1  4246 156 METHYLATION STATUS OF THE T-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTOR IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HBV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PROGRESSION. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND FREQUENTLY OCCURS IN HUMAN CANCER CELLS. T-CADHERIN (CDH13) IS A NEW MEMBER OF THE CADHERIN SUPERFAMILY AND POSSESSES MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS. OUR STUDY INCLUDED 26 NORMAL CONTROLS (NCS), 65 CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS (CHB), 14 LIVER CIRRHOSIS PATIENTS (LC) AND 157 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS (HCC). WE MAINLY FOCUSED ON THE MRNA EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF CDH13 IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS), WHICH WERE DETECTED BY SEMI-QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-QPCR) AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) RESPECTIVELY. THE CDH13 MRNA LEVEL WAS LOWER IN HCC, ESPECIALLY IN EARLY-STAGE OF HCC THAN IN NCS AND CHB GROUPS (P < 0.05). METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE CDH13 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HCC PATIENTS THAN IN THE NCS AND CHB GROUPS (67.52 % VS 0.00 %, P < 0.001, 67.52 % VS 52.31 %, P < 0.05, RESPECTIVELY). CDH13 MRNA LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY AND RELATIVELY LOWER IN METHYLATED GROUPS THAN IN UNMETHYLATED GROUPS AMONG THE WHOLE PARTICIPANTS. THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF CDH13 PROMOTER IN HCC MIGHT BE INFLUENCED OR PARTLY INFLUENCED BY SOME CRITICAL FACTORS SUCH AS TBIL, ALB AND AFP (P < 0.05). AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN SIGNALING PATHWAY REGULATING BY CDH13 TO PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS, JNK LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HCC WHICH HAD A HIGHER METHYLATION FREQUENCY THAN IN NCS, CHB AND LC (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE, THE COMBINATION OF THE METHYLATED CDH13 LEVEL AND AFP LEVEL SHOWED A BETTER SCORE: AUC = 0.796 (SE = 0.031, 95 %CI 0.735-0.857; P < 0.001) IN MALE AND AUC = 0.832 (SE = 0.057, 95 %CI 0.721-0.944; P < 0.001) IN FEMALE COMPARED TO AFP ALONE FOR DIAGNOSING HCC FROM NCS, CHB AND LC. THE METHYLATION OF CDH13 PROMOTER WAS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR FOR ASSESSING THE PROGNOSIS OF HCC PATIENTS (R=-1.378 P < 0.05). IN CONCLUSION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF CDH13 IN PBMCS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE UNDEREXPRESSION OF MRNA AND THE HIGH RISK OF HCC. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE CDH13 PROMOTER IN PBMCS WAS A POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER TO PREDICT THE PROGNOSIS OF HCC PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                             
2  2071  41 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE (CDH1) BY CPG METHYLATION IN COLECTOMY SAMPLES OF PATIENTS WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS. E-CADHERIN BELONGS TO THE CADHERIN FAMILY OF CALCIUM-DEPENDENT CELL-ADHESION MOLECULES. THE CADHERINS PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES SUCH AS ORDERING OF CELL SORTING, MIGRATION, AND DIFFERENTIATION, AND THEIR MALFUNCTIONING IS CONNECTED WITH NEOPLASIA. NEOPLASTIC PROGRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPITHELIAL DYSPLASIA. TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES BY PROMOTER METHYLATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF HUMAN CANCERS AND DYSPLASIA. TO EXPLORE THE MODE OF E-CADHERIN REGULATION, 156 BIOPSY SAMPLES FROM 26 PATIENTS WITH LONG-STANDING ULCERATIVE COLITIS WERE SCREENED. TO DETECT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF OUR SAMPLES, A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR WAS APPLIED. METHYLATION OF THE E-CADHERIN (CDH1) PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 93% OF THE PATIENTS WITH DYSPLASTIC BIOPSY SAMPLES, IN CONTRAST TO ONLY 6% OF THE PATIENTS WITHOUT DYSPLASIA (P < 0.001). WE ALSO EXAMINED THE LEVEL OF SYNTHESIS OF E-CADHERIN PROTEIN BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING IN DIFFERENT PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED SAMPLES OF DYSPLASTIC AND NON-DYSPLASTIC ORIGIN IN A SUBSET OF OUR PATIENTS. SAMPLES WITH DYSPLASIA DISPLAYED REDUCED LEVELS, WHEREAS SAMPLES WITHOUT DYSPLASIA REVEALED NORMAL E-CADHERIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. THESE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE E-CADHERIN PROMOTER IS SUBJECTED TO EPIGENETIC CONTROL IN COLORECTAL ULCERATION. OBVIOUSLY, THIS EVENT MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION FROM CHRONIC INFLAMMATION TO COLORECTAL CANCER. FOR THIS REASON, METHYLATION OF THE CDH1 PROMOTER IS AN ATTRACTIVE NEW BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING ULCERATIVE COLITIS PATIENTS WITH A HIGH RISK FOR DEVELOPING COLORECTAL CANCERS.