1 623 153 BIOINFORMATICS FOR CANCER MANAGEMENT IN THE POST-GENOME ERA. HUMAN CANCER IS CAUSED BY MULTIPLE FACTORS, SUCH AS GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, CHRONIC PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, LIFE STYLE, AND AGING. DYSREGULATED PROLIFERATION, DYSREGULATED ADHESION, RESISTANCE TO APOPTOSIS, RESISTANCE TO SENESCENCE, AND RESISTANCE TO ANTI-CANCER DRUGS ARE FEATURES OF CANCER CELLS. ACCUMULATION OF MULTIPLE EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED GENES DURING MULTI-STAGE CARCINOGENESIS RESULTS IN MORE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPES. POST-GENOME SCIENCE IS CHARACTERIZED BY OMICS DATA RELATED TO GENOME, TRANSCRIPTOME, PROTEOME, METABOLOME, INTERACTOME, AND EPIGENOME AS WELL AS BY HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNOLOGY, SUCH AS WHOLE-GENOME TILING OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAY, ARRAY CGH WITH 32,433 OVERLAPPING BAC CLONES, TRANSCRIPTOME MICROARRAY, MASS SPECTROMETRY, TISSUE-BASED EXPRESSION ARRAY, AND CELL-BASED TRANSFECTION ARRAY. BENCHTOP ONCOLOGY SUPPLIES DESKTOP ONCOLOGY WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF OMICS DATA PRODUCED BY HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNOLOGY. DESKTOP ONCOLOGY ESTABLISHES KNOWLEDGE ON CANCER-RELATED BIOMARKERS, SUCH AS PREDISPOSITION MARKERS, DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS, PROGNOSTIC MARKERS, AND THERAPEUTIC MARKERS, BY USING BIOINFORMATICS AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE OF EXPERTS FOR DATA MINING AND TEXT MINING. BEDSIDE ONCOLOGY APPLIES THE KNOWLEDGE ESTABLISHED BY DESKTOP ONCOLOGY TO DETERMINE THERAPEUTICS FOR CANCER PATIENTS. ANTIBODY DRUGS (TRASTUZUMAB/HERCEPTIN, CETUXIMAB/ERBITUX, BEVACIZUMAB/AVASTIN, ET CETERA), SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS FOR TYROSINE KINASES (GEFITINIB/IRESSA, ERLOTINIB/TARCEVA, IMATINIB/GLEEVEC, ET CETERA), CONVENTIONAL CYTOTOXIC DRUGS, AND ANTI-HORMONAL DRUGS ARE USED FOR CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY. BIOMARKER MONITORING CONTRIBUTES TO THERAPEUTIC OPTIONAL CHOICE AND DRUG DOSAGE DETERMINATION FOR CANCER PATIENTS. KNOWLEDGE ON BIOMARKERS IS FEEDFORWARDED FROM DESKTOP TO BEDSIDE IN THE TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH, AND THEN BIOMARKER MONITORING IS FEEDBACKED FROM BEDSIDE TO DESKTOP IN THE REVERSE TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH. DESKTOP ONCOLOGY IS INDISPENSABLE FOR CANCER RESEARCH IN THE POST-GENOME ERA. COMBINATION OF GENETIC SCREENING FOR CANCER PREDISPOSITION IN THE GENERAL POPULATION AND PRECISE SELECTION OF THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS DURING CANCER MANAGEMENT COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE REALIZATION OF PERSONALIZED PREVENTION AND TO DRAMATICALLY IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS OF CANCER PATIENTS IN THE FUTURE. 2006 2 4598 25 NATURAL PRODUCTS: THE ROLE AND MECHANISM IN LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN OXIDATION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY, METABOLIC, AND EPIGENETIC DISEASE, WHICH LEADS TO THE LIFE-THREATENING CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE. EMERGING STUDIES FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) OXIDATION IN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THIS ARTICLE HEREBY REVIEWS OXIDATION MECHANISM OF LDL, AND THE PRO-ATHEROGENIC AND BIOMARKER ROLE OF OXIDIZED LDL IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. WE ALSO REVIEW THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SEVERAL REPRESENTATIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (VITAMIN E, RESVERATROL, QUERCETIN, PROBUCOL, TANSHINONE IIA, EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE, AND LYCOPENE) IN PROTECTING AGAINST LDL OXIDATION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH SUPPORTS THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF THESE NATURAL PRODUCTS IN INHIBITING LDL OXIDATION AND PREVENTING ATHEROSCLEROSIS, BUT THE DATA ARE STILL CONTROVERSIAL. THIS MAY BE RELATED TO FACTORS SUCH AS THE POPULATION AND THE DOSAGE AND TIME OF TAKING NATURAL PRODUCTS INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT STUDIES. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF LDL OXIDATION AND EFFECT OF OXIDIZED LDL HELP RESEARCHERS TO FIND NOVEL THERAPIES AGAINST ATHEROSCLEROSIS. 