1   261 161 ADVANCES IN TARGET THERAPY FOR LUNG CANCER. RECENT PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY HAS SHOWN THAT CANCER CELLS ACQUIRE COMMON PHENOTYPES SUCH AS SELF-SUFFICIENCY OF GROWTH SIGNALS, RESISTANCE TO ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE AND APOPTOTIC SIGNALS THROUGH THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. RECENTLY DEVELOPED ANTICANCER DRUGS TARGET THESE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND GOOD RESULTS HAVE BEEN REPORTED FOR VARIOUS CANCER TYPES. IN LUNG CANCER, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS SPECIFIC FOR THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR SUCH AS GEFITINIB AND ERLOTINIB HAVE CHANGED CLINICAL PRACTICE DRAMATICALLY. ABOUT HALF OF THE JAPANESE PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCERS HARBOR AN ACTIVATING MUTATION OF THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR GENE AND THEY ARE VERY SENSITIVE TO EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS. PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL OF SUCH PATIENTS IS APPROXIMATELY 10 MONTHS WHEN TREATED WITH GEFITINIB, WHEREAS THE SURVIVAL FOR THOSE TREATED WITH PLATINUM DOUBLET THERAPY IS APPROXIMATELY 6 MONTHS. TARGET THERAPIES AGAINST ECHINODERM MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-LIKE 4-ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE FUSION PROTEIN OR A MUTATED ERBB2 (V-ERB-B AVIAN ERYTHROBLASTIC LEUKEMIA VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOGUE 2) PRESENT IN APPROXIMATELY 5% AND APPROXIMATELY 3% OF THE JAPANESE PATIENTS WITH ADENOCARCINOMAS, RESPECTIVELY, ARE CURRENTLY UNDER DEVELOPMENT. ADDITION OF AN ANTI-EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR ANTIBODY, CETUXIMAB, OR ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR ANTIBODY, BEVACIZUMAB, TO PLATINUM DOUBLET THERAPY SIGNIFICANTLY BUT MODESTLY PROLONGED THE SURVIVAL IN RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS. HOWEVER, CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL MOLECULE MULTI-KINASE INHIBITORS INCLUDING THOSE TARGETING VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS, SUCH AS VANDETANIB, SUNITINIB AND SORAFENIB, HAS NOT BEEN VERY SUCCESSFUL. THROUGH THESE COLLABORATIONS AMONG CLINICIANS, BASIC RESEARCHERS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO INDIVIDUALIZE LUNG CANCER TREATMENT TO TURN THIS FATAL DISEASE INTO A CHRONIC DISORDER AND, EVENTUALLY, TO CURE IT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  4660  52 NEW APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASIA. THE THERAPEUTIC DILEMMA THAT CONFRONTS THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) IS ILLUSTRATED BY THE ABSENCE OF A FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION-APPROVED AGENT WITH AN INDICATION FOR THIS DISEASE. CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY AND INADEQUATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE PATHOBIOLOGY HAVE LIMITED PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT RECIPROCAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MALIGNANT CLONE AND THE MICROENVIRONMENT SERVE TO CREATE A HOSTILE MILIEU THAT REINFORCES INEFFECTIVE BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION. INEFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS, THE HALLMARK OF MDS, ARISES FROM IMPAIRED PROGENITOR RESPONSIVENESS TO NORMAL TROPHIC SIGNALS AND EXCESS LOCAL GENERATION OF INHIBITORY CYTOKINES, WHICH PROMOTE ACCELERATED APOPTOTIC LOSS OF PROGENITORS AND THEIR PROGENY. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS MODEL DERIVES FROM CYTOKINE NEUTRALIZATION STUDIES AND THE DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLASMA TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA CONCENTRATION AND DNA OXIDATION AND GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION IN MALIGNANT CD34+ PROGENITORS. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT ANGIOGENIC MOLECULES GENERATED BY MALIGNANT MYELOMONOCYTIC PRECURSORS REPRESENT INTEGRAL DIFFUSABLE SIGNALS THAT REINFORCE LEUKEMIA PROGENITOR SELF-RENEWAL WHILE PROMOTING THE GENERATION OF PROAPOPTOTIC CYTOKINES AND MEDULLARY ANGIOGENIC RESPONSE. THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION IS COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC EVENTS INCLUDING METHYLATION SILENCING OF THE P15 PROTO-ONCOGENE OR ACTIVATING RAS POINT MUTATIONS. DELINEATION OF SUCH BIOLOGIC FEATURES THAT ARE CENTRAL TO THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF MDS PROVIDES A RELIABLE FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS IN CLINICAL TESTING INCLUDE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, THALIDOMIDE AND RELATED ANALOGUES, AND THE RECOMBINANT