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  1733  32 E-CADHERIN GENE RE-EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELLS BY HDAC INHIBITORS. BACKGROUND: THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE E-CADHERIN GENE IS FREQUENTLY SILENCED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS AND RESULTS IN WNT-PATHWAY ACTIVATION. WE ANALYZED THE ROLE OF HISTONE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN E-CADHERIN GENE SILENCING. METHODS: CLL SPECIMENS WERE TREATED WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDACI) MS-275 AND ANALYZED FOR E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION WITH WESTERN BLOT AND RT-PCR ANALYSIS. THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF HDACI TREATED LEUKEMIC CELLS WERE STUDIED BY ANALYZING THE EFFECT ON WNT-PATHWAY SIGNALING. HDACI INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN E-CADHERIN SPLICING WERE INVESTIGATED BY TRANSCRIPT SPECIFIC REAL TIME PCR ANALYSIS. RESULTS: TREATMENT OF CLL SPECIMENS WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) TREATMENT RESULTED IN AN INCREASE OF THE E-CADHERIN RNA TRANSCRIPT (5 TO 119 FOLD INCREASE, N=10) IN EIGHT OUT OF TEN CLL SPECIMENS INDICATING THAT THIS GENE IS DOWN REGULATED BY HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION IN A MAJORITY OF CLL SPECIMENS. THE E-CADHERIN RE-EXPRESSION IN CLL SPECIMENS WAS NOTED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AS WELL. BESIDES EPIGENETIC SILENCING ANOTHER MECHANISM OF E-CADHERIN INACTIVATION IS ABERRANT EXON 11 SPLICING RESULTING IN AN ALTERNATIVELY SPLICED TRANSCRIPT THAT LACKS EXON 11 AND IS DEGRADED BY THE NON-SENSE MEDIATED DECAY (NMD) PATHWAY. OUR CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION EXPERIMENTS SHOW THAT HDACI INCREASED THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 IN THE E-CADHERIN PROMOTER REGION. THIS ALSO AFFECTED THE E-CADHERIN EXON 11 SPLICING PATTERN AS HDACI TREATED CLL SPECIMENS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED THE CORRECTLY SPLICED TRANSCRIPT AND NOT THE EXON 11 SKIPPED ABERRANT TRANSCRIPT. THE RE-EXPRESSED E- CADHERIN BINDS TO BETA-CATENIN WITH INHIBITION OF THE ACTIVE WNT-BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY IN THESE CELLS. THIS RESULTED IN A DOWN REGULATION OF TWO WNT TARGET GENES, LEF AND CYCLIND1 AND THE WNT PATHWAY REPORTER. CONCLUSION: THE E-CADHERIN GENE IS EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED AND HYPOACETYLATED IN CLL LEUKEMIC CELLS. TREATMENT OF CLL SPECIMENS WITH HDACI MS-275 ACTIVATES TRANSCRIPTION FROM THIS SILENT GENE WITH EXPRESSION OF MORE CORRECTLY SPLICED E-CADHERIN TRANSCRIPTS AS COMPARED TO THE ABERRANT EXON11 SKIPPED TRANSCRIPTS THAT IN TURN INHIBITS THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY. THE DATA HIGHLIGHTS THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN ALTERING GENE SPLICING PATTERNS.	2013	

4  3448  67 HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE N-MYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE 2 PROMOTER IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. DNA METHYLATION IS A FUNDAMENTAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. N-MYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE (NDRG) 2 IS A CYTOPLASMIC PROTEIN AND PARTICIPATES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS. IN THIS STUDY, THE MRNA EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF NDRG2 WAS EVALUATED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB). THE STUDY INCLUDED 143 CHB PATIENTS AND 65 NORMAL CONTROLS (NC). THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WAS DETECTED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER IN PBMCS WAS DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE NDRG2 MRNA LEVEL WAS LOWER IN THE CHB GROUP THAN IN THE NC GROUP (P < 0.001). METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN CHB PATIENTS THAN IN THE NC GROUP (52.44% VS. 26.15%, P < 0.001). IMPORTANTLY, THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF NDRG2 MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER IN THE METHYLATED GROUP THAN IN THE UNMETHYLATED GROUP IN BOTH CHB PATIENTS AND NC (P < 0.001). FURTHERMORE, A LOWER MRNA LEVEL AND HYPERMETHYLATION OF NDRG2 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS AND INFLAMMATION GRADE IN CHB. THE ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE-TO-PLATELET RATIO INDEX (APRI) SCORE IS WIDELY USED TO PREDICT LIVER FIBROSIS. THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS AND METHYLATION STATUS OF NDRG2 SHOWED A BETTER SCORE COMPARED TO APRI FOR DISCRIMINATING THE SEVERITY OF LIVER FIBROSIS. IN CONCLUSION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF NDRG2 IN PBMCS WAS CORRELATED WITH DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION AND WITH LIVER FIBROSIS. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER IN PBMCS IS A POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER TO PREDICT THE SEVERITY OF LIVER FIBROSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5  4601  45 NDRG2 MRNA LEVELS AND MIR-28-5P AND MIR-650 ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: NDRG2 IS IDENTIFIED AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE IN MANY TUMORS, AND FUNCTIONS IN CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION AND APOPTOSIS. RECENT DATA INDICATE THAT NDRG2 EXPRESSION IS UP-REGULATED BY TP53. MOREOVER, PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF NDRG2 INACTIVATION INCLUDE EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER AND DOWN-REGULATION BY MICRORNAS (MIRNAS). HOWEVER, FEW STUDIES HAVE EVER BEEN DONE ON THE ROLE OF NDRG2 AND THE NDRG2-REGULATING MIRNAS INTERFERENCE IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). METHODS: NDRG2 AND MICRORNAS MRNA LEVELS IN CLL SUBJECTS WERE ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QRT-PCR). THE DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE NDRG2-RELATED MIRNAS. LOW EXPRESSION OF MATURE EXOGENOUS MIRNAS IN CLL CELLS WAS ESTABLISHED BY TRANSIENT TRANSFECTION. NDRG2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN CLL CELLS WERE DETECTED BY WESTERN BLOT. IN ADDITION, FLOW CYTOMETRY WAS CONDUCTED TO EXAMINE THE APOPTOSIS OF CLL CELLS. RESULTS: LOWER EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 WAS FOUND IN THE B-CELLS FROM 102 CLL PATIENTS COMPARED THE 40 NORMAL SUBJECTS (P < 0.001). PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED BINET STAGE (P = 0.001), HIGH LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) LEVEL (P = 0.036), UN-MUTATED IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN VARIABLE REGION GENE (IGHV) (P = 0.004) AND THOSE WITH P53 ABERRATIONS (P < 0.001) HAD A MARKEDLY LOWER LEVELS OF NDRG2 MRNA. THIS DECREASE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH BRIEFER TIME-TO-TREATMENT (P = 0.001) AND POORER SURVIVAL (P < 0.001). HIGH EXPRESSION OF MIR-28-5P AND MIR-650 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH BINET B/C STAGE (P = 0.044) AND IGHV UN-MUTATED (P = 0.011), AS WELL AS BINET B/C STAGE (P = 0.013) AND P53 ABERRATIONS (P = 0.037), RESPECTIVELY. INHIBITION OF MIR-28-5P OR MIR-650 COULD INDUCE MORE APOPTOSIS IN CLL CELLS WITH GERMLINE TP53. CONCLUSIONS: NDRG2 MRNA LEVELS MIGHT BE A USEFUL PROGNOSTIC VARIABLE FOR PATIENTS OF CLL AND UP-REGULATING NDRG2 TRANSCRIPTION MAY BE A THERAPY APPROACH IN CLL WITHOUT P53 ABERRATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  2133  34 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR-34A IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-34A IS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL TARGET OF P53 AND IMPLICATED IN CARCINOGENESIS. WE STUDIED THE ROLE OF MIR-34A METHYLATION IN A PANEL OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING ACUTE LEUKEMIA [ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)], CHRONIC LEUKEMIA [CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML)], MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF MIR-34A PROMOTER WAS STUDIED IN 12 CELL LINES AND 188 DIAGNOSTIC SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. MIR-34A PROMOTER WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT METHYLATED IN 75% LYMPHOMA AND 37% MYELOMA CELL LINES. HYPOMETHYLATING TREATMENT LED TO RE-EXPRESSION OF PRI-MIR-34A TRANSCRIPT IN LYMPHOMA CELLS WITH HOMOZYGOUS MIR-34A METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES AT DIAGNOSIS, MIR-34A METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 4% CLL, 5.5% MM SAMPLES AND 18.8% OF NHL AT DIAGNOSIS BUT NONE OF ALL, AML AND CML (P = 0.011). IN MM PATIENTS WITH PAIRED SAMPLES, MIR-34A METHYLATION STATUS REMAINED UNCHANGED AT PROGRESSION. AMONGST LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, MIR-34A WAS PREFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN NHL (P = 0.018), IN PARTICULAR NATURAL KILLER (NK)/T-CELL LYMPHOMA. IN CONCLUSION, AMONGST HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, MIR-34A METHYLATION IS PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NHL, IN PARTICULAR NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMA, IN A TUMOR-SPECIFIC MANNER, THEREFORE THE ROLE OF MIR-34A IN LYMPHOMAGENESIS WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  2131  34 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE HSA-MIR-203 IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-203 IS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA (MIRNA). WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION OF HSA-MIR-203 IN 150 SAMPLES INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML), CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL) BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, AND MIRNA EXPRESSION BY STEM-LOOP RT-QPCR. HSA-MIR-203 PROMOTER WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED IN TWO AML AND FOUR LYMPHOMA CELL LINES, IN WHICH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE TREATMENT LED TO PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION AND MIR-203 RE-EXPRESSION. RESTORATION OF MIR-203 EXPRESSION IN LYMPHOMA CELLS INHIBITED CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND INCREASED CELL DEATH, SUGGESTING AN INHERENT TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITY. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN CML BUT DETECTED IN 5.0% ALL, 10.0% AML, 42.0% CLL AND 38.8% OF NHL (INCLUDING SIX [60.0%] NATURAL KILLER-CELL, NINE [40.9%] B-CELL AND FOUR [23.5%] T CELL NHL). MOREOVER, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERMETHYLATION OF HSA-MIR-34A, -124A AND -196B IN NHL BUT NOT CLL. IN CLL, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER PRESENTING HB LEVEL (P = 0.033). THE PROJECTED 10 YEAR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF THE CLL PATIENTS WAS 58.2%, WHICH WAS IMPACTED BY RAI STAGE AND HIGH-RISK KARYOTYPES BUT NOT HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION. HSA-MIR-203 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN LYMPHOID THAN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES (P = 0.002). IN CONCLUSION, MIR-203, A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE, WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN A TUMOUR-SPECIFIC MANNER WITH GENE SILENCING. HSA-MIR-203 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN LYMPHOID THAN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. IN