2021 3 1101 22 COMBINATION THERAPY USING LHRH AND SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUES PLUS DEXAMETHASONE IN ANDROGEN ABLATION REFRACTORY PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS WITH BONE INVOLVEMENT: A BENCH TO BEDSIDE APPROACH. THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO ANTICANCER THERAPIES IS A MAJOR HURDLE IN PREVENTING LONG-LASTING CLINICAL RESPONSES TO CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES IN HORMONE-REFRACTORY PROSTATE CANCER. HEREIN, THE MOLECULAR EVIDENCE DOCUMENTING THAT BONE METASTASIS MICROENVIRONMENT SURVIVAL FACTORS (MAINLY THE PARACRINE GROWTH HORMONE-INDEPENDENT, UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR-MEDIATED INCREASE OF IGF-1 AND THE ENDOCRINE PRODUCTION OF GROWTH HORMONE-DEPENDENT IGF-1, MAINLY LIVER-DERIVED IGF-1 PRODUCTION) PRODUCE AN EPIGENETIC FORM OF PROSTATE CANCER CELLS THAT ARE RESISTANT TO PROAPOPTOTIC THERAPIES IS REVIEWED. CONSEQUENTLY, THE AUTHORS PRESENT THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A NOVEL ANTIBONE MICROENVIRONMENT SURVIVAL FACTOR, MAINLY AN ANTI-IGF-1 HORMONAL MANIPULATION FOR ANDROGEN ABLATION REFRACTORY PROSTATE CANCER (A COMBINATION OF CONVENTIONAL ANDROGEN ABLATION THERAPY [LUTEINISING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE AGONIST-A OR ORCHIECTOMY]) WITH DEXAMETHASONE PLUS SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE, WHICH YIELDED DURABLE OBJECTIVE RESPONSES AND MAJOR IMPROVEMENT OF BONE PAIN AND PERFORMANCE STATUS IN STAGE D3 PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS. 2006 4 5013 28 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE. HEPATIC FIBROSIS IS A DYNAMIC CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE OCCURRING AS A CONSEQUENCE OF WOUND-HEALING RESPONSES TO VARIOUS HEPATIC INJURIES. THIS DISORDER IS ONE OF PRIMARY PREDICTORS FOR LIVER-ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. TO DATE, NO PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENT HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS OR COULD BE RECOMMENDED FOR ROUTINE USE IN CLINICAL CONTEXT. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS HAS REVEALED THAT PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA (PPARGAMMA), THE FUNCTIONING RECEPTOR FOR ANTIDIABETIC THIAZOLIDINEDIONES, PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS), WHOSE ACTIVATION IS THE CENTRAL EVENT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS. ACTIVATION OF PPARGAMMA INHIBITS HSC COLLAGEN PRODUCTION AND MODULATES HSC ADIPOGENIC PHENOTYPE AT TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS. THESE MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INDICATE PPARGAMMA AS A PROMISING DRUG TARGET FOR ANTIFIBROTIC CHEMOTHERAPY. INTENSIVE ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT STIMULATION OF PPARGAMMA REGULATORY SYSTEM THROUGH GENE THERAPY APPROACHES AND PPARGAMMA LIGANDS HAS THERAPEUTIC PROMISE FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS INDUCED BY A VARIETY OF ETIOLOGIES. AT THE SAME TIME, THIAZOLIDINEDIONE AGENTS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR THEIR CLINICAL BENEFITS PRIMARILY IN PATIENTS WITH NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS, A COMMON METABOLIC LIVER DISORDER WITH HIGH POTENTIAL TO PROGRESS TO FIBROSIS AND LIVER-RELATED DEATH. ALTHOUGH SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN INITIAL PROMISE, NONE HAS ESTABLISHED LONG-TERM EFFICACY IN WELL-CONTROLLED RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. THIS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW COVERS THE 10-YEAR DISCOVERIES OF THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR PPARGAMMA REGULATION OF HSC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THEN FOCUSES ON THE ANIMAL INVESTIGATIONS AND CLINICAL TRIALS OF VARIOUS THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES TARGETING PPARGAMMA FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS. 2013 5 1676 23 DRUG ADDICTION: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE. DRUG ADDICTION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MILLIONS OF DEATHS PER YEAR AROUND THE WORLD. STILL, ITS MANAGEMENT AS A CHRONIC DISEASE IS SHADOWED BY MISCONCEPTIONS FROM THE GENERAL PUBLIC. INDEED, DRUG CONSUMERS ARE OFTEN LABELLED AS "WEAK", "IMMORAL" OR "DEPRAVED". CONSEQUENTLY, DRUG ADDICTION IS OFTEN PERCEIVED AS AN INDIVIDUAL PROBLEM AND NOT SOCIETAL. IN TECHNICAL TERMS, DRUG ADDICTION IS DEFINED AS A CHRONIC, RELAPSING DISEASE RESULTING FROM SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE BRAIN. THROUGH A BETTER CHARACTERISATION OF THE CEREBRAL CIRCUITS INVOLVED, AND THE LONG-TERM MODIFICATIONS OF THE BRAIN INDUCED BY ADDICTIVE DRUGS ADMINISTRATIONS, FIRST, WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO CHANGE THE WAY THE GENERAL PUBLIC SEE THE PATIENT WHO IS SUFFERING FROM DRUG ADDICTION, AND SECOND, WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO FIND NEW TREATMENTS TO NORMALISE THE ALTERED BRAIN HOMEOSTASIS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SYNTHETISE THE CONTRIBUTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH TO THE UNDERSTANDING DRUG ADDICTION AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO POTENTIAL NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. MOSTLY BASED ON DRUG-INDUCED MODIFICATIONS OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (AND THEIR BEHAVIOURAL CORRELATES) AND AFTER DEMONSTRATION OF THEIR REVERSIBILITY, WE TRIED TO HIGHLIGHT PROMISING THERAPEUTICS. WE ALSO UNDERLINE THE SPECIFIC TEMPORAL DYNAMICS AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF THIS COMPLEX PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE ADDING PARAMETERS TO BE CONSIDERED IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND PAVING THE WAY TO TEST NEW THERAPEUTIC VENUES. 