1  5392 144 REDOXISOME AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR) IS A CHRONIC MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS (DM). IT IS A WORLDWIDE GROWING EPIDEMIC DISEASE CONSIDERED TO BE THE LEADING CAUSE OF VISION-LOSS AND BLINDNESS IN PEOPLE WITH DM. REDOX REACTIONS OCCURRING AT THE EXTRA- AND INTRACELLULAR LEVELS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS. DYSREGULATION OF REDOX HOMEOSTASIS ARE IMPLICATED IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF DR. THIOREDOXIN1 (TRX1) AND THIOREDOXIN2 (TRX2) ARE CYTOPLASMIC AND MITOCHONDRIALLY LOCALIZED ANTIOXIDANT PROTEINS UBIQUITOUSLY EXPRESSED IN VARIOUS CELLS AND CONTROL CELLULAR REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) BY REDUCING THE DISULFIDES INTO THIOL GROUPS. THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP) BINDS TO TRX SYSTEM AND INHIBITS THE ACTIVE REDUCED FORM OF TRX THROUGH DISULFIDE EXCHANGE REACTION. RECENT STUDIES INDICATE THE ASSOCIATION OF TRX/TXNIP WITH REDOX SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS INCLUDING ACTIVATION OF NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN-3 (NLRP3) INFLAMMASOME, APOPTOSIS, AUTOPHAGY/MITOPHAGY, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN A REDOX-DEPENDENT MANNER. THUS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO GAIN A MORE IN-DEPTH UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT LINKS REDOXISOME AND ER/MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION TO DRIVE THE PROGRESSION OF DR. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE A MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES ASSOCIATED WITH REDOXISOME, THE TRX/TXNIP REDOX SIGNALING COMPLEX UNDER OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DR. ALSO, THE MOLECULAR TARGETS OF FDA APPROVED DRUGS AND CLINICAL TRIALS IN ADDITION TO EFFECTIVE ANTIOXIDANT STRATEGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY ARE REVIEWED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  4459  45 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS ARE THE MAJOR CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES. MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE RETINOPATHY, NEPHROPATHY AND NEUROPATHY, WHICH ARE LEADING CAUSES OF BLINDNESS, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE AND VARIOUS PAINFUL NEUROPATHIES; WHEREAS MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS INVOLVE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RELATED DISEASES, SUCH AS CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE AND STROKE. DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS ARE THE RESULT OF INTERACTIONS AMONG SYSTEMIC METABOLIC CHANGES, SUCH AS HYPERGLYCEMIA, LOCAL TISSUE RESPONSES TO TOXIC METABOLITES FROM GLUCOSE METABOLISM, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODULATORS. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA IS RECOGNIZED AS A MAJOR INITIATOR OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. MULTIPLE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO MEDIATE HYPERGLYCEMIA'S ADVERSE EFFECTS ON VASCULAR TISSUES. THESE INCLUDE INCREASED POLYOL PATHWAY, ACTIVATION OF THE DIACYLGLYCEROL/PROTEIN KINASE C PATHWAY, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, OVERPRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS, AND INCREASED HEXOSAMINE PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE ALTERATIONS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS INDUCED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA OR TOXIC METABOLITES CAN ALSO LEAD TO CELLULAR DYSFUNCTIONS AND DAMAGE VASCULAR TISSUES BY ALTERING GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN FUNCTION. LESS STUDIED THAN THE TOXIC MECHANISMS, HYPERGLYCEMIA MIGHT ALSO INHIBIT THE ENDOGENOUS VASCULAR PROTECTIVE FACTORS SUCH AS INSULIN, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR AND ACTIVATED PROTEIN C, WHICH PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN MAINTAINING VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS. THUS, EFFECTIVE THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS NEED TO INHIBIT MECHANISMS INDUCED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA'S TOXIC EFFECTS AND ALSO ENHANCE THE ENDOGENOUS PROTECTIVE FACTORS. THE PRESENT REVIEW SUMMARIZES THESE MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS ACTIVATED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA AND THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT MIGHT PREVENT DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. (J DIABETES INVEST, DOI: 10.1111/J.2040-1124.2010.00018.X, 2010).	