1  1730 150 DYSREGULATION OF STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION IN GASTRIC CANCER. GENETIC FACTORS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, SALT OVER-UPTAKE, DECREASED VEGETABLE/FRUIT CONSUMPTION, SMOKING, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME ARE RISK FACTORS OF HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER. GERMLINE MUTATIONS OF CDH1 GENE, AND SNPS OF PTPN11 (SHP2), TLR4, IL1B, TNFA, BMP6, GDF15 AND RUNX3 GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRIC CANCER. HELICOBACTER PYLORI ACTIVATES CAGA-SHP2-ERK AND PEPTIDOGLYCAN-NOD1-NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS USING TYPE IV SECRETION SYSTEM, AND ALSO TRAF6-MAP3K7-NFKAPPAB AND TRAF6-MAP3K7-AP-1 SIGNALING CASCADES IN EPITHELIAL AND IMMUNE CELLS THROUGH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE RECOGNITION BY TLR2 OR TLR4. IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNFALPHA AND IFNGAMMA ARE ELEVATED IN GASTRIC MUCOSA WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. IL-6 AND TNFALPHA INDUCE UPREGULATION OF WNT5A AND WNT10B, RESPECTIVELY. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF, RHOA, JNK, PKC, NFAT, AND NLK SIGNALING CASCADES. WNT-BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF SIGNALING INDUCES UPREGULATION OF MYC, CCND1, WISP1, FGF20, JAG1 AND DKK1 GENES. NOTCH SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CSL-NICD-MAML AND NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES. FGF SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO ERK, PI3K-AKT, PKC, AND NFAT SIGNALING CASCADES. HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES SHH UPREGULATION IN PARIETAL CELL LINEAGE, WHILE BMP SIGNALS INDUCE IHH UPREGULATION IN PIT CELL LINEAGE. HEDGEHOG SIGNALS INDUCE UPREGULATION OF GLI1, PTCH1, CCND2, FOXL1, JAG2 AND SFRP1 GENES. JAG1 AND JAG2 ACTIVATE NOTCH SIGNALING, WHILE DKK1 AND SFRP1 INHIBIT WNT SIGNALING. STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK, CONSISTING OF WNT, NOTCH, FGF, HEDGEHOG AND BMP SIGNALING PATHWAYS, IS ACTIVATED DURING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 GENE OCCURS IN THE EARLIER STAGE OF CARCINOGENESIS IN THE STOMACH, WHILE AMPLIFICATION AND OVEREXPRESSION OF FGFR2 GENE IN THE LATER STAGE. DYSREGULATION OF THE STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO THE ACCUMULATION OF GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION GIVES RISE TO GASTRIC CANCER. SNP TYPING AND CUSTOM-MADE MICROARRAY ANALYSES ON GENES ENCODING STEM CELL SIGNALING MOLECULES COULD BE UTILIZED FOR THE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  6758  46 WNT SIGNALING IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. WNT FAMILY MEMBERS ARE SECRETED-TYPE GLYCOPROTEINS TO ORCHESTRATE EMBRYOGENESIS, TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS, AND TO INDUCE PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, LRP5, LRP6, AND ROR2 ARE TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS TRANSDUCING WNT SIGNALS BASED ON LIGAND-DEPENDENT PREFERENTIALITY FOR CAVEOLIN- OR CLATHRIN-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CANONICAL PATHWAY FOR CELL FATE DETERMINATION, AND TO NON-CANONICAL PATHWAYS FOR REGULATION OF PLANAR CELL POLARITY, CELL ADHESION, AND MOTILITY. MYC, CCND1, AXIN2, FGF20, WISP1, JAG1, DKK1 AND GLUCAGON ARE TARGET GENES OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADE, WHILE CD44, VIMENTIN AND STX5 ARE TARGET GENES OF NON-CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADES. HOWEVER, TARGET GENES OF WNT SIGNALING CASCADES ARE DETERMINED IN A CONTEXT-DEPENDENT MANNER DUE TO EXPRESSION PROFILE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC STATUS. WNT SIGNALING CASCADES NETWORK WITH NOTCH, FGF, BMP AND HEDGEHOG SIGNALING CASCADES TO REGULATE THE BALANCE OF STEM CELLS AND PROGENITOR CELLS. HERE WNT SIGNALING IN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, NEURAL STEM CELLS, MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS, HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, AND INTESTINAL STEM CELLS WILL BE REVIEWED. WNT3, WNT5A AND WNT10B ARE EXPRESSED IN UNDIFFERENTIATED HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, WHILE WNT6, WNT8B AND WNT10B IN ENDODERM PRECURSOR CELLS. WNT6 IS EXPRESSED IN INTESTINAL CRYPT REGION FOR STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS. TNF/ALPHA-WNT10B SIGNALING IS A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE AND GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. RECOMBINANT WNT PROTEIN OR WNT MIMETIC (CIRCULAR PEPTIDE, SMALL MOLECULE COMPOUND, OR RNA APTAMER) IN COMBINATION WITH NOTCH MIMETIC, FGF PROTEIN, AND BMP PROTEIN OPENS A NEW WINDOW TO TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  4484  23 MOLECULAR SIGNATURE OF CAID SYNDROME: NONCANONICAL ROLES OF SGO1 IN REGULATION OF TGF-BETA SIGNALING AND EPIGENOMICS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: A GENERALIZED HUMAN PACEMAKING SYNDROME, CHRONIC ATRIAL AND INTESTINAL DYSRHYTHMIA (CAID) (OMIM 616201), IS CAUSED BY A HOMOZYGOUS SGO1 MUTATION (K23E), LEADING TO CHRONIC INTESTINAL PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION AND ARRHYTHMIAS. BECAUSE CAID PATIENTS DO NOT SHOW PHENOTYPES CONSISTENT WITH PERTURBATION OF KNOWN ROLES OF SGO1, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT NONCANONICAL ROLES OF SGO1 DRIVE THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OBSERVED. METHODS: TO IDENTIFY A MOLECULAR SIGNATURE FOR CAID SYNDROME, WE ACHIEVED UNBIASED SCREENS IN CELL LINES AND GUT TISSUES FROM CAID PATIENTS VS WILD-TYPE CONTROLS. WE PERFORMED RNA SEQUENCING ALONG WITH STABLE ISOTOPE LABELING WITH AMINO ACIDS IN CELL CULTURE. IN ADDITION, WE DETERMINED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY SIGNATURES USING REDUCED REPRESENTATIVE BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND ASSAY FOR TRANSPOSASE-ACCESSIBLE CHROMATIN WITH HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING. FUNCTIONAL STUDIES INCLUDED PATCH-CLAMP, QUANTITATION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA) SIGNALING, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY IN CAID PATIENT GUT BIOPSY SPECIMENS. RESULTS: PROTEOME AND TRANSCRIPTOME STUDIES CONVERGE ON CELL-CYCLE REGULATION, CARDIAC CONDUCTION, AND SMOOTH MUSCLE REGULATION AS DRIVERS OF CAID SYNDROME. SPECIFICALLY, THE INWARD RECTIFIER CURRENT, AN IMPORTANT REGULATOR OF CELLULAR FUNCTION, WAS DISRUPTED. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY CONFIRMED OVEREXPRESSION OF BUDDING UNINHIBITED BY BENZIMIDAZOLES 1 (BUB1) IN PATIENTS, IMPLICATING THE TGF-BETA PATHWAY IN CAID PATHOGENESIS. CANONICAL TGF-BETA SIGNALING WAS UP-REGULATED AND UNCOUPLED FROM NONCANONICAL SIGNALING IN CAID PATIENTS. REDUCED REPRESENTATIVE BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND ASSAY FOR TRANSPOSASE-ACCESSIBLE CHROMATIN WITH HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING EXPERIMENTS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OF CHROMATIN STATES IN CAID, POINTING TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION AS A POSSIBLE PATHOLOGIC MECHANISM. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS POINT TO IMPAIRED INWARD RECTIFIER POTASSIUM CURRENT, DYSREGULATION OF CANONICAL TGF-BETA SIGNALING, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION AS POTENTIAL DRIVERS OF INTESTINAL AND CARDIAC MANIFESTATIONS OF CAID SYNDROME. TRANSCRIPT PROFILING AND GENOMICS DATA ARE AS FOLLOWS: REPOSITORY URL: HTTPS://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/GEO; SUPERSERIES GSE110612 WAS COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING SUBSERIES: GSE110309, GSE110576, AND GSE110601.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  6756  38 WNT ANTAGONIST, SFRP1, IS HEDGEHOG SIGNALING TARGET. HEDGEHOG AND WNT SIGNALING PATHWAYS NETWORK TOGETHER DURING EMBRYOGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM REPRESSES CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING TO RESTRICT EXPRESSION OF WNT TARGET GENES TO STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM REMAINS UNCLEAR. THE HEDGEHOG SIGNAL IS TRANSDUCED TO GLI FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS THOUGH PATCHED RECEPTOR, SMOOTHENED SIGNAL TRANSDUCER, AND OTHER SIGNALING COMPONENTS, SUCH AS KIF27, KIF7, STK36, SUFU, AND DZIP1. HERE, WE SEARCHED FOR THE GLI-BINDING SITE WITHIN THE PROMOTER REGION OF GENES ENCODING SECRETED-TYPE WNT SIGNAL INHIBITORS, INCLUDING SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP3, SFRP4, SFRP5, DKK1, DKK2, DKK3, DKK4, AND WIF1. THE GLI-BINDING SITE WAS IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE HUMAN SFRP1 PROMOTER BASED ON BIOINFORMATICS AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE. THE CHIMPANZEE SFRP1 GENE WAS IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE NW_110515.1 GENOME SEQUENCE. THE GLI-BINDING SITE OF THE HUMAN SFRP1 PROMOTER WAS CONSERVED IN CHIMPANZEE SFRP1, MOUSE SFRP1, AND RAT SFRP1 PROMOTERS. SFRP1 IS THE EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED TARGET OF THE HEDGEHOG-GLI SIGNALING PATHWAY. EXPRESSION DOMAIN ANALYSES BASED ON TEXT MINING REVEALED THAT INDIAN HEDGEHOG (IHH), SFRP1, AND WNT6 ARE EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENTIATED INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, MESENCHYMAL CELLS, AND STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS, RESPECTIVELY. HEDGEHOG IS SECRETED FROM DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS TO INDUCE SFRP1 EXPRESSION IN MESENCHYMAL CELLS, WHICH KEEPS DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS AWAY FROM THE EFFECTS OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING. THESE FACTS INDICATE THAT SFRP1 IS THE HEDGEHOG TARGET TO CONFINE CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING WITHIN STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS. THEREFORE, EPIGENETIC CPG HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER DURING CHRONIC PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AND AGING LEADS TO THE OCCURRENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS, SUCH AS COLORECTAL CANCER AND GASTRIC CANCER, THROUGH THE BREAKDOWN OF HEDGEHOG-DEPENDENT WNT SIGNAL INHIBITION.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  6145  28 THE EXPANDING PHENOTYPES OF COHESINOPATHIES: ONE RING TO RULE THEM ALL! PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE DEPEND ON THE ADEQUATE SEGREGATION OF SISTER CHROMATIDS DURING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS. THIS PROCESS IS ENSURED BY THE COHESIN MULTI-SUBUNIT COMPLEX. MUTATIONS IN THIS COMPLEX HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASING NUMBER OF DISEASES, TERMED COHESINOPATHIES. THE BEST CHARACTERIZED COHESINOPATHY IS CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME (CDLS), IN WHICH INTELLECTUAL AND GROWTH RETARDATIONS ARE THE MAIN PHENOTYPIC MANIFESTATIONS. DESPITE SOME OVERLAP, THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF COHESINOPATHIES VARY CONSIDERABLY. NOVEL ROLES OF THE COHESIN COMPLEX HAVE EMERGED DURING THE PAST DECADES, SUGGESTING THAT IMPORTANT CELL CYCLE REGULATORS EXERT IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS THROUGH NON-COHESION-RELATED FUNCTIONS AND BROADENING THE POTENTIAL PATHOMECHANISMS INVOLVED IN COHESINOPATHIES. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON NON-COHESION-RELATED FUNCTIONS OF THE COHESIN COMPLEX, GENE DOSAGE EFFECT, EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND TGF-BETA IN COHESINOPATHY CONTEXT, ESPECIALLY IN COMPARISON TO CHRONIC ATRIAL AND INTESTINAL DYSRHYTHMIA (CAID) SYNDROME, A VERY DISTINCT COHESINOPATHY CAUSED BY A HOMOZYGOUS SHUGOSHIN-1 (SGO1) MUTATION (K23E) AND CHARACTERIZED BY PACEMAKER FAILURE IN BOTH HEART (SICK SINUS SYNDROME FOLLOWED BY ATRIAL FLUTTER) AND GUT (CHRONIC INTESTINAL PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION) WITH NO INTELLECTUAL OR GROWTH DELAY. WE DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF SGO1 ALTERATIONS IN HUMAN PATHOLOGIES AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE SGO1 K23E MUTATION IN THE SINUS NODE AND GUT DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONS. WE SUGGEST THAT THE HUMAN PHENOTYPES OBSERVED IN CDLS, CAID SYNDROME AND OTHER COHESINOPATHIES CAN INFORM FUTURE STUDIES INTO THE LESS WELL-KNOWN NON-COHESION-RELATED FUNCTIONS OF COHESIN COMPLEX GENES. ABBREVIATIONS: AD: ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AFF4: AF4/FMR2 FAMILY MEMBER 4; ANKRD11: ANKYRIN REPEAT DOMAIN 11; APC: ANAPHASE PROMOTER COMPLEX; ASD: ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT; ATRX: ATRX CHROMATIN REMODELER; ATRX: ALPHA THALASSEMIA X-LINKED INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY SYNDROME; BIRC5: BACULOVIRAL IAP REPEAT