2021 6 844 29 CHILDHOOD ALLERGY DISEASE, EARLY DIAGNOSIS, AND THE POTENTIAL OF SALIVARY PROTEIN BIOMARKERS. ALLERGIC DISEASE HAS RISEN TO EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS SINCE THE LAST DECADE AND IS AMONG THE MOST COMMON NONCOMMUNICABLE, CHRONIC DISEASES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WORLDWIDE. ALLERGIC DISEASE USUALLY OCCURS IN EARLY LIFE; THUS, EARLY BIOMARKERS OF ALLERGIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ARE REQUIRED FOR PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO HIGH-RISK INFANTS WHICH ENABLE EARLY INTERVENTIONS TO DECREASE ALLERGIC SEVERITY. HOWEVER, TO DATE, THERE IS NO RELIABLE GENERAL OR SPECIFIC ALLERGY PHENOTYPE DETECTION METHOD THAT IS EASY AND NONINVASIVE FOR CHILDREN. MOST REPORTED ALLERGIC PHENOTYPE DETECTION METHODS ARE INVASIVE, SUCH AS THE SKIN PRICK TEST (SPT), ORAL FOOD CHALLENGE (OFC), AND BLOOD TEST, AND MANY INVOLVE NOT READILY ACCESSIBLE BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES, SUCH AS CORD BLOOD (CB), MATERNAL BLOOD, OR NEWBORN VERNIX. SALIVA IS A BIOLOGICAL SAMPLE THAT HAS GREAT POTENTIAL AS A BIOMARKER MEASUREMENT AS IT CONSISTS OF AN ABUNDANCE OF BIOMARKERS, SUCH AS GENETIC MATERIAL AND PROTEINS. IT IS EASILY ACCESSIBLE, NONINVASIVE, COLLECTED VIA A PAINLESS PROCEDURE, AND AN EASY BEDSIDE SCREENING FOR REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT OF THE ONGOING HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM. ALL THESE ADVANTAGES EMPHASISE SALIVA AS A VERY PROMISING DIAGNOSTIC CANDIDATE FOR THE DETECTION AND MONITORING OF DISEASE BIOMARKERS, ESPECIALLY IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PROTEIN BIOMARKERS HAVE THE ADVANTAGES AS MODIFIABLE INFLUENCING FACTORS RATHER THAN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT ARE MOSTLY NONMODIFIABLE FACTORS FOR ALLERGIC DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CHILDHOOD. SALIVA HAS GREAT POTENTIAL TO REPLACE SERUM AS A BIOLOGICAL FLUID BIOMARKER IN DIAGNOSING CLINICAL ALLERGY. HOWEVER, TO DATE, SALIVA IS NOT CONSIDERED AS AN ESTABLISHED MEDICALLY ACCEPTABLE BIOMARKER. THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS WHETHER THE SALIVA COULD BE SUITABLE BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR EARLY DETECTION OF ALLERGIC RISK. SUCH TOOLS MAY BE USED AS JUSTIFICATION FOR TARGETED INTERVENTIONS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND ASSISTING IN REDUCING MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY CAUSED BY CHILDHOOD ALLERGY. 2021 7 5161 30 PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: HOW GENOMIC APPROACH IMPROVES THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE. LIFE EXPECTANCY HAS GRADUALLY GROWN OVER THE LAST CENTURY. THIS HAS DEEPLY AFFECTED HEALTHCARE COSTS, SINCE THE GROWTH OF AN AGING POPULATION IS CORRELATED TO THE INCREASING BURDEN OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REPRESENTS THE INTERESTING CHALLENGE OF HOW TO MANAGE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE HEALTH CARE BUDGETS. EFFECTIVE PRIMARY PREVENTION COULD REPRESENT A PROMISING ROUTE. TO THIS END, PRECISION, TOGETHER WITH PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, ARE USEFUL INSTRUMENTS IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND TO GUIDE PHYSICIANS TO CHOOSE A TARGETED THERAPY TO MANAGE THE PATIENT. CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES REPRESENT SUITABLE MODELS FOR TAKING FULL ADVANTAGE OF PRECISION MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO ALL STAGES OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. THE AVAILABILITY OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCEMENT PROGRESS MADE IN THE FIELD OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH HAVE BEEN SUBSTANTIAL TO UNDERSTAND HOW GENES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AGING, NUTRITION, DRUGS, MICROBIOME AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN IMPACT HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISORDERS. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO ADDRESS HOW PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE CAN BRING GREATER CLARITY TO THE CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF THESE TYPES OF DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORTALITY, INVOLVING TREMENDOUS HEALTH CARE COSTS, BY DESCRIBING IN DETAIL THE METHODS THAT CAN BE APPLIED. THIS MIGHT OFFER PRECIOUS TOOLS FOR PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AND POSSIBLE CLUES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE DISEASE AND COULD HELP IN PREDICTING MORBIDITY, MORTALITY AND DETECTING CHRONIC DISEASE INDICATORS MUCH EARLIER IN THE DISEASE COURSE. THIS, OF COURSE, WILL HAVE A MAJOR EFFECT ON BOTH IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CARE AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE PATIENTS AND REDUCING TIME EFFORTS AND HEALTHCARE COSTS. 