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3  2965  55 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: A MOLECULAR LINK TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. INTENSIFICATION IN THE FREQUENCY OF DIABETES AND THE ASSOCIATED VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS HAS BEEN A ROOT CAUSE OF BLINDNESS AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT WORLDWIDE. ONE SUCH VASCULAR COMPLICATION WHICH HAS BEEN THE PROMINENT CAUSE OF BLINDNESS; RETINAL VASCULATURE, NEURONAL AND GLIAL ABNORMALITIES IS DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR), A CHRONIC COMPLICATED OUTCOME OF TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. IT HAS ALSO BECOME CLEAR THAT "GENETIC" VARIATIONS IN POPULATION ALONE CAN'T EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS INCLUDING DR. DR EXPERIENCES ENGAGEMENT OF FOREMOST MEDIATORS OF DIABETES SUCH AS HYPERGLYCEMIA, OXIDANT STRESS, AND INFLAMMATORY FACTORS THAT LEAD TO THE DYSREGULATION OF "EPIGENETIC" MECHANISMS INVOLVING HISTONE ACETYLATION AND HISTONE AND DNA METHYLATION, CHROMATIN REMODELING AND EXPRESSION OF A COMPLEX SET OF STRESS-REGULATED AND DISEASE-ASSOCIATED GENES. IN ADDITION, BOTH ELEVATED GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION AND INSULIN RESISTANCE LEAVE A ROBUST EFFECT ON EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS TOO, SINCE ENDOTHELIUM ASSOCIATED WITH THE EYE AIDS IN MAINTAINING THE VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS. FURTHERMORE, SEVERAL STUDIES CONDUCTED ON THE DISEASE SUGGEST THAT THE MODIFICATIONS OF THE EPIGENOME MIGHT BE THE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISM(S) FOR THE PROPOSED METABOLIC MEMORY' RESULTING INTO PROLONGED GENE EXPRESSION FOR INFLAMMATION AND CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION EVEN AFTER ATTAINING THE GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN DIABETICS. HENCEFORTH, THE PRESENT REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE ASPECTS OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GENES SUCH AS VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AND ALDOSE REDUCTASE CONSIDERED BEING ASSOCIATED WITH DR. IN ADDITION, WE DISCUSS BRIEFLY THE ROLE OF THE THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN TXNIP, WHICH IS STRONGLY INDUCED BY HIGH GLUCOSE AND DIABETES, IN CELLULAR OXIDATIVE STRESS AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION POTENTIALLY LEADING TO CHROMATIN REMODELING AND OCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES. THE IDENTIFICATION OF DISEASE-ASSOCIATED GENES AND THEIR EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS WILL LEAD TO POTENTIAL NEW DRUGS AND GENE THERAPIES AS WELL AS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE TO PREVENT OR SLOW DOWN THE PROGRESSION OF DR.	2016	
                        
4  2768  34 EXPRESSIONS OF SERUM LNCRNAS IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY - A POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOL. WITH INCREASING INCIDENCE OF DIABETES WORLDWIDE, THERE IS AN EVER-EXPANDING NUMBER OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR), ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF BLINDNESS IN THE WORKING AGE POPULATION. EARLY SCREENING FOR THE ONSET AND SEVERITY OF DR IS ESSENTIAL FOR TIMELY INTERVENTION. WITH RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN DR ARE BEGINNING TO UNRAVEL. LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS), WHICH ARE KEY EPIGENETIC MEDIATORS, HAVE DEMONSTRATED IMPLICATIONS IN SEVERAL (DR) RELATED PROCESSES. BASED ON THE PREVIOUS RESEARCH, WE HAVE DEVELOPED A SERUM-BASED, MULTI-PANEL PCR TEST USING 9 LNCRNAS (ANRIL, MALAT1, WISPER, ZFAS1, H19, HOTAIR, HULC, MEG3, AND MIAT) TO IDENTIFY AND VALIDATE WHETHER THIS PANEL COULD BE USED AS A DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC TOOL FOR DR. WE INITIALLY USED A CELL CULTURE MODEL (HUMAN RETINAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS) AND CONFIRMED THAT 25 MM GLUCOSE INDUCES UPREGULATIONS OF ANRIL, HOTAIR, HULC, MALAT1, AND ZFAS1, AND DOWNREGULATION OF H19 COMPARED TO 5 MM GLUCOSE CONTROLS. THEN AS AN INITIAL PROOF-OF-CONCEPT, WE TESTED VITREOUS HUMOR AND SERUM SAMPLES FROM A SMALL COHORT OF NON-DIABETIC (N=10) AND DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY (PDR, N=11) AND MEASURED THE LEVELS OF THE 9 LNCRNAS. DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSIONS OF LNCRNAS WERE FOUND IN THE VITREOUS AND SERUM OF PATIENTS AND SHOWED SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS. WE EXPANDED OUR APPROACH AND ASSESSED THE SAME LNCRNAS USING SAMPLES FROM A LARGER COHORT OF DIABETIC (N= 59; M/F:44/15) AND NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS (N= 11; M/F:4/7). SIGNIFICANT INCREASED LNCRNA EXPRESSIONS OF ANRIL, H19, HOTAIR, HULC, MIAT, WISPER AND ZFAS1 WERE OBSERVED IN THE SERUM OF DIABETIC PATIENTS (WITH VARYING STAGES OF DR) COMPARED TO NON-DIABETICS. NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS WERE DEMONSTRATED BETWEEN LNCRNA EXPRESSIONS AND CREATININE OR GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN (HBA1C) LEVELS. USING ROC AND FURTHER ANALYSES, WE IDENTIFIED DISTINCT LNCRNA PHENOTYPE COMBINATIONS, WHICH MAY BE USED TO IDENTIFY PATIENTS WITH DR. DATA FROM THIS STUDY INDICATE THAT A PANEL OF SERUM LNCRNAS MAY BE USED FOR A POTENTIAL SCREENING TEST FOR DR. FURTHER LARGE-SCALE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO VALIDATE THIS NOTION.	2022	