CONTAINING 5; BMP: BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; BRD4: BROMODOMAIN CONTAINING 4; BUB1: BUB1 MITOTIC CHECKPOINT SERINE/THREONINE KINASE; CAID: CHRONIC ATRIAL AND INTESTINAL DYSRHYTHMIA; CDK1: CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE 1; CDLS: CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME; CHD: CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CHOPS: COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, COARSE FACIES, HEART DEFECTS, OBESITY, PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT, SHORT STATURE, AND SKELETAL DYSPLASIA; CIPO: CHRONIC INTESTINAL PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION; C-KIT: KIT PROTO-ONCOGENE RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE; COATS: COHESIN ACETYLTRANSFERASES; CTCF: CCCTC-BINDING FACTOR; DDX11: DEAD/H-BOX HELICASE 11; ERG: TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR ERG; ESCO2: ESTABLISHMENT OF SISTER CHROMATID COHESION N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE 2; GJC1: GAP JUNCTION PROTEIN GAMMA 1; H2A: HISTONE H2A; H3K4: HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4; H3K9: HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9; HCN4: HYPERPOLARIZATION ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE GATED POTASSIUM AND SODIUM CHANNEL 4;P HDAC8: HISTONE DEACETYLASES 8; HP1: HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1; ICC: INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL; ICC-MP: MYENTERIC PLEXUS INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL; ICC-DMP: DEEP MUSCULAR PLEXUS INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL; I(F): PACEMAKER FUNNY CURRENT; IP3: INOSITOL TRISPHOSPHATE; JNK: C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE; LDS: LOEYS-DIETZ SYNDROME; LOAD: LATE-ONSET ALZHEIMER DISEASE; MAPK: MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MAU: MAU SISTER CHROMATID COHESION FACTOR; MFS: MARFAN SYNDROME; NIPBL: NIPBL, COHESIN LOADING FACTOR; OCT4: OCTAMER-BINDING PROTEIN 4; P38: P38 MAP KINASE; PDA: PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS; PDS5: PDS5 COHESIN ASSOCIATED FACTOR; P-H3: PHOSPHO HISTONE H3; PLK1: POLO LIKE KINASE 1; POPDC1: POPEYE DOMAIN CONTAINING 1; POPDC2: POPEYE DOMAIN CONTAINING 2; PP2A: PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2; RAD21: RAD21 COHESIN COMPLEX COMPONENT; RBS: ROBERTS SYNDROME; REC8: REC8 MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION PROTEIN; RNAP2: RNA POLYMERASE II; SAN: SINOATRIAL NODE; SCN5A: SODIUM VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNEL ALPHA SUBUNIT 5; SEC: SUPER ELONGATION COMPLEX; SGO1: SHOGOSHIN-1; SMAD: SMAD FAMILY MEMBER; SMC1A: STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES 1A; SMC3: STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES 3; SNV: SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE VARIANT; SOX2: SRY-BOX 2; SOX17: SRY-BOX 17; SSS: SICK SINUS SYNDROME; STAG2: COHESIN SUBUNIT SA-2; TADS: TOPOLOGY ASSOCIATED DOMAINS; TBX: T-BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TGF-BETA: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TGFBR: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTOR; TOF: TETRALOGY OF FALLOT; TREK1: TREK-1 K(+) CHANNEL SUBUNIT; VSD: VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT; WABS: WARSAW BREAKAGE SYNDROME; WAPL: WAPL COHESIN RELEASE FACTOR.	2019	

6  3216  56 HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY AND GASTROINTESTINAL STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK (REVIEW). HEDGEHOG, BMP/TGFBETA, FGF, WNT AND NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAYS CONSTITUTE THE STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK, WHICH PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN A VARIETY OF PROCESSES, SUCH AS EMBRYOGENESIS, MAINTENANCE OF ADULT TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS, TISSUE REPAIR DURING CHRONIC PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, AND CARCINOGENESIS. SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH), INDIAN HEDGEHOG (IHH) AND DESERT HEDGEHOG (DHH) BIND TO PTCH1/PTCH OR PTCH2 RECEPTOR TO RELEASE SMOOTHENED (SMO) SIGNAL TRANSDUCER FROM PATCHED-DEPENDENT SUPPRESSION. SMO THEN ACTIVATES STK36 SERINE/THREONINE KINASE TO STABILIZE GLI FAMILY MEMBERS AND TO PHOSPHORYLATE SUFU FOR NUCLEAR ACCUMULATION OF GLI. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING ACTIVATION LEADS TO GLI-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF TARGET GENES, SUCH AS GLI1, PTCH1, CCND2, FOXL1, JAG2 AND SFRP1. GLI1-DEPENDENT POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP COMBINED WITH PTCH1-DEPENDENT NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP GIVES RISE TO TRANSIENT PROLIFERATION OF HEDGEHOG TARGET CELLS. IGUANA HOMOLOGS (DZIP1 AND DZIP1L) AND COSTAL-2 HOMOLOGS (KIF7 AND KIF27) ARE IDENTIFIED BY COMPARATIVE INTEGROMICS. SHH-DEPENDENT PARIETAL CELL PROLIFERATION IS IMPLICATED IN GASTRIC MUCOSAL REPAIR DURING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. BMP-RUNX3 SIGNALING INDUCES IHH EXPRESSION IN SURFACE DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS OF STOMACH AND INTESTINE. HEDGEHOG SIGNALS FROM EPITHELIAL CELLS THEN INDUCES FOXL1-MEDIATED BMP4 UPREGULATION IN MESENCHYMAL CELLS. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IS FREQUENTLY ACTIVATED IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, GASTRIC CANCER AND PANCREATIC CANCER DUE TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL UPREGULATION OF HEDGEHOG LIGANDS AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF HHIP1/HHIP GENE, ENCODING THE HEDGEHOG INHIBITOR. HOWEVER, HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IS RARELY ACTIVATED IN COLORECTAL CANCER DUE TO NEGATIVE REGULATION BY THE CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING MOLECULES OR TARGETS, SUCH AS SHH, IHH, HHIP1, PTCH1 AND GLI1, ARE APPLIED AS BIOMARKERS FOR CANCER DIAGNOSTICS, PROGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTICS. SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS FOR SMO OR STK36 ARE SUITABLE TO BE USED FOR TREATMENT OF HEDGEHOG-DEPENDENT CANCER.