VEGF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY, BEVACIZUMAB. AGENTS WHOSE ACTIONS MAY RESTORE DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAMS, SUCH AS THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS OR HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, OFFER THE PROSPECT TO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS WHILE IMPACTING THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION. RAS FARNESYL TRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAVE SHOWN ENCOURAGING PRELIMINARY RESULTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ARE CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN ADVANCED MDS AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (ATO) INTERACTS WITH A SPECTRUM OF BIOLOGIC TARGETS THAT MAY BE UNIQUELY SUITED TO MDS. ATO IS A POTENT INDUCER OF APOPTOSIS IN THIOL-DEPLETED MALIGNANT PROGENITORS AND NEOVASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, WHILE PROMOTING DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH HISTONE ACETYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COREPRESSORS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT BIOLOGIC TARGETS IN MDS HAS RAISED EXPECTATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE-SPECIFIC THERAPIES FOR MDS IN THE YEARS THAT FOLLOW.	2002	

3  3872  44 JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA-A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND RECENT ADVANCES IN MANAGEMENT. JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (JMML) IS A RARE PEDIATRIC MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM OVERLAP DISEASE. JMML IS ASSOCIATED WITH MUTATIONS IN THE RAS PATHWAY GENES RESULTING IN THE MYELOID PROGENITORS BEING SENSITIVE TO GRANULOCYTE MONOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF). KARYOTYPE ABNORMALITIES AND ADDITIONAL EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN JMML. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS AND NOONAN'S SYNDROME HAVE A PREDISPOSITION FOR JMML. IN A FEW PATIENTS, THE RAS GENES (NRAS, KRAS, AND PTPN11) ARE MUTATED AT THE GERMLINE AND THIS USUALLY RESULTS IN A TRANSIENT MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER WITH A GOOD PROGNOSIS. JMML WITH SOMATIC RAS MUTATION BEHAVES AGGRESSIVELY. JMML PRESENTS WITH CYTOPENIAS AND LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION INTO ORGANS. THE LABORATORY FINDINGS INCLUDE HYPERLEUKOCYTOSIS, MONOCYTOSIS, INCREASED HEMOGLOBIN-F LEVELS, AND CIRCULATING MYELOID PRECURSORS. THE BLAST CELLS IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD/BONE-MARROW ASPIRATE ARE LESS THAN 20% AND THE ABSENCE OF THE BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION HELPS TO DIFFERENTIATE FROM CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. JMML SHOULD BE DIFFERENTIATED FROM IMMUNODEFICIENCIES, VIRAL INFECTIONS, INTRAUTERINE INFECTIONS, HEMOPHAGOLYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS, OTHER MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS, AND LEUKEMIAS. CHEMOTHERAPY IS EMPLOYED AS A BRIDGE TO HSCT, EXCEPT IN FEW WITH LESS AGGRESSIVE DISEASE, IN WHICH CHEMOTHERAPY ALONE CAN RESULT IN LONG TERM REMISSION. AZACITIDINE HAS SHOWN PROMISE AS A SINGLE AGENT TO STABILIZE THE DISEASE. THE PROGNOSIS OF JMML IS POOR WITH ABOUT 50% OF PATIENTS SURVIVING AFTER AN ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (HSCT). ALLOGENEIC HSCT IS THE ONLY KNOWN CURE FOR JMML TO DATE. MYELOABLATIVE CONDITIONING IS MOST COMMONLY USED WITH GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE (GVHD) PROPHYLAXIS TAILORED TO THE AGGRESSIVENESS OF THE DISEASE. RELAPSES ARE COMMON EVEN AFTER HSCT AND A SECOND HSCT CAN SALVAGE A THIRD OF THESE PATIENTS. NOVEL OPTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF JMML E.G., HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS, MEK INHIBITORS, JAK INHIBITORS, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ETC. ARE BEING EXPLORED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4   791  36 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NETWORKS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: THE LEUKEMIC STEM, PROGENITOR AND STROMAL CELL INTERPLAY. THE USE OF IMATINIB, SECOND AND THIRD GENERATION ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) (I.E. DASATINIB, NILOTINIB, BOSUTINIB AND PONATINIB) MADE CML A CLINICALLY MANAGEABLE AND, IN A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF CASES, A CURED DISEASE. TKI THERAPY ALSO TURNED CML BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION INTO A RARE EVENT; HOWEVER, DISEASE PROGRESSION STILL OCCURS IN THOSE PATIENTS WHO ARE REFRACTORY, NOT COMPLIANT WITH TKI THERAPY OR DEVELOP RESISTANCE TO MULTIPLE TKIS. IN THE PAST FEW YEARS, IT BECAME CLEAR THAT THE BCRABL1 ONCOGENE DOES NOT OPERATE ALONE TO DRIVE DISEASE EMERGENCE, MAINTENANCE AND PROGRESSION. INDEED, IT SEEMS THAT BONE MARROW (BM) MICROENVIRONMENT-GENERATED SIGNALS AND CELL AUTONOMOUS BCRABL1 KINASE-INDEPENDENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO: I. PERSISTENCE OF A QUIESCENT LEUKEMIC STEM CELL (LSC) RESERVOIR, II. INNATE OR ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO TKIS, AND III. PROGRESSION INTO THE FATAL BLAST CRISIS STAGE. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE INTRICATE LEUKEMIC NETWORK IN WHICH ABERRANT, BUT FINELY TUNED, SURVIVAL, MITOGENIC AND SELF-RENEWAL SIGNALS ARE GENERATED BY LEUKEMIC PROGENITORS, STROMAL CELLS, IMMUNE CELLS AND METABOLIC MICROENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS (E.G. HYPOXIA) TO PROMOTE LSC MAINTENANCE AND BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  4562  32 MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM OVERLAP SYNDROMES: A FOCUSED REVIEW. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS)/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM (MPN) OVERLAP SYNDROMES ARE UNIQUE MYELOID NEOPLASMS, WITH OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF MDS AND MPN. THEY CONSIST OF FOUR ADULT ONSET ENTITIES INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), MDS/MPN-RING SIDEROBLASTS-THROMBOCYTOSIS (MDS/MPN-RS-T), BCR-ABL1 NEGATIVE ATYPICAL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (ACML) AND MDS/MPN-UNCLASSIFIABLE (MDS/MPN-U); WITH JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (JMML) BEING THE ONLY PEDIATRIC ONSET ENTITY. AMONG THESE OVERLAP NEOPLASMS, CMML IS THE MOST FREQUENT AND IS HALLMARKED BY THE PRESENCE OF SUSTAINED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS WITH RECURRENT MUTATIONS INVOLVING TET2 (60%), SRSF2 (50%) AND ASXL1 (40%); WITH RAS PATHWAY MUTATIONS AND JAK2V617F BEING RELATIVELY ENRICHED IN PROLIFERATIVE CMML SUBTYPES (WBC >/=13 X 109/L). CMML USUALLY PRESENTS IN THE 7TH DECADE OF LIFE, WITH A MALE PREPONDERANCE AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL OF <36 MONTHS. ADVERSE PROGNOSTICATORS IN CMML INCLUDE INCREASING AGE, HIGH WBC, PRESENCE OF CIRCULATING IMMATURE MYELOID CELLS, ANEMIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND TRUNCATING ASXL1 MUTATIONS. WHILE ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION REMAINS THE ONLY CURATIVE OPTION, GIVEN THE LATE ONSET OF THIS NEOPLASM AND HIGH FREQUENCY OF COMORBIDITIES, MOST PATIENTS REMAIN INELIGIBLE. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS SUCH AS AZACITIDINE, DECITABINE AND ORAL DECITABINE/CEDAZURIDINE HAVE BEEN US FDA APPROVED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CMML, WITH OVERALL RESPONSE RATES OF 40-50% AND COMPLETE REMISSION RATES OF <20%. WHILE THESE AGENTS EPIGENETICALLY RESTORE HEMATOPOIESIS IN A SUBSET OF RESPONDING PATIENTS, THEY DO NOT IMPACT MUTATIONAL ALLELE BURDENS AND EVENTUAL DISEASE PROGRESSION TO AML REMAINS INEVITABLE. NEWER TREATMENT MODALITIES EXPLOITING EPIGENETIC, SIGNALING AND SPLICING ABNORMALITIES COMMONLY SEEN IN CMML ARE MUCH NEEDED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6  6857  47 [NOVEL CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES IN ONCO-HEMATHOLOGY]. CYTOGENETIC, MOLECULAR AND PHENOTYPING FEATURES OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES SUCCEEDED IN IMPROVING THEIR MANAGEMENT BY A MORE ACCURATE STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS ACCORDING TO SEVERAL GROUPS OF RISK AND BY PROVIDING A RATIONAL FOR TARGETED THERAPY. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF TREATMENT (EXCLUDING CELLULAR THERAPY) ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN ONCO-HEMATOLOGY: CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY, SMALL MOLECULES FOR TARGETED THERAPY AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES. CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY WITH OPTIMIZATION OF DOSES AND MULTIDRUG-BASED REGIMENS ALLOWED TO SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS AND KEEPS A PLACE OF CHOICE IN TREATMENT OF THESE DISEASES. TARGETED TREATMENTS CAME FROM THE CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HEMOPATHIES. THUS, THE KINASE BCR-ABL, AS A RESULT OF THE TRANSLOCATION T(9;22)(Q34;Q11), HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY TARGETED BY TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND PH+ ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA. MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES LIKE INTERNAL-TANDEM DUPLICATION/POINT ACTIVATING MUTATIONS IN FLT3 IN SOME ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA OR EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATIONS IN SOME BLOOD MALIGNANCIES CAN ALSO BE TARGETED BY SMALL