1  4287 125 MICRORNA EXPRESSION PROFILING IN BEHCET'S DISEASE. BACKGROUND: BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY MULTISYSTEM DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY ORAL AND GENITAL ULCERS, UVEITIS, AND SKIN LESIONS. MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ARE KEY REGULATORS OF IMMUNE RESPONSES. DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF MIRNAS HAS BEEN REPORTED IN SEVERAL INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; HOWEVER, THEIR ROLE IN BD IS NOT FULLY ELUCIDATED. WE AIMED TO IDENTIFY MIRNA EXPRESSION SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH BD AND TO INVESTIGATE THEIR POTENTIAL IMPLICATION IN THE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. METHODS: MIRNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED IN BLOOD CELLS OF BD PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. MIRNA EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE ANALYZED USING AFFYMETRIX ARRAYS WITH A COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE OF MIRNA SEQUENCES. PATHWAY ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED, AND THE GLOBAL MIRNA PROFILING WAS COMBINED WITH TRANSCRIPTOMA DATA IN BD. DEREGULATION OF SELECTED MIRNAS WAS VALIDATED BY REAL-TIME PCR. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED SPECIFIC MIRNA SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH BD PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. THESE MIRNAS TARGET PATHWAYS RELEVANT IN BD, SUCH AS TNF, IFN GAMMA, AND VEGF-VEGFR SIGNALING CASCADES. NETWORK ANALYSIS REVEALED SEVERAL MIRNAS REGULATING HIGHLY CONNECTED GENES WITHIN THE BD TRANSCRIPTOMA. CONCLUSIONS: THE COMBINED ANALYSIS OF DEREGULATED MIRNAS AND BD TRANSCRIPTOME SHEDS LIGHT ON SOME EPIGENETIC ASPECTS OF BD IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC MIRNAS, WHICH MAY REPRESENT PROMISING CANDIDATES AS BIOMARKERS AND/OR FOR THE DESIGN OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN BD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  1226  30 CRITICAL ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BEHCET'S DISEASE. BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD) IS A CHRONIC REFRACTORY MULTISYSTEM AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASE, CHARACTERIZED BY TYPICAL CLINICAL FEATURES OF NON-SPECIFIC VASCULITIS, ORAL AND GENITAL ULCERS, UVEITIS, AS WELL AS SKIN LESIONS. THE EXACT ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF BD REMAINS UNKNOWN, EXISTING STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASED DEVELOPMENT OF BD. RECENTLY, SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN AFFECT THE PROCESS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, AND ABNORMALITIES OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE OCCURRENCE OF BD. AT THE SAME TIME, ABNORMALITIES OF GUT MICROBIOTA (GM) IN THE BODY, HAVE ALSO BEEN CONFIRMED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD BY REGULATING THE BALANCE OF TH17/TREGS. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD AND SUMMARIZES NUMEROUS CLINICAL STUDIES, FOCUSING ON THE MECHANISM OF GM AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IMPACTING ON BD, AND PROVIDING NEW IDEAS FOR FURTHER ELUCIDATING THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3  4272  33 MICROBIOME AND BEHCET'S DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO DESCRIBE THE CHANGES IN THE MICROBIOTA OF PATIENTS WITH BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD) AND THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MICROBIOME AND IMMUNITY IN BD. A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR RELEVANT ARTICLES WAS MADE ON PUBMED AND THE COCHRANE LIBRARY DATABASE USING THE FOLLOWING TERMS: "MICROBIOTA AND BEHCET'S DISEASE" OR "MICROBIOME AND BEHCET'S DISEASE". SIXTEEN ARTICLES WERE INCLUDED IN A QUALITATIVE SYNTHESIS. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE MICROBIOME AND BEHCET'S DISEASE UNDERLINES THE PRESENCE OF GUT DYSBIOSIS IN BD PATIENTS. THIS DYSBIOSIS IS MARKED BY (I) A DECREASE IN BUTYRATE-PRODUCING BACTERIA, WHICH COULD AFFECT T CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF IMMUNE-RELATED GENES, (II) A MODIFICATION OF TRYPTOPHAN-METABOLISING BACTERIA, WHICH COULD BE LINKED TO DYSREGULATED IL-22 SECRETION, AND (III) A DECREASE IN BACTERIA KNOWN TO HAVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES. REGARDING ORAL MICROBIOTA, THIS REVIEW UNDERLINES THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUINIS THROUGH MOLECULAR MIMICRY AND NETOSIS. CLINICAL STUDIES OF BD HAVE SHOWN THAT (I) NEED FOR DENTISTRY IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MORE SEVERE COURSE IN BD, AND (II) ANTIBIOTIC-SUPPLEMENTED MOUTHWASH REDUCES PAIN AND ULCERS. FECAL TRANSPLANTATION OF BD PATIENTS' MICROBIOTA INTO MOUSE MODELS LED TO DECREASED SCFA PRODUCTION, NEUTROPHIL ACTIVATION, AND TH1/TH17 RESPONSES.RECIPIENT MICE SHOWED EXACERBATED EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE UVEITIS (EAU) AND EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (EAE). IN HERPES VIRUS SIMPLEX-1 (HSV-1) INFECTED MICE MIMICKING BD, ADMINISTRATION OF BUTYRATEPRODUCING BACTERIA IMPROVED SYMPTOMS AND IMMUNE VARIABLES. THE MICROBIOME MAY THUS BE INVOLVED IN BD THROUGH IMMUNITY REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  4328  35 MICRORNAS, STEM CELLS IN BIPOLAR DISORDER, AND LITHIUM THERAPEUTIC APPROACH. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A SEVERE, CHRONIC, AND DISABLING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT MOOD DISTURBANCES (MANIA/HYPOMANIA AND DEPRESSION, WITH OR WITHOUT MIXED FEATURES) AND A CONSTELLATION OF COGNITIVE, PSYCHOMOTOR, AUTONOMIC, AND ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES. THE ETIOLOGY OF BD IS MULTIFACTORIAL, INCLUDING BOTH BIOLOGICAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. RECENTLY, MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), A CLASS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION PLAYING A CENTRAL ROLE IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND PLASTICITY, HAVE BEEN RELATED TO SEVERAL NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, INCLUDING BD. MOREOVER, AN ALTERATION IN THE NUMBER/DISTRIBUTION AND DIFFERENTIATION POTENTIAL OF NEURAL STEM CELLS HAS ALSO BEEN DESCRIBED, SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTING BRAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. THIS REVIEW AIMED TO EVALUATE THE MOST RELIABLE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE ON MIRNAS AS BIOMARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BD AND ASSESS THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN RESPONSE TO MOOD STABILIZERS, SUCH AS LITHIUM. NEURAL STEM CELL DISTRIBUTION, REGULATION, AND DYSFUNCTION IN THE ETIOLOGY OF BD ARE ALSO DISSECTED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5  4623  28 NEUROBIOLOGY OF BIPOLAR DISORDERS: A REVIEW OF GENETIC COMPONENTS, SIGNALING PATHWAYS, BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES, AND NEUROIMAGING FINDINGS. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC MENTAL ILLNESS CHARACTERIZED BY CHANGES IN MOOD THAT ALTERNATE BETWEEN MANIA AND HYPOMANIA OR BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND MIXED STATES, OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT. ALTHOUGH EFFECTIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE, SEVERAL PATIENTS WITH BD REMAIN SYMPTOMATIC. THE ADVANCE IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEUROBIOLOGY UNDERLYING BD COULD HELP IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AS WELL AS BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION, PROGNOSIS, AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN BD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, MOLECULAR, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROIMAGING FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF BD. DESPITE THE ADVANCES IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF BD, THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE ARE STILL ESSENTIALLY CLINICAL. GIVEN THE COMPLEXITY OF THE BRAIN AND THE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND BRAIN FUNCTION, INITIATIVES THAT INCORPORATE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, MOLECULAR, PHYSIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL DATA, AND BRAIN IMAGING ARE NECESSARY TO PRODUCE INFORMATION THAT CAN BE TRANSLATED INTO PREVENTION AND BETTER OUTCOMES FOR PATIENTS WITH BD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  3548  33 IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF BEHCET DISEASE. BACKGROUND: BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD, OMIM 109650) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY WITH UNPREDICTABLE EXACERBATIONS AND REMISSIONS. FIRST DESCRIBED IN 1937 BY THE TURKISH DERMATOLOGIST HULUSIBEHCET, AS A TRISYMPTON COMPLEX (ORAL AND GENITAL ULCERS AND UVEITIS), IT IS NOW RECOGNIZED AS A MULTISYSTEMIC DISEASE. THE SYNDROME CAN MANIFEST IN DIVERSE WAYS AND CAN INVOLVE NEARLY EVERY ORGAN SYSTEM. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED T CELLS AND MONOCYTES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD ESPECIALLY WHEN THESE CELLS ARE STIMULATED BY HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS AND STREPTOCOCCAL ANTIGEN. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A REVIEW OF THE RELEVANT PUBLISHED LITERATURE ABOUT THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF BD. RESULT: THE AUTHORS USED MESH TERMS "BEHCET'S DISEASE" WITH "PATHOPHYSIOLOGY," "PATHOGENESIS," "GENETIC", "EPIGENETIC", "IMMUNOGENETIC" OR "IMMUNE RESPONSE" TO SEARCH THE PUBMED DATABASE. ALL THE RELEVANT STUDIES IDENTIFIED WERE INCLUDED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  3023  37 GENETICS AND IMMUNODYSFUNCTION UNDERLYING BEHCET'S DISEASE AND IMMUNOMODULANT TREATMENT APPROACHES. BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE CONDITION PRIMARILY PREVALENT IN POPULATIONS ALONG THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. THE EXACT ETIOLOGY OF BD HAS NOT BEEN FULLY EXPLAINED YET, BUT THE DISEASE OCCURRENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A GENETIC FACTOR, HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA)-B51 ANTIGEN. AMONG THE VARIOUS IMMUNODYSFUNCTIONS THAT ARE FOUND IN BD, PATIENTS ARE INCREASED NEUTROPHIL MOTILITY AND SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION, AS WELL AS ELEVATED PRODUCTION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)-ALPHA AND DECREASED PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-10. ELEVATED LEVELS OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES LIKE IL-1 AND IL-17 IN BD HAVE BEEN FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA. GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN BD PATIENTS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN MOLECULES INVOLVED IN RESPONSES TO PATHOGENS THAT CAN ULTIMATELY MODULATE THE HOST ANTIMICROBIAL RESPONSE. MOREOVER, SEVERAL SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN GENES ENCODING CHEMOKINES AND ADHESION MOLECULES; MANY OF THESE CHANGES MANIFEST AS INCREASES IN VASCULAR INFLAMMATION AND VASCULAR DAMAGE. LASTLY, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED AS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD. MODIFICATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION HAVE BEEN FOUND IN BD PATIENT MONOCYTES AND LYMPHOCYTES, LEADING TO ADVERSE FUNCTION OF THESE CELLS. THIS REVIEW PRESENTS A COMPREHENSIVE COMPILATION OF THE LITERATURE WITH REGARD TO THE IMMUNODYSFUNCTION UNDERLYING BD, AS WELL AS OF THE GENETICS, NEWLY DESCRIBED CLINICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES USING IMMUNOMODULANTS BASED ON THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF BD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  4313  40 MICRORNAS AS CANDIDATES FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER BIOMARKERS. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A COMMON, RECURRING PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS WITH UNKNOWN PATHOGENESIS. MUCH LIKE OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES, BD SUFFERS FROM THE CHRONIC LACK OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS AND INNOVATIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. BETTER CHARACTERIZATION OF CLINICAL PROFILES, EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE, GENOMIC DATA MINING, AND THE UTILIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELS, INCLUDING STEM CELL AND GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICE, ARE SUGGESTED WAYS FORWARD. ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED TO MODULATE THE RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATORS, MICRORNAS (MIRNAS, MIRS), GOVERN NORMAL NEURONAL FUNCTIONING AND SHOW ALTERED EXPRESSION IN DIVERSE BRAIN PATHOLOGIES. WE OBSERVED SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS OF EXOSOMAL MIR-29C LEVELS IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX (BRODMANN AREA 9, BA9) OF BD PATIENTS. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT EXOSOMES EXTRACTED FROM THE ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (BA24), A CRUCIAL AREA FOR MODULATING EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION AND AFFECT, HAVE INCREASED LEVELS OF MIR-149 IN BD PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS. BECAUSE MIR-149 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INHIBIT GLIAL PROLIFERATION, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT INCREASED MIR-149 EXPRESSION IN BA24-DERIVED EXOSOMES MAY BE CONSISTENT WITH THE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED REDUCED GLIAL CELL NUMBERS IN BA24 OF PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH FAMILIAL BD. QPCR ANALYSIS OF LASER-MICRODISSECTED NEURONAL AND GLIAL CELLS FROM BA24 CORTICAL SAMPLES OF BD PATIENTS VERIFIED THAT THE GLIAL, BUT NOT NEURONAL, POPULATION EXHIBITS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED MIR-149 EXPRESSION. THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT NEURON-GLIA INTERACTION AS A POSSIBLE TARGET MECHANISM IN BD, IMPLICATED BY OTHERS IN NEUROIMAGING, POSTMORTEM, AND IN VIVO STUDIES OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES MEDIATED BY GLIAL CELLS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9    89  51 A PILOT INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENTIAL HYDROXYMETHYLATION LEVELS IN PATIENT-DERIVED NEURAL STEM CELLS IMPLICATES ALTERED CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT IN BIPOLAR DISORDER. INTRODUCTION: BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC MENTAL ILLNESS CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT EPISODES OF MANIA AND DEPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED WITH SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE DISTURBANCES. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS MATERNAL SMOKING AND CHILDHOOD TRAUMA, ARE BELIEVED TO MODULATE RISK GENOTYPES AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD, SUGGESTING A KEY ROLE IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION DURING NEURODEVELOPMENT. 