2020 8 1256 26 CURRENT STUDIES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA: A REVIEW FROM THE PACIFIC PEDIATRIC NEURO-ONCOLOGY CONSORTIUM (PNOC) DISEASE WORKING GROUP. MEDULLOBLASTOMA (MB) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR OF CHILDHOOD, COMPRISING A HETEROGENOUS GROUP OF TUMORS EACH WITH DISTINCT BIOLOGY, CLINICAL BEHAVIOR, AND PROGNOSIS. LONG-TERM SURVIVAL REMAINS UNACCEPTABLE, AND THOSE WHO DO SURVIVE FACE HIGH LATE MORTALITY RISK, NEW CHRONIC TREATMENT-RELATED MEDICAL CONDITIONS, NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS, AND POOR HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE. UP-FRONT TREATMENT STRATEGIES NOW INTEGRATE MOLECULAR SUBGROUPING WITH STANDARD CLINICO-RADIOLOGICAL FACTORS TO MORE ACTUALLY RISK STRATIFY NEWLY-DIAGNOSED PATIENTS. TO WHAT EXTENT THIS NEW STRATIFICATION WILL LEAD TO IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATMENT OUTCOME WILL BE DETERMINED IN THE COMING YEARS. IN PARALLEL, DISCOVERY AND APPRECIATION FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA'S INTER- AND INTRA-TUMORAL HETEROGENEITY CONTINUES GROWING. CLINICAL TRIALS TREATING RELAPSED DISEASE NOW ENCOMPASS PRECISION MEDICINE, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, AND IMMUNE THERAPY APPROACHES. THE PACIFIC PEDIATRIC NEURO-ONCOLOGY (PNOC) MEDULLOBLASTOMA WORKING GROUP IS COMMITTED TO DEVELOPING CLINICAL TRIALS BASED ON THESE EVOLVING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES AND SUPPORTS TRANSLATIONAL EFFORTS BY PNOC RESEARCHERS AND THE MULTI-STAKEHOLDER MEDULLOBLASTOMA COMMUNITY AT LARGE. 2023 9 5025 40 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD. 2017 10 6439 34 THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES: CURRENT STATE AND FUTURE TRENDS--IS A PARADIGM CHANGE COMING SOON? ANTIBODY-BASED THERAPEUTICS CURRENTLY ENJOY UNPRECEDENTED SUCCESS, GROWTH IN RESEARCH AND REVENUES, AND RECOGNITION OF THEIR POTENTIAL. IT APPEARS THAT THE PROMISE OF THE "MAGIC BULLET" HAS LARGELY BEEN REALIZED. THERE ARE CURRENTLY 22 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (MABS) APPROVED BY THE UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) FOR CLINICAL USE AND HUNDREDS ARE IN CLINICAL TRIALS FOR TREATMENT OF VARIOUS DISEASES INCLUDING CANCERS, IMMUNE DISORDERS, AND INFECTIONS. THE REVENUES FROM THE TOP FIVE THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES (RITUXAN, REMICADE, HERCEPTIN, HUMIRA, AND AVASTIN) NEARLY DOUBLED FROM $6.4 BILLION IN 2004 TO $11.7 BILLION IN 2006. DURING THE LAST SEVERAL YEARS MAJOR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES RACED TO ACQUIRE ANTIBODY COMPANIES, WITH A RECENT EXAMPLE OF MEDIMMUNE BEING PURCHASED FOR $15.6 BILLION BY ASTRAZENECA. THESE THERAPEUTIC AND BUSINESS SUCCESSES REFLECT THE MAJOR ADVANCES IN ANTIBODY ENGINEERING WHICH HAVE RESULTED IN THE GENERATION OF SAFE, SPECIFIC, HIGH-AFFINITY, AND NON-IMMUNOGENIC ANTIBODIES DURING THE LAST THREE DECADES. CURRENTLY, SECOND AND THIRD GENERATIONS OF ANTIBODIES ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT, MOSTLY TO IMPROVE ALREADY EXISTING ANTIBODY SPECIFICITIES. HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH THE REFINEMENT OF ALREADY KNOWN METHODOLOGIES IS CERTAINLY OF GREAT IMPORTANCE FOR POTENTIAL CLINICAL USE, THERE ARE NO CONCEPTUALLY NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAST DECADE COMPARABLE, FOR EXAMPLE, TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODY LIBRARIES, PHAGE DISPLAY, DOMAIN ANTIBODIES (DABS), AND ANTIBODY HUMANIZATION TO NAME A FEW. A FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION IS THEN WHETHER THERE WILL BE ANOTHER CHANGE IN THE PARADIGM OF RESEARCH AS HAPPENED 1-2 DECADES AGO OR THE CURRENT TREND OF GRADUAL IMPROVEMENT OF ALREADY DEVELOPED METHODOLOGIES AND THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES WILL CONTINUE. ALTHOUGH ANY PREDICTION COULD PROVE INCORRECT, IT APPEARS THAT CONCEPTUALLY NEW METHODOLOGIES ARE NEEDED TO OVERCOME THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF DRUG (ANTIBODY) RESISTANCE DUE TO GENETIC OR/AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CANCER AND CHRONIC INFECTIONS, AS WELL AS PROBLEMS RELATED TO ACCESS TO TARGETS AND COMPLEXITY OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. IF NEW METHODOLOGIES ARE NOT DEVELOPED, IT IS LIKELY THAT GRADUAL SATURATION WILL OCCUR IN THE PIPELINE OF CONCEPTUALLY NEW ANTIBODY THERAPEUTICS. IN THIS SCENARIO WE WILL WITNESS AN INCREASE IN COMBINATION OF TARGETS AND ANTIBODIES, AND FURTHER ATTEMPTS TO PERSONALIZE TARGETED TREATMENTS BY USING