MOLECULES. HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANT CELLS ARE PHENOTYPICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY EXPRESSION OF CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION (CD) ON THEIR SURFACE. THESE CD ARE DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY USING SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TARGETING DIFFERENT CD HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT. RITUXIMAB, AN ANTI-CD20 ANTIBODY, WAS THE FIRST MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES. SINCE RITUXIMAB, MANY OTHER MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ARE BEING DEVELOPED. TRENDS IN MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES PRESENTED HERE WILL INCLUDE TREATMENTS, WHICH HAVE AT LEAST ENTERED PHASE I/II CLINICAL TRIALS IN ADULT OR CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA. THEY INCLUDE SOME NOVEL DRUGS OF CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY LIKE SECOND-GENERATION NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES. WE WILL GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF THE SMALL MOLECULES TARGETING THE DIFFERENT CELLULAR PATHWAYS AND WE WILL HIGHLIGHT THOSE APPEARING AS THE MOST PROMISING LIKE NOVEL TKIS. THE LARGE FIELD OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WILL BE ALSO APPROACHED FOCUSING ON ANTIBODIES DEVELOPED IN LEUKEMIAS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  4533  42 MULTIPLE GENE KNOCKDOWN STRATEGIES FOR INVESTIGATING THE PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS AND EXPLORING NEW THERAPIES. THE PAST TWO DECADES HAVE WITNESSED SIGNIFICANT STRIDES IN LEUKEMIA THERAPIES THROUGH APPROVAL OF THERAPEUTIC INHIBITORS TARGETING ONCOGENE-DRIVING DYSREGULATED TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITIES AND KEY EPIGENETIC AND APOPTOSIS REGULATORS. ALTHOUGH THESE DRUGS HAVE BROUGHT ABOUT COMPLETE REMISSION IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS, MANY PATIENTS FACE RELAPSE OR HAVE REFRACTORY DISEASE. THE MAIN FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO RELAPSE IS THE PRESENCE OF A SMALL SUBPOPULATION OF DORMANT DRUG-RESISTANT LEUKEMIA CELLS THAT POSSESS STEM CELL FEATURES (TERMED AS LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS OR LSCS). THUS, OVERCOMING DRUG RESISTANCE AND TARGETING LSCS REMAIN MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR CURATIVE TREATMENT OF HUMAN LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A GOOD EXAMPLE, WITH RARE, PROPAGATING LSCS AND DRUG-RESISTANT CELLS THAT CANNOT BE ERADICATED BY BCR-ABL-DIRECTED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI) MONOTHERAPY AND THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DISEASE RELAPSE/PROGRESSION. THEREFORE, IT IS IMPERATIVE TO IDENTIFY KEY PLAYERS IN REGULATING BCR-ABL1-DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT DRUG-RESISTANCE MECHANISMS, AND THEIR KEY PATHWAYS, SO THAT CML LSCS CAN BE SELECTIVELY TARGETED OR SENSITIZED TO TKIS. HERE, WE DESCRIBE SEVERAL EASILY ADAPTABLE GENE KNOCKDOWN APPROACHES IN CD34(+) CML STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS THAT CAN BE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LSCS AND MOLECULAR EFFECTS OF GENES OF INTEREST (GOI), WHICH CAN BE FURTHER EXPLORED AS THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES AGAINST LSCS IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN LEUKEMIA.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8   570  44 BCR-ABL INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. NOT ALL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS ARE CURED WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS), AND A PROPORTION OF THEM DEVELOP RESISTANCE. RECENTLY, CONTINUOUS BCR-ABL GENE EXPRESSION HAS BEEN FOUND IN RESISTANT CELLS WITH UNDETECTABLE BCR-ABL PROTEIN EXPRESSION, INDICATING THAT RESISTANCE MAY OCCUR THROUGH KINASE INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS, MAINLY DUE TO THE PERSISTENCE OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS). LSCS RESIDE IN THE BONE MARROW NICHE IN A QUIESCENT STATE, AND ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGH HETEROGENEITY IN GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS. NEW APPROACHES BASED ON SINGLE CELL GENOMICS HAVE OFFERED THE OPPORTUNITY TO IDENTIFY DISTINCT SUBPOPULATIONS OF LSCS AT DIAGNOSIS AND DURING TREATMENT. IN THE ONE HAND, TKIS ARE NOT ABLE TO EFFICIENTLY KILL CML-LSCS, BUT THEY MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MODIFICATION OF SOME LSCS CHARACTERISTICS, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO HETEROGENEITY WITHIN THE TUMOR. IN THE OTHER HAND, THE BONE MARROW NICHE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SURROUNDING STROMAL CELLS AND LSCS, RESULTING IN THE