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) IS AN EPIGENETIC VARIANT OF PARTICULAR INTEREST, AS IT IS HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN THE BRAIN AND IS IMPLICATED IN NEURODEVELOPMENT, AND PSYCHIATRIC AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. METHODS: INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS (IPSCS) WERE GENERATED FROM THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS OF TWO ADOLESCENT PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER AND THEIR SAME-SEX AGE-MATCHED UNAFFECTED SIBLINGS (N = 4). FURTHER, IPSCS WERE DIFFERENTIATED INTO NEURONAL STEM CELLS (NSCS) AND CHARACTERIZED FOR PURITY USING IMMUNO-FLUORESCENCE. WE USED REDUCED REPRESENTATION HYDROXYMETHYLATION PROFILING (RRHP) TO PERFORM GENOME-WIDE 5HMC PROFILING OF IPSCS AND NSCS, TO MODEL 5HMC CHANGES DURING NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION AND ASSESS THEIR IMPACT ON BD RISK. FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION AND ENRICHMENT TESTING OF GENES HARBORING DIFFERENTIATED 5HMC LOCI WERE PERFORMED WITH THE ONLINE TOOL DAVID. RESULTS: APPROXIMATELY 2 MILLION SITES WERE MAPPED AND QUANTIFIED, WITH THE MAJORITY (68.8%) LOCATED IN GENIC REGIONS, WITH ELEVATED 5HMC LEVELS PER SITE OBSERVED FOR 3' UTRS, EXONS, AND 2-KB SHORELINES OF CPG ISLANDS. PAIRED T-TESTS OF NORMALIZED 5HMC COUNTS BETWEEN IPSC AND NSC CELL LINES REVEALED GLOBAL HYPO-HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN NSCS AND ENRICHMENT OF DIFFERENTIALLY HYDROXYMETHYLATED SITES WITHIN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH PLASMA MEMBRANE (FDR = 9.1 X 10(-12)) AND AXON GUIDANCE (FDR = 2.1 X 10(-6)), AMONG OTHER NEURONAL PROCESSES. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED FOR A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SITE FOR THE KCNK9 GENE (P = 8.8 X 10(-6)), ENCODING A POTASSIUM CHANNEL PROTEIN INVOLVED IN NEURONAL ACTIVITY AND MIGRATION. PROTEIN-PROTEIN-INTERACTION (PPI) NETWORKING SHOWED SIGNIFICANT CONNECTIVITY (P = 3.2 X 10(-10)) BETWEEN PROTEINS ENCODED BY GENES HARBORING HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED 5HMC SITES, WITH GENES INVOLVED IN AXON GUIDANCE AND ION TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORT FORMING DISTINCT SUB-CLUSTERS. COMPARISON OF NSCS OF BD CASES AND UNAFFECTED SIBLINGS REVEALED ADDITIONAL PATTERNS OF DIFFERENTIATION IN HYDROXYMETHYLATION LEVELS, INCLUDING SITES IN GENES WITH FUNCTIONS RELATED TO SYNAPSE FORMATION AND REGULATION, SUCH AS CUX2 (P = 2.4 X 10(-5)) AND DOK-7 (P = 3.6 X 10(-3)), AS WELL AS AN ENRICHMENT OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (FDR = 1.0 X 10(-8)). DISCUSSION: TOGETHER, THESE PRELIMINARY RESULTS LEND EVIDENCE TOWARD A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR 5HMC IN BOTH EARLY NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION AND BD RISK, WITH VALIDATION AND MORE COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION TO BE ACHIEVED THROUGH FOLLOW-UP STUDY.	2023	

10  3133  29 GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND ITS CORRELATION TO THE BETAINE LEVEL IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ABERRANT EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS SUCH AS SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ) AND BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD). WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT THE PLASMA LEVEL OF BETAINE (N,N,N-TRIMETHYLGLYCINE), A METHYL-GROUP DONOR, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN PATIENTS WITH FIRST EPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA (FESZ). IN THIS STUDY, WE IDENTIFIED DECREASE OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN FESZ (N = 24 PATIENTS VS N = 42 CONTROLS), AND FOUND THAT GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL WAS INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH SCORES ON THE GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONING (GAF) SCALE, AND POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH PLASMA BETAINE LEVEL. NOTABLY, CORRELATIONS BETWEEN LEVELS OF BETAINE AND ITS METABOLITES (N,N-DIMETHYLGLYCINE AND SARCOSINE, N-METHYLGLYCINE) WERE LOWER OR LOST IN FESZ PLASMA, BUT REMAINED HIGH IN CONTROLS. WE FURTHER EXAMINED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SZ (N = 388) AND BD (N = 414) AS WELL AS CONTROLS (N = 430), AND CONFIRMED SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION AND DECREASED BETAINE LEVEL IN SZ. WE ALSO FOUND THAT PATIENTS WITH BD TYPE I, BUT NOT THOSE WITH BD TYPE II, SHOWED SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED BETAINE LEVEL IN BLOOD CELLS IS COMMON TO SZ AND BD, AND MAY REFLECT COMMON PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SUCH AS PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  2534  37 EPIGENETICS IN BIPOLAR DISORDER: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. INTRODUCTION: BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC, DISABLING DISEASE CHARACTERISED BY ALTERNATE MOOD EPISODES, SWITCHING THROUGH DEPRESSIVE AND MANIC/HYPOMANIC PHASES. MOOD STABILIZERS, IN PARTICULAR LITHIUM SALTS, CONSTITUTE THE CORNERSTONE OF THE TREATMENT IN THE ACUTE PHASE AS WELL AS FOR THE PREVENTION OF RECURRENCES. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BD AND THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF MOOD STABILIZERS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN BUT SEVERAL PIECES OF EVIDENCE POINT TO GENE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS. EPIGENETICS, DEFINED AS THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT GENETIC CHANGES, COULD BE THE MOLECULAR SUBSTRATE OF THESE INTERACTIONS. IN THIS LITERATURE REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE MAIN EPIGENETIC FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH BD AND RESPONSE TO MOOD STABILIZERS. METHODS: WE SEARCHED PUBMED, AND EMBASE DATABASES AND CLASSIFIED THE ARTICLES DEPENDING ON THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNAS). RESULTS: WE PRESENT THE DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BD OR WITH MOOD-STABILIZERS. THE MAJOR REPORTED MECHANISMS WERE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION, AND NON-CODING RNAS. OVERALL, THE ASSESSMENTS ARE POORLY HARMONIZED AND THE RESULTS ARE MORE LIMITED THAN IN OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS (E.G. SCHIZOPHRENIA). HOWEVER, THE NATURE OF BD AND ITS TREATMENT OFFER EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR EPIGENETIC RESEARCH: CLEAR IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, CLINICAL VARIATION BETWEEN MANIC OR DEPRESSIVE EPISODES RESULTING IN POSSIBLE IDENTIFICATION OF STATE AND TRAITS BIOMARKERS, DOCUMENTED IMPACT OF MOOD-STABILIZERS ON THE EPIGENOME. CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC IS A GROWING AND PROMISING FIELD IN BD THAT MAY SHED LIGHT ON ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OR BE USEFUL AS BIOMARKERS OF RESPONSE TO MOOD-STABILIZER.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12   173  28 ACCELERATED AGING IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SIX EPIGENETIC CLOCKS. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC AND SEVERE PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT MEDICAL MORBIDITY AND REDUCED LIFE EXPECTANCY. IN THIS STUDY, WE ASSESSED ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING IN INDIVIDUALS WITH BD USING VARIOUS DNA METHYLATION (DNAM)-BASED MARKERS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, WE USED FIVE EPIGENETIC CLOCKS (HORVATH, HANNUM, EN, PHENOAGE, AND GRIMAGE) AND A DNAM-BASED TELOMERE LENGTH CLOCK (DNAMTL). DNAM PROFILES WERE OBTAINED USING INFINIUM METHYLATIONEPIC ARRAYS FROM WHOLE-BLOOD SAMPLES OF 184 INDIVIDUALS WITH BD. WE ALSO ESTIMATED BLOOD CELL COUNTS BASED ON DNAM LEVELS FOR ADJUSTMENT. SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND EACH EPIGENETIC AGE ESTIMATED USING THE SIX DIFFERENT CLOCKS WERE OBSERVED. FOLLOWING ADJUSTMENT FOR BLOOD CELL COUNTS, WE FOUND THAT THE SIX EPIGENETIC AGEACCELS (AGE ACCELERATIONS) WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE BODY MASS INDEX. GRIMAGE AGEACCEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH MALE SEX, SMOKING STATUS AND CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT. DNAMTL AGEACCEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING STATUS. OVERALL, THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT DISTINCT EPIGENETIC CLOCKS ARE SENSITIVE TO DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF AGING PROCESS IN BD. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS WITH COMPREHENSIVE EPIGENETIC CLOCK ANALYSES AND LARGE SAMPLES ARE REQUIRED TO CONFIRM OUR FINDINGS OF POTENTIAL DETERMINANTS OF AN ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING IN BD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  4242  36 METHYLATION STATUS OF ALU AND LINE-1 INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES IN BEHCET'S DISEASE PATIENTS. BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD) IS A MULTISYSTEM CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE. THE PATHOLOGY IS BELIEVED TO INVOLVE BOTH GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. HYPOMETHYLATION LEADING TO ACTIVATION OF INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES (IRSS) SUCH AS LINE-1 AND ALU CONTRIBUTES TO THE PATHOLOGIES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND CANCER. HEREIN, THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF IRSS IN BD WERE EVALUATED USING COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS-INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES (COBRA-IRS). DNA FROM NEUTROPHILS AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF BD PATIENTS WITH OCULAR INVOLVEMENT THAT WERE IN ACTIVE OR INACTIVE STATES AND HEALTHY CONTROLS WERE USED TO ANALYZE LINE-1 AND ALU METHYLATION LEVELS. FOR ALU