APPROPRIATE BIOMARKERS AS WELL AS TO DEVELOP NOVEL SCAFFOLDS WITH PROPERTIES THAT ARE SUPERIOR TO THOSE OF THE ANTIBODIES NOW IN CLINICAL USE. 2009 11 6048 27 THE CONCEPTS OF ASTHMA ENDOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES TO GUIDE CURRENT AND NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES. ASTHMA, A COMMON, NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASE AFFECTS OVER 300 MILLION INDIVIDUALS WORLDWIDE. THE WESTERN WORLD LIFESTYLE IS CLAIMED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS HIGH AND INCREASING PREVALENCE. ASTHMA HAS BEEN DEFINED AS A SYNDROME WITH VARIOUS PHENOTYPES AND ENDOTYPES, ALLERGIC ASTHMA AND TYPE 2 ASTHMA BEING THE MOST FREQUENT. A GREAT INCREASE IN PREVALENCE OF ALLERGIC DISEASES HAS NECESSITATED INTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS BOTH FOR UNDERSTANDING THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPY OPTIONS WITH LONG-TERM EFFICACY AND LIMITED SIDE-EFFECTS. ALLERGIC PATIENTS DEMONSTRATE UNIQUE PRESENTATIONS WITH VARIABLE VISIBLE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISEASE OUTCOMES DEPENDING ON DIFFERENT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, RELATED TO INFLUENCE OF GENES AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL BY MICRO- AND MACRO-ENVIRONMENT. AREAS COVERED: THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE DEFINITION OF ASTHMA PHENOTYPES AND POSSIBLE ENDOTYPES, ADVANCES IN ALLERGY-IMMUNOLOGY FIELD AND CONTEMPORARY PERSONALIZED THERAPY OPTIONS FOR ASTHMA. EXPERT COMMENTARY: BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX IMMUNE NETWORK OF ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION AND KEY PLAYERS OF IMMUNITY IS CONTINUOUSLY BEING PROVIDED FOR CLARIFICATION OF ASTHMA SUB-TYPES. SUCCESSFUL THERAPY OF ASTHMA REQUIRES BETTER DEFINITION OF UNDERLYING PATHOGENESIS, WHICH SEQUENTIALLY COULD END UP WITH 'CUSTOM-TAILORED' INDIVIDUALIZED, EVIDENCE-BASED AND MORE PRECISE THERAPY OPTIONS; A NEW ERA TERMED AS 'PRECISION MEDICINE'. ENDOTYPE, PHENOTYPE, THERATYPE AND BIOMARKER TERMS ARISE AS MAJOR KEYWORDS IN PRECISION/PERSONALIZED MEDICINE. 2018 12 4884 20 OVERVIEW OF THE PATHOGENESIS, GENETIC, AND NON-INVASIVE CLINICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND SCORING METHODS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF NAFLD. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE. IT REPRESENTS A RANGE OF DISORDERS, INCLUDING SIMPLE STEATOSIS, NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS, AND ITS PREVALENCE CONTINUES TO RISE. IN SOME CASES, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) MAY DEVELOP. THE DEVELOP;MENT OF NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC AND SCREENING TOOLS IS NEEDED, IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE FREQUENCY OF LIVER BIOPSIES. THE MOST PROMISING METHODS ARE THOSE ABLE TO EXCLUDE ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND QUANTIFY STEATOSIS. IN THIS STUDY, NEW PERSPECTIVE MARKERS FOR INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, APOPTOSIS, AND FIBROGENESIS; EMERGING SCORING MODELS FOR DETECTING HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND FIBROSIS; AND NEW GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND MULTIOMIC STUDIES ARE DISCUSSED. AS ISOLATED BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ARE NOT SPECIFIC OR SENSITIVE ENOUGH TO PREDICT THE PRESENCE OF NASH AND FIBROSIS, THERE IS A TENDENCY TO USE VARIOUS MARKERS AND COMBINE THEM INTO MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS. SEVERAL PREDICTIVE MODELS AND SCORING SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED. CURRENT DATA SUGGESTS THAT PANELS OF MARKERS (NAFLD FIBROSIS SCORE, FIB-4 SCORE, BARD SCORE, AND OTHERS) ARE USEFUL DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES TO MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF LIVER BIOPSIES. THE REVIEW UNVEILS PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS RELATED TO NEW TRENDS IN CURRENT NON-INVASIVE BIOCHEMICAL, GENETIC, AND SCORING METHODS, AND PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO THEIR DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACIES AND SUITABILITY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. 