5  2210  35 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND POTENTIAL NEW TREATMENT TARGETS IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. RETINOPATHY IS A DEBILITATING VASCULAR COMPLICATION OF DIABETES. AS WITH OTHER DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR) IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE METABOLIC MEMORY, WHICH HAS BEEN OBSERVED BOTH IN DR PATIENTS AND IN DR ANIMAL MODELS. EVIDENCES HAVE PROVIDED THAT AFTER A PERIOD OF POOR GLUCOSE CONTROL INSULIN OR DIABETES DRUG TREATMENT FAILS TO PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DR EVEN WHEN GOOD GLYCEMIC CONTROL IS REINSTITUTED (GLUCOSE NORMALIZATION), SUGGESTING A METABOLIC MEMORY PHENOMENON. RECENT STUDIES ALSO UNDERLINE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AS MEDIATORS OF THE METABOLIC MEMORY. INDEED, EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY LEAD TO STABLE MODIFICATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, PARTICIPATING IN DR PATHOGENESIS. MOREOVER, INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA ARE IMPLICATED DR PROGRESSION AND MAY ALSO AFFECT THE EPIGENETIC STATE. HERE WE REVIEW RECENT FINDINGS DEMONSTRATING THE KEY ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE PROGRESSION OF DR. FURTHER ELUCIDATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ACTING BOTH AT THE CIS- AND TRANS-CHROMATIN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, WILL YIELD NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DR AND WILL OPEN THE WAY FOR THE DISCOVERY OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO PREVENT DR PROGRESSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  4195  40 METABOLIC MEMORY: MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA OF DIABETES LEADS TO MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS THAT SEVERELY IMPACT QUALITY OF LIFE. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR) MAY BE THE MOST COMMON OF THESE AND IS A LEADING CAUSE OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND BLINDNESS AMONG WORKING AGE ADULTS IN DEVELOPED NATIONS. MANY LARGE-SCALE TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT EARLY INTENSIVE GLYCEMIC CONTROL CAN REDUCE THE INCIDENCE AND PROGRESSION OF MICRO AND MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. ON THE OTHER HAND, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND PROSPECTIVE DATA HAVE REVEALED THAT THE STRESSORS OF DIABETIC VASCULATURE PERSIST BEYOND THE POINT WHEN GLYCEMIC CONTROL HAS BEEN ACHIEVED. THESE KINDS OF PERSISTENT ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HYPERGLYCEMIA ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF COMPLICATIONS HAS BEEN DEFINED AS "METABOLIC MEMORY", AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PROCESS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT SUCH "HYPERGLYCEMIC MEMORY" MAY ALSO INFLUENCE DR, SUGGESTING THAT MANIPULATION OF HYPERGLYCEMIC MEMORY MAY PROVE A BENEFICIAL APPROACH TO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE EVIDENCE FROM DR-RELATED CLINICAL TRIALS AND MECHANISTIC STUDIES TO INVESTIGATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF METABOLIC MEMORY IN DR AND UNDERSTAND ITS POTENTIAL AS A TARGET OF MOLECULAR THERAPEUTICS AIMED AT REVERSING HYPERGLYCEMIC MEMORY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  4433  39 MOLECULAR COMPLEXITIES UNDERLYING THE VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS - A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. DIABETES IS A CHRONIC DISEASE, CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA, WHICH REFERS TO THE ELEVATED LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD, DUE TO THE INABILITY OF THE BODY TO PRODUCE OR USE INSULIN EFFECTIVELY. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA LEVELS LEAD TO MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THE MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS CONSIST OF PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE (PAD), CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES, WHILE THE MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS COMPRISE OF DIABETIC MICROANGIOPATHY, DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND DIABETIC NEUROPATHY. VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MEDIATING BOTH MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS UNDER HYPERGLYCEMIC CONDITIONS. IN DIABETIC MICROVASCULATURE, THE INTRACELLULAR HYPERGLYCEMIA CAUSES DAMAGE TO THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM THROUGH - (I) ACTIVATION OF FOUR BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS, NAMELY THE POLYOL PATHWAY, PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC) PATHWAY, ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGE) PATHWAY AND HEXOSAMINE PATHWAY, ALL OF WHICH COMMUTES GLUCOSE AND ITS INTERMEDIATES LEADING TO OVERPRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, (II) DYSREGULATION OF GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES, (III) EPIGENETIC CHANGES WHICH CONCERN THE CHANGES IN DNA AS A RESPONSE TO INTRACELLULAR CHANGES, AND (IV) ABNORMALITIES IN NON-CODING RNAS, SPECIFICALLY MICRORNAS. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON GAINING AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR COMPLEXITIES UNDERLYING THE VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES MELLITUS, TO INCREASE OUR UNDERSTANDING TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MECHANISTIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PREVENT OR TREAT DIABETES-INDUCED VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  4106  33 MECHANISM OF INFLAMMATION IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE THAT REPRESENTS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF IRREVERSIBLE VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AMONG PEOPLE OVER THE AGE OF 50 IN EUROPE, THE UNITED STATES, AND AUSTRALIA, ACCOUNTING FOR UP TO 50% OF ALL CASES OF CENTRAL BLINDNESS. RISK FACTORS OF AMD ARE HETEROGENEOUS, MAINLY INCLUDING INCREASING AGE AND DIFFERENT GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS, TOGETHER WITH SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL/EPIGENETIC FACTORS, THAT IS, CIGARETTE SMOKING, DIETARY HABITS, AND PHOTOTOXIC EXPOSURE. IN THE AGING RETINA, FREE RADICALS AND OXIDIZED LIPOPROTEINS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE MAJOR CAUSES OF TISSUE STRESS RESULTING IN LOCAL TRIGGERS FOR PARAINFLAMMATION, A CHRONIC STATUS WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO INITIATION AND/OR PROGRESSION OF MANY HUMAN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES SUCH AS AMD. EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCES STRONGLY INDICATE THE PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF IMMUNOLOGIC PROCESSES IN AMD OCCURRENCE, CONSISTING OF PRODUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY RELATED MOLECULES, RECRUITMENT OF MACROPHAGES, COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION, MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION AND ACCUMULATION WITHIN THOSE STRUCTURES THAT COMPOSE AN ESSENTIAL AREA OF THE RETINA KNOWN AS MACULA LUTEA. THIS PAPER REVIEWS SOME ATTRACTIVE ASPECTS OF THE LITERATURE ABOUT THE MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATION IN AMD, ESPECIALLY FOCUSING ON THOSE FINDINGS OR ARGUMENTS MORE DIRECTLY TRANSLATABLE TO IMPROVE THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH AMD AND TO PREVENT THE SEVERE VISION LOSS CAUSED BY THIS DISEASE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9   799  39 CELLULAR SIGNALING AND POTENTIAL NEW TREATMENT TARGETS IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. DYSFUNCTION AND DEATH OF MICROVASCULAR CELLS AND IMBALANCE BETWEEN THE PRODUCTION AND THE DEGRADATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) PROTEINS ARE A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR). GLUCOSE-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS MAY ACTIVATE A CASCADE OF SIGNALING PATHWAYS LEADING TO INCREASED PRODUCTION OF ECM PROTEINS AND CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION/DEATH. CHRONIC DIABETES LEADS TO THE ACTIVATION OF A NUMBER OF SIGNALING PROTEINS INCLUDING PROTEIN KINASE C, PROTEIN KINASE B, AND MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. THESE SIGNALING CASCADES ARE ACTIVATED IN RESPONSE TO HYPERGLYCEMIA-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS, POLYOL PATHWAY, AND ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT FORMATION AMONG OTHERS. THE ABERRANT SIGNALING PATHWAYS ULTIMATELY LEAD TO ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUCH AS NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB AND ACTIVATING PROTEIN-1. THE ACTIVITY OF THESE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS ALSO REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATOR P300. THESE COMPLEX SIGNALING PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN GLUCOSE-INDUCED ALTERATIONS OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL PHENOTYPE LEADING TO THE PRODUCTION OF INCREASED ECM PROTEINS AND VASOACTIVE EFFECTOR MOLECULES CAUSING FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE MICROVASCULATURE. UNDERSTANDING OF SUCH MECHANISTIC PATHWAYS WILL HELP TO DEVELOP FUTURE ADJUVANT THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10  2721  39 EXOSOMAL NON CODING RNAS AS A NOVEL TARGET FOR DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS COMPLICATIONS. DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS A FIRST-LINE PRIORITY AMONG THE PROBLEMS FACING MEDICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN ALMOST ALL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. THE MAIN PROBLEM OF DM IS THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF DAMAGE TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, WHICH IN TURN LEADS TO DISEASES SUCH AS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, STROKE, GANGRENE OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES, BLINDNESS AND CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE. AS A RESULT, THE STUDY OF THE MOLECULAR GENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF DM IS OF CRITICAL IMPORTANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES. MOLECULAR GENETIC ASPECTS OF THE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS ARE INTENSIVELY STUDIED IN WELL-KNOWN LABORATORIES AROUND THE WORLD. ONE OF THE STRATEGIES IN THIS DIRECTION IS TO STUDY THE ROLE OF EXOSOMES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DM. EXOSOMES ARE MICROSCOPIC EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES WITH A DIAMETER OF 30-100 NM, RELEASED INTO THE INTERCELLULAR SPACE BY CELLS OF VARIOUS TISSUES AND ORGANS. THE CONTENT OF EXOSOMES DEPENDS ON THE CELL TYPE AND INCLUDES MRNA, NON-CODING RNAS, DNA, AND SO ON. NON-CODING RNAS, A GROUP OF RNAS WITH LIMITED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY, HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED TO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC AND POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL MODULATION, SUCH AS SILENCING OF MESSENGER RNA. ONE OF THE PROBLEMS OF USAGE EXOSOMES IN DM IS THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF EXOSOMES AND THE STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOLS FOR MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDIES IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES. IN ADDITION, THE QUESTION OF THE TARGET ORIENTATION OF EXOSOMES AND THEIR TARGETED ACTIVITY REQUIRES ADDITIONAL STUDY. SOLVING THESE AND OTHER PROBLEMS WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO USE EXOSOMES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND DELIVERY OF DRUGS DIRECTLY TO TARGET CELLS IN DM. THIS STUDY PRESENTS AN ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE DATA ON THE ROLE OF EXOSOMES AND NCRNAS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DM, AS WELL AS THE PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF EXOSOMES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE IN THIS DISEASE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11  2009  28 EPIGENETIC BASIS OF DIABETIC VASCULOPATHY. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) CAUSES PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE BECAUSE OF WHICH SEVERAL BLOOD-BORNE FACTORS, INCLUDING VITAL NUTRIENTS FAIL TO REACH THE AFFECTED TISSUE. TISSUE EPIGENOME IS SENSITIVE TO CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA AND IS KNOWN TO CAUSE PATHOGENESIS OF MICRO- AND MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THESE VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF T2DM MAY PERPETUATE THE ONSET OF ORGAN DYSFUNCTION. THE BURDEN OF DIABETES IS PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF A WIDE RANGE OF COMPLICATIONS OF WHICH NONHEALING DIABETIC ULCERS REPRESENT A MAJOR COMPONENT. THUS, IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT CURRENT RESEARCH HELP RECOGNIZE MORE EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF EARLY VASCULAR INJURIES. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN THE EVOLUTION OF MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF T2DM.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12  3909  28 LIFE AFTER PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION: REVERSAL OF DIABETIC LESIONS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: RECIPIENTS OF PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION BEAR THE BURDEN OF CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES, BOTH MICROVASCULAR AND MACROVASCULAR. PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION PROVIDES THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD OF GLYCEMIC AND METABOLIC CONTROL. AS TRANSPLANTATION PROVIDES IMMEDIATE RELIEF FROM ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES, THE IMPACT OF A SUCCESSFUL TRANSPLANT ON LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS IS THE FOCUS OF THIS REVIEW. RECENT FINDINGS: IT IS INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED THAT A SUCCESSFUL PANCREAS TRANSPLANT MAY SLOW, STABILIZE, OR AMELIORATE THE PROGRESSION OF MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES. NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS HAS PROVIDED NEW DATA POTENTIALLY USEFUL FOR PROSPECTIVELY STUDYING THE EFFECT OF PANCREAS TRANSPLANT ON CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES. SUMMARY: EARLIER CORRECTION OF DIABETES BY PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION DECREASES CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS. REFINEMENTS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE TISSUE TARGETS OF DIABETES COMPLICATIONS AND NEW DIAGNOSTIC AND IMAGING TOOLS TO MEASURE THEM MAY PROVE USEFUL IN FURTHER STUDYING THE IMPACT OF PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION ON CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  1387  32 DIABETIC GUT MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS AS AN INFLAMMAGING AND IMMUNOSENESCENCE CONDITION THAT FOSTERS PROGRESSION OF RETINOPATHY AND NEPHROPATHY. THE INCREASED PREVALENCE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) AND LIFE EXPECTANCY OF DIABETIC PATIENTS FOSTERS THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF RETINOPATHY AND NEPHROPATHY, TWO MAJOR MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO TREAT WITH CONTEMPORARY GLUCOSE-LOWERING MEDICATIONS. THE GUT MICROBIOTA (GM) HAS BECOME A LIVELY FIELD RESEARCH IN THE LAST YEARS; THERE IS A GROWING RECOGNITION THAT ALTERED INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION CAN DIRECTLY IMPACT THE PHENOMENON OF AGEING AND AGE-RELATED DISORDERS. IN FACT, HUMAN GM, ENVISAGED AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS, STRONGLY MODULATES HOST IMMUNITY AND METABOLISM. IT IS NOW CLEAR THAT GUT DYSBIOSIS AND THEIR PRODUCTS (E.G. P-CRESYL SULFATE, TRIMETHYLAMINE?N?OXIDE) DICTATE A SECRETORY ASSOCIATED SENESCENCE PHENOTYPE AND CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, FEATURES SHARED IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF AGEING ("INFLAMMAGING") AS WELL AS IN T2DM ("METAFLAMMATION") AND IN ITS MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN IN-DEPTH LOOK ON THE CROSSTALK BETWEEN GM, HOST IMMUNITY AND METABOLISM. FURTHER, IT CHARACTERIZES HUMAN GM SIGNATURES OF ELDERLY AND T2DM PATIENTS. FINALLY, A COMPREHENSIVE SCRUTINY OF RECENT MOLECULAR FINDINGS (E.G. EPIGENETIC CHANGES) UNDERLYING CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GM DYSBIOSIS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY/NEPHROPATHY COMPLICATIONS IS PINPOINTED, WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL TO UNRAVEL POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THAT MAY BE EXPLORED, IN A NEAR FUTURE, AS PERSONALIZED DISEASE-MODIFYING THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  1389  28 DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND SYSTEMIC FACTORS. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, AN OCULARDISEASE, IS GOVERNED BY SYSTEMIC AS WELL AS LOCAL OCULAR FACTORS. THESE INCLUDE PRIMARILY CHRONIC LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE. INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONICALLY ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY MORE, AND MORE SEVERE, RETINOPATHY THAN THOSE WITH LOWER BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS. THE RELATIONSHIP OF BLOOD GLUCOSE TO RETINOPATHY IS CONTINUOUS, WITH NO THRESHOLD ALTHOUGH INDIVIDUALS WITH HEMOGLOBIN A1C LEVELS (A MEASURE OF CHRONIC GLYCEMIA) <6.5%, GENERALLY DEVELOP LITTLE OR NO RETINOPATHY. BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS HAVE BEEN CLAIMED TO INFLUENCE RETINOPATHY DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION, BUT MULTIPLE CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS IN DIABETIC SUBJECTS HAVE PRODUCED ONLY WEAK EVIDENCE OF BENEFIT FROM BLOOD PRESSURE LOWERING ON THE INCIDENCE AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. ELEVATED BLOOD LIPIDS SEEM TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF RETINOPATHY, AND TWO TRIALS OF FENOFIBRATE, A LIPID-LOWERING AGENT THAT HAS NOT PROVED EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, HAVE SHOWN BENEFIT IN PREVENTING RETINOPATHY PROGRESSION. THE MECHANISM OF THIS EFFECT MAY NOT, HOWEVER, BE DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE REDUCTION IN BLOOD LIPIDS. FINALLY, THERE IS STRONG, BUT ONLY CIRCUMSTANTIAL, EVIDENCE FOR A GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. DESPITE THE POWER OF LARGE-SCALE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES AND MODERN MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES, THE GENE OR GENES, WHICH PREDISPOSE OR PROTECT AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY REMAIN ELUSIVE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  2171  31 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. THE INCIDENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS, A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH PREDISPOSING GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, IS INCREASING GLOBALLY. AS A RESULT, IT IS EXPECTED THAT THERE WILL ALSO BE AN INCREASING INCIDENCE OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS WHICH ARISE AS A RESULT OF POOR GLYCEMIC CONTROL. COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, NEPHROPATHY, RETINOPATHY