SEQUENCES, SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED IN THE FREQUENCY OF (U)C(U)C ALLELES BETWEEN PBMCS OF PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P = 0.03), AND BETWEEN INACTIVE PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P = 0.03). FOR NEUTROPHILS, THE FREQUENCY OF (U)C(U)C WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P = 0.006) AND BETWEEN INACTIVE PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P = 0.002). THE PARTIAL METHYLATION ((U)C(M)C + (M)C(U)C) FREQUENCIES OF ALU BETWEEN INACTIVE PATIENTS AND CONTROL SAMPLES ALSO DIFFERED (P = 0.02). NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES FOR LINE-1 WERE DETECTED. THUS, CHANGES IN THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF IRS ELEMENTS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD. THE ROLE OF ALU TRANSCRIPTS IN BD SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED FURTHER.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14   718  38 CALCIUM-DEPENDENT INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL PATHWAYS IN PRIMARY CULTURED ADIPOCYTES AND ANK3 GENE VARIATION IN PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER OF PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE AFFECTING >1% OF THE SWEDISH POPULATION. DESPITE PROGRESS, PATIENTS STILL SUFFER FROM CHRONIC MOOD SWITCHES WITH POTENTIAL SEVERE CONSEQUENCES. THUS, EARLY DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS AND INITIATION OF CORRECT TREATMENT ARE CRITICAL. CULTURED ADIPOCYTES FROM 35 PATIENTS WITH BD AND 38 HEALTHY CONTROLS WERE ANALYSED USING SIGNAL PATHWAY REPORTER ASSAYS, THAT IS, PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC), PROTEIN KINASE A (PKA), MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK) AND C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK)), MYC, WNT AND P53. THE LEVELS OF ACTIVATED TARGET TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS WERE MEASURED IN ADIPOCYTES BEFORE AND AFTER STIMULATION WITH LITHIUM AND ESCITALOPRAM. VARIATIONS WERE ANALYSED IN THE LOCI OF 25 DIFFERENT SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS). ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALS IN SEVERAL PATHWAYS ANALYSED WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS THAN IN HEALTHY CONTROLS UPON DRUG STIMULATION, ESPECIALLY WITH ESCITALOPRAM STIMULATION OF PKC, JNK AND MYC, AS WELL AS LITHIUM-STIMULATED PKC, WHEREAS NO MEANINGFUL DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED BEFORE STIMULATION. UNIVARIATE ANALYSES OF CONTINGENCY TABLES FOR 80 CATEGORICAL SNP RESULTS VERSUS DIAGNOSES SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT LINK WITH THE ANK3 GENE (RS10761482; LIKELIHOOD RATIO CHI(2)=4.63; P=0.031). IN A MULTIVARIATE ORDINAL LOGISTIC FIT FOR DIAGNOSIS, A BACKWARD STEPWISE PROCEDURE SELECTED ANK3 AS THE REMAINING SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR. COMPARISON OF THE ESCITALOPRAM-STIMULATED PKC ACTIVITY AND THE ANK3 GENOTYPE SHOWED THEM TO ADD THEIR SHARE OF THE DIAGNOSTIC VARIANCE, WITH NO INTERACTION (15% OF VARIANCE EXPLAINED, P<0.002). THE STUDY IS CROSS-SECTIONAL WITH NO LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW-UP. COHORTS ARE RELATIVELY SMALL WITH NO MEDICATION-FREE PATIENTS, AND THERE ARE NO 'ILL PATIENT' CONTROLS. IT TAKES 3 TO 4 WEEKS OF CULTURE TO EXPAND ADIPOCYTES THAT MAY CHANGE EPIGENETIC PROFILES BUT REMOVE THE POSSIBILITY OF MEDICATION EFFECTS. ABNORMALITIES IN THE REACTIVITY OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL PATHWAYS TO STIMULATION AND THE ANK3 GENOTYPE MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOGENESIS OF BD. ALGORITHMS USING BIOLOGICAL PATTERNS SUCH AS PATHWAY REACTIVITY TOGETHER WITH STRUCTURAL GENETIC SNP DATA MAY PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR EARLIER DETECTION AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF BD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  3026  36 GENETICS OF BEHCET'S DISEASE: FUNCTIONAL GENETIC ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATING DISEASE HERITABILITY. BEHCET'S DISEASE IS A CHRONIC MULTISYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT ORAL AND GENITAL ULCERS. ALTHOUGH ITS ETIOLOGY REMAINS UNCLEAR, IT IS THOUGHT THAT BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF BEHCET'S DISEASE. HERE, WE PROVIDE AN UPDATED VIEW OF THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE AND ARCHITECTURE OF BEHCET'S DISEASE. LARGE-SCALE GENETIC STUDIES PERFORMED TO DATE REVEALED 21 GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE AT A GWAS LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (P-VALUE = 5 X 10(-8)). WE PERFORMED EPIGENETIC PATTERN ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS IN BEHCET'S DISEASE ASSOCIATED LOCI, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. OUR DATA SUGGEST THE CRUCIAL INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL IMMUNE CELL TYPES, INCLUDING NATURAL KILLER CELLS, MONOCYTES, AND B CELLS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES INVOLVED. USING