1   972 143 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENOME-WIDE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN BAL LUNG CELLS. DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CHRONIC PULMONARY OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE (COPD) MIGHT OFFER NEW INSIGHTS INTO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. TO ASSESS METHYLATION PROFILES IN THE MAIN COPD TARGET ORGAN, WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY ON BAL CELLS. BRONCHOSCOPIES WERE PERFORMED IN 18 SUBJECTS WITH COPD AND 15 CONTROL SUBJECTS (EX- AND CURRENT SMOKERS). DNA METHYLATION WAS MEASURED USING THE ILLUMINA METHYLATIONEPIC BEADCHIP KIT, COVERING MORE THAN 850,000 CPGS. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS) WERE EXAMINED FOR 1) ENRICHMENT IN PATHWAYS AND FUNCTIONAL GENE RELATIONSHIPS USING THE KYOTO ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GENES AND GENOMES AND GENE ONTOLOGY, 2) ACCELERATED AGING USING HORVATH'S EPIGENETIC CLOCK, 3) CORRELATION WITH GENE EXPRESSION, AND 4) COLOCALIZATION WITH GENETIC VARIATION. WE FOUND 1,155 BONFERRONI-SIGNIFICANT (P < 6.74 X 10(-8)) DMPS ASSOCIATED WITH COPD, MANY WITH LARGE EFFECT SIZES. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED BIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE PATHWAYS AND GENE RELATIONSHIPS, INCLUDING ENRICHMENT FOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ACTIVITY. STRONG CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE BUT NOT BETWEEN COPD AND ACCELERATED AGING. FOR 79 UNIQUE DMPS, DNA METHYLATION CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN BAL CELLS. THIRTY-NINE PERCENT OF DMPS WERE COLOCALIZED WITH COPD-ASSOCIATED SNPS. TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF COPD ON BAL CELLS, AND OUR ANALYSES REVEALED MANY DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION SITES. INTEGRATION WITH MRNA DATA SHOWED A STRONG FUNCTIONAL READOUT FOR RELEVANT GENES, IDENTIFYING SITES WHERE DNA METHYLATION MIGHT DIRECTLY AFFECT EXPRESSION. ALMOST HALF OF DMPS WERE COLOCATED WITH SNPS IDENTIFIED IN PREVIOUS GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF COPD, SUGGESTING JOINT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS RELATED TO DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  1527  46 DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN LUNG IMMUNE CELLS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GRANULOMATOUS LUNG DISEASE. EPIGENETIC MARKS ARE LIKELY TO EXPLAIN VARIABILITY OF RESPONSE TO ANTIGEN IN GRANULOMATOUS LUNG DISEASE. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO IDENTIFY DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC BERYLLIUM DISEASE (CBD) AND SARCOIDOSIS IN LUNG CELLS OBTAINED BY BAL. BAL CELLS FROM CBD (N = 8), BERYLLIUM-SENSITIZED (N = 8), SARCOIDOSIS (N = 8), AND ADDITIONAL PROGRESSIVE SARCOIDOSIS (N = 9) AND REMITTING (N = 15) SARCOIDOSIS WERE PROFILED ON THE ILLUMINA 450K METHYLATION AND AFFYMETRIX/AGILENT GENE EXPRESSION MICROARRAYS. STATISTICAL ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CBD, SARCOIDOSIS, AND DISEASE PROGRESSION IN SARCOIDOSIS. DNA METHYLATION ARRAY FINDINGS WERE VALIDATED BY PYROSEQUENCING. WE IDENTIFIED 52,860 SIGNIFICANT (P < 0.005 AND Q < 0.05) CPGS ASSOCIATED WITH CBD; 2,726 CPGS NEAR 1,944 UNIQUE GENES HAVE GREATER THAN 25% METHYLATION CHANGE. A TOTAL OF 69% OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY (Q < 0.05) DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN CBD, WITH MANY CANONICAL INVERSE RELATIONSHIPS OF METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION IN GENES CRITICAL TO T-HELPER CELL TYPE 1 DIFFERENTIATION, CHEMOKINES AND THEIR RECEPTORS, AND OTHER GENES INVOLVED IN IMMUNITY. TESTING OF THESE CBD-ASSOCIATED CPGS IN SARCOIDOSIS REVEALS THAT METHYLATION CHANGES ONLY APPROACH SIGNIFICANCE, BUT ARE METHYLATED IN THE SAME DIRECTION, SUGGESTING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TWO DISEASES WITH MORE HETEROGENEITY IN SARCOIDOSIS THAT LIMITS POWER WITH THE CURRENT SAMPLE SIZE. ANALYSIS OF PROGRESSIVE VERSUS REMITTING SARCOIDOSIS IDENTIFIED 15,215 CPGS (P < 0.005 AND Q < 0.05), BUT ONLY 801 OF THEM HAVE GREATER THAN 5% METHYLATION CHANGE, DEMONSTRATING THAT DNA METHYLATION MARKS OF DISEASE PROGRESSION CHANGES ARE MORE SUBTLE. OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EPIGENETIC MARKS IN LUNG IMMUNE RESPONSE IN GRANULOMATOUS LUNG DISEASE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                