GENERATION OF SPECIFIC SIGNALS WHICH COULD FAVOR LSCS CELL CYCLE ARREST AND ALLOW THEM TO PERSIST DURING TREATMENT WITH TKIS. ADDITIONALLY, LSCS MAY THEMSELVES ALTER THE NICHE BY EXPRESSING VARIOUS COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES AND SECRETING SUPPRESSIVE CYTOKINES, ABLE TO TARGET METABOLIC PATHWAYS, CREATE AN ANTI-APOPTOTIC ENVIRONMENT, AND ALTER IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS. ACCORDINGLY, THE PRODUCTION OF AN IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT MILIEU MAY FACILITATE TUMOR ESCAPE FROM IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE AND INDUCE CHEMO-RESISTANCE. IN THIS REVIEW WE WILL FOCUS ON BCR-ABL-INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS, ANALYZING ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH A POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPACT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CML PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9   953  37 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS. ALTHOUGH RARE, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT PARADIGM FOR UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR EVENTS LEADING TO MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF PRIMITIVE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS. CML WAS THE FIRST CANCER TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH A DEFINED GENETIC ABNORMALITY, BCR-ABL, THAT IS NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT FOR INITIATING CHRONIC PHASE DISEASE AS WELL AS THE FIRST CANCER TO BE TREATED WITH MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY. MALIGNANT PROGENITORS OR LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) EVOLVE AS A RESULT OF BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC EVENTS THAT ALTER HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR DIFFERENTIATION, PROLIFERATION, SURVIVAL, AND SELF-RENEWAL. LSCS ARE RARE AND DIVIDE LESS FREQUENTLY, AND THUS, REPRESENT A RESERVOIR FOR RELAPSE AND RESISTANCE TO A MOLECULARLY TARGETED SINGLE AGENT. ON SUBVERTING DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES NORMALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING ROBUST LIFE-LONG HEMATOPOIESIS, THE LSCS ARE ABLE TO EVADE THE MAJORITY OF CURRENT CANCER TREATMENTS THAT TARGET RAPIDLY DIVIDING CELLS. ENTHUSIASM FOR THE ENORMOUS SUCCESS OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS AT CONTROLLING THE CHRONIC PHASE DISEASE IS TEMPERED SOMEWHAT BY THE PERSISTENCE OF THE LSC POOL IN THE MAJORITY OF THE PATIENTS. COMBINED THERAPIES TARGETING ABERRANT PROPERTIES OF LSC MAY OBVIATE THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE AND RELAPSE IN ADVANCED PHASE AND THERAPEUTICALLY RECALCITRANT CML.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10  1685  39 DRUGGABLE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC ALTERNATIVES TO TARGET LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS AND ELIMINATE THE RESIDUAL DISEASE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A DISEASE ARISING IN STEM CELLS EXPRESSING THE BCR-ABL ONCOGENIC TYROSINE KINASE THAT TRANSFORMS ONE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM/PROGENITOR CELL INTO A LEUKEMIC STEM CELL (LSC) AT THE ORIGIN OF DIFFERENTIATED AND PROLIFERATING LEUKEMIC CELLS IN THE BONE MARROW (BM). CML-LSCS ARE RECOGNIZED AS BEING RESPONSIBLE FOR RESISTANCES AND RELAPSES THAT OCCUR DESPITE THE ADVENT OF BCR-ABL-TARGETING THERAPIES WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS). LSCS SHARE A LOT OF FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES WITH HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) ALTHOUGH SOME PHENOTYPICAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED DURING THE LAST TWO DECADES. SUBVERTED MECHANISMS AFFECTING EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, APOPTOSIS, AUTOPHAGY AND MORE RECENTLY METABOLISM AND IMMUNOLOGY IN THE BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT (BMM) HAVE BEEN REPORTED. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO BRING TOGETHER THE MODIFICATIONS AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT ARE KNOWN TO ACCOUNT FOR TKI RESISTANCE IN PRIMARY CML-LSCS AND TO FOCUS ON THE POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS THAT CAN CIRCUMVENT THESE RESISTANCES, IN PARTICULAR THOSE THAT HAVE BEEN, OR WILL BE TESTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  4442  24 MOLECULAR GENETICS OF MDS/MPN OVERLAP SYNDROMES. THE MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MDS/MPN) ARE A HETEROGENOUS GROUP OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES HALLMARKED BY CLINICOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES THAT OVERLAP WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. FORMALLY RECOGNIZED BY THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, THIS GROUP INCLUDES THE ENTITIES CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, ATYPICAL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, MDS/MPN WITH RING SIDEROBLASTS AND THROMBOCYTOSIS AND MDS/MPN, UNCLASSIFIABLE. ADVANCEMENTS IN NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING HAVE BEGUN TO UNRAVEL THE MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF THESE DISEASES, IDENTIFYING AN ARRAY OF RECURRENTLY MUTATED GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION, RNA SPLICING, TRANSCRIPTION, AND CELL SIGNALING. DESPITE MOLECULAR OVERLAP WITH OTHER MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, EACH ENTITY DISPLAYS A UNIQUE SPECTRUM OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS SUPPORTING THEIR UNIQUE PATHOBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES. IMPORTANTLY, MOLECULAR PROFILING IS BECOMING AN INTEGRAL TOOL UTILIZED IN ROUTINE CLINICAL PRACTICE. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF OVERLAP SYNDROMES AND DETAILS THE IMPACT OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC, AND THERAPEUTIC DECISION-MAKING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12   955  36 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: MECHANISMS OF BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. THE BCR-ABL1 ONCOPROTEIN TRANSFORMS PLURIPOTENT HSCS AND INITIATES CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). PATIENTS WITH EARLY PHASE (ALSO KNOWN AS CHRONIC PHASE [CP]) DISEASE USUALLY RESPOND TO TREATMENT WITH ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS), ALTHOUGH SOME PATIENTS WHO RESPOND INITIALLY LATER BECOME RESISTANT. IN MOST PATIENTS, TKIS REDUCE THE LEUKEMIA CELL LOAD SUBSTANTIALLY, BUT THE CELLS FROM WHICH THE LEUKEMIA CELLS ARE DERIVED DURING CP (SO-CALLED LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS [LSCS]) ARE INTRINSICALLY INSENSITIVE TO TKIS AND SURVIVE LONG TERM. LSCS OR THEIR PROGENY CAN ACQUIRE ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAUSE THE LEUKEMIA TO TRANSFORM FROM CP TO A MORE ADVANCED PHASE, WHICH HAS BEEN SUBCLASSIFIED AS EITHER ACCELERATED PHASE OR BLASTIC PHASE DISEASE. THE LATTER RESPONDS POORLY TO TREATMENT AND IS USUALLY FATAL. HERE, WE DISCUSS WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS LEADING TO BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF CML AND PROPOSE SOME NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  5212  32 PRESERVATION OF QUIESCENT CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS BY THE BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT. THE MAJORITY OF LEUKEMIA PATIENTS ACHIEVING REMISSION ULTIMATELY RELAPSE. PERSISTENCE OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSC) CAPABLE OF REGENERATING LEUKEMIA IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF RELAPSE. THERE IS A PRESSING NEED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND MECHANISMS OF LSC REGULATION AND THEIR RESISTANCE TO THERAPY IN ORDER TO IMPROVE OUTCOMES FOR LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A LETHAL MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER THAT THAT IS CAUSED BY HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL (HSC) TRANSFORMATION BY THE BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE. TREATMENT WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) HAS REVOLUTIONIZED CML TREATMENT, BUT FAILS TO ELIMINATE LSC RESPONSIBLE FOR PROPAGATING AND REGENERATING LEUKEMIA. THEREFORE, PATIENTS REQUIRE CONTINUED TREATMENT TO PREVENT RELAPSE. LEUKEMIC AND NORMAL STEM CELLS SHARE PROPERTIES OF QUIESCENCE AND SELF-RENEWAL, THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY BONE MARROW NICHES. PERSISTENCE OF LSC AFTER TKI TREATMENT IS RELATED TO TYROSINE KINASE INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS WHICH INCLUDE INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF LSCS DETERMINED BY EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ALTERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORKS OR MITOCHONDRIAL/METABOLIC CHANGES. IN ADDITION TO CELL INTRINSIC CHANGES, SIGNALS FROM THE BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT (BMM) PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN PROTECTING LSC FROM TKI TREATMENT. EACH TYPE OF ALTERATION MAY OFFER POTENTIAL POINTS OF INTERVENTION FOR THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF LSC.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14   961  28 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: A GENETIC AND CLINICAL UPDATE. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL STEM CELL DISORDER, CHARACTERIZED BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS AND OVERLAPPING FEATURES BETWEEN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS). CLONAL CYTOGENETIC CHANGES ARE SEEN IN UP TO 30 % PATIENTS, WHILE APPROXIMATELY 90 % HAVE DETECTABLE MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES. MOST PATIENTS ARE DIAGNOSED IN THE SEVENTH DECADE OF LIFE. GENE MUTATIONS IN TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ONCOGENE FAMILY MEMBER 2 (TET2) (60 %), SRSF2 (50 %), ASXL1 (40 %), AND RAS (20-30 %) ARE FREQUENT, WITH ONLY FRAME SHIFT AND NONSENSE ASXL1 MUTATIONS NEGATIVELY IMPACTING OVERALL SURVIVAL. WITH THE LACK OF FORMAL GUIDELINES, MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE CRITERIA ARE OFTEN EXTRAPOLATED FROM MDS AND MPN. CONTEMPORARY MOLECULARLY INTEGRATED CMML-SPECIFIC PROGNOSTIC MODELS INCLUDE THE GROUPE FRANCAIS DES MYELODYSPLASIES (GFM) MODEL AND THE MOLECULAR MAYO MODEL, BOTH INCORPORATING ASXL1 MUTATIONAL STATUS. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS AND ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT REMAIN THE TWO MOST COMMONLY USED TREATMENT STRATEGIES, WITH SUBOPTIMAL RESULTS. CLINICAL TRIALS EXPLOITING EPIGENETIC AND SIGNAL PATHWAY ABNORMALITIES, FREQUENT IN CMML, OFFER HOPE AND PROMISE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15   750  28 CARDIAC INVOLVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. AUTHORS HAVE REVIEWED LITERATURE ABOUT THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIOLOGIC DISEASE OCCURRING SECONDARY TO HEMATOLOGIC PATHOLOGY ITSELF OR ITS THERAPY, WITH A FOCUS ON INFILTRATION OF MYOCARDIUM IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MULTIPLE MYELOMA, AND HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME. MOREOVER, THEY EVALUATED CHEMOTHERAPY-ASSOCIATED TOXICITY, PARTICULARLY FOR NEW DRUGS SUCH AS MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THERAPY, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, BORTEZOMIB, AND EPIGENETIC THERAPY. IN FACT, CARDIAC TOXICITY MAY RANGE FROM ASYMPTOMATIC SUBCLINICAL ABNORMALITIES, SUCH AS ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION DECLINE, TO LIFE-THREATENING EVENTS AND LEAD TO CHEMOTHERAPY DOSE REDUCTION AND DELAY AND, IN SOME CASES, FOR PATIENTS WITH SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS, DISCONTINUATION OF TREATMENT. FINALLY, THEY DISCUSSED ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY MARKERS OF CARDIAC INJURY AND ON CARDIAC STEM CELL THERAPY AS A PROMISING APPROACH TO FACILITATE MYOCARDIAL REGENERATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16   957  30 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA: A CONCISE CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEW. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDER WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE OVERLAP FEATURES, AND AN INHERENT TENDENCY TO TRANSFORM TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. APPROXIMATELY 30% OF PATIENTS PRESENT WITH CLONAL CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, WHILE ALMOST 90% HAVE MOLECULAR ABERRATIONS INVOLVING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, THE SPLICEOSOME COMPONENT MACHINERY, TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS/REGULATORS. NUMEROUS PROGNOSTIC MODELS EXIST FOR CMML, WITH MORE RECENT MODELS INCORPORATING PROGNOSTIC MUTATIONS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVING ASXL1. OTHER VARIABLES THAT SEEM TO CONSISTENTLY AFFECT OUTCOMES INCLUDE THE DEGREE OF LEUCOCYTOSIS/MONOCYTOSIS, ANAEMIA AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA. ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT REMAINS THE ONLY CURATIVE OPTION FOR CMML, WHILE HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS CAN BE USED FOR TRANSPLANT-INELIGIBLE PATIENTS OR THOSE WITHOUT SUITABLE STEM CELL SOURCES. TARGETING BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS ACTIVATED IN CMML OFFERS POTENTIAL HOPE FOR MORE EFFECTIVE AND LESS TOXIC THERAPIES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17   572  34 BCR-ABL1 KINASE-DEPENDENT ALTERATION OF MRNA METABOLISM: POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVES FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. THE USE OF FIRST- AND SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVES PROGNOSIS FOR PATIENTS WITH EARLY CHRONIC PHASE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) AND EFFICIENTLY COUNTERACTS LEUKEMIA IN MOST PATIENTS WITH CML BEARING A DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE EXPRESSION OF BCR-ABL1 MUTANTS. HOWEVER, THE SO-CALLED 'TINIB' TKIS (E.G. IMATINIB, NILOTINIB, DASATINIB, AND BOSUTINIB) ARE BOTH INEFFECTIVE IN PATIENTS WHO UNDERGO BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION AND UNABLE TO ERADICATE CML