AND DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. THE FINDINGS OF SEVERAL MAJOR CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE IDENTIFIED THAT DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS MAY ARISE EVEN AFTER MANY YEARS OF PROPER GLYCEMIC CONTROL. THIS HAS LED TO THE CONCEPT OF PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES. VARIOUS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES WITH AN EMPHASIS ON COMPLICATIONS, PARTICULARLY DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. AN OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IS PROVIDED AND THE FOCUS IS ON THE EMERGING EVIDENCE FOR ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  6409  39 THE SIGNALING OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IN WESTERN COUNTRIES. NOTABLY, IT HAS A RAPIDLY RISING PREVALENCE IN CHINA. THE PATIENTS, COMMONLY COMPLICATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS, ARE AT HIGH RISK TO PROGRESS INTO END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) AND DEATH. HOWEVER, THE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY HAVE NOT BEEN DETERMINED. CELLULAR SENESCENCE, WHICH RECENTLY HAS GAINED BROAD ATTENTION, IS THOUGHT TO BE AN IMPORTANT PLAYER IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. IN THIS ISSUE, WE GENERALLY REVIEW THE MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY, WHICH INVOLVE TELOMERE ATTRITION, DNA DAMAGE, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, LOSS OF KLOTHO, WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING ACTIVATION, PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, AND ACCUMULATION OF UREMIC TOXINS. MOREOVER, WE HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY AND PROVIDE IMPORTANT CLUES FOR CLINICAL STRATEGIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17  6453  40 THIOREDOXIN INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP) INDUCES INFLAMMATION THROUGH CHROMATIN MODIFICATION IN RETINAL CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ACTIVATION OF RECEPTOR FOR ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (RAGE) ARE KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR MICROVASCULAR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP), AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR OF ANTIOXIDANT THIOREDOXIN (TRX), PLAYS A CAUSATIVE ROLE IN DIABETES AND ITS VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. HEREIN WE INVESTIGATE WHETHER HG AND RAGE INDUCE INFLAMMATION IN RAT RETINAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (EC) UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS IN CULTURE THROUGH TXNIP ACTIVATION AND WHETHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A ROLE IN INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION. WE SHOW THAT RAGE ACTIVATION BY ITS LIGAND S100B OR HG TREATMENT OF RETINAL EC INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF TXNIP AND INFLAMMATORY GENES SUCH AS COX2, VEGF-A, AND ICAM1. TXNIP SILENCING BY SIRNA IMPEDES RAGE AND HG EFFECTS WHILE STABLE OVER-EXPRESSION OF A CDNA FOR HUMAN TXNIP IN EC ELEVATES INFLAMMATION. P38 MAPK-NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING PATHWAY AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE (K) NINE MODIFICATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN TXNIP-INDUCED INFLAMMATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS REVEAL THAT TXNIP OVER-EXPRESSION IN EC ABOLISHES H3K9 TRI-METHYLATION, A MARKER FOR GENE INACTIVATION, AND INCREASES H3K9 ACETYLATION, AN INDICATOR OF GENE INDUCTION, AT PROXIMAL COX2 PROMOTER BEARING THE NF-KAPPAB-BINDING SITE. THESE FINDINGS HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF OCULAR INFLAMMATION AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  1896  24 ENDOTHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION: AN UNDERAPPRECIATED MEDIATOR OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS REPRESENT A GREAT BURDEN ON THE GLOBAL HEALTHCARE SYSTEM. DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY DISEASES OF THE VASCULATURE, WITH ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BEING THE CENTERPIECE OF EARLY HYPERGLYCEMIA-INDUCED CHANGES. ENDOTHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION IS A TIGHTLY REGULATED PROCESS THAT RESULTS IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS LOSING ENDOTHELIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPING MESENCHYMAL TRAITS. ALTHOUGH ENDOTHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION HAS BEEN FOUND TO OCCUR WITHIN MOST OF THE MAJOR COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES, IT HAS NOT BEEN A MAJOR FOCUS OF STUDY OR A COMMON TARGET IN THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. IN THIS REVIEW WE SUMMARIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF ENDOTHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION IN EACH MAJOR DIABETIC COMPLICATION, EXAMINE SPECIFIC MECHANISMS AT PLAY, AND HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL MECHANISMS TO PREVENT ENDOTHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION IN EACH OF THE MAJOR CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19   123  35 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, META-ANALYSIS, AND NETWORK ANALYSIS OF DIAGNOSTIC MICRORNAS IN GLAUCOMA. GLAUCOMA IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE PROCESS OF THE OPTIC NERVE THAT IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF BLINDNESS WORLDWIDE, AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF THE DISEASE COULD GREATLY AFFECT PATIENTS' PROGNOSES. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GLAUCOMA IS COMPLICATED BY A COMBINATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. DECIPHERING THE EARLY DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS IN GLAUCOMA COULD ATTENUATE THE DISEASE'S GLOBAL BURDEN AND HELP US UNDERSTAND THE EXACT MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN GLAUCOMA. THE MICRORNAS ARE MEMBERS OF A LARGER FAMILY OF NON-CODING RNAS THAT PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC BASIS OF GLAUCOMA. A SYSTEMATIC STUDY AND META-ANALYSIS OF DIAGNOSTIC MICRORNAS IN GLAUCOMA, JOINTLY WITH NETWORK ANALYSIS OF TARGET GENES, WERE CARRIED OUT ON PUBLISHED PAPERS ASSESSING DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MICRORNAS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS. IN TOTAL, 321 ARTICLES WERE FOUND, AND, AFTER SCREENING, SIX STUDIES WERE ELIGIBLE FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS. 52 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MICRORNAS WERE FOUND, OF WHICH 28 AND 24 WERE UP-REGULATED AND DOWN-REGULATED, RESPECTIVELY. ONLY 12 MICRORNAS WERE QUALIFIED FOR META-ANALYSIS, WITH OVERALL SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF 80% AND 74%, RESPECTIVELY. THEN, USING NETWORK ANALYSIS, IT BECAME APPARENT THAT THE VEGF-A, AKT1, CXCL12, AND HRAS GENES WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT TARGETS FOR THE MICRORNAS. PERTURBATIONS IN WNT SIGNALING, PROTEIN TRANSPORT, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIZATION PATHWAYS WERE DISCOVERED TO BE IMPORTANT IN THE ETIOLOGY OF GLAUCOMA USING THE COMMUNITY DETECTION APPROACH. THIS STUDY TRIES TO UNCOVER THE PROMISING MICRORNAS AND THEIR TARGET GENES THAT GOVERN THE EPIGENETICS OF GLAUCOMA.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20  6205  41 THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT EXTRACTS AND PHYTOCONSTITUENTS ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITY AND GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF IMPAIRED GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND DIABETES COMPLICATIONS. DIABETES IS A COMPLEX METABOLIC DISORDER RESULTING EITHER FROM INSULIN RESISTANCE OR AN IMPAIRED INSULIN SECRETION. PROLONGED ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION, THE KEY CLINICAL SIGN OF DIABETES, INITIATES AN ENHANCEMENT OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES DERIVED FROM GLUCOSE AUTOXIDATION AND GLYCOSYLATION OF PROTEINS. CONSEQUENTLY, CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS OVERWHELMS CELLULAR ENDOGENOUS ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES AND LEADS TO THE ACUTE AND LONG-STANDING STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES OF MACROMOLECULES RESULTING IN IMPAIRED CELLULAR FUNCTIONING, CELL DEATH AND ORGAN DYSFUNCTION. THE OXIDATIVE STRESS PROVOKED CHAIN OF PATHOLOGICAL EVENTS OVER TIME CAUSE DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS NEPHROPATHY, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CARDIOMYOPATHY, RETINOPATHY, HYPERTENSION, AND LIVER DISEASE. UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS, ACCOMPANYING GENOME/EPIGENOME AND METABOLITE MARKERS ALTERATIONS MAY ALSO AFFECT GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS, PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS, MUSCLE, LIVER, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE. BY PROVIDING DEEPER GENETIC/EPIGENETIC INSIGHT OF DIRECT OR INDIRECT DIETARY EFFECTS, NUTRIGENOMICS OFFERS A PROMISING OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF DIABETIC PATIENTS. NATURAL PLANT EXTRACTS, OR THEIR NATURALLY OCCURRING COMPOUNDS, WERE SHOWN TO BE VERY PROFICIENT IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH OXIDATIVE STRESS INCLUDING DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS. CONSIDERING THAT FOOD INTAKE IS ONE OF THE CRUCIAL COMPONENTS IN DIABETES' PREVALENCE, PROGRESSION AND COMPLICATIONS, THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE EFFECT OF THE MAJOR PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITE AND PHYTOCONSTITUENTS ON THE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITY AND GENE EXPRESSION UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS.	2021