2019 13 3821 20 INTRODUCTION: FROM PATHOGENESIS TO THERAPY, DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY. DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY. A NUMBER OF THEORIES MAY EXPLAIN ITS PATHOGENESIS AND MANY ARGUMENTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE A PREREQUISITE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LESIONS INTO DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS. DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS IS FREQUENTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR PELVIC PAIN, DYSMENORRHEA, AND/OR DEEP DYSPAREUNIA, BUT CAN ALSO CAUSE OBSTETRICAL COMPLICATIONS. DIAGNOSIS MAY BE IMPROVED BY HIGH-QUALITY IMAGING. THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE A SOURCE OF CONTENTION AS WELL. IN THIS ISSUE'S VIEWS AND REVIEWS, MEDICAL AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES ARE DISCUSSED, AND IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT TREATMENT SHOULD BE DESIGNED ACCORDING TO A PATIENT'S SYMPTOMS AND INDIVIDUAL NEEDS. IT IS ALSO VITAL THAT REFERRAL CENTERS HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE TO TREAT DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS MEDICALLY AND/OR SURGICALLY. THE DEBATE MUST CONTINUE BECAUSE EMERGING TRENDS IN THERAPY NEED TO BE FOLLOWED AND INVESTIGATED FOR OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT. 2017 14 4734 27 NOVEL CONCEPTS IN RADIATION-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. RADIATION-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (RICVD) IS THE MOST COMMON NONMALIGNANT CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AMONG CANCER SURVIVORS WHO HAVE UNDERGONE MEDIASTINAL RADIATION THERAPY (RT). CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE EFFUSIVE OR CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS, CARDIOMYOPATHY, VALVULAR HEART DISEASE, AND CORONARY/VASCULAR DISEASE. THESE ARE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICALLY DISTINCT DISEASE ENTITIES WHOSE PREVALENCE VARIES DEPENDING ON THE TIMING AND EXTENT OF RADIATION EXPOSURE TO THE HEART AND GREAT VESSELS. ALTHOUGH REFINEMENTS IN RT DOSIMETRY AND SHIELDING WILL INEVITABLY LIMIT FUTURE CASES OF RICVD, THE INCREASING NUMBER OF LONG-TERM CANCER SURVIVORS, INCLUDING THOSE TREATED WITH OLDER HIGHER-DOSE RT REGIMENS, WILL ENSURE A STEADY FLOW OF AFFLICTED PATIENTS FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE. THUS, THERE IS A PRESSING NEED FOR ENHANCED UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE MECHANISMS, AND IMPROVED DETECTION METHODS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES. NEWLY CHARACTERIZED MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRONIC FIBROSIS, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ARE DISCUSSED AND LINKED TO POTENTIAL TREATMENTS CURRENTLY UNDER STUDY. NOVEL IMAGING MODALITIES MAY SERVE AS POWERFUL SCREENING TOOLS IN RICVD, AND RECENT RESEARCH AND EXPERT OPINION ADVOCATING THEIR USE IS INTRODUCED. DATA ARGUING FOR THE AGGRESSIVE USE OF PERCUTANEOUS INTERVENTIONS, SUCH AS TRANSCUTANEOUS VALVE REPLACEMENT AND DRUG-ELUTING STENTS, ARE EXAMINED AND CONSIDERED IN THE CONTEXT OF PRIOR THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. RICVD AND ITS TREATMENT OPTIONS ARE THE SUBJECT OF A RICH AND DYNAMIC BODY OF RESEARCH, AND PATIENTS WHO ARE AT RISK OR SUFFERING FROM THIS DISEASE WILL BENEFIT FROM THE CARE OF PHYSICIANS WITH SPECIALTY EXPERTISE IN THE EMERGING FIELD OF CARDIO-ONCOLOGY. 2016 15 4167 33 MEDICINE AND PHLEBOLYMPHOLOGY: TIME TO CHANGE? BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE IS UNDERGOING A REAPPRAISAL OF ITS SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT PROCESS AND OF THE RELATED HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT. PROGRESS IN MEDICINE SHOULD COMBINE IMPROVEMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE, EFFICACY, AND SAFETY OF DIAGNOSTIC/THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES, WITH ADEQUATE COST-EFFECTIVENESS PROFILES. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW IS AIMED AT ASSESSING IN MEDICINE, MORE SPECIFICALLY IN PHLEBOLOGY AND LYMPHOLOGY: (A) SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE POSSIBLE BIASES, (B) THE LEVEL OF EVIDENCE, COMPREHENSIVENESS, AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MAIN THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS, AND (C) THE POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF INTEGRATIVE AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE. CURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH MAY HAVE COGNITIVE BIASES, OR INDUSTRY-TIED INFLUENCES, WHICH IMPACTS CLINICAL PRACTICE. SOME REDUCTIONISM, WITH AN INCREASING USE OF DRUGS AND TECHNOLOGY, OFTEN NEGLECTING THE UNDERSTANDING AND CARE OF THE ROOT CAUSATIVE PATHWAYS OF THE DISEASES, IS AFFECTING BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE AS WELL. AGING BRINGS A RELEVANT BURDEN OF CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND DISABILITIES, WITH RELEVANT SOCIO-ECONOMIC REPERCUSSIONS; THUS, A MAJOR ATTENTION TO COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND APPROPRIATENESS OF HEALTHCARE IS WARRANTED. IN THIS SCENARIO, COSTLY AND INNOVATIVE BUT RELATIVELY VALIDATED THERAPIES MAY TEND TO BE ADOPTED IN VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC DISEASES, SUCH AS VARICOSE VEINS, LEG VENOUS ULCER, POST-THROMBOTIC SYNDROME, PELVIC CONGESTION SYNDROME, AND LYMPHEDEMA. CONVERSELY, A MORE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO THE BASIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHRONIC VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC INSUFFICIENCY AND THE INCLUSION OF PHARMACOECONOMICS ANALYSES WOULD BENEFIT OVERALL PATIENTS' MANAGEMENT. ERRONEOUS LIFESTYLE AND NUTRITION, TOGETHER WITH CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED SYNDROMES, SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE PHLEBO-LYMPHATIC DISEASES. THE MAIN ACTIVE EPIGENETIC SOCIO-BIOLOGIC FACTORS ARE OBESITY, DYSFUNCTIONS OF MUSCULO-RESPIRATORY-VASCULAR PUMPS, PRO-INFLAMMATORY NUTRITION, HYPERACTIVATION OF STRESS AXIS, AND SEDENTARISM. AN OVERALL CRITICAL VIEW OF THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AND INNOVATIONS IN PHEBOLYMPHOLOGY COULD BE OF HELP TO IMPROVE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND SUSTAINABILITY OF CURRENT PRACTICE. TRANSLATIONAL AND INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO A PATIENT-CENTERED APPROACH. CONVERSELY, REDUCTIONISM, EMINENCE/REIMBURSEMENT-BASED DECISIONAL PROCESSES, PATIENTS' LACK OF EDUCATION, INDUSTRY-INFLUENCED SCIENCE, AND PHYSICIAN'S IMPROVABLE AWARENESS, MAY COMPROMISE EFFICACY, SAFETY, APPROPRIATENESS, AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF FUTURE DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PATTERNS OF PHLEBOLOGY AND LYMPHOLOGY. 2020 16 3035 27 GENETICS/GENOMICS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE--TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE? THE PROGRESSION RATE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) TO ITS TERMINAL STAGE, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD), AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND SEVERITY OF VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS, ARE AT LEAST INDIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY GENETIC--AND EPIGENETIC--FACTORS. FOR YEARS, SCIENTISTS HAVE HELD OUT HOPE THAT THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETICS COULD TRANSFORM MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, MOVING BEYOND A TRIAL-AND-ERROR APPROACH TOWARDS "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE." INDEED, THERE ARE NOW SIGNS THAT THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND THE PURSUIT OF "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE" IN MEDICAL CARE WILL BE A PRIORITY FOR GOVERNMENTS DURING YEARS TO COME. BUT THE VISION OF INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT BASED ON A PATIENT'S GENETIC MAKEUP AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAS YET TO MATERIALIZE IN THE FIELD OF CKD AND ESRD. AS THE TOXIC UREMIC ENVIRONMENT MAY RENDER CKD PATIENTS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIANTS, IT IS LIKELY THAT GENETIC FACTORS COULD BE OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IN THIS HIGH-RISK POPULATION. THEREFORE, OUTCOME IN THE CKD POPULATION MAY BE IMPROVED BY ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES, THUS ENABLING PHYSICIANS TO DESIGN AN INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE BASED ON A MORE INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY COULD BE APPLIED IN, FOR EXAMPLE, PHARMACOTHERAPY (CYP GENES), DIALYSIS THERAPY, AND NUTRITIONAL AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS. 2009 17 429 23 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TOPICAL MEDICATION - NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS. ATOPIC DERMATITIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE THAT ARISES FROM POLYGENIC DISPOSITION, A DYSFUNCTION OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER, A CUTANEOUS DYSBIOSIS, AND A FAULTY NEUROSENSORY ACTIVITY AND SHOWS A HIGHLY INDIVIDUAL ACUITY DUE TO EPIGENETIC FACTORS. AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IS THE APPLICATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TOPICAL MEDICATION. CURRENTLY, TOPICAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND TOPICAL CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS ARE ROUTINELY USED IN REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE THERAPY. IN RECENT YEARS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE HAS IDENTIFIED SEVERAL NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS THAT HAVE ENABLED THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. IN ADDITION TO PHOSPHODIESTERASE-4 INHIBITORS AND ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR MODULATORS, IT IS MAINLY JANUS KINASE INHIBITORS WITH DIFFERENT SELECTIVITY THAT ARE EMERGING AS NEW EFFECTIVE AND SAFE OPTIONS FOR TOPICAL THERAPY. THE CURRENT DATA SUGGESTS THAT IN THE COMING MONTHS AND YEARS REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ABOVE-MENTIONED SUBSTANCE CLASSES WILL BE APPROVED FOR TOPICAL USE. 2021 18 4871 26 OUR GENES ARE NOT OUR DESTINY: INCORPORATING MOLECULAR MEDICINE INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE. IN MANY DEVELOPED NATIONS, THE STATE OF PUBLICLY ADMINISTERED HEALTH CARE IS INCREASINGLY PRECARIOUS AS A RESULT OF ESCALATING NUMBERS OF CHRONICALLY