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  4162  26 MECP2 REGULATES PTCH1 EXPRESSION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, IN WHICH PATHOGENESIS IS NOT CLEAR. MANY RESEARCH DEMONSTRATED THAT FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES (FLSS) PLAY A KEY ROLE IN RA PATHOGENESIS, JOIN IN THE CARTILAGE INJURY AND HYPERPLASIA OF THE SYNOVIUM, AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. WE USED ADJUVANT ARTHRITIS (AA) RATS AS RA ANIMAL MODELS. THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) ENABLES THE SUPPRESSED CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TO BE SELECTIVELY DETECTED IN AA FLSS. OVEREXPRESSION OF THIS PROTEIN LEADS TO AN INCREASE OF INTEGRAL METHYLATION LEVELS. SOME RESEARCH HAS CONFIRMED THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN RA PATHOGENESIS; FURTHERMORE, PATCHED 1 (PTCH1) IS A NEGATIVE FRACTION OF HH SIGNALING PATHWAY. WE USED 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZADC) AS DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR. IN OUR RESEARCH, WE FOUND MECP2 REDUCED PTCH1 EXPRESSION IN AA FLSS; 5-AZADC OBSTRUCTED THE LOSS OF PTCH1 EXPRESSION. 5-AZADC, TREATMENT OF AA FLSS, ALSO BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. IN ORDER TO PROBE THE POTENTIAL MOLECULAR MECHANISM, WE ASSUMED THE EPIGENETIC PARTICIPATION IN THE REGULATION OF PTCH1. RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT PTCH1 HYPERMETHYLATION IS RELATED TO THE PERSISTENT FLS ACTIVATION AND INFLAMMATION IN AA RATS. KNOCKDOWN OF MECP2 USING SMALL-INTERFERING RNA TECHNIQUE ADDED PTCH1 EXPRESSION IN AA FLSS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY OFFER MOLECULE MECHANISMS, AND THE REDUCED PTCH1 METHYLATION LEVEL COULD REGULATE INFLAMMATION THROUGH KNOCKDOWN OF MECP2. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT PTCH1 IS AN INHIBITORY PROTEIN OF THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PTCH1 CAN INHIBIT THE EXPRESSION OF GLI1 AND SHH, THEREBY INHIBITING THE ACTIVATION OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY. INACTIVATED HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITS THE SECRETION OF IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA. MECP2 MEDIATES HYPERMETHYLATION OF PTCH1 GENE AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF PTCH1 PROTEIN, THUS ACTIVATING HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY AND INCREASING SECRETION OF IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8  1092  21 COHESIN MUTATIONS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. COHESIN IS A MULTISUBUNIT PROTEIN COMPLEX THAT FORMS A RING-LIKE STRUCTURE AROUND DNA. IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR SISTER CHROMATID COHESION, CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION, TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, AND DNA DAMAGE REPAIR AND PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN DYNAMICALLY SHAPING THE GENOME ARCHITECTURE AND MAINTAINING DNA INTEGRITY. THE CORE COMPLEX SUBUNITS STAG2, RAD21, SMC1, AND SMC3, AS WELL AS ITS MODULATORS PDS5A/B, WAPL, AND NIPBL, HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE RECURRENTLY MUTATED IN HEMATOLOGIC AND SOLID MALIGNANCIES. THESE MUTATIONS ARE FOUND ACROSS THE FULL SPECTRUM OF MYELOID NEOPLASIA, INCLUDING PEDIATRIC DOWN SYNDROME-ASSOCIATED ACUTE MEGAKARYOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA, MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, AND DE NOVO AND SECONDARY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIAS. THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH COHESIN MUTATIONS ACT AS DRIVERS OF CLONAL EXPANSION AND DISEASE PROGRESSION ARE STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT STUDIES HAVE DESCRIBED THE IMPACT OF COHESIN ALTERATIONS ON SELF-RENEWAL AND DIFFERENTIATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN CHROMATIN AND EPIGENETIC STATE DIRECTING LINEAGE COMMITMENT, AS WELL AS GENOMIC INTEGRITY. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE ROLE OF THE COHESIN COMPLEX IN HEALTHY AND MALIGNANT HEMATOPOIESIS. WE DISCUSS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF COHESIN MUTATIONS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES AND DISCUSS OPPORTUNITIES FOR THERAPEUTIC TARGETING.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  1393  22 DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS. WNT1-INDUCIBLE SIGNALING PATHWAY PROTEIN 1 (WISP1) REGULATES CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, ADHESION, MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL. ABNORMAL WISP1 EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARCINOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HCC. HOWEVER, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IS STILL UNCLEAR. WE THEREFORE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER AND EVALUATE ITS CLINICAL VALUE IN HCC. THE STUDY ENROLLED 251 PARTICIPANTS, INCLUDING 123 PARTICIPANTS WITH HCC, 90 PARTICIPANTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) AND 38 HEALTHY CONTROLS (HCS). WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS, MRNA LEVELS AND PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 WERE DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (RT-QPCR) AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. WE FOUND THAT THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS, WHILE THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF WISP1 MRNA WERE MARKEDLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH HCC THAN IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. FURTHERMORE, THE PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS OBVIOUSLY LOWER THAN IN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) IS A WIDELY RECOGNIZED BIOMARKER TO DIAGNOSE HCC WHICH LACKS ENOUGH SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY. WISP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS COMBINED WITH AFP SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE DIAGNOSTIC ABILITY IN DISCRIMINATING HCC FROM CHB COMPARED WITH AFP OR WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS ALONE. IN CONCLUSION, HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY SERVE AS A NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10  3642  28 INCREASED H3K4ME3 METHYLATION AND DECREASED MIR-7113-5P EXPRESSION LEAD TO ENHANCED WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING IN IMMUNE CELLS FROM PTSD PATIENTS LEADING TO INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE. BACKGROUND: POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) IS A PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER ACCOMPANIED BY CHRONIC PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION. WHAT TRIGGERS INFLAMMATION IN PTSD IS CURRENTLY UNCLEAR. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL DEFECTS IN SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH PTSD. METHODS: RNASEQ (5 SAMPLES EACH FOR CONTROLS AND PTSD), CHIPSEQ (5 SAMPLES EACH) AND MIRNA ARRAY (6 SAMPLES EACH) WERE USED IN COMBINATION WITH BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS TO IDENTIFY DYSREGULATED GENES IN PBMCS. REAL TIME QRT-PCR (24 SAMPLES EACH) AND IN VITRO ASSAYS WERE EMPLOYED TO VALIDATE OUR PRIMARY FINDINGS AND HYPOTHESIS. RESULTS: BY RNA-SEQ ANALYSIS OF PBMCS, WE FOUND THAT WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY WAS UPREGULATED IN PTSD WHEN COMPARED TO NORMAL CONTROLS. SPECIFICALLY, WE FOUND INCREASED EXPRESSION OF WNT10B IN THE PTSD GROUP WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROLS. OUR FINDINGS WERE CONFIRMED USING NCBI'S GEO DATABASE INVOLVING A LARGER SAMPLE SIZE. ADDITIONALLY, IN VITRO ACTIVATION STUDIES REVEALED THAT ACTIVATED BUT NOT NAIVE PBMCS FROM CONTROL INDIVIDUALS EXPRESSED MORE IFNGAMMA IN THE PRESENCE OF RECOMBINANT WNT10B SUGGESTING THAT WNT SIGNALING PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN EXACERBATING INFLAMMATION. NEXT, WE INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM OF INDUCTION OF WNT10B AND FOUND THAT INCREASED EXPRESSION OF WNT10B MAY RESULT FROM EPIGENETIC MODULATION INVOLVING DOWNREGULATION OF HSA-MIR-7113-5P WHICH TARGETED WNT10B. FURTHERMORE, WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT WNT10B OVEREXPRESSION WAS LINKED TO HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K4ME3 HISTONE MODIFICATION AROUND THE PROMOTOR OF WNT10B. ADDITIONALLY, KNOCKDOWN OF HISTONE DEMETHYLASE SPECIFIC TO H3K4ME3, USING SIRNA, LED TO INCREASED EXPRESSION OF WNT10B PROVIDING CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE THAT H3K4ME3 INDEED CONTROLLED WNT10B EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: IN SUMMARY, OUR DATA DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IS UPREGULATED IN PBMCS OF PTSD PATIENTS RESULTING FROM EPIGENETIC CHANGES INVOLVING MICRORNA DYSREGULATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH IN TURN MAY PROMOTE THE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE IN SUCH CELLS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  2437  21 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SONIC HEDGEHOG ELICITS ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. BACKGROUND: PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS MAY SUFFER FROM PAIN OR NEUROLOGIC DEFICIT, AND THE DISEASE MAY BE DETECTED IN PATIENTS WITH A KNOWN MALIGNANCY. SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) HAS RECEIVED SPECIAL ATTENTION DUE TO ITS ROLE IN CANCERS. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ON ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND TUMOR GROWTH BY REGULATING THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS. METHODS: RAT MODELS OF METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS WERE SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED. WE FIRST CALCULATED THE TUMOR VOLUME AND THE INHIBITION RATE OF TUMOR GROWTH TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF SHH ON TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER PROLIFERATION WAS DELAYED BY SHH DEPLETION, AND THE 3-(4,5-DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2-YL)-2,5-DIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE ASSAY WAS CONDUCTED TO TEST THE CHANGES IN THE LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION RATE IN THE SPLEEN TRIGGERED BY SHH SILENCING. THEN, THE INFLUENCE OF SHH DEPLETION ON IMMUNE FUNCTION WAS INVESTIGATED. LATER, QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT ASSAY WERE PERFORMED TO EXPLORE THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY-RELATED FACTORS. FINALLY, WE ADDED THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITOR, GDC-0449, TO CONFIRM THE ROLE OF THE PATHWAY IN TUMOR PROGRESSION. RESULTS: INITIALLY, WE OBSERVED THAT SHH DEPLETION WAS A NEGATIVE FACTOR FOR TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IT WAS REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH SERVED AS AN INHIBITOR FACTOR FOR THE FUNCTION OF SPLEEN LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION AND INFLAMMATION WHILE PROMOTING ANTITUMOR IMMUNE FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: OUR PRELIMINARY RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ELICITS AN ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  1571  26 DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CD8(+) T CELLS DISCERN PSORIASIS FROM PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS AND CORRELATE WITH CUTANEOUS DISEASE ACTIVITY. BACKGROUND: PSORIASIS IS A T CELL-MEDIATED CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE/INFLAMMATORY DISEASE. WHILE SOME PATIENTS EXPERIENCE DISEASE LIMITED TO THE SKIN (SKIN PSORIASIS), OTHERS DEVELOP JOINT INVOLVEMENT (PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; PSA). IN THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE- AND/OR OUTCOME-SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS, AND AS ARTHRITIS CAN PRECEDE SKIN MANIFESTATIONS, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC DELAYS ARE COMMON AND CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE BURDEN AND DAMAGE ACCRUAL. OBJECTIVE: ALTERED EPIGENETIC MARKS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, CONTRIBUTE TO EFFECTOR T CELL PHENOTYPES AND ALTERED CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN AUTOIMMUNE/INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. THIS PROJECT AIMED AT THE IDENTIFICATION OF DISEASE-/OUTCOME-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES IN CD8(+) T CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS AND PSA AS COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. METHOD: PERIPHERAL BLOOD CD8(+) T CELLS FROM NINE HEALTHY CONTROLS, 10 PSORIASIS, AND SEVEN PSA PATIENTS WERE COLLECTED TO ANALYZE DNA METHYLATION MARKS USING ILLUMINA HUMAN METHYLATION EPIC BEADCHIPS (>850,000 CPGS PER SAMPLE). BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING R (MINFI, LIMMA, CHAMP, AND DMRCATE PACKAGES). RESULTS: DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN CD8(+) T CELLS DIFFERENTIATE