3  5609  29 S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE DECREASES THE PEAK BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS 3 H AFTER AN ACUTE BOLUS OF ETHANOL BY INDUCING ALCOHOL METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN THE LIVER. INTRODUCTION: AN ALCOHOL BOLUS CAUSES THE BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL (BAL) TO PEAK AT 1-2 H POST INGESTION. THE ETHANOL ELIMINATION RATE IS REGULATED BY ALCOHOL METABOLIZING ENZYMES, PRIMARILY ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (ADH1), ACETALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE (ALDH), AND CYTOCHROME P450 (CYP2E1). RECENTLY, S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME) WAS FOUND TO REDUCE ACUTE BALS 3 H AFTER AN ALCOHOL BOLUS. THE QUESTION, THEN, WAS: WHAT IS THE MECHANISM INVOLVED IN THIS REDUCTION OF BAL BY FEEDING SAME? TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION, WE INVESTIGATED THE CHANGES IN ETHANOL METABOLIZING ENZYMES AND THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF THESE ENZYMES DURING ACUTE BINGE DRINKING AND CHRONIC DRINKING. METHODS: RATS WERE FED A BOLUS OF ETHANOL WITH OR WITHOUT SAME, AND WERE SACRIFICED AT 3 H OR 12 H AFTER THE BOLUS. RESULTS: RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSES SHOWED THAT SAME SIGNIFICANTLY INDUCED ADH1 LEVELS IN THE 3 H LIVER SAMPLES. HOWEVER, SAME DID NOT AFFECT THE CHANGES IN ADH1 PROTEIN LEVELS 12 H POST BOLUS. SINCE SAME IS A METHYL DONOR, IT WAS POSTULATED THAT THE ADH1 GENE EXPRESSION UP REGULATION AT 3 H WAS DUE TO A HISTONE MODIFICATION INDUCED BY METHYLATION FROM METHYL TRANSFERASES. DIMETHYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 (H3K4ME2), A MODIFICATION RESPONSIBLE FOR GENE EXPRESSION ACTIVATION, WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BY SAME AT 3 H POST BOLUS. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS CORRELATED WITH THE LOW BAL FOUND AT 3 H POST BOLUS, AND SUPPORT THE CONCEPT THAT SAME INCREASED THE GENE EXPRESSION TO INCREASE THE ELIMINATION RATE OF ETHANOL IN BINGE DRINKING BY INCREASING H3K4ME2.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  3638  45 INCREASED EXPRESSION OF BETA-DEFENSIN 1 (DEFB1) IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. ON-GOING AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IS CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). HOWEVER, THE KEY FACTORS DETERMINING THE DECREASE IN LUNG FUNCTION, AN IMPORTANT CLINICAL PARAMETER OF COPD, ARE NOT CLEAR. GENOME-WIDE LINKAGE ANALYSES PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR SIGNIFICANT LINKAGE TO AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI ON CHROMOSOME 8P23, THE LOCATION OF THE HUMAN DEFENSIN GENE CLUSTER. MOREOVER, A GENETIC VARIATION IN THE DEFENSIN BETA 1 (DEFB1) GENE WAS FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH COPD. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DEFB1 IS DIFFERENTLY REGULATED AND EXPRESSED IN HUMAN LUNGS DURING COPD PROGRESSION. GENE EXPRESSION OF DEFB1 WAS ASSESSED IN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM AND BAL FLUID CELLS OF HEALTHY CONTROLS AND PATIENTS WITH COPD AND USING BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND CHIP ANALYSIS, THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF DEFB1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS INVESTIGATED. WE CAN DEMONSTRATE THAT DEFB1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN BRONCHOPULMONARY SPECIMEN OF PATIENTS WITH COPD (N = 34) VS. HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 10) (P<0.0001). FURTHERMORE, A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION COULD BE DETECTED BETWEEN DEFB1 AND FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS SUCH AS FEV(1) (P = 0.0024) AND THE FEV(1)/VC RATIO (P = 0.0005). UPREGULATION OF DEFB1 MRNA WAS PARALLELED BY CHANGES IN HDAC1-3, HDAC5 AND HDAC8 MRNA EXPRESSION. WHEREAS BISULFITE SEQUENCING REVEALED NO DIFFERENCES IN THE METHYLATION STATE OF DEFB1 PROMOTER BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH COPD AND CONTROLS, CHIP ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT ENHANCED DEFB1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ACTIVE HISTONE CODE. THUS, EXPRESSION OF HUMAN DEFB1 IS UPREGULATED AND RELATED TO THE DECREASE IN PULMONARY FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5   401  38 ANALYSIS OF ABERRANT METHYLATION ON PROMOTER SEQUENCES OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND TOTAL DNA IN SPUTUM SAMPLES: A PROMISING TOOL FOR EARLY DETECTION OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER IN SMOKERS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A DISORDER ASSOCIATED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE AND LUNG CANCER (LC). SINCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) ARE CLEARLY IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LC. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT TOBACCO SMOKERS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE FOR METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TSGS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS WHEN COMPARED WITH NON-SMOKER SUBJECTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE USEFULNESS OF DETECTION OF GENES PROMOTER METHYLATION IN SPUTUM SPECIMENS, AS A COMPLEMENTARY TOOL TO IDENTIFY LC BIOMARKERS AMONG SMOKERS WITH EARLY COPD. METHODS: WE DETERMINED THE AMOUNT OF DNA IN INDUCED SPUTUM FROM PATIENTS WITH COPD (N = 23), LC (N = 26), AS WELL AS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS (CTR) (N = 33), USING A COMMERCIAL KIT FOR DNA PURIFICATION, FOLLOWED BY ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENT AT 260 NM. THE FREQUENCY OF CDKN2A, CDH1 AND MGMT PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE SAME GROUPS WAS DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP). THE FISHER'S EXACT TEST WAS EMPLOYED TO COMPARE FREQUENCY OF RESULTS BETWEEN DIFFERENT GROUPS. RESULTS: DNA CONCENTRATION WAS 7.4 AND 5.8 TIMES HIGHER IN LC AND COPD COMPARED TO THE (CTR) (P < 0.0001), RESPECTIVELY. METHYLATION STATUS OF CDKN2A AND MGMT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN COPD AND LC PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CTR GROUP (P < 0.0001). FREQUENCY OF CDH1 METHYLATION ONLY SHOWED A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LC PATIENTS AND CTR GROUP (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF TSGS IN SAMPLES OF INDUCED SPUTUM IS A USEFUL TOOL FOR EARLY DIAGNOSTIC OF LUNG DISEASES (LC AND COPD) IN SMOKER SUBJECTS. VIRTUAL SLIDES: THE ABSTRACT MUST FINISH WITH THE FOLLOWING TEXT: VIRTUAL SLIDES THE VIRTUAL SLIDE(S) FOR THIS ARTICLE CAN BE FOUND HERE: HTTP://WWW.DIAGNOSTICPATHOLOGY.DIAGNOMX.EU/VS/1127865005664160.	2012	
                                                                                 
6  3460  37 HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE IL8 PROMOTER IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS. BACKGROUND: IL-8 IS AN IMPORTANT CHEMOKINE IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS), BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF IL8 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CRS. OBJECTIVE: WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER AND CRS IN HAN CHINESE SUBJECTS. METHODS: PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP; N = 187), PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITHOUT NASAL POLYPS (CRSSNP; N = 89), AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (N = 57) WERE ENROLLED IN 2 INDEPENDENT COHORTS. PURIFIED HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM EACH PARTICIPANT WERE ASSESSED FOR PERCENTAGE DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER BY USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING AND FOR FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF METHYLATION STATUS BY USING IN VITRO ASSAYS. RESULTS: DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES 1, 2, AND 3, RESPECTIVELY, IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP COMPARED WITH THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CRSSNP (P < .001) AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (P < .001). PERCENTAGE OF DNA METHYLATION OF THE CPG3 SITE WAS CORRELATED NEGATIVELY WITH BOTH TISSUE EOSINOPHILIC CATIONIC PROTEIN (P < .01) AND MYELOPEROXIDASE (P < .05) LEVELS. IL-1BETA (P < .001) AND TNF-ALPHA (P < .01) SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IL8 EXPRESSION ACCOMPANIED BY A REDUCTION IN METHYLATION AT THE CPG3 SITE (P < .001). ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT METHYLATION STATUS OF CPG3 CHANGED THE BINDING OF OCTAMER-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 AND NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB. CONCLUSION: DECREASED DNA METHYLATION OF PARTICULARLY CPG SITES IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CRSWNP.