NHL, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CONCOMITANT METHYLATION OF OTHER TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MIRNAS. THE FREQUENT HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION IN LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES SUGGESTED A PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  1495  30 DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF CELL CYCLE (P15 AND P16) AND APOPTOTIC (P14, P53, DAPK AND TMS1) GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF LEUKEMIA PATIENTS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES HAS BEEN REPORTED IN ALL MAJOR TYPES OF LEUKEMIA WITH POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE INACTIVATION OF REGULATORY CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS GENES. HOWEVER, MOST OF THE PREVIOUS REPORTS DID NOT SHOW THE EXTENT OF CONCURRENT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES IN THE FOUR LEUKEMIA TYPES. HERE, WE ANALYZED SIX KEY GENES (P14, P15, P16, P53, DAPK AND TMS1) FOR DNA METHYLATION USING METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR TO ANALYZE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF 78 LEUKEMIA PATIENTS (24 CML, 25 CLL, 12 AML, AND 17 ALL) AND 24 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. IN CML, METHYLATION WAS DETECTED FOR P15 (11%), P16 (9%), P53 (23%) AND DAPK (23%), IN CLL, P14 (25%), P15 (19%), P16 (12%), P53 (17%) AND DAPK (36%), IN AML, P14 (8%), P15 (45%), P53 (9%) AND DAPK (17%) AND IN ALL, P15 (14%), P16 (8%), AND P53 (8%). THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTED AN ESSENTIAL ROLE OF DAPK METHYLATION IN CHRONIC LEUKEMIA IN CONTRAST TO P15 METHYLATION IN THE ACUTE CASES, WHEREAS TMS1 HYPERMETHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN ALL CASES. FURTHERMORE, HYPERMETHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES PER PATIENT WAS OBSERVED, WITH OBVIOUS SELECTIVENESS IN THE 9P21 CHROMOSOMAL REGION GENES (P14, P15 AND P16). INTERESTINGLY, METHYLATION OF P15 INCREASED THE RISK OF METHYLATION IN P53, AND VICE VERSA, BY FIVE FOLDS (P=0.03) INDICATING POSSIBLE SYNERGISTIC EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION OF DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE OR BETWEEN THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS. THE INVESTIGATION OF MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN METHYLATED GENES MIGHT SHED LIGHT ON TUMOR SPECIFIC INACTIVATION OF THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOTIC PATHWAYS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  6831  39 [HYPERMETHYLATION OF DAP-KINASE GENE CPG ISLAND IN MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA WITH B-CELL PHENOTYPE]. DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-KINASE(DAP-KINASE) IS A PRO-APOPTOTIC SERINE/THREONINE KINASE WITH A DEATH DOMAIN, WHICH IS INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY INTERFERON-GAMMA, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, AND FAS LIGAND. EPIGENETIC DOWN-REGULATION OF DAP-KINASE GENE EXPRESSION BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER REGION WAS REPORTED IN CERTAIN KINDS OF MALIGNANCIES. PREVIOUS PATHO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INDICATED THAT THYROID LYMPHOMA(TL) EVOLVES AMONG ACTIVE LYMPHOID CELLS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS(CLTH). WITH THE USE OF METHYLATION SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, METHYLATION STATUS OF DAP-KINASE CPG ISLAND WAS EXAMINED IN THYROID LESIONS OF 19 CASES WITH TL AND 9 WITH CLTH. FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN TL CASES(16 OF 19, 84.2%) THAN IN CLTH CASES(2 OF 9, 22.2%) (P < 0.01). DNA EXTRACTED FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES FROM TL AND CLTH CASES NEVER SHOWED METHYLATION, INDICATING THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURRED SOMATICALLY IN LESIONAL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE THYROID. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF DAP-KINASE GENE IN 16 CASES OF T-CELL MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING EIGHT ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA AND 24 NK/T-CELL, 34 B-CELL, AND TWO IMMUNOPHENOTYPICALLY UNDETERMINED LYMPHOMAS. FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN B-CELL(27 OF 34, 79.4%) THAN IN T-CELL MALIGNANCIES(EIGHT OF 16, 50%) (P < 0.05). FIFTEEN OF 24(62.5%) NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMAS SHOWED DNA METHYLATION. HEMATOPOIETIC CELL LINES WITH A METHYLATED GENE WERE RESISTANT TO APOPTOSIS. TREATMENT OF THE CELLS WITH A DEMETHYLATING AGENT RESTORED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH IN ONE B-CELL LYMPHOMA CELL LINE WITH DNA METHYLATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT SUPPRESSION OF DAP-KINASE EXPRESSION BY DNA METHYLATION MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF B-CELL MALIGNANCIES.	