1   805 170 CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE DOUBLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN LATIN AMERICA. NUTRITION IS A KEY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES (NCCDS), ESPECIALLY CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) AND THEIR RISK FACTORS. THE "DOUBLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION" (DBM) IS THE COEXISTENCE OF UNDERNUTRITION AND OVERNUTRITION IN THE SAME POPULATION ACROSS THE LIFE-COURSE. IN LATIN AMERICA, THE TRANSITION FROM A PREDOMINANTLY UNDERWEIGHT TO AN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE POPULATION HAS INCREASED MORE RAPIDLY THAN IN OTHER REGIONS IN THE WORLD. UNDERNUTRITION AND THE MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES PARTICULARLY IRON, ZINC, AND VITAMINS A AND D, PRESENT HIGH HETEROGENEITY IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES, AND ARE CURRENTLY CONSIDERED IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS. IN THIS REGION, NCCDS ACCOUNT FOR 50% OF THE DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE-YEARS, LED BY CVD. THE MOST PREVALENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS ARE OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, HYPERTENSION, DYSLIPIDEMIA AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. BECAUSE OF THE COST OF TREATMENT AND THE POTENTIAL YEARS OF LIFE LOST DUE TO PREMATURE DEATH, CVD IS KNOWN TO AFFECT THE POOREST SEGMENTS OF THE POPULATION, AFFECTING COMMUNITIES, AND GOVERNMENTS. MORE THAN 80% OF CVD DEATHS OCCUR IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES. THE PERSISTENCE OF DAMAGE IN SOME CELLS DUE TO UNDERNUTRITION MAY EXPLAIN CERTAIN FINDINGS REGARDING THE INCREASE IN NCCD. THESE ASPECTS TOGETHER WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE IMPORTANCE OF A LIFELONG APPROACH TO NUTRITIONAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT. REDUCING DBM REQUIRES MAJOR SOCIETAL INTERVENTIONS IN PUBLIC HEALTH AND NUTRITION TO ACHIEVE HOLISTIC CHANGE THAT CAN BE SUSTAINED OVER THE LONG TERM AND SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EFFECTIVE STATE POLICIES OF DOUBLE IMPACT ACTIONS SHOULD INFLUENCE BOTH SIDES OF THE BURDEN AND BE CONSIDERED AN URGENT PRIORITY, CONSIDERING COUNTRY-SPECIFIC INEQUALITIES AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN THE LATIN AMERICAN REGION, USING DIVERSE AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY STRATEGIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2  6860  45 [OBESITY EPIDEMIC: CURRENT EVIDENCE, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS]. THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC IS A PHENOMENON THAT HAS BEEN WIDELY STUDIED IN RECENT DECADES BUT IS STILL INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD, AND ITS CONTROL IS FAR FROM THE DESIRABLE LEVEL IN VIEW OF THE INCREASING PREVALENCE FIGURES OBSERVED WORLDWIDE. THIS PAPER CONDUCTS A NARRATIVE REVIEW WITH THE AIM OF PROVIDING UPDATED EVIDENCE ON THE GLOBAL OBESITY EPIDEMIC, AND PARTICULARLY ON THE SITUATION IN LATIN AMERICA AND ARGENTINA, IDENTIFYING THE MAIN CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR ADDRESSING THIS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM. IT FIRST DESCRIBES THE CURRENT BURDEN AND INCREASING TRENDS IN THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY, IN THE OVERALL POPULATION AND BY POPULATION GROUPS, AND ITS POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION WITH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASPECTS. IT ALSO SUMMARIZES THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SOCIOECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THIS EPIDEMIC, AS WELL AS RECENT STRATEGIES AND INITIATIVES FOCUSED ON OBESITY PREVENTION, WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THOSE REPORTED AS THE MOST EFFICIENT IN THE LATIN AMERICAN CONTEXT. THIS REVIEW IDENTIFIED SOME PENDING CHALLENGES IN THE REGION, THE INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE DOUBLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION AND THE GROWING CHILDHOOD OVERWEIGHT; AND IT POINTS OUT SOME EMERGING APPROACHES, SUCH AS THE SYNDEMIC APPROACH, AS POTENTIALLY USEFUL TO UNDERSTAND AND ADDRESS THIS COMPLEX PROBLEM IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT. IN CONCLUSION, IT HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPLEMENTING RENEWED, MORE EFFICIENT AND EVIDENCE-BASED STRATEGIES TO CONTROL THE GROWING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY, WHICH WOULD ALSO IMPACT ON THE BURDEN OF RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES, AND THUS ON THE ECONOMY AND WELL-BEING OF LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3   264  28 ADVANCING ASTHMA CARE: THE GLASS IS ONLY HALF FULL! OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A CONCERTED EFFORT IN THE UNITED