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7  2628  39 EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND LUNG FUNCTION IN KOREANS. AIM: TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES (DMPS) AND REGIONS (DMRS) IN RELATION TO CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG FUNCTION TRAITS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF COPD AND SPIROMETRIC PARAMETERS, INCLUDING FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN 1 S (FEV1), FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC) AND FEV1/FVC, IN BLOOD DNA USING THE INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 (N = 100, A KOREAN COPD COHORT). RESULTS: WE FOUND ONE SIGNIFICANT DMP (CG03559389, DIP2C) AND 104 SIGNIFICANT DMRS AFTER MULTIPLE-TESTING CORRECTION. OF THESE, 34 DMRS MAPPED TO GENES DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSED WITH RESPECT TO THE SAME TRAIT. FIVE OF THE GENES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MORE THAN TWO TRAITS: CTU2, USP36, ZNF516, KLK10 AND CPT1B. CONCLUSION: WE IDENTIFIED NOVEL DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION LOCI RELATED TO COPD AND LUNG FUNCTION IN BLOOD DNA IN KOREANS AND CONFIRMED PREVIOUS FINDINGS IN NON-ASIANS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE ETIOLOGY OF THESE PHENOTYPES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  1550  41 DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN PATIENTS LIVING WITH HIV. INTRODUCTION: PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) SUFFER FROM AGE-RELATED COMORBIDITIES SUCH AS COPD. THE PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE FOR REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION IN PLWH ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED LUNG FUNCTION IN PLWH. METHODS: USING BLOOD DNA METHYLATION PROFILES FROM 161 PLWH, WE TESTED THE EFFECT OF METHYLATION ON FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC RATIO AND FEV(1) DECLINE OVER A MEDIAN OF 5 YEARS. WE EVALUATED THE GLOBAL METHYLATION OF PLWH WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION BY TESTING THE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS ALU AND LINE-1, A WELL-DESCRIBED MARKER OF EPIGENETIC AGEING. RESULTS: AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AS DEFINED BY A FEV(1)/FVC<0.70 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 1393 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS), WHILE 4676 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION BASED ON THE FEV(1)/FVC<LOWER LIMIT OF NORMAL. THESE DMPS WERE ENRICHED FOR BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS. THE AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION GROUP WAS GLOBALLY HYPOMETHYLATED COMPARED WITH THOSE WITHOUT AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION. 103 AND 7112 DMPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH FEV(1) AND FEV(1)/FVC, RESPECTIVELY. NO POSITIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH FEV(1) DECLINE. CONCLUSION: A LARGE NUMBER OF DMPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AND LUNG FUNCTION IN A UNIQUE COHORT OF PLWH. AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN EVEN RELATIVELY YOUNG PLWH IS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION, SUGGESTING ADVANCED EPIGENETIC AGEING COMPARED WITH THOSE WITH NORMAL LUNG FUNCTION. THE DISTURBANCE OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KEY GENES NOT PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED IN NON-HIV COPD COHORTS COULD EXPLAIN THE UNIQUE RISK OF COPD IN PLWH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  3420  44 HUMAN LUNG DNA METHYLATION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI COLOCALIZE WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION LOCI. RATIONALE: AS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE UNITED STATES, THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) MAKES IDENTIFICATION OF ITS MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWASS) HAVE IDENTIFIED MULTIPLE GENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH COPD. HOWEVER, GENETIC VARIATION ONLY EXPLAINS A SMALL FRACTION OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COPD, AND SUB-GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT LOCI MAY PLAY A ROLE IN PATHOGENESIS. OBJECTIVES: REGULATORY ANNOTATION WITH EPIGENETIC EVIDENCE MAY GIVE PRIORITY FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION, PARTICULARLY FOR GWAS ASSOCIATIONS IN NONCODING REGIONS. WE PERFORMED INTEGRATIVE GENOMICS ANALYSES USING DNA METHYLATION PROFILING AND GENOME-WIDE SNP GENOTYPING FROM LUNG TISSUE SAMPLES FROM 90 SUBJECTS WITH COPD AND 36 CONTROL SUBJECTS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED METHYLATION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI (MQTL) ANALYSES, TESTING FOR SNPS ASSOCIATED WITH PERCENT DNA METHYLATION AND ASSESSED THE COLOCALIZATION OF THESE RESULTS WITH PREVIOUS COPD GWAS FINDINGS USING BAYESIAN METHODS IN THE R PACKAGE COLOC TO HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL REGULATORY FEATURES OF THE LOCI. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 942,068 UNIQUE SNPS AND 33,996 UNIQUE CPG SITES AMONG THE SIGNIFICANT (5% FALSE DISCOVERY RATE) CIS-MQTL RESULTS. THE GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT AND SUBTHRESHOLD (P < 10(-4)) GWAS SNPS WERE ENRICHED IN THE SIGNIFICANT MQTL SNPS (HYPERGEOMETRIC TEST P < 0.00001). WE OBSERVED ENRICHMENT FOR SITES LOCATED IN CPG SHORES AND SHELVES, BUT NOT CPG ISLANDS. USING BAYESIAN COLOCALIZATION, WE IDENTIFIED LOCI IN REGIONS NEAR KCNK3, EEFSEC, PIK3CD, DCDC2C, TCERG1L, FRMD4B, AND IL27. CONCLUSIONS: COLOCALIZATION OF MQTL AND GWAS LOCI PROVIDES REGULATORY CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNIFICANT AND SUBTHRESHOLD GWAS FINDINGS, SUPPORTING A ROLE FOR GENETIC CONTROL OF METHYLATION IN COPD PATHOGENESIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                     
10   304  46 AIRWAY AGING AND METHYLATION DISRUPTIONS IN HIV-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. RATIONALE: AGE-RELATED DISEASES LIKE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) OCCUR AT HIGHER RATES IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (PLWH) THAN IN UNINFECTED POPULATIONS. OBJECTIVES: TO IDENTIFY WHETHER ACCELERATED AGING CAN BE OBSERVED IN THE AIRWAYS OF PLWH WITH COPD, MANIFEST BY A UNIQUE DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE. METHODS: BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL BRUSHINGS FROM PLWH WITH AND WITHOUT COPD AND HIV-UNINFECTED ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD (N = 76) WERE PROFILED FOR DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. WE EVALUATED GLOBAL ALU AND LINE-1 METHYLATION AND CALCULATED THE EPIGENETIC AGE USING THE HORVATH CLOCK AND THE METHYLATION TELOMERE LENGTH ESTIMATOR. TO IDENTIFY GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH HIV AND COPD, ROBUST LINEAR MODELS WERE USED FOLLOWED BY AN EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT METHYLATION (EQTM) ANALYSIS. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION AND SHORTER METHYLATION ESTIMATES OF TELOMERE LENGTH WERE FOUND IN PLWH WITH COPD COMPARED WITH PLWH WITHOUT COPD AND UNINFECTED PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD. GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION WAS IDENTIFIED IN PLWH. WE IDENTIFIED 7,970 CYTOSINE BASES LOCATED NEXT TO A GUANINE BASE (CPG SITES), 293 GENES, AND 9 EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT METHYLATION-GENE PAIRS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTERACTION BETWEEN HIV AND COPD. ACTIN BINDING LIM PROTEIN FAMILY MEMBER 3 (ABLIM3) WAS ONE OF THE NOVEL CANDIDATE GENES FOR HIV-ASSOCIATED COPD HIGHLIGHTED BY OUR ANALYSIS. CONCLUSIONS: METHYLATION AGE ACCELERATION IS OBSERVED IN THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM OF PLWH WITH COPD, A PROCESS THAT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HEIGHTENED RISK OF COPD IN THIS POPULATION. THEIR DISTINCT METHYLATION PROFILE, DIFFERING FROM THAT OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH COPD ALONE, SUGGESTS A UNIQUE PATHOGENESIS TO HIV-ASSOCIATED COPD. THE ASSOCIATIONS WARRANT FURTHER INVESTIGATION TO ESTABLISH CAUSALITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                   
11  3783  28 INTERFERON-GAMMA PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION AND INCREASED EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. AIM: THE GOAL OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE IFNG PROMOTER ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE OF IFNG TRANSCRIPTION IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM GINGIVAL BIOPSY SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM 47 TOTAL SITES FROM 47 DIFFERENT SUBJECTS: 23 PERIODONTALLY HEALTHY SITES, 12 EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED GINGIVITIS SITES AND 12 CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS SITES. LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THE IFNG PROMOTER CONTAINING SIX CPG DINUCLEOTIDES WERE DETERMINED USING PYROSEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY. INTERFERON GAMMA MRNA EXPRESSION WAS ANALYSED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS USING ISOLATED RNA FROM PART OF THE BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES MENTIONED ABOVE. RESULTS: THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF ALL SIX ANALYSED CPG SITES WITHIN THE IFNG PROMOTER REGION IN THE PERIODONTITIS BIOPSIES 52% [INTERQUARTILE RANGE, IQR (43.8%, 63%)] WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN PERIODONTALLY HEALTHY SAMPLES 62% [IQR (51.3%, 74%)], P=0.007 AND GINGIVITIS BIOPSIES 63% [IQR (55%, 