2001	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10  2440  36 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LONG NON-CODING RNA BM742401 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BM742401 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LNCRNA DOWNREGULATED IN GASTRIC CANCER. AS THE PROMOTER REGION AND THE ENTIRE TRANSCRIPT ARE EMBEDDED IN A CPG ISLAND, WE POSTULATED THAT BM742401 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LNCRNA INACTIVATED BY DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). THE PROMOTER OF BM742401 WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS INCLUDING THREE EACH OF NORMAL BONE MARROW, PERIPHERAL BLOOD BUFFY COATS, AND CD19-SORTED PERIPHERAL B-CELLS, BUT METHYLATED IN FOUR (57.1%) CLL CELL LINES. METHYLATION OF BM742401 CORRELATED INVERSELY WITH EXPRESSION. IN THE COMPLETELY METHYLATED WAC3CD5+ CLL CELLS, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE TREATMENT LED TO PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION AND RE-EXPRESSION OF BM742401 TRANSCRIPT. FUNCTIONALLY, STABLE OVEREXPRESSION OF BM742401 RESULTED IN INHIBITION OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND ENHANCED APOPTOSIS THROUGH CASPASE-9-DEPENDENT INTRINSIC BUT NOT CASPASE-8-DEPENDENT EXTRINSIC APOPTOSIS PATHWAY, SUGGESTING A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ROLE OF BM742401 IN CLL. IN PRIMARY CLL SAMPLES, METHYLATION OF BM742401 WAS DETECTED IN 43/98 (43.9%) OF PATIENTS. MOREOVER, AMONG CLL PATIENTS WITH STANDARD-RISK CYTOGENETIC ABERRATIONS, METHYLATION OF BM742401 CORRELATED WITH ADVANCED RAI STAGE (>/= STAGE 2)(P = 0.002). FURTHERMORE, BM742401 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH MIR-129-2 METHYLATION (P = 0.05). BM742401 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LNCRNA FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN CLL. THE MECHANISM OF BM742401 AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR WARRANTS FURTHER STUDIES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11  1393  63 DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS. WNT1-INDUCIBLE SIGNALING PATHWAY PROTEIN 1 (WISP1) REGULATES CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, ADHESION, MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL. ABNORMAL WISP1 EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARCINOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HCC. HOWEVER, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IS STILL UNCLEAR. WE THEREFORE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER AND EVALUATE ITS CLINICAL VALUE IN HCC. THE STUDY ENROLLED 251 PARTICIPANTS, INCLUDING 123 PARTICIPANTS WITH HCC, 90 PARTICIPANTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) AND 38 HEALTHY CONTROLS (HCS). WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS, MRNA LEVELS AND PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 WERE DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (RT-QPCR) AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. WE FOUND THAT THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS, WHILE THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF WISP1 MRNA WERE MARKEDLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH HCC THAN IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. FURTHERMORE, THE PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS OBVIOUSLY LOWER THAN IN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) IS A WIDELY RECOGNIZED BIOMARKER TO DIAGNOSE HCC WHICH LACKS ENOUGH SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY. WISP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS COMBINED WITH AFP SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE DIAGNOSTIC ABILITY IN DISCRIMINATING HCC FROM CHB COMPARED WITH AFP OR WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS ALONE. IN CONCLUSION, HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY SERVE AS A NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  6770  48 [ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS OF HCC. METHODS: SIXTY SAMPLES OF HCC AND THE PAIRED ADJACENT LIVER TISSUE, 16 SAMPLES FROM POST-HEPATITIS CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 5 FROM LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND 5 FROM NORMAL LIVERS WERE COLLECTED. EIGHT TSGS FREQUENTLY SILENCED BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTERS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF DIGESTIVE TUMORS WERE SELECTED, INCLUDING APC, RASSF1A, P16, GSTP1, MGMT, DAPK, SOCS-1 AND RIZ1. THE STATUS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THESE 8 GENES WAS INVESTIGATED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA OF HCC WERE ALSO ANALYZED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT METHYLATION IN HCC. RESULTS: METHYLATION OF THE 8 TSGS WAS QUITE FREQUENT IN HCC, WITH A METHYLATION RATE OF 95.0% IN RASSF1A, 90.0% IN APC, 73.3% IN GSTP1, 65.0% IN P16, 61.6% IN RIZ1 AND 60.0% IN MGMT. METHYLATION OF THE 6 GENES WAS MORE FREQUENT IN HCC THAN THAT IN ADJACENT TISSUES (P < 0.05). THE METHYLATION RATE OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES WAS 41.6%, 40.0% AND 25.0%, RESPECTIVELY, SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN CIRRHOTIC LIVER (P < 0.05). P16 METHYLATION WAS MORE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN HCC IN ELDERLY PATIENTS. THE FREQUENCY OF MGMT METHYLATION WAS TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN GIANT HCC THAN THAT IN THE OTHER TYPES OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH MGMT METHYLATION IN THE TUMOR WERE FOUND TO HAVE A SHORTER DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL. CONCLUSION: DIFFERENT FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS, ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES AND CIRRHOTIC LIVERS IMPLIES THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS MAY BE A GRADUALLY PROGRESSIVE PROCESS. METHYLATION STATUS OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 MAY BE PROMISING IN RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS. FURTHERMORE, MGMT METHYLATION MIGHT BE ALSO USED AS A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13  6415  40 THE STUDY OF P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND THEIR QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION IN PLASMA BY REAL-TIME PCR. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES BY PROMOTER METHYLATION ARE COMMONLY OBSERVED IN HUMAN EPITHELIAL MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS (HNSCC). IN THIS STUDY, A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IN 73 HNSCC SURGICAL SPECIMENS. P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION WAS ALSO EXAMINED IN 29 PAIRED METASTATIC LYMPH NODES AND 29 PAIRED HISTOLOGICALLY, NORMAL RESECTION MARGIN MUCOSAE. THE QUANTITY OF CELL-FREE METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN THE PLASMA SAMPLES OF 20 HNSCC PATIENTS AND 24 HEALTHY CONTROLS WAS ALSO EXAMINED USING A FLUORESCENCE-BASED REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY. THE FREQUENCIES OF P16 AND P15 METHYLATION IN THE PRIMARY TUMOUR WERE 49% AND 60%, RESPECTIVELY. CONCORDANT METHYLATION OF P16 AND P15 IN TUMOUR SAMPLES AND METASTATIC LYMPH NODES WAS FOUND IN 59 AND 38% OF CASES, RESPECTIVELY. A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER PREVALENCE OF P15 METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN HISTOLOGICALLY-NORMAL SURGICAL MARGIN EPITHELIA OF HNSCC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING HABITS COMPARED WITH NON-SMOKERS AND NON-DRINKERS. IN ADDITION, METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE PLASMA OF HNSCC PATIENTS (MEAN 56 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 65 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY) COMPARED WITH NORMAL CONTROLS (MEAN 6 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 16 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY). IN CONCLUSION, PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HNSCC AND MAY BE RELATED TO CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING. THE DIFFERENTIAL LEVELS OF METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN PLASMA MIGHT BE POTENTIAL USEFUL MARKERS IN SCREENING HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS FOR EARLY HNSCC AND MONITORING THEIR TREATMENT RESPONSE.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14  2842  39 FREQUENT CONCOMITANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOX1 AND SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND AND AIM: EXCEPT FOR GENETIC MUTATIONS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS. RECENTLY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED SOX1, SRY (SEX DETERMINING REGION Y)-BOX 1, IS HYPERMETHYLATED IN CERVICAL CANCER AND OVARIAN CANCER. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF SOX1 IS COMMON IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). METHODS: WE USED METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MS-PCR) AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO ANALYZE THE METHYALTION LEVEL OF THE SOX1 PROMOTER IN SEVEN HCC CELL LINES, 54 CLINICAL HCCS, 42 CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 21 LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS, AND 15 CONTROL LIVERS. THEN, WE EMPLOYED QUANTITATIVE MS-PCR (QMSP) TO VALIDATE IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF SAMPLES (60 PAIRED HCCS AND 30 CONTROL LIVERS). FINALLY, WE USED LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND COLONY FORMATION ASSAY TO CHECK THE EFFECT OF SOX1 IN HCC. RESULTS: PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SOX1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY FREQUENT IN HCC CELL LINES AND CLINICAL HCCS, CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, BUT NOT IN CONTROL LIVERS (P < 0.0001). THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN DOWNREGULATION OF SOX1 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION. QMSP RESULTS CONFIRMED THAT PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF SOX1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN HCCS THAN CONTROL LIVERS (P < 0.0001). THE FREQUENCY OF SOX1 METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) METHYLATION IS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN IN PATIENTS WITHOUT SFRPS METHYLATION (P < 0.0001). FURTHERMORE, ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF SOX1 COULD SUPPRESS T-CELL FACTOR-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY AND COLONY FORMATION NUMBER IN HCCS. CONCLUSIONS: CONCOMITANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOX1 AND SFRPS THROUGH PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IS FREQUENT IN HCCS, AND THIS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO ABNORMAL ACTIVATION OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNAL PATHWAY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  4231  38 METHYLATION OF PROTOCADHERIN 10, A NOVEL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, IS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER. BACKGROUND & AIMS: BY USING METHYLATION-SENSITIVE REPRESENTATIONAL DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS, WE IDENTIFIED PROTOCADHERIN 10 (PCDH10), A GENE THAT ENCODES A PROTOCADHERIN AND IS SILENCED IN A TUMOR-SPECIFIC MANNER. WE ANALYZED ITS EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE IN GASTRIC CANCER. METHODS: METHYLATION STATUS WAS EVALUATED BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING. THE EFFECTS OF PCDH10 RE-EXPRESSION WERE DETERMINED IN GROWTH, APOPTOSIS, PROLIFERATION, AND INVASION ASSAYS. PCDH10 TARGET GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY COMPLEMENTARY DNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS. RESULTS: PCDH10 WAS SILENCED OR DOWN-REGULATED IN 94% (16 OF 17) OF GASTRIC CANCER CELL LINES; EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE RESTORED BY EXPOSURE TO DEMETHYLATING AGENTS. RE-EXPRESSION OF PCDH10 IN MKN45 GASTRIC CANCER CELLS REDUCED COLONY FORMATION IN VITRO AND TUMOR GROWTH IN MICE; IT ALSO INHIBITED CELL PROLIFERATION (P < .01), INDUCED CELL APOPTOSIS (P < .001), AND REPRESSED CELL INVASION (P < .05), UP-REGULATING THE PRO-APOPTOSIS GENES FAS, CASPASE 8, JUN, AND CDKN1A; THE ANTIPROLIFERATION GENE FGFR; AND THE ANTI-INVASION GENE HTATIP2. PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 82% (85 OF 104) OF GASTRIC TUMORS COMPARED WITH 37% (38 OF 104) OF PAIRED NONTUMOR TISSUES (P < .0001). IN THE LATTER, PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN PRECANCEROUS LESIONS (27 OF 45; 60%) THAN IN CHRONIC GASTRITIS SAMPLES (11 OF 59; 19%) (P < .0001). AFTER A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP PERIOD OF 16.8 MONTHS, MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT PATIENTS WITH PCDH10 METHYLATION IN ADJACENT NONTUMOR AREAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN OVERALL SURVIVAL. KAPLAN-MEIER SURVIVAL CURVES SHOWED THAT PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN STAGE I-III GASTRIC CANCER PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: PCDH10 IS A GASTRIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; ITS METHYLATION AT EARLY STAGES OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS IS AN INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTOR.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  5564  33 ROLE OF HYPERMETHYLATION OF DAP-KINASE CPG ISLAND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID LYMPHOMA. DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-KINASE (DAP-KINASE) IS A SERINE/THREONINE KINASE WITH A DEATH DOMAIN THAT IS INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY INTERFERON-GAMMA, TNF-ALPHA, AND FAS LIGAND. EPIGENETIC DOWN-REGULATION OF DAP-KINASE GENE EXPRESSION BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER REGION WAS REPORTED IN B-CELL MALIGNANCIES. PREVIOUS PATHOEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES INDICATED THAT THYROID LYMPHOMA (TL) EVOLVES AMONG ACTIVE LYMPHOID CELLS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS (CLTH). WITH USE OF METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF DAP-KINASE CPG ISLAND WAS EXAMINED IN THYROID LESIONS OF 19 CASES WITH TL AND 9 WITH CLTH. THE FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN TL CASES (16 OF 19, 84.2%) THAN IN CLTH CASES (2 OF 9, 22.2%) (P < 0.01). DNA EXTRACTED FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES FROM TL AND CLTH CASES NEVER SHOWED METHYLATION, INDICATING THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURRED SOMATICALLY IN THE LESIONAL LYMPHOCYTES IN THYROID. THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT METHYLATION OF THE DAP-KINASE PROMOTER REGION MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TL FROM CLTH.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17  4245  43 METHYLATION STATUS OF DDIT3 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: DNA-DAMAGE-INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT 3 (DDIT3), A CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE (TSG), HAS BEEN FOUND INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF CELLULAR GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF TSGS ARE RECENTLY RECOGNIZED AS AN ABNORMAL MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF DDIT3 GENE IN CML PATIENTS. METHODS: THE METHYLATION STATUS OF DDIT3 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN THE BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 53 PATIENTS WITH CML USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR (MSP). THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DDIT3 AND BCR/ABL TRANSCRIPT WERE DETERMINED BY REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RQ-PCR). CLINICAL DATA OF THESE PATIENTS WERE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED. RESULTS: THE ABERRANT METHYLATION OF DDIT3 GENE PROMOTER WAS FOUND IN 35 OF 53 (66%) CML CASES. CORRELATION WAS NOT FOUND BETWEEN DDIT3 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND THE AGE, SEX, HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION, PLATELET COUNTS, CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES, BCR/ABL TRANSCRIPT, AND STAGING OF CML PATIENTS (P > 0.05), BUT FOUND BETWEEN DDIT3 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND WBC COUNTS OF CML CASES (R = 0.781, P < 0.001). THE LEVEL OF DDIT3 TRANSCRIPT IN CML PATIENTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT IN CONTROLS (MEDIAN 3.28 VS 19.69, P < 0.001), HOWEVER, THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE LEVEL OF DDIT3 TRANSCRIPT BETWEEN METHYLATION-POSITIVE CML CASES (0.05-65.32, MEDIAN 2.13) AND METHYLATION- NEGATIVE CML CASES (0.12-126.04, MEDIAN 3.92) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF DDIT3 OCCURS IN CML FREQUENTLY.