STATES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING ASTHMA. ATTENTION WAS INITIALLY DIRECTED TOWARD ASTHMA IN RESPONSE TO THE RECOGNITION THAT ASTHMA MORTALITY WAS INCREASING AND THAT THE BURDEN OF DISEASE WAS SIGNIFICANT. THESE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ASTHMA MORTALITY LED TO MANY NEW INITIATIVES TO DEVELOP CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES, IMPLEMENT THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, CONDUCT RESEARCH TO FILL THE GAPS IN THE GUIDELINES, AND CONTINUOUSLY REVISE THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES AS MORE INFORMATION BECAME AVAILABLE. AN ASSESSMENT OF OUR PROGRESS SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN RELATION TO REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND HOSPITALIZATIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, WE ARE NOW AT A CROSSROADS IN ASTHMA CARE. ALTHOUGH WE HAVE RECOGNIZED SOME REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW TOOLS TO MONITOR DISEASE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING BIOMARKERS AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS, ALONG WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS TO MONITOR ASTHMA CONTROL HOLD SOME PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING GAPS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THESE ADVANCES SHOULD PROMPT THE EVOLUTION OF NEW STRATEGIES AND NEW TREATMENTS TO FURTHER REDUCE DISEASE BURDEN. IT NOW BECOMES IMPERATIVE TO CONTINUE A FOCUS ON WAYS TO FURTHER REDUCE THE BURDEN OF ASTHMA AND PREVENT ITS ONSET.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  4807  38 OBESITY IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: BURDEN, DRIVERS, AND EMERGING CHALLENGES. WE HAVE REVIEWED THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF EXCESS WEIGHT, ITS CAUSES, AND RELATED PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT EFFORTS, AS WELL AS DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (LMICS). OBESITY IS RISING IN EVERY REGION OF THE WORLD, AND NO COUNTRY HAS BEEN SUCCESSFUL AT REVERSING THE EPIDEMIC ONCE IT HAS BEGUN. IN LMICS, OVERWEIGHT IS HIGHER IN WOMEN COMPARED WITH MEN, IN URBAN COMPARED WITH RURAL SETTINGS, AND IN OLDER COMPARED WITH YOUNGER INDIVIDUALS; HOWEVER, THE URBAN-RURAL OVERWEIGHT DIFFERENTIAL IS SHRINKING IN MANY COUNTRIES. OVERWEIGHT OCCURS ALONGSIDE PERSISTENT BURDENS OF UNDERWEIGHT IN LMICS, ESPECIALLY IN YOUNG WOMEN. CHANGES IN THE GLOBAL DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ARE AMONG THE HYPOTHESIZED LEADING CONTRIBUTORS TO OBESITY. EMERGING RISK FACTORS INCLUDE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS, CHRONIC PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS, NEUROENDOCRINE DYSREGULATION, AND GENETIC/EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. DATA ON EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO PREVENT THE ONSET OF OBESITY IN LMICS OR ELSEWHERE ARE LIMITED. EXPANDING THE RESEARCH IN THIS AREA IS A KEY PRIORITY AND HAS IMPORTANT POSSIBILITIES FOR REVERSE INNOVATION THAT MAY ALSO INFORM INTERVENTIONS IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5  5161  44 PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: HOW GENOMIC APPROACH IMPROVES THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE. LIFE EXPECTANCY HAS GRADUALLY GROWN OVER THE LAST CENTURY. THIS HAS DEEPLY AFFECTED HEALTHCARE COSTS, SINCE THE GROWTH OF AN AGING POPULATION IS CORRELATED TO THE INCREASING BURDEN OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REPRESENTS THE INTERESTING CHALLENGE OF HOW TO MANAGE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE HEALTH CARE BUDGETS. EFFECTIVE PRIMARY PREVENTION COULD REPRESENT A PROMISING ROUTE. TO THIS END, PRECISION, TOGETHER WITH PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, ARE USEFUL INSTRUMENTS IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND TO GUIDE PHYSICIANS TO CHOOSE A TARGETED THERAPY TO MANAGE THE PATIENT. CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES REPRESENT SUITABLE MODELS FOR TAKING FULL ADVANTAGE OF PRECISION MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO ALL STAGES OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. THE AVAILABILITY OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCEMENT PROGRESS MADE IN THE FIELD OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH HAVE BEEN SUBSTANTIAL TO UNDERSTAND HOW GENES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AGING, NUTRITION, DRUGS, MICROBIOME AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN IMPACT HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISORDERS. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO ADDRESS HOW PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE CAN BRING GREATER CLARITY TO THE CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF THESE TYPES OF DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORTALITY, INVOLVING TREMENDOUS HEALTH CARE COSTS, BY DESCRIBING IN DETAIL THE METHODS THAT CAN BE APPLIED. THIS MIGHT OFFER PRECIOUS TOOLS FOR PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AND POSSIBLE CLUES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE DISEASE AND COULD HELP IN PREDICTING MORBIDITY, MORTALITY AND DETECTING CHRONIC DISEASE INDICATORS MUCH EARLIER IN THE DISEASE COURSE. THIS, OF COURSE, WILL HAVE A MAJOR EFFECT ON BOTH IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CARE AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE PATIENTS AND REDUCING TIME EFFORTS AND HEALTHCARE COSTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6   734  40 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  4062  53 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  1859  44 EMBEDDING THE COMMUNITY AND INDIVIDUALS IN DISEASE PREVENTION. THE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IS ONE OF THE MOST CHALLENGING AND EXCITING ASPECTS OF MEDICINE AND PRIMARY CARE THIS CENTURY. FOR CANCER, IT IS AN URGENT MATTER IN LIGHT OF THE INCREASING BURDEN OF THE DISEASE AMONG YOUNGER PEOPLE AND THE HIGHER FREQUENCY OF MORE AGGRESSIVE FORMS OF THE DISEASE FOR ALL AGES. MOST CHRONIC DISORDERS RESULT FROM THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE EXPRESSION OF GENES WITHIN AN INDIVIDUAL. THE ENVIRONMENT AT-LARGE ENCOMPASSES LIFESTYLE (INCLUDING NUTRITION), AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL EXPOSURES. IN CANCER, THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE (EPI)GENETIC MAKEUP OF AN INDIVIDUAL AND A MULTIPLICITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK AND PROTECTING FACTORS IS CONSIDERED KEY TO DISEASE ONSET. THUS, LIKE FOR PRECISION THERAPY DEVELOPED FOR PATIENTS, PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION PREVENTION IS ENVISIONED FOR INDIVIDUALS AT RISK. PREVENTION MEANS IDENTIFYING PEOPLE AT HIGHER RISK AND INTERVENING TO REDUCE THE RISK. IT REQUIRES BIOLOGICAL MARKERS OF RISK AND NON-AGGRESSIVE PREVENTIVE ACTIONS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL, BUT IT ALSO INVOLVES ACTING ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE COMMUNITY. SOCIAL SCIENTISTS ARE CONSIDERING MICRO (INDIVIDUAL/FAMILY), MESO (COMMUNITY), AND MACRO (COUNTRY POPULATION) LEVELS OF CARE TO ILLUSTRATE THAT PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS EXIST ON DIFFERENT SCALES. IDEALLY, THE DESIGN OF INTERVENTIONS IN PREVENTION SHOULD INTEGRATE ALL THESE LEVELS. IN THIS PERSPECTIVE ARTICLE, USING THE EXAMPLE OF BREAST CANCER, WE ARE DISCUSSING CHALLENGES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR A MULTIDISCIPLINARY COMMUNITY OF SCIENTISTS, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS AND CITIZENS TO DEVELOP A HOLISTIC APPROACH OF PRIMARY PREVENTION, KEEPING IN MIND EQUITABLE ACCESS TO CARE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9  6030  52 THE BURGEONING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE EPIDEMIC IN INDIANS - PERSPECTIVES ON CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) ARE THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH AND DISABILITY IN INDIA. THE CVD EPIDEMIC IN INDIANS IS CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGHER RELATIVE RISK BURDEN, AN EARLIER AGE OF ONSET, HIGHER CASE FATALITY AND HIGHER PREMATURE DEATHS. FOR DECADES, RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE REASON FOR THIS INCREASED BURDEN AND PROPENSITY OF CVD AMONG INDIANS. IT CAN PARTLY BE EXPLAINED BY POPULATION-LEVEL CHANGES AND THE REMAINING BY INCREASED INHERENT BIOLOGICAL RISK. WHILE INCREASED BIOLOGICAL RISK CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO PHENOTYPIC CHANGES CAUSED BY EARLY LIFE INFLUENCES, SIX MAJOR TRANSITIONS CAN BE CONSIDERED LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE POPULATION-LEVEL CHANGES IN INDIA-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, NUTRITIONAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC. ALTHOUGH CONVENTIONAL RISK FACTORS EXPLAIN SUBSTANTIAL POPULATION ATTRIBUTABLE RISK, THE THRESHOLDS AT WHICH THESE RISK FACTORS OPERATE ARE DIFFERENT AMONG INDIANS COMPARED WITH OTHER POPULATIONS. THEREFORE, ALTERNATE EXPLANATIONS FOR THESE ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES HAVE BEEN SOUGHT AND MULTIPLE HYPOTHESES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED OVER THE YEARS. PRENATAL FACTORS THAT INCLUDE MATERNAL AND PATERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING, AND POSTNATAL FACTORS, RANGING FROM BIRTH THROUGH CHILDHOOD, ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD, AS WELL AS INTER-GENERATIONAL INFLUENCES HAVE BEEN EXPLORED USING THE LIFE COURSE APPROACH TO CHRONIC DISEASE. IN ADDITION TO THIS, RECENT RESEARCH HAS ILLUSTRATED THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ROLE OF INHERENT BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN LIPID METABOLISM, GLUCOSE METABOLISM, INFLAMMATORY STATES, GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES FOR THE INCREASED RISK. A MULTIFACETED AND HOLISTIC APPROACH TO CVD PREVENTION THAT TAKES INTO CONSIDERATION POPULATION-LEVEL AS WELL AS BIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS WOULD BE NEEDED TO CONTROL THE BURGEONING CVD EPIDEMIC AMONG INDIANS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  5224  39 PRIORITIZED RESEARCH FOR THE PREVENTION, TREATMENT, AND REVERSAL OF CHRONIC DISEASE: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE RESEARCH SUMMIT. DECLINING LIFE EXPECTANCY AND INCREASING ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH UNHEALTHY BEHAVIORS, SOCIOECOLOGICAL FACTORS, AND PREVENTABLE DISEASE. A GROWING BODY OF BASIC SCIENCE, CLINICAL RESEARCH, AND POPULATION HEALTH EVIDENCE POINTS TO THE BENEFITS OF HEALTHY BEHAVIORS, ENVIRONMENTS AND POLICIES TO MAINTAIN HEALTH AND PREVENT, TREAT, AND REVERSE THE ROOT CAUSES OF COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES. SIMILARLY, INNOVATIONS IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, STANDARDS OF EVIDENCE, EMERGENCE OF UNIQUE STUDY COHORTS, AND BREAKTHROUGHS IN DATA ANALYTICS AND MODELING CREATE NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR PRODUCING BIOMEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND CLINICAL TRANSLATION. TO UNDERSTAND THESE ADVANCES AND INFORM FUTURE DIRECTIONS RESEARCH, THE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE RESEARCH SUMMIT WAS CONVENED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH ON DECEMBER 4-5, 2019. THE SUMMIT'S GOAL WAS TO REVIEW CURRENT STATUS AND DEFINE RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN THE SIX CORE AREAS OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE: PLANT-PREDOMINANT NUTRITION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, STRESS, ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS, AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY/SOCIAL CONNECTION. FORTY INVITED SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS (1) REVIEWED EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND GAPS RELATING LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS TO COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES, MANY CANCERS, INFLAMMATORY- AND IMMUNE-RELATED DISORDERS AND OTHER CONDITIONS; AND (2) DISCUSSED THE POTENTIAL FOR APPLYING CUTTING-EDGE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, EPIGENETIC AND EMERGING SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGIES, RESEARCH DESIGNS, AND STUDY COHORTS TO ACCELERATE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS ACROSS ALL SIX DOMAINS OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. NOTABLY, FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES, SUCH AS THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HAVE BEGUN TO ADOPT "WHOLE-PERSON HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE" MODELS THAT ADDRESS THESE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ROOT CAUSES OF CHRONIC DISEASE AND ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND COST. RECOMMENDATIONS STRONGLY SUPPORT LEVERAGING EMERGING RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, SYSTEMS BIOLOGY, AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING IN ORDER TO ACCELERATE EFFECTIVE CLINICAL AND POPULATION SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND REDUCE SOCIETAL COSTS. NEW AND ALTERNATIVE HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE ARE ALSO BE NEEDED IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE QUALITY OF EVIDENCE AND DEVELOP EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES ON LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. CHILDREN AND UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED AS PRIORITIZED GROUPS TO STUDY. THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, WHICH DISPROPORTIONATELY IMPACTS PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC DISEASES THAT ARE AMENABLE TO EFFECTIVE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE INTERVENTIONS, MAKES THE SUMMIT'S FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH PARTICULARLY TIMELY AND RELEVANT.	2020	