HEALTHY CONTROLS FROM PSORIASIS PATIENTS [397 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS); 9 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) WHEN >/=CPGS PER DMR WERE CONSIDERED; 2 DMRS FOR >/=10 CPGS]. FURTHERMORE, PATIENTS WITH SKIN PSORIASIS CAN BE DISCRIMINATED FROM PSA PATIENTS [1,861 DMPS, 20 DMRS (>/=5 CPGS PER REGION), 4 DMRS (>/=10 CPGS PER REGION)]. GENE ONTOLOGY (GO) ANALYSES CONSIDERING GENES WITH >/=1 DMP IN THEIR PROMOTER DELIVERED METHYLATION DEFECTS IN SKIN PSORIASIS AND PSA PRIMARILY AFFECTING THE BMP SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ENDOPEPTIDASE REGULATOR ACTIVITY, RESPECTIVELY. GO ANALYSIS OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH DMRS BETWEEN SKIN PSORIASIS AND PSA DEMONSTRATED AN ENRICHMENT OF GABAERGIC NEURON AND CORTEX NEURON DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS. TREATMENT WITH CYTOKINE BLOCKERS ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION CHANGES [2,372 DMPS; 1,907 DMPS WITHIN PROMOTERS, 7 DMRS (>/=5 CPG PER REGIONS)] AFFECTING TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTOR AND TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTOR PROTEIN SERINE/THREONINE KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAYS. LASTLY, A METHYLATION SCORE INCLUDING TNF AND IL-17 PATHWAY ASSOCIATED DMPS INVERSE CORRELATES WITH SKIN DISEASE ACTIVITY SCORES (PASI). CONCLUSION: PATIENTS WITH SKIN PSORIASIS EXHIBIT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CD8(+) T CELLS THAT ALLOW DIFFERENTIATION FROM PSA PATIENTS AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS, AND REFLECT CLINICAL ACTIVITY OF SKIN DISEASE. THUS, DNA METHYLATION PROFILING PROMISES POTENTIAL AS DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC TOOL TO BE USED FOR MOLECULAR PATIENT STRATIFICATION TOWARD INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13   911  21 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO TNF REPROGRAMS CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES BY ESTABLISHING LONG-TERM INFLAMMATORY MEMORY. FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES (FLS) PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA). CHRONIC INFLAMMATION INDUCES TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT IMPARTS A PERSISTENT CATABOLIC PHENOTYPE TO THE FLS, DESPITE THEIR DISSOCIATION FROM THE INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT. WE ANALYZED HIGH THROUGHPUT GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY DATA FROM HUMAN AND MOUSE FLS FROM OUR AND OTHER STUDIES AVAILABLE ON PUBLIC REPOSITORIES, WITH THE GOAL OF IDENTIFYING THE PERSISTENTLY REPROGRAMMED SIGNALING PATHWAYS DRIVEN BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. WE FOUND THAT THE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES INDUCED BY SHORT-TERM TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF) TREATMENT WERE LARGELY SUSTAINED IN THE FLS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THESE CHANGES THAT INCLUDED BOTH ACTIVATION AND REPRESSION OF GENE EXPRESSION, WERE ACCOMPANIED BY THE REMODELING OF CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY. THE SUSTAINED ACTIVATED GENES (SAGS) INCLUDED ESTABLISHED PRO-INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING COMPONENTS KNOWN TO ACT AT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF NF-KAPPAB, STAT AND AP-1 SIGNALING CASCADES. INTERESTINGLY, THE SUSTAINED REPRESSED GENES (SRGS) INCLUDED CRITICAL MEDIATORS AND TARGETS OF THE BMP SIGNALING PATHWAY. WE THUS IDENTIFIED SUSTAINED REPRESSION OF BMP SIGNALING AS A UNIQUE CONSTITUENT OF THE LONG-TERM INFLAMMATORY MEMORY INDUCED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. WE POSTULATE THAT SIMULTANEOUS TARGETING OF THESE ACTIVATED AND REPRESSED SIGNALING PATHWAYS MAY BE NECESSARY TO COMBAT RA PERSISTENCE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14  2379  30 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF WNT PATHWAY ANTAGONISTS IN HUMAN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS COMMON IN HUMAN CANCER. USING A LARGE-SCALE WHOLE-GENOME APPROACH IN AN EARLIER STUDY, THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED GENES WITH POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTION IN GLIOBLASTOMA (GBM). THREE GENES IDENTIFIED IN THIS ANALYSIS-DKK1, SFRP1, AND WIF1-ARE POTENT INHIBITORS OF THE WNT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. HERE, THE AUTHORS CONFIRM DECREASED EXPRESSION OF THESE GENES IN GBM TUMOR TISSUE SAMPLES RELATIVE TO NONTUMOR BRAIN TISSUE SAMPLES USING REAL-TIME PCR. THEY THEN SHOW THAT EXPRESSION OF ALL 3 GENES IS RESTORED IN T98 GBM CELLS BY TREATMENT WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), BUT ONLY DKK1 EXPRESSION IS RESTORED BY TREATMENT WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZACYTIDINE. BISULFITE SEQUENCING DID NOT REVEAL SIGNIFICANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF DKK1, WHEREAS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY FOR ALL 3 GENES AFTER TSA TREATMENT. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF DKK1 SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES COLONY FORMATION AND INCREASES CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY INHIBITORS WIF1 AND SFRP1 SHOWS A RELATIVE LACK OF RESPONSE. CHRONIC WNT3A STIMULATION ONLY PARTIALLY REVERSES GROWTH SUPPRESSION AFTER DKK1 REEXPRESSION, WHEREAS A SPECIFIC INHIBITOR OF THE JNK PATHWAY SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSES THE EFFECT OF DKK1 REEXPRESSION ON COLONY FORMATION AND APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. THESE RESULTS SUPPORT A POTENTIAL GROWTH-SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION FOR EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED DKK1 IN GBM AND SUGGEST THAT DKK1 RESTORATION COULD MODULATE WNT SIGNALING THROUGH BOTH CANONICAL AND NONCANONICAL PATHWAYS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15  5358  21 REBALANCING TGFBETA1/BMP SIGNALS IN EXHAUSTED T CELLS UNLOCKS RESPONSIVENESS TO IMMUNE CHECKPOINT BLOCKADE THERAPY. T CELL DYSFUNCTIONALITY PREVENTS THE CLEARANCE OF CHRONIC INFECTIONS AND CANCER. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN DYSFUNCTIONAL CD8(+) T CELLS LIMITS THEIR RESPONSE TO IMMUNOTHERAPIES, INCLUDING IMMUNE CHECKPOINT BLOCKADE (ICB). HOWEVER, IT IS UNCLEAR WHICH UPSTREAM SIGNALS DRIVE ACQUISITION OF DYSFUNCTIONAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMS, AND WHETHER THERAPEUTICALLY TARGETING THESE SIGNALS CAN REMODEL TERMINALLY DYSFUNCTIONAL T CELLS TO AN ICB-RESPONSIVE STATE. HERE WE INNOVATE AN IN VITRO MODEL SYSTEM OF STABLE HUMAN T CELL DYSFUNCTION AND SHOW THAT CHRONIC TGFBETA1 SIGNALING IN POSTEFFECTOR CD8(+) T CELLS ACCELERATES THEIR TERMINAL DYSFUNCTION THROUGH STABLE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. CONVERSELY, BOOSTING BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN (BMP) SIGNALING WHILE BLOCKING TGFBETA1 PRESERVED EFFECTOR AND MEMORY PROGRAMS IN CHRONICALLY STIMULATED HUMAN CD8(+) T CELLS, INDUCING SUPERIOR RESPONSES TO TUMORS AND SYNERGIZING THE ICB RESPONSES DURING CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION. THUS, REBALANCING TGFBETA1/BMP SIGNALS PROVIDES AN EXCITING NEW APPROACH TO UNLEASH DYSFUNCTIONAL CD8(+) T CELLS AND ENHANCE T CELL IMMUNOTHERAPIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  3835  28 IONISING RADIATION INDUCES PROMOTER DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND PERTURBS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF GENES INVOLVED IN MORPHOGENESIS DURING GASTRULATION IN ZEBRAFISH. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IS PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO STRESS AND DNA DAMAGE, AS MUTATIONS CAN ACCUMULATE THROUGH CELL PROLIFERATION IN A WIDE NUMBER OF CELLS AND ORGANS. HOWEVER, THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO IONISING RADIATION (IR) AT LOW AND MODERATE DOSE RATES (< 6 MGY/H) REMAIN LARGELY CONTROVERSIAL, RAISING CONCERNS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. THE PRESENT STUDY FOCUSES ON THE MOLECULAR EFFECTS OF IR (0.005 TO 50 MGY/H) ON ZEBRAFISH EMBRYOS AT THE GASTRULA STAGE (6 HPF), AT BOTH THE TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND EPIGENETICS LEVELS. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT EXPOSURE TO IR MODIFIES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY FROM 0.5 TO 50 MGY/H. IN ADDITION, IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS, NAMELY, THE NOTCH, RETINOIC ACID, BMP AND WNT SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, WERE ALTERED AT 5 AND 50 MGY/H. TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE MORPHOGENESIS OF THE ECTODERM AND MESODERM WERE DETECTED AT ALL DOSE RATES, BUT WERE PROMINENT FROM 0.5 TO 50 MGY/H. AT THE EPIGENETIC LEVEL, EXPOSURE TO IR INDUCED A HYPOMETHYLATION OF DNA IN THE PROMOTER OF GENES THAT COLOCALISED WITH BOTH H3K27ME3 AND H3KME4 HISTONE MARKS AND CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY. FINALLY, PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OCCURRED IN THE PROMOTER OF IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTAL GENES, INCLUDING MORPHOGENESIS OF THE ECTODERM AND MESODERM. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM REGULATING MORPHOGENESIS IN GASTRULATING EMBRYOS WAS MODIFIED AT DOSE RATES GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.5 MGY/H, WHICH MIGHT PREDICT POTENTIAL NEUROGENESIS AND SOMITOGENESIS DEFECTS OBSERVED AT SIMILAR DOSE RATES LATER IN DEVELOPMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  5083  23 PICKING A BONE WITH WISP1 (CCN4): NEW STRATEGIES AGAINST DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE. AS THE WORLD'S POPULATION CONTINUES TO AGE, IT IS ESTIMATED THAT DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE DISORDERS SUCH AS OSTEOARTHRITIS WILL IMPACT AT LEAST 130 MILLION INDIVIDUALS THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE BY THE YEAR 2050. ADVANCED AGE, OBESITY, GENETICS, GENDER, BONE DENSITY, TRAUMA, AND A POOR LEVEL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN LEAD TO THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF OSTEOARTHRITIS. HOWEVER, FACTORS THAT LEAD TO DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE AND INVOLVE GENDER, GENETICS, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND ADVANCED AGE ARE NOT WITHIN THE CONTROL OF AN INDIVIDUAL. FURTHERMORE, CURRENT THERAPIES INCLUDING PAIN MANAGEMENT, IMPROVED NUTRITION, AND REGULAR PROGRAMS FOR EXERCISE DO NOT LEAD TO THE RESOLUTION OF OSTEOARTHRITIS. AS A RESULT, NEW AVENUES FOR TARGETING THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS ARE DESPERATELY NEEDED. WNT1 INDUCIBLE SIGNALING PATHWAY PROTEIN 1 (WISP1), A MATRICELLULAR PROTEIN AND A DOWNSTREAM TARGET OF THE WINGLESS PATHWAY WNT1, IS ONE SUCH TARGET TO CONSIDER THAT GOVERNS CELLULAR PROTECTION, STEM CELL PROLIFERATION, AND TISSUE REGENERATION IN A NUMBER OF DISORDERS INCLUDING BONE DEGENERATION. HOWEVER, INCREASED WISP1 EXPRESSION ALSO HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROGRESSION OF OSTEOARTHRITIS. WISP1 HAS AN INTRICATE RELATIONSHIP WITH A NUMBER OF PROLIFERATIVE AND PROTECTIVE PATHWAYS THAT INCLUDE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3-KINASE (PI 3-K), PROTEIN KINASE B (AKT), NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA-LIGHT-CHAIN-ENHANCER OF ACTIVATED B CELLS (NF-KAPPAB), INTERLEUKIN -6 (IL-6), TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA, MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE, SMALL NON-CODING RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS (RNAS), SIRTUIN SILENT MATING TYPE INFORMATION REGULATION 2 HOMOLOG 1 (SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE) (SIRT1), AND THE MECHANISTIC TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR). TAKEN TOGETHER, THIS COMPLEX ASSOCIATION WISP1 HOLDS WITH THESE SIGNALING PATHWAYS NECESSITATES A FINE BIOLOGICAL REGULATION OF WISP1 ACTIVITY THAT CAN OFFSET THE PROGRESSION OF DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE, BUT NOT LIMIT THE CELLULAR PROTECTIVE CAPABILITIES OF THE WISP1 PATHWAY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  6569  19 TRANSPLANTATION OF EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED ADULT CARDIAC C-KIT+ CELLS RETARDS REMODELING AND IMPROVES CARDIAC FUNCTION IN ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE MODEL. CARDIAC C-KIT+ CELLS HAVE A MODEST CARDIOGENIC POTENTIAL THAT COULD LIMIT THEIR EFFICACY IN HEART DISEASE TREATMENT. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO AUGMENT THE CARDIOGENIC POTENTIAL OF CARDIAC C-KIT+ CELLS THROUGH CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITION AND EVALUATE THEIR THERAPEUTIC POTENCY IN THE CHRONIC HEART FAILURE (CHF) ANIMAL MODEL. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) WAS CREATED BY CORONARY ARTERY OCCLUSION IN RATS. C-KIT+ CELLS WERE TREATED WITH MOCETINOSTAT (MOCE), A SPECIFIC CLASS I HDAC INHIBITOR. AT 3 WEEKS AFTER MI, CHF ANIMALS WERE RETROGRADELY INFUSED WITH UNTREATED (CONTROL) OR MOCE-TREATED C-KIT+ CELLS (MOCE/C-KIT+ CELLS) AND EVALUATED AT 3 WEEKS AFTER CELL INFUSION. WE FOUND THAT CLASS I HDAC INHIBITION IN C-KIT+ CELLS ELEVATED THE LEVEL OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 (ACH3) AND INCREASED ACH3 LEVELS IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF PLURIPOTENT AND CARDIAC-SPECIFIC GENES. EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF CARDIAC-SPECIFIC MARKERS. TRANSPLANTATION OF CHF RATS WITH EITHER CONTROL OR MOCE/C-KIT+ CELLS RESULTED IN AN IMPROVEMENT IN CARDIAC FUNCTION, RETARDATION OF CHF REMODELING MADE EVIDENT BY INCREASED VASCULARIZATION AND SCAR SIZE, AND CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY REDUCTION. COMPARED WITH CHF INFUSED WITH CONTROL CELLS, INFUSION OF MOCE/C-KIT+ CELLS RESULTED IN A FURTHER REDUCTION IN LEFT VENTRICLE END-DIASTOLIC PRESSURE AND TOTAL COLLAGEN AND AN INCREASE IN INTERLEUKIN-6 EXPRESSION. THE LOW ENGRAFTMENT OF INFUSED CELLS SUGGESTS THAT PARACRINE EFFECTS MIGHT ACCOUNT FOR THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF C-KIT+ CELLS IN CHF. IN CONCLUSION, SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF CLASS I HDACS INDUCED EXPRESSION OF CARDIAC MARKERS IN C-KIT+ CELLS AND PARTIALLY AUGMENTED THE EFFICACY OF THESE CELLS FOR CHF REPAIR. SIGNIFICANCE: THE STUDY HAS SHOWN THAT SELECTIVE CLASS 1 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION IS SUFFICIENT TO REDIRECT C-KIT+ CELLS TOWARD A CARDIAC FATE. EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED C-KIT+ CELLS IMPROVED CONTRACTILE FUNCTION AND RETARDED REMODELING OF THE CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE HEART. THIS STUDY PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE EFFICACY OF CARDIAC C-KIT+ CELLS IN THE ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE MODEL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  6529  26 TRANSCRIPTIONAL DOWN-REGULATION OF THE WNT ANTAGONIST SFRP1 IN HAEMATOPOIETIC CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT RISK TYPES OF MDS. SECRETED FRIZZLED RELATED PROTEIN 1 (SFRP1) IS AN EXTRACELLULAR ANTAGONIST OF THE WNT SIGNALLING PATHWAY THAT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SOLID TUMOURS AND HAEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. SFRP1 HAS BEEN OBSERVED TO BE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY DOWN-REGULATED DUE TO HYPERMETHYLATION IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKAEMIA, BUT SO FAR NOT IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS). MOREOVER, IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF SFRP1 CORRELATES WITH AN OVEREXPRESSION OF THE WNT RECEPTOR FRIZZLED 3 (FZD3) IN ACUTE LEUKAEMIA. USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR) WE EXAMINED MRNA EXPRESSION OF SFRP1 AND FZD3 IN BONE MARROW CELLS DERIVED FROM 121 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT RISK TYPES OF MDS, ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) AND ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL). WE EMPLOYED PYROSEQUENCING TO QUANTIFY PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION IN MDS AND ACUTE LEUKAEMIA. WE DETECTED SIGNIFICANT LOWER MRNA TRANSCRIPTION OF SFRP1 IN MDS COMPARED TO HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. HOWEVER, DNA SEQUENCE MUTATIONS OR FREQUENT ELEVATED DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER COULD NOT BE OBSERVED IN MDS BUT IN AML AND ALL AS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF FZD3 WERE UP-REGULATED IN BOTH ACUTE LEUKAEMIA AND MDS. OUR DATA SHOW A SIGNIFICANT TRANSCRIPTIONAL DOWN-REGULATION OF SFRP1 AS A COMMON EVENT IN AML, ALL AND - AS DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME - IN MDS. AN INACTIVATION OF SFRP1 AND THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL UP-REGULATION OF FZD3 SEEM TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN ACTIVATION OF THE WNT SIGNALLING PATHWAY IN THESE HAEMATOPOIETIC DISEASES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20  5668  29 SFRP1 EXPRESSION REGULATES WNT SIGNALING IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA K562 CELLS. BACKGROUND: WNT SIGNALING CASCADES PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN CELL FATE DECISIONS AND THEIR DEREGULATION HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED IN MANY DISEASES, INCLUDING MALIGNANT TUMORS AND LEUKEMIA. ONE MECHANISM OF ABERRANT WNT SIGNALING IS THE SILENCING OF WNT INHIBITORS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THE SFRPS ARE ONE OF THE MOST STUDIED WNT INHIBITORS; AND THE SFRP1 LOSS IS KNOWN IN MANY HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. THEREFORE, WE AIMED TO COMPARE THE EXPRESSION OF WNT RELATED GENES IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF SFRP1 IN A CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CELL LINE. OBJECTIVE: IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW SFRP1 AND SFRP1 PERFORM THEIR EFFECTS ON CML TO DESIGN NEW AGENTS AND STRATEGIES FOR RESISTANT AND ADVANCED FORMS OF CML. MATERIALS AND METHODS: WE USED K562 CELLS, WHICH NORMALLY DO NOT EXPRESS SFRP1 AND ITS SFRP1 EXPRESSING SUBCLONE K562S. TOTAL RNA WAS ISOLATED FROM K562 AND K562S CELL LINES AND CONVERTED TO CDNA. PCR ARRAY EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED USING HUMAN WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY PLUS RT2 PROFILER KIT. WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY ACTIVATION WAS STUDIED BY WESTERN BLOT FOR DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING TARGETS. RESULTS: THE WNT3, LRP6, PRICKLE1 AND BTRC EXPRESSIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE PRESENCE OF SFRP1; WHILE WNT5B INCREASED. THE SFRP1 EXPRESSION INHIBITED STABILIZATION OF TOTAL BETA-CATENIN PROTEIN AND DOWNSTREAM EFFECTOR PHOSPHORYLATION OF NONCANONICAL WNT/PCP SIGNALING; WHEREAS CA2+/PKC SIGNALING REMAINED ACTIVE. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SFRP1 COULD BE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC ANTICANCER AGENT. DEFINING THESE PATHWAY INTERACTIONS IS CRUCIAL FOR DESIGNING NEW AGENTS RESISTANT AND ADVANCED FORMS OF CML.	2022