASSESSMENTS, INSTEAD OF DEFAULT APPROACHES. THE COMPLEXITY OF CONSTANT PHYSIOLOGIC EXPOSURE TO A KNOWN CARCINOGEN REQUIRES THAT NEW WAYS OF THINKING BE INCORPORATED INTO DETERMINATIONS OF CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT FOR FORMALDEHYDE, OTHER ENDOGENOUS CARCINOGENS, AND THE ROLE OF BACKGROUND ENDOGENOUS DNA DAMAGE AND MUTAGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  2120  40 EPIGENETIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN A CLINICALLY RELEVANT RAT MODEL OF CHRONIC ETHANOL-BINGE-MEDIATED LIVER INJURY. PURPOSE: ETHANOL BINGE AUGMENTS LIVER INJURY AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN HUMANS, BUT THE MECHANISM BEHIND THE ENHANCED LIVER INJURY BY ETHANOL BINGE IS NOT KNOWN. IN THIS STUDY WE USED A CLINICALLY RELEVANT RAT MODEL IN WHICH LIVER INJURY IS AMPLIFIED BY BINGE AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT AND INVESTIGATED THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. METHODS: EIGHT-WEEK-OLD SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE FED ETHANOL IN A LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS. CONTROL RATS WERE FED AN ISOCALORIC LIQUID DIET. THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY THREE BINGE ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL (INTRAGASTRIC 5 G/KG BODY WEIGHT, 12 H APART). IN THE CONTROL, ETHANOL WAS REPLACED BY WATER. FOUR HOURS AFTER THE LAST BINGE ADMINISTRATION, LIVER SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND PARAMETERS OF LIVER INJURY. RESULTS: CHRONIC ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION ALONE CAUSED AN INCREASE IN HISTONE H3 SER10 AND SER28 (H3S10 OR S28) PHOSPHORYLATION, AND BINGE ETHANOL REDUCED THEIR LEVELS. LEVELS OF DUALLY MODIFIED PHOSPHOACETYLATED HISTONE H3 (H3ACK9/PS10) INCREASED AFTER ACUTE BINGE ETHANOL AND REMAINED SAME AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE. IN CONTRAST, HISTONE H3 LYSINE-9 ACETYLATION (H3ACK9) WAS NOT INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BUT INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AFTER ACUTE BINGE AND CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE. INCREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED PHOSPHO-ERK1/2 IN THE NUCLEAR EXTRACTS. INCREASED ACETYLATION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE WAS ALSO ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED PROTEIN LEVELS OF GCN5 HISTONE ACETYL TRANSFERASE AND A MODEST INCREASE IN HDAC3 IN THE NUCLEUS. HISTONE LYSINE-9 DIMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE. CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE ALSO RESULTED IN A DECREASE IN THE SAM:SAH RATIO WITH A RELATIVE DECREASE OF SAM LEVELS AND A CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN SAH LEVELS. CONCLUSIONS: ETHANOL BINGE AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL ALTERED THE PROFILE OF SITE-SPECIFIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MAY UNDERLIE THE MECHANISM OF AUGMENTED LIVER INJURY BY CHRONIC-ETHANOL-BINGE-TREATED RATS.	2014