11  1386  50 DIABETES: AN UPDATE ON THE PANDEMIC AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS. DIABETES MELLITUS IS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASE WITH DEADLY, DISABLING, AND COSTLY CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES, COMMUNITIES, AND COUNTRIES. ALTHOUGH THEY ARE PHENOTYPICALLY DISTINCT, DIABETES SUBTYPES (TYPE 1, TYPE 2, GESTATIONAL, AND OTHER FORMS) ARE ALL DEFINED BY ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS. APPROXIMATELY 95 PERCENT OF DIABETES CASES WORLDWIDE ARE TYPE 2 DIABETES (PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS ADULT-ONSET OR NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES), WHICH IS THE FOCUS OF THIS CHAPTER. TYPE 1 DIABETES (PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES) MOST COMMONLY BEGINS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE. GESTATIONAL DIABETES REFERS TO ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN WITHOUT PREVIOUS DIABETES AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH FETAL, BIRTHING, AND EARLY CHILDHOOD COMPLICATIONS AS WELL AS HIGHER RISK OF THE MOTHER DEVELOPING POSTGESTATION DIABETES. THE GROWTH OF DIABETES AND ITS IMPACTS HAVE ACCELERATED WORLDWIDE SINCE THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (NCD-RISC 2016), LIKELY CORRELATED WITH EXPANSION OF DIABETES RISK FACTORS, ESPECIALLY POPULATION AGING AND OBESITY. DIABETES IS A MULTIFACTORIAL CONDITION. BECAUSE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, LIFESTYLE, ECONOMIC, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES (MCCARTHY 2010; STUMVOLL, GOLDSTEIN, AND VAN HAEFTEN 2005), PREVENTING AND MANAGING THE CONDITION REQUIRE ACTION AT POLICY, PROGRAM, CLINICAL PRACTICE, AND INDIVIDUAL LEVELS (HILL AND OTHERS 2013). RELIABLE AND MEANINGFUL ESTIMATES OF BURDENS, RISK FACTORS, AND EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS AS WELL AS EVALUATIONS OF EXISTING POLICIES, ARE LIMITED; DATA ARE ESPECIALLY SCARCE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (LMICS). THIS CHAPTER FOCUSES ON WHAT CAN AND SHOULD BE DONE TO ADDRESS DIABETES. WE PRESENT THE AVAILABLE DATA REGARDING GLOBAL BURDENS AND TRENDS IN DIABETES; REVIEW AVAILABLE EVIDENCE AND ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT, DETECT, AND CONTROL DIABETES; AND REPORT SUMMARY EXPERT OPINIONS REGARDING THE PRIORITY AND FEASIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING THESE INTERVENTIONS. ASSIMILATING EVIDENCE FROM COUNTRIES AT DIFFERENT INCOME LEVELS, WE PROVIDE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE DIABETES PANDEMIC, RECOMMEND PRIORITY INTERVENTIONS, AND IDENTIFY REMAINING DATA GAPS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  6282  39 THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF SOCIAL GENOMICS ON WOUND HEALING. SIGNIFICANCE: HUMAN SKIN WOUNDS CARRY AN IMMENSE EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND FINANCIAL BURDEN, AND THEIR IMPACT WILL CONTINUE TO GROW WITH AN AGING POPULATION AND RISING INCIDENCE OF COMORBID CONDITIONS KNOWN TO AFFECT WOUND HEALING. TO COMPREHENSIVELY ADDRESS THIS GROWING CLINICAL ISSUE, PHYSICIANS SHOULD ALSO BE AWARE OF HOW CONDITIONS OF THE HUMAN SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT MAY AFFECT WOUND HEALING. HERE WE PROVIDE A REVIEW OF THE EMERGING FIELD OF SOCIAL GENOMICS AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE WOUND HEALING. RECENT ADVANCES: MULTIPLE STUDIES USING HUMAN AND ANIMAL MODELS HAVE CORRELATED SOCIAL INFLUENCES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTING EFFECTS TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS WITH DELAYS IN WOUND HEALING. FURTHERMORE, OBSERVATIONS BETWEEN NONGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS NUTRITION, SOCIOECONOMIC, AND EDUCATIONAL STATUS HAVE ALSO SHOWN TO HAVE A DIRECT OR INDIRECT IMPACT ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF WOUND HEALING. CRITICAL ISSUES: NUTRITION, FINANCIAL BURDEN, SOCIOECONOMIC AND EDUCATION STATUS, AND ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS ARE VARIABLES THAT HAVE EITHER DIRECT (EPIGENETIC) OR INDIRECT IMPACT ON WOUND HEALING AND PATIENTS' QUALITY OF LIFE. WOUND CARE IS COSTLY AND REMAINS A CHALLENGE PLACING ECONOMIC BURDEN ON PATIENTS. FURTHERMORE, POOR CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS INCLUDING LOSS OF MOBILITY AND DISABILITY MAY LEAD TO JOB LOSS, FURTHER CONTRIBUTING TO SOCIOECONOMIC RELATED STRESS. THUS, THE ECONOMIC BURDEN AND INADEQUATE WOUND HEALING ARE INTERTWINED, MAKING EACH OTHER WORSE. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: ALTHOUGH SOME EVIDENCE REGARDING THE SPECIFIC CHANGES IN GENETIC PATHWAYS IMPARTED BY CONDITIONS OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT EXISTS, FURTHER STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL MECHANISMS, INTERVENTIONS, AND PREVENTION APPROACHES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  4080  23 MATERNAL LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS: TARGETING PRECONCEPTION HEALTH. ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE OBESE, PREDISPOSING BOTH MOTHER AND BABY TO UNFAVOURABLE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AND INITIATING AN INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS. HERE WE SUMMARISE RECENT RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL METABOLIC HEALTH ON OFFSPRING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUTURE CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. CURRENT PRIMARY LIFESTYLE APPROACHES (I.E., DIET AND EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS) TO HALT THE SUCCESSION OF INHERITED AND EPIGENETIC METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE MET WITH LIMITED SUCCESS DUE TO LATE IMPLEMENTATION, POOR ADHERENCE, AND/OR GENERIC GUIDELINES. IN OUR OPINION, SUCH INTERVENTIONS MUST COMMENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION TO IMPROVE BOTH MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES, WITH NEW APPROACHES URGENTLY NEEDED TO INCREASE ADHERENCE TO PRIMARY LIFESTYLE CHANGES AMONG REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14  5457  38 RESEARCH AND THE PROMOTION OF CHILD HEALTH: A POSITION PAPER OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY, HEPATOLOGY, AND NUTRITION. CHILDREN COMPRISE ONE-FIFTH OF EUROPE'S POPULATION. PROMOTING CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IS OF KEY IMPORTANCE FOR SOCIETY AND ITS FUTURE. THIS POSITION PAPER HIGHLIGHTS OPPORTUNITIES OF INVESTING IN GASTROINTESTINAL, LIVER, AND NUTRITIONAL RESEARCH TO PROMOTE CHILD HEALTH AND DELINEATES PRIORITIES FOR RESEARCH. INVESTING IN CHILD HEALTH PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF POPULATION HEALTH, WELL-BEING, AND DISEASE PREVENTION LIFELONG, WITH LARGE HEALTH ECONOMIC BENEFITS. MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE AND TRANSLATIONAL APPLICATION ARISE FROM RECENT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL CUES INTERACTING WITH GENES. PERSONALISED APPROACHES TO THERAPY AND PREVENTION SHOULD BE ENHANCED. DECIPHERING THE MICROBIOME AND ITS EFFECTS ON FUNCTIONS CAN HELP IN PROMOTING LONG-TERM HEALTH. EPIGENETIC RESEARCH CAN HELP TO UNDERSTAND HOW EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCE LATER GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATIC HEALTH AND DISEASE. A LINKED NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STRATEGY CAN PROMOTE HEALTH AND PREVENT NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES, INACTIVITY, AND CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, SUCH AS DIABETES, TO ENSURE OPTIMAL HEALTH AND COGNITION. SPECIAL ATTENTION SHOULD BE DEVOTED TO POPULATIONS WITH LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, MIGRANT BACKGROUND, AND ETHNIC MINORITIES, AND TO CRITICAL LIFE PERIODS, INCLUDING PREGNANCY, LACTATION, INFANCY, AND CHILDHOOD. IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF OPTIMAL NUTRITION AND ON MAINTAINING GUT AND LIVER HOMEOSTASIS THROUGHOUT CHILDHOOD WILL HELP PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES IN LATER LIFE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  4809  55 OBESITY PREVENTION. ONCE CONSIDERED A PROBLEM ONLY IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES (HICS), OBESITY HAS BECOME A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO THE GLOBAL DISEASE BURDEN (FINUCANE AND OTHERS 2011; MISRA AND KHURANA 2008). EXCESS ADIPOSITY, PARTICULARLY AROUND THE VISCERAL ABDOMINAL REGION, IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY FROM TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, AND SOME CANCERS (DANAEI AND OTHERS 2009; WHITLOCK AND OTHERS 2009; WHO 2009). ALTHOUGH SOME STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED LOWER MORTALITY AMONG OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE PERSONS THAN AMONG HEALTHY-WEIGHT PERSONS (CARNETHON AND OTHERS 2012), THIS OUTCOME HAS NOT BEEN OBSERVED IN STUDIES THAT PROPERLY ACCOUNT FOR THE CONFOUNDING EFFECTS OF SMOKING, PREEXISTING CHRONIC CONDITIONS, AND OTHER BIASES (GLOBAL BMI MORTALITY COLLABORATION 2016; TOBIAS, PAN, AND HU 2014). THE COSTS OF OBESITY AND COMORBID CONDITIONS ARE STAGGERING AS MEASURED BY BOTH HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES AND QUALITY OF LIFE, UNDERSCORING THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPLEMENTING OBESITY PREVENTION STRATEGIES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES ON A GLOBAL SCALE. THE CHANGES NEEDED TO REVERSE GLOBAL TRENDS IN OBESITY WILL LIKELY REQUIRE NUMEROUS INTERVENTIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS THAT TARGET DIET, LIFESTYLE, ACCESS TO CARE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE SUMMARIZE THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF OBESITY AND THE IMPACT OF A SPECTRUM OF OBESITY RISK FACTORS, RANGING FROM SOCIOPOLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FORCES THAT ARE LARGELY BEYOND AN INDIVIDUAL'S CONTROL TO MODIFIABLE LIFESTYLE FACTORS, AND DISCUSS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC RISKS. WE ALSO REVIEW THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POPULATION-BASED INTERVENTIONS AND POLICIES FOR PREVENTING OBESITY, SOME INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL TREATMENT OPTIONS ACROSS VARIOUS PLATFORMS, AND THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF SELECT INTERVENTIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  6197  32 THE IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL FOOD AND LIFESTYLE BEHAVIOR ON EPIGENETIC BURDEN OF CHRONIC DISEASE. NONCOMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES (NCCDS) ARE THE LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY GLOBALLY. THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRESENT DAY DIETS AND ANCESTRAL GENOME IS SUGGESTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE NCCDS BURDEN, WHICH IS PROMOTED BY TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS LIKE UNHEALTHY DIETS, PHYSICAL INACTIVITY, ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC EVIDENCE NOW SUGGESTS THAT CUMULATIVELY INHERITED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY HAVE MADE HUMANS MORE PRONE TO THE EFFECTS OF PRESENT DAY LIFESTYLE FACTORS. PERINATAL STARVATION WAS WIDESPREAD IN THE 19TH CENTURY. THIS TOGETHER WITH MORE RECENT EVENTS LIKE INCREASING CONSUMPTION OF WESTERN AND LOW FIBER DIETS, SMOKING, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL, PHYSICAL INACTIVITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS MAY HAVE PROGRAMED THE HUMAN EPIGENOME FOR HIGHER NCCDS RISK. IN THIS REVIEW, ON THE BASIS OF AVAILABLE EPIGENETIC DATA IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLE FACTORS MAY BE CONTRIBUTING TO THE CURRENT GLOBAL BURDEN OF NCCDS. THUS, THERE IS A NEED TO RECONSIDER PREVENTION STRATEGIES SO THAT THE SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS WILL NOT HAVE TO PAY FOR OUR SINS AND THOSE OF OUR ANCESTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  2496  33 EPIGENETICS AND EARLY LIFE ORIGINS OF CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES. IN LIGHT OF THE INCREASING THREATS OF CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, THE GROWING RECOGNITION OF THE EARLY LIFE ORIGINS OF CHRONIC DISEASE, AND INNOVATIVE BREAKTHROUGHS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT WE HARNESS CUTTING-EDGE DATA TO IMPROVE HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE. IT IS WELL RECOGNIZED THAT CHRONIC DISEASES ARE COMPLEX TRAITS AFFECTED BY A WIDE RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS; HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS, PARTICULARLY WITH REGARD TO EARLY LIFE ORIGINS, REMAINS LARGELY UNEXPLORED. GIVEN THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF THE EPIGENOME-FUNCTIONALITY DURING CRITICAL TIME WINDOWS, SUCH AS THE INTRAUTERINE PERIOD, HERITABILITY, AND REVERSIBILITY-ENHANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY OFFER NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL EARLY PREDICTION AND PREVENTION PARADIGMS. THIS MAY PRESENT AN UNPARALLELED OPPORTUNITY TO OFFER MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IMPORTANT TOOLS WITH THE TRANSLATIONAL VALUE TO PREDICT, DETECT, AND PREVENT DISEASE AT AN EARLY AGE, LONG BEFORE ITS CLINICAL OCCURRENCE, AND AS SUCH, BREAK LIFELONG AND TRANSGENERATIONAL CYCLES OF DISEASE. IN DOING SO, MODERN TECHNOLOGY CAN BE LEVERAGED TO MAKE GREAT CONTRIBUTIONS TO POPULATION HEALTH, QUALITY OF LIFE, AND REDUCING THE BURDENSOME ECONOMIC COSTS OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18   380  34 AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE ON LIFESTYLE MEDICINE FOR DEPRESSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIMARY CARE PRACTICE. DEPRESSION IS THE MOST COMMON PRESENTING MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER IN PRIMARY CARE. IT IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO SOMATIC COMPLAINTS, WORSENING OF CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS, POOR QUALITY OF LIFE, AND SUICIDE. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGIC AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES AVERT LESS THAN HALF OF DEPRESSION'S CUMULATIVE BURDEN ON SOCIETY. HOWEVER, THERE IS A GROWING BODY OF RESEARCH DESCRIBING BOTH HOW MALADAPTIVE LIFESTYLE CHOICES CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND WORSENING OF DEPRESSION AND HOW LIFESTYLE-ORIENTED MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS CAN REDUCE THE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF DEPRESSION. THIS RESEARCH, LARGELY DERIVED FROM AN EMERGING FIELD CALLED EPIGENETICS, ELUCIDATES THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OUR LIFESTYLE CHOICES AND THOSE EPIGENETIC FACTORS WHICH MEDIATE OUR TENDENCIES TOWARD EITHER HEALTH, OR THE ONSET, IF NOT WORSENING OF DISEASE. THE PRESENT REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS HOW LIFESTYLE CHOICES INVOLVING DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND STRESS INFLUENCE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY, AND THEREBY PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DETERMINING WHETHER ONE DOES OR DOES NOT SUFFER FROM