ILL PATIENTS, INADEQUATE MEDICAL PERSONNEL AND HOSPITAL FACILITIES, AS WELL AS SPARSE FUNDING FOR ONGOING UPGRADES TO STATE-OF-THE-ART DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNOLOGY - AN INCREASED EMPHASIS ON AETIOLOGY-CENTRED MEDICINE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE IMPROVED HEALTH FOR PATIENTS AND POPULATIONS. MEDICAL PRACTICE PATTERNS WHICH ARE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE QUICK AND EFFECTIVE AMELIORATION OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ARE FREQUENTLY NOT AN ENDURING SOLUTION TO MANY HEALTH AFFLICTIONS AND CHRONIC DISEASE STATES. RECENT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY HAS RENDERED THE DRUG-ORIENTED ALGORITHMIC PARADIGM COMMONLY FOUND IN CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE TO BE A REDUCTIONIST APPROACH TO CLINICAL PRACTICE. UNFOLDING EVIDENCE APPEARS TO SUPPORT A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION MODEL OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS RATHER THAN A FATALISTIC PREDESTINATION CONSTRUCT - MODIFIABLE EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE ENORMOUS POTENTIAL TO INFLUENCE CLINICAL OUTCOMES. BY UNDERSTANDING AND APPLYING FUNDAMENTAL CLINICAL PRINCIPLES RELATING TO THE EMERGING FIELDS OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE, NUTRIGENOMICS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT, DOCTORS WILL BE EMPOWERED TO ADDRESS CAUSALITY OF AFFLICTION WHEN POSSIBLE AND ACHIEVE SUSTAINED REPRIEVE FOR MANY SUFFERING PATIENTS. 2008 19 3400 23 HOW CAN PRECISION MEDICINE BE APPLIED TO TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS AND ITS COMORBIDITIES? THE EIGHTH SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE TMJ ASSOCIATION, LTD. WAS HELD IN BETHESDA, MARYLAND, SEPTEMBER 11-13, 2016. AS IN THE PAST, THE MEETING WAS COSPONSORED BY COMPONENTS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH WITH SPEAKERS INVITED TO REVIEW THE STATE OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER SCIENCE AND PROPOSE RECOMMENDATIONS TO FURTHER PROGRESS. THE THEME OF PRECISION MEDICINE, WHICH AIMS TO TAILOR DISEASE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION TO MATCH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT (GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, LIFESTYLE) UNDERSCORED THE CURRENT CONSENSUS THAT TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS ARE NO LONGER VIEWED AS LOCAL CONDITIONS OF JAW PAIN AND DYSFUNCTION. RATHER, THEY REPRESENT A COMPLEX FAMILY OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDERS THAT CAN PROGRESS TO CHRONIC PAIN, MOST OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY ONE OR MORE OTHER CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS AND THESE COMORBIDITIES, CALLED CHRONIC OVERLAPPING PAIN CONDITIONS, PREDOMINANTLY OR EXCLUSIVELY AFFECT WOMEN IN THEIR CHILDBEARING YEARS AND REFLECT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SENSITIZATION. PRESENTERS AT THE MEETING INCLUDED LEADERS IN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER AND PAIN RESEARCH, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER PATIENTS AND ADVOCATES, AND EXPERTS IN OTHER FIELDS OR IN THE USE OF TECHNOLOGIES THAT COULD FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRECISION MEDICINE APPROACHES IN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS. 2017 20 5163 25 PRECISION/PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN ALLERGIC DISEASES AND ASTHMA. LIKE MANY OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES, EVERY ALLERGIC PATIENT HAS DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON CLINICAL COURSE, TREATMENT RESPONSIVENESS AND DISEASE OUTCOMES, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT. THIS VARIABILITY NECESSITATES THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PATIENT-TAILORED AND PRECISION APPROACHES IN HANDLING ALLERGIC DISORDERS. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIC DISORDERS WILL PROVIDE MORE RATIONALE STRATEGIES BASED ON INDIVIDUAL CASES IN CONTROLLING AND TREATING THESE DISORDERS. ENDOTYPING, PHENOTYPING, GENOTYPING AND THERATYPING, AND BIOMARKERS ARE KEYWORDS IN THIS AREA AND HAVE BEEN GAINING LOTS OF ATTENTION IN THE FIELD OF PRECISION MEDICINE, WHICH AIMS TO REVOLUTIONIZE PATIENT CARE AND DEVELOP BETTER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES. IN ADDITION, PRECISION HEALTH IS A NEW CONCEPT THAT BRINGS PRECISE APPROACHES TO THE SCENE FOR BEING HEALTHY AND PREVENTION OF ALLERGIC DISEASE AND ASTHMA. THE SPECIALTY OF ALLERGY HAS A LEADING ROLE IN THE FIELD, BECAUSE ALLERGEN-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY STARTED 105 YEARS AGO, AND IS HISTORICALLY A LEADING PERSONALIZED/PRECISION MEDICINE APPROACH IN ALL MEDICINE DISCIPLINES PROVIDING THE POSSIBILITY OF CURE IN AN INDIVIDUALIZED MANNER INSTEAD OF CONVENTIONAL SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENTS. 2018