AT THE STEM CELL LEVEL. THIS RAISES A FEW IMPORTANT QUESTIONS. IS BCR-ABL1 EXPRESSION AND/OR ACTIVITY ESSENTIAL FOR BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION? IS BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION THE RESULT OF GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC EVENTS THAT OCCUR AT THE STEM CELL LEVEL WHICH ONLY BECOME APPARENT IN THE GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE PROGENITOR (GMP) CELL POOL, OR DOES IT ARISE DIRECTLY AT THE GMP LEVEL? AS ALTERED MRNA METABOLISM CONTRIBUTES TO THE PHENOTYPE OF BLAST CRISIS CML PROGENITORS (DECREASED TRANSLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ESSENTIAL FOR TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INCREASED TRANSLATION OF ANTI-APOPTOTIC GENES), ONE ATTRACTIVE CONCEPT IS TO RESTORE LEVELS OF THESE ESSENTIAL MOLECULES TO THEIR NORMAL LEVELS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH MRNA PROCESSING, TRANSLATION, AND DEGRADATION ARE DEREGULATED IN BCR-ABL1 MYELOID BLAST CRISIS CML PROGENITORS, AND PRESENT ENCOURAGING RESULTS FROM STUDIES WITH PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITORS WHICH SUPPORT THEIR INCLUSION IN THE CLINIC.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  5025  34 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  1242  35 CURRENT AND NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) ARE A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS WITH AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF 4.1 CASES PER 100,000 AMERICANS. PATIENTS WITH MDS SUFFER FROM CHRONIC CYTOPENIAS THAT MAY LEAD TO RECURRENT TRANSFUSIONS, INFECTIONS, AND INCREASED RISK FOR BLEEDING. THEY ARE ALSO AT RISK FOR PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION IS THE ONLY POTENTIALLY CURATIVE TREATMENT FOR MDS, ALTHOUGH 3 DRUGS HAVE BEEN APPROVED BY THE US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FOR ITS TREATMENT: LENALIDOMIDE, 5-AZACITIDINE, AND DECITABINE. THESE THERAPIES CAN BE EFFECTIVE IN THE RELIEF OF CYTOPENIAS, ACHIEVEMENT OF CYTOGENETIC REMISSIONS, AND REDUCTION IN BONE MARROW BLASTS. 5-AZACITIDINE HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE OVERALL SURVIVAL. HOWEVER, THERE REMAIN MANY UNMET NEEDS IN THE TREATMENT OF MDS. BREAKTHROUGHS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX PATHOGENESIS OF MDS THROUGH EPIGENETIC, GENETIC, IMMUNOLOGIC, AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE ALLOWED US TO DEVELOP NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES THAT CAN LEAD TO IMPROVEMENTS IN OUTCOMES IN MDS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE AIM TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION IN CLASSIFCATION AND RISK STRATIFCATION IN MDS AND TO ILLUSTRATE HOW WE CAN USE THIS TO GUIDE US IN TAILORING THERAPEUTIC CHOICES IN THIS DISEASE. RESPONSES AND OUTCOMES RELATED TO COM MONLY USED MDS THERAPIES WILL BE DISCUSSED TOGETHER WITH NOVEL THERAPIES THAT HAVE EVOLVED WITH THE IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF MDS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20  5912  37 TARGETED THERAPIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYSTEM DISORDER CHARACTERISED BY LOSS OF TOLERANCE TO ENDOGENOUS NUCLEAR ANTIGENS AND AUTOANTIBODY FORMATION. RECENT INSIGHT INTO THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF LUPUS HAS PROVIDED THE FOUNDATION FOR A NOVEL CLASS OF AGENTS WHICH TARGET SPECIFIC, DYSREGULATED COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. EFFORTS HAVE FOCUSED PREDOMINANTLY ON B-CELL DEPLETING THERAPIES, OF WHICH BELIMUMAB WAS THE FIRST TO DEMONSTRATE SUCCESS IN PHASE III STUDIES AND THUS RECEIVE MARKETING AUTHORISATION. OFF-LABEL PRESCRIBING OF RITUXIMAB IN REFRACTORY CASES IS COMMON AND SUPPORTED BY UNCONTROLLED STUDIES, WHICH SUGGEST A FAVOURABLE RISK:BENEFIT PROFILE. HOWEVER, TWO PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIALS FAILED TO SHOW BENEFIT, POSSIBLY BECAUSE OF INAPPROPRIATE PATIENT SELECTION AND OTHER ASPECTS OF TRIAL METHODOLOGY. INHIBITION OF DYSREGULATED CO-STIMULATORY SIGNALS AND CYTOKINES ARE OTHER THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION. SOME CANDIDATE DRUGS FAILED TO MEET PRIMARY ENDPOINTS IN EARLY-PHASE CLINICAL TRIALS, YET DEMONSTRATED CLINICAL BENEFIT WHEN ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA WERE APPLIED OR SPECIFIC PATIENT SUB-GROUPS ANALYSED. WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES OF GREATER SIZE AND DURATION ARE NEEDED TO CLARIFY THE THERAPEUTIC UTILITY OF THESE AGENTS. FUTURE IMMUNOMODULATORY STRATEGIES TARGETING INTERFERON-ALPHA, T CELLS, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES MAY REDUCE MULTISYSTEM DISEASE ACTIVITY AND PROLONG SURVIVAL IN THIS COMPLEX AND HETEROGENEIC DISEASE.	2013