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  2132  35 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR-124-1 IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-124-1 IS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA (MIR). EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF MIRS IS IMPLICATED IN CARCINOGENESIS. PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION OF MIR-124-1 WAS STUDIED IN 5 NORMAL MARROW CONTROLS, 4 LYMPHOMA, 8 MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) CELL LINES, 230 DIAGNOSTIC PRIMARY SAMPLES OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML), CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL), MM, AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL), AND 53 MM SAMPLES AT STABLE DISEASE OR RELAPSE. PROMOTER OF MIR-124-1 WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED IN 4 OF 4 LYMPHOMA AND 4 OF 8 MYELOMA CELL LINES. TREATMENT OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE LED TO MIR-124-1 DEMETHYLATION AND RE-EXPRESSION OF MATURE MIR-124, WHICH ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH EMERGENCE OF EUCHROMATIC TRIMETHYL H3K4 AND CONSEQUENT DOWNREGULATION OF CDK6 IN MYELOMA CELLS HARBORING HOMOZYGOUS MIR-124-1 METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES AT DIAGNOSIS, MIR-124-1 METHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN CML BUT DETECTED IN 2% EACH OF MM AT DIAGNOSIS AND RELAPSE/PROGRESSION, 5% ALL, 15% AML, 14% CLL AND 58.1% OF NHL (P<0.001). AMONGST LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, MIR-124-1 WAS PREFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN NHL THAN MM, CLL OR ALL. IN PRIMARY LYMPHOMA SAMPLES, MIR-124-1 WAS PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN B- OR NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMAS AND ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED MIR-124 EXPRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, MIR-124-1 WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN A TUMOUR-SPECIFIC MANNER, WITH A HETEROCHROMATIC HISTONE CONFIGURATION. HYPOMETHYLATION LED TO PARTIAL RESTORATION OF EUCHROMATIC HISTONE CODE AND MIR RE-EXPRESSION. INFREQUENT MIR-124-1 METHYLATION DETECTED IN DIAGNOSTIC AND RELAPSE MM SAMPLES SHOWED AN UNIMPORTANT ROLE IN MM PATHOGENESIS, DESPITE FREQUENT METHYLATION FOUND IN CELL LINES. AMONGST HAEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS, MIR-124-1 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NHL, AND HENCE WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19  5274  21 PROMOTER METHYLATION OF P16 AND EDNRB GENE IN LEUKEMIA PATIENTS IN TAIWAN. BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERNATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN CANCER FORMATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 AND ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR TYPE B (EDNRB) OF 26 LEUKEMIA PATIENTS AND 8 RANDOMLY SELECTED NORMAL BLOOD DONORS IN TAIWAN. PROMOTER METHYLATION OF P16 WAS DETECTED IN 85% OF ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL), 83% IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) WHEREAS NO METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IN BLAST CRISIS. HYPERMETHYLATION OF EDNRB WAS OBSERVED IN 92% OF ALL, 75% AML AND 100% IN CML IN BLAST CRISIS. NO ABERRANT METHYLATION OF P16 AND EDNRB WAS FOUND IN 8 NORMAL BLOOD DONORS. TAKEN TOGETHER, ABERRANT METHYLATION OF P16 AND EDNRB WAS HIGHLY PREVALENT IN LEUKEMIA PATIENTS IN TAIWAN.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  3444  37 HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN IN LEUKEMIA. E-CADHERIN GENE IS OFTEN TERMED A "METASTASIS SUPPRESSOR" GENE BECAUSE THE E-CADHERIN PROTEIN CAN SUPPRESS TUMOR CELL INVASION AND METASTASIS. INACTIVATION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE OCCURS IN UNDIFFERENTIATED SOLID TUMORS BY BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS; HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF E-CADHERIN IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES IS ONLY NOW BEING RECOGNIZED. E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION IS ESSENTIAL FOR ERYTHROBLAST AND NORMOBLAST MATURATION, YET EXPRESSION IS REDUCED OR ABSENT IN LEUKEMIC BLAST CELLS. THIS STUDY EXAMINED THE MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE IN BONE MARROW AND BLOOD SAMPLES FROM NORMAL DONORS AND PATIENTS WITH LEUKEMIA. WE FOUND THAT ALL NORMAL DONOR SAMPLES EXPRESSED E-CADHERIN MRNA, WHEREAS BOTH SAMPLES OF ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA HAD A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OR ABSENCE OF EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, NORMAL BLAST COUNTERPARTS EXPRESSED ONLY A LOW LEVEL OF E-CADHERIN SURFACE PROTEIN. SODIUM BISULPHITE GENOMIC SEQUENCING WAS USED TO FULLY CHARACTERIZE THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE CPG ISLAND ASSOCIATED WITH THE E-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTER IN THOSE SAMPLES WITH MATCHED DNA. ALL OF THE NORMAL CONTROL SAMPLES WERE ESSENTIALLY UNMETHYLATED; HOWEVER, 14 OF 18 (78%) OF THE LEUKEMIA SAMPLES HAD ABNORMAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE E-CADHERIN CPG ISLAND. IN FACT BOTH ALLELES OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE WERE OFTEN HYPERMETHYLATED. WE CONCLUDE THE E-CADHERIN GENE IS A COMMON TARGET FOR HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES.	2000