LARGE-SCALE GENETIC DATA AVAILABLE FROM ~200 IMMUNE-RELATED LOCI (IMMUNOCHIP), WE ESTIMATE BEHCET'S DISEASE HERITABILITY TO BE AT LEAST 16%. WE FURTHER USED THE SAME APPROACH TO ESTIMATE THE HERITABILITY EXPLAINED BY THE KNOWN BEHCET'S DISEASE-ASSOCIATED LOCI, SUGGESTING THAT THEY EXPLAIN ~ 60% OF THE GENETIC COMPONENT UNDERLYING BEHCET'S DISEASE. THESE RESULTS INDICATE A SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF NON-GENETIC FACTORS IN CAUSING BEHCET'S DISEASE AND THAT ADDITIONAL GENETIC VARIATION INFLUENCING THE RISK OF BEHCET'S DISEASE REMAINS TO BE IDENTIFIED. FINALLY, WE CALCULATED A CUMULATIVE GENETIC RISK SCORE ACROSS POPULATIONS REINFORCING THE LINK BETWEEN GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN DISEASE PREVALENCE WITH ITS GENETIC COMPONENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  1979  34 EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CHRONIC DISEASE FOCUSING ON BEHCET'S DISEASE: REVIEW. OBJECTIVE: 'EPIGENETICS' IS SPECIFIED AS THE INHERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION WITH NO ALTERATIONS IN DNA SEQUENCES. EPIGENETICS IS A RAPIDLY OVERSPREADING SCIENTIFIC FIELD, AND THE STUDY OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN CHRONIC DISEASE IS EMERGING. THIS STUDY AIMS TO EVALUATE EPIGENETIC CHANGES INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND NON-CODING RNAS (NCRNAS) IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, WITH FOCUS ON BEHCET'S DISEASE. IN THIS REVIEW, FIRST WE DESCRIBE THE HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND THEN THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CHRONIC DISEASES IS EXPLAINED. METHODS: SYSTEMATIC SEARCH OF MEDLINE, EMBASE, AND COCHRANE LIBRARY WAS CONDUCTED FOR ALL COMPARATIVE STUDIES SINCE 2000 TO 2015 WITH THE LIMITATIONS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. RESULTS: FOR A NOTABLE PERIOD OF TIME, RESEARCHERS HAVE MAINLY FOCUSED ON THE EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE MODULATION OF INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY GENES. RECENT STUDIES HAVE PROPOSED A CENTRAL ROLE FOR CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING BEHCET'S DISEASE. CONCLUSION: STUDIES HAVE BEEN REPORTED ON THE EPIGENETIC OF BD SHOWED THE ROLE OF ALTERATIONS IN THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF IRS ELEMENTS; HISTONE MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS H3K4ME27 AND H3K4ME3; UP REGULATION OF MIR-182 AND MIR-3591-3P; DOWN REGULATION OF MIR-155, MIR-638 AND MIR-4488 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17   645  24 BIRTH DEFECTS IN GAZA: PREVALENCE, TYPES, FAMILIARITY AND CORRELATION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT OF REGISTRATION AT BIRTH, AND OF INCIDENCE OF MAJOR STRUCTURAL BIRTH DEFECTS (BD) OBTAINED IN GAZA AT AL SHIFA HOSPITAL, WHERE 28% OF TOTAL BIRTHS IN GAZA STRIP OCCUR. DOCTORS REGISTERED 4,027 DELIVERIES, WITH A PROTOCOL COMPREHENSIVE OF CLINICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, KIN AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS. PREVALENCE OF BD IS 14/1,000, WITHOUT ASSOCIATION WITH INTERMARRIAGE OR GENDER OF THE CHILD. PREVALENCE OF LATE MISCARRIAGES AND STILL BIRTHS ARE RESPECTIVELY 23.3/1,000 AND 7.4/1,000, AND OF PREMATURE BIRTHS 19.6/1,000. COUPLES WITH A BD CHILD HAVE ABOUT 10 TIMES HIGHER FREQUENCY OF RECURRENCE OF A BD IN THEIR PROGENY THAN THOSE WITH NORMAL CHILDREN, BUT NONE OF THEIR 694 SIBLINGS AND ONLY 10/1,000 OF THEIR 1,423 PROGENY HAD BD, SIMILAR TO THE FREQUENCY IN GENERAL POPULATION. THESE DATA SUGGEST OCCURRENCE OF NOVEL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN DETERMINATION OF BD. CHILDREN WITH BD WERE BORN WITH HIGHER FREQUENCY (P < 0 001) IN FAMILIES WHERE ONE OR BOTH PARENTS WERE UNDER "WHITE PHOSPHORUS" ATTACK, THAT IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. BOMBING OF THE FAMILY HOME AND REMOVAL OF THE RUBBLE WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY REPORTED BY COUPLES WITH BD OCCURRENCE. THESE DATA SUGGESTS A CAUSATIVE/FAVORING ROLE OF ACUTE EXPOSURE OF PARENTS TO THE WEAPONS-ASSOCIATED CONTAMINANTS, AND/OR OF THEIR CHRONIC EXPOSURE FROM THEIR PERSISTENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR CHILDREN.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  1179  27 CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF MYELIN IMPAIRMENT IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND DRUG ADDICTION. IMPAIRMENT OF OLIGODENDROGLIA (OL)-DEPENDENT MYELINATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) IS A REMARKABLE PARALLEL RECENTLY IDENTIFIED IN MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND CHRONIC DRUG ABUSE. NEUROIMAGING AND NEUROPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES REVEALED MYELIN DEFECTS AND MICROARRAY-PROFILING ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF MYELIN-RELATED GENES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ), BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD), MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) AND COCAINE ADDICTION. HOWEVER, THE ETIOLOGY UNDERLYING MYELIN IMPAIRMENT IN THESE CLINICALLY DISTINCT SUBJECTS REMAINS ELUSIVE. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS MYELIN IMPAIRMENT IN LINE WITH DOPAMINERGIC DYSFUNCTION, A PRIME NEUROPATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL TRAIT SHARED IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND DRUG ABUSE, AS WELL AS THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THESE DISEASES. THE CURRENT FINDINGS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DOPAMINE (DA) ACTION ON OLS IS A COMMON PATHOLOGIC MECHANISM FOR MYELIN IMPAIRMENT IN THE AFOREMENTIONED MENTAL MORBIDITIES, WHEREAS INHERITED GENETIC VARIATIONS THAT SPECIFICALLY AFFECT OL DEVELOPMENT AND MYELINOGENESIS MAY FURTHER INCREASE MYELIN VULNERABILITY IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. IMPORTANTLY, OL DEFECT IS NOT ONLY A PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCE BUT ALSO A CAUSATIVE FACTOR FOR DOPAMINERGIC DYSFUNCTION. HENCE, MYELIN IMPAIRMENT IS A KEY FACTOR IN THE PATHOGENIC LOOP OF PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES AND DRUG ADDICTION.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19   252  26 ADVANCEMENTS IN THE UNDERLYING PATHOGENESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: IMPLICATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION IN GLIAL CELLS. SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ) IS A CHRONIC AND SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS FOR WHICH CURRENTLY THERE IS NO CURE. AT PRESENT, THE EXACT MOLECULAR MECHANISM INVOLVED IN THE UNDERLYING PATHOGENESIS OF SZ IS UNKNOWN. THE DISEASE IS THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF GENETIC, BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS INVOLVED IN SZ PATHOLOGY. SPECIFICALLY, DNA METHYLATION, ONE OF THE EARLIEST FOUND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY LINKED TO MODULATION OF NEURONAL FUNCTION, LEADING TO PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS SUCH AS SZ. HOWEVER, INCREASING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT GLIAL CELLS, ESPECIALLY DYSFUNCTIONAL OLIGODENDROCYTES UNDERGO DNA METHYLATION CHANGES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF SZ. THIS REVIEW PRIMARILY FOCUSES ON DNA METHYLATION INVOLVED IN GLIAL DYSFUNCTIONS IN SZ. CLARIFYING THIS MECHANISM MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONAL STRATEGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF SZ AND OTHER ILLNESSES BY CORRECTING ABNORMAL METHYLATION IN GLIAL CELLS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20  5302  42 PROTEIN-C REACTIVE AS BIOMARKER PREDICTOR OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PHASES OF ILLNESS? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: SCHIZOPHRENIA IS A COMPLEX ILLNESS IN WHICH GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND EPIGENETIC COMPONENTS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED. HOWEVER, RECENTLY, PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS APPEAR TO BE RELATED TO A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATE, AT THE LEVEL OF SPECIFIC CEREBRAL AREAS WHICH HAVE BEEN FOUND AS WELL IMPAIRED AND RESPONSIBLE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMATOLOGY. HENCE, A ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND CYTOKINES HAS BEEN AS WELL DEFINED. ACCORDINGLY, THE ROLE OF AN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PHASE PROTEIN, THE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) HAS BEEN RECENTLY INVESTIGATED. OBJECTIVE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY IS TO EVALUATE HOW PCR MAY REPRESENT A BIOMARKER IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, I.E. CORRELATED WITH ILLNESS PHASES AND/OR CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND/OR PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL SEVERITY. METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS HERE CARRIED OUT BY SEARCHING THE FOLLOWING KEYWORDS ((C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND ((SCHIZOPHRENIA) OR (PSYCHOTIC DISORDER))) FOR THE TOPICS 'PCR' AND 'SCHIZOPHRENIA', BY USING MESH TERMS. RESULTS: AN IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED AMONGST SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS. FINDINGS REPORTED ELEVATED CRP LEVELS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, MAINLY CORRELATED WITH THE SEVERITY OF ILLNESS AND DURING THE RECRUDESCENT PHASE. CRP LEVELS ARE HIGHER WHEN CATATONIC FEATURES, NEGATIVE SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND AGGRESSIVENESS ARE ASSOCIATED. CRP LEVELS APPEARED NOT TO BE RELATED TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR AND IDEATION. CONCLUSION: CRP AND ITS BLOOD LEVELS HAVE BEEN REPORTED HIGHER AMONGST SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS, BY SUGGESTING A ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND IF CRP MAY BE CONSIDERED A BIOMARKER IN SCHIZOPHRENIA.	2018