DEPRESSION. THE AUTHORS PROPOSE THAT MEDICAL TRAINING PROGRAMS CONSIDER AND ADOPT LIFESTYLE MEDICINE ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONAL INITIATIVES THAT WILL ENABLE TOMORROW'S PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS TO MORE EFFECTIVELY IDENTIFY AND THERAPEUTICALLY INTERVENE IN THE MALADAPTIVE CHOICES CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR PATIENTS' DEPRESSION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19  4515  38 MULTI-OMICS APPROACHES FOR PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT : POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF OMICS IN PRECISION PREVENTION, TREATMENT AND RISK REDUCTION OF OBESITY. INTRODUCTION: OBESITY IS A MULTIFACTORIAL CHRONIC DISEASE THAT CANNOT BE ADDRESSED BY SIMPLY PROMOTING BETTER DIETS AND MORE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. TO DATE, NOT A SINGLE COUNTRY HAS SUCCESSFULLY BEEN ABLE TO CURB THE ACCUMULATING BURDEN OF OBESITY. ONE EXPLANATION FOR THE LACK OF PROGRESS IS THAT LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION PROGRAMS ARE TRADITIONALLY IMPLEMENTED WITHOUT A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS. EVIDENCE FROM GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND HOW THEY IN TURN AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTOME, METABOLITES, MICROBIOMES, AND PROTEOMES. OBJECTIVE: THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OMICS DATA: GENOMICS, EPIGENOMICS, TRANSCRIPTOMICS, PROTEOMICS, METABOLOMICS AND ILLUSTRATE HOW A MULTI-OMICS APPROACH CAN BE FUNDAMENTAL FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT. RESULTS: THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OMICS DESIGNS ARE GROUPED INTO TWO CATEGORIES, THE GENOTYPE APPROACH AND THE PHENOTYPE APPROACH. WHEN APPLIED TO OBESITY PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT, EACH OMICS TYPE COULD POTENTIALLY HELP TO DETECT SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS IN PEOPLE WITH RISK PROFILES AND GUIDE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AND DECISION MAKERS IN DEVELOPING INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT PLANS ACCORDING TO THE NEEDS OF THE INDIVIDUAL BEFORE THE ONSET OF OBESITY. CONCLUSION: INTEGRATING MULTI-OMICS APPROACHES WILL ENABLE A PARADIGM SHIFT FROM THE ONE SIZE FITS ALL APPROACH TOWARDS PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT, I.E. (1) PRECISION PREVENTION OF THE ONSET OF OBESITY, (2) PRECISION MEDICINE AND TAILORED TREATMENT OF OBESITY, AND (3) PRECISION RISK REDUCTION AND PREVENTION OF SECONDARY DISEASES RELATED TO OBESITY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20    13  45 360-DEGREE PERSPECTIVES ON OBESITY. ALARMING STATISTICS SHOW THAT THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AFFECTED BY EXCESSIVE WEIGHT HAS SURPASSED 2 BILLION, REPRESENTING APPROXIMATELY 30% OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF ONE OF THE MOST SERIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS, CONSIDERING THAT OBESITY REQUIRES AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH THAT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT ITS COMPLEX ETIOLOGY, INCLUDING GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS. ONLY AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE MANY CONTRIBUTORS TO OBESITY AND THE SYNERGY BETWEEN TREATMENT INTERVENTIONS CAN ENSURE SATISFACTORY OUTCOMES IN REDUCING OBESITY. MECHANISMS SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND DYSBIOSIS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY AND ITS ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS. COMPOUNDING FACTORS SUCH AS THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF STRESS, THE NOVEL CHALLENGE POSED BY THE OBESOGENIC DIGITAL (FOOD) ENVIRONMENT, AND THE STIGMA ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY SHOULD NOT BE OVERLOOKED. PRECLINICAL RESEARCH IN ANIMAL MODELS HAS BEEN INSTRUMENTAL IN ELUCIDATING THESE MECHANISMS, AND TRANSLATION INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE HAS PROVIDED PROMISING THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC APPROACHES, PHARMACOTHERAPY, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY. HOWEVER, MORE STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO DISCOVER NEW COMPOUNDS THAT TARGET KEY METABOLIC PATHWAYS, INNOVATIVE WAYS TO DELIVER THE DRUGS, THE OPTIMAL COMBINATIONS OF LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS WITH ALLOPATHIC TREATMENTS, AND, LAST BUT NOT LEAST, EMERGING BIOLOGICAL MARKERS FOR EFFECTIVE MONITORING. WITH EACH PASSING DAY, THE OBESITY CRISIS TIGHTENS ITS GRIP, THREATENING NOT ONLY INDIVIDUAL LIVES BUT ALSO BURDENING HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES AT LARGE. IT IS HIGH TIME WE TOOK ACTION AS WE CONFRONT THE URGENT IMPERATIVE TO ADDRESS THIS ESCALATING GLOBAL HEALTH CHALLENGE HEAD-ON.	2023