74%)], P=0.02. THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL OF IFNG IN PERIODONTITIS BIOPSIES WAS 1.96-FOLD AND SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN TISSUES WITH PERIODONTAL HEALTH (P=0.04). ALTHOUGH THE MRNA LEVEL FROM EXPERIMENTAL GINGIVITIS SAMPLES EXHIBITED AN 8.5-FOLD INCREASE AS COMPARED WITH PERIODONTALLY HEALTHY SAMPLES, NO SIGNIFICANT METHYLATION DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED IN EXPERIMENTAL GINGIVITIS SAMPLE. CONCLUSIONS: A HYPOMETHYLATION PROFILE WITHIN IFNG PROMOTER REGION IS RELATED TO AN INCREASE OF IFNG TRANSCRIPTION PRESENT IN THE CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS BIOPSIES, WHILE SUCH AN INCREASE OF IFNG IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED GINGIVITIS SEEMS INDEPENDENT OF PROMOTER METHYLATION ALTERATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  4245  33 METHYLATION STATUS OF DDIT3 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: DNA-DAMAGE-INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT 3 (DDIT3), A CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE (TSG), HAS BEEN FOUND INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF CELLULAR GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF TSGS ARE RECENTLY RECOGNIZED AS AN ABNORMAL MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF DDIT3 GENE IN CML PATIENTS. METHODS: THE METHYLATION STATUS OF DDIT3 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN THE BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 53 PATIENTS WITH CML USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR (MSP). THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DDIT3 AND BCR/ABL TRANSCRIPT WERE DETERMINED BY REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RQ-PCR). CLINICAL DATA OF THESE PATIENTS WERE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED. RESULTS: THE ABERRANT METHYLATION OF DDIT3 GENE PROMOTER WAS FOUND IN 35 OF 53 (66%) CML CASES. CORRELATION WAS NOT FOUND BETWEEN DDIT3 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND THE AGE, SEX, HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION, PLATELET COUNTS, CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES, BCR/ABL TRANSCRIPT, AND STAGING OF CML PATIENTS (P > 0.05), BUT FOUND BETWEEN DDIT3 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND WBC COUNTS OF CML CASES (R = 0.781, P < 0.001). THE LEVEL OF DDIT3 TRANSCRIPT IN CML PATIENTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT IN CONTROLS (MEDIAN 3.28 VS 19.69, P < 0.001), HOWEVER, THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE LEVEL OF DDIT3 TRANSCRIPT BETWEEN METHYLATION-POSITIVE CML CASES (0.05-65.32, MEDIAN 2.13) AND METHYLATION- NEGATIVE CML CASES (0.12-126.04, MEDIAN 3.92) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF DDIT3 OCCURS IN CML FREQUENTLY.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  2018  40 EPIGENETIC CHANGE (GATA-4 GENE METHYLATION) IS ASSOCIATED WITH HEALTH STATUS IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. GENE METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC CHANGE THAT INVOLVES A HERITABLE MODIFICATION OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE THAT ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT A CHANGE IN DNA SEQUENCE. IT HAS PREVIOUSLY BEEN SHOWN THAT METHYLATION OF THE GATA-4 GENE PROMOTER REGION IN SPUTUM DNA IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW LUNG FUNCTION AND INCREASED ODDS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AMONG SMOKERS. GIVEN THESE FINDINGS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT GATA-4 GENE METHYLATION IN SPUTUM DNA WOULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH LOW HEALTH STATUS, AS MEASURED BY THE ST. GEORGE'S RESPIRATORY QUESTIONNAIRE (SGRQ), IN SUBJECTS WITH COPD. SELF-REPORTED SGRQ, SPIROMETRY, AND INDUCED SPUTUM SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FROM 168 COPD SUBJECTS FROM THE LOVELACE SMOKERS COHORT. GATA-4 GENE METHYLATION WAS EVALUATED IN SPUTUM DNA USING NESTED METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ASSAYS. USING GENERAL LINEAR MODEL WITH POISSON REGRESSION, WE FOUND THAT GATA-4 GENE METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH OVERALL LOWER SGRQ HEALTH STATUS (PARAMETER ESTIMATE = .296, P < .001). THIS FINDING REMAINED SIGNIFICANT EVEN AFTER CONTROLLING FOR AGE, LUNG FUNCTION, AND OTHER COVARIATES. IN AN ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS USING LOGISTIC REGRESSION AND COMPARING EXTREME TERTILES OF OVERALL SGRQ SCORE, WE CONFIRMED THAT GATA-4 GENE METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A 3-FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF POOR HEALTH STATUS (OR 2.95 AND P = .028). THE UNEXPLORED LINKS BETWEEN EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS SUCH AS HEALTH STATUS ARE CRITICAL GAPS IN THE LITERATURE. THIS STUDY IS THE FIRST TO SUGGEST THAT AIRWAY GATA-4 GENE METHYLATION STATUS MAY INDEPENDENTLY PREDICT HEALTH STATUS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH COPD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14   308  38 ALCOHOL AND DNA METHYLATION: AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY IN BLOOD AND NORMAL BREAST TISSUE. THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS DRIVING ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND CHRONIC DISEASES MIGHT INCLUDE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION. WE EXPLORED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION IN AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF BLOOD AND NORMAL BREAST TISSUE DNA. INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP (ILLUMINA INC., SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA) ARRAY DATA ON BLOOD DNA METHYLATION WAS EXAMINED IN A DISCOVERY SET OF 2,878 NON-HISPANIC WHITE WOMEN FROM THE SISTER STUDY (UNITED STATES, 2004-2015) WHO PROVIDED DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE INFORMATION ON LIFETIME ALCOHOL USE. ROBUST LINEAR REGRESSION MODELING WAS USED TO IDENTIFY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS (FALSE DISCOVERY RATE OF Q < 0.05) BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS PER WEEK AND DNA METHYLATION AT 5,458 CYTOSINE-PHOSPHATE-GUANINE (CPG) SITES. ASSOCIATIONS WERE REPLICATED (P < 0.05) FOR 677 CPGS IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF 187 BLOOD DNA SAMPLES FROM THE SISTER STUDY AND FOR 628 CPGS IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF 171 NORMAL BREAST DNA SAMPLES; 1,207 CPGS WERE REPLICATED IN EITHER BLOOD OR NORMAL BREAST, WITH 98 CPGS REPLICATED IN BOTH TISSUES. INDIVIDUAL GENE EFFECTS WERE NOTABLE FOR PHOSPHOGLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE (PGHDH), PEPTIDYL-PROLYL CIS-TRANS ISOMERASE (PPIF), SOLUTE CARRIER 15 (SLC15), SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 43 MEMBER 1 (SLC43A1), AND SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 7 MEMBER 11 (SLC7A11). WE ALSO FOUND THAT HIGH ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER GLOBAL METHYLATION AS MEASURED BY THE AVERAGE OF CPGS ON THE ENTIRE ARRAY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  5324  35 PULMONARY MICRORNA PROFILING: IMPLICATIONS IN UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANT LUNG DISEASE. BACKGROUND: NUMEROUS PULMONARY DISEASES MANIFEST WITH UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANCE INCLUDING CYSTIC FIBROSIS, SMOKING-RELATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND TUBERCULOSIS. ZONAL HYPOXIA, CHARACTERISTIC OF THESE PULMONARY MALADIES, AND OXYGEN STRESS IN GENERAL IS KNOWN TO EXERT PROFOUND EFFECTS ON VARIOUS IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CELL BIOLOGY. LUNG MACROPHAGES ARE MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE PULMONARY INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN MACROPHAGE RESPONSIVENESS TO HYPOXIA MAY CONTRIBUTE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG DISEASE. MICRORNAS ARE UBIQUITOUS REGULATORS OF HUMAN BIOLOGY AND EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES ALTERED MICRORNA EXPRESSION MODULATES RESPIRATORY DISEASE PROCESSES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY IS TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO THE EPIGENETIC AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS INFLUENCING REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN LUNG DISEASE BY INVESTIGATING EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON REGIONAL MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN THE LUNG. ALL STUDIES WERE PERFORMED USING PRIMARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (N = 10) OR BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID (N = 16) ISOLATED FROM HUMAN SUBJECTS. MICRORNA WAS ASSAYED VIA THE NANOSTRING NCOUNTER MICRORNA ASSAY. RESULTS: DIVERGENT MOLECULAR PATTERNS OF MICRORNA EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED IN ALTERNATE LUNG LOBES, SPECIFICALLY NOTED WAS DISPARATE EXPRESSION OF MIR-93 AND MIR-4454 IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES ALONG WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MIR-451A AND MIR-663A IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID. GENE ONTOLOGY WAS USED TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF DIVERGENT MICRORNAS. TARGETS INCLUDE CYTOKINES AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES, MOLECULES THAT COULD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON PULMONARY INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS SHOW VARIANT REGIONAL MICRORNA EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOXIA IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES AND BAL FLUID IN THE LUNG-UPPER VS LOWER LOBE. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD ADDRESS WHETHER THESE SPECIFIC MICRORNAS MAY ACT INTRACELLULARLY, IN A PARACRINE/ENDOCRINE MANNER TO DIRECT THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE OR MAY ULTIMATELY BE INVOLVED IN PULMONARY HOST-TO-PATHOGEN TRANS-KINGDOM CROSS-TALK.	2017	
                      
16  3447  38 HYPERMETHYLATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A INDUCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: CIGARETTE SMOKING IS A LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTOR TO CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), BUT ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MTTFA GENE REMAINS ELUSIVE. THIS STUDY AIMS TO EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIP OF DNA METHYLATION OF MTTFA AND CIGARETTE SMOKING IN COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: WE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION ON MTTFA PROMOTERS IN CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM COPD PATIENTS AND SUBJECTS WITH NORMAL PULMONARY FUNCTION. EXPRESSION OF MTTFA MRNA IN THE CLINICAL SAMPLES AND MTTFA MRNA AND PROTEIN IN HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS(HUVECS) TREATED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) WAS EVALUATED. MTTFA MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE MEASURED TO DETERMINE EFFECTS OF DEMETHYLATION AGENTS ON CSE-TREATED HUVECS. RESULTS: THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE MTTFA PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN COPD GROUP. EXPRESSION OF MTTFA MRNA WAS DOWNREGULATED IN THE LUNGS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF HYPERMETHYLATION OF MTTFA PROMOTER. EXPRESSION OF MTTFA MRNA AND PROTEIN WAS DOWNREGULATED IN CSE-TREATED HUVECS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MTTFA PROMOTER. MTTFA EXPRESSION IN CSE-TREATED HUVECS WAS RESTORED BY THE METHYLATION INHIBITOR, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE(AZA). CONCLUSIONS: CIGARETTE SMOKE-INDUCED HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MTTFA PROMOTER IS RELATED TO THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF COPD. OUR FINDING MAY PROVIDE A NEW STRATEGY FOR THE INTERVENTION OF COPD BY DEVELOPING DEMETHYLATION AGENTS TARGETING MTTFA HYPERMETHYLATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  3497  42 IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES AS SPUTUM BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG CANCER RISK AMONG SMOKERS AND COPD PATIENTS. OBJECTIVES: SMOKING IS A COMMON RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER. ALTHOUGH COPD PATIENTS HAVE HIGHER RISK OF LUNG CANCER COMPARED TO NON-COPD SMOKERS, THE MOLECULAR LINKS BETWEEN THESE DISEASES ARE NOT WELL-DEFINED. THIS STUDY AIMS TO IDENTIFY GENES THAT ARE DOWNREGULATED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE AND COMMONLY REPRESSED IN COPD AND LUNG CANCER. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PRIMARY HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS (HAEC) WERE EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE-SMOKE-EXTRACT (CSE) FOR 10-WEEKS AND SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY TRANSCRIPTOME ARRAY. EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES OF THESE GENES IN LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA (LUAD) FROM PATIENTS WITH OR WITHOUT COPD WERE DETERMINED USING GENOME-WIDE AND GENE-SPECIFIC ASSAYS AND BY IN VITRO TREATMENT OF CELL LINES WITH TRICHOSTATIN-A OR 5-AZA-2-DEOXYCYTIDINE. RESULTS: THE TEN MOST COMMONLY DOWNREGULATED GENES FOLLOWING CHRONIC CSE EXPOSURE OF HAEC AND SHOW PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN LUAD WERE SELECTED. AMONG THESE, EXPRESSION OF CCNA1, SNCA, AND ZNF549 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN LUNG TISSUES FROM COPD COMPARED WITH NON-COPD CASES WHILE EXPRESSION OF CCNA1 AND SNCA WAS FURTHER DOWNREGULATED IN TUMORS WITH COPD. THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF ALL THREE GENES WERE HYPERMETHYLATED IN LUAD BUT NOT NORMAL OR COPD LUNGS. THE REDUCED EXPRESSION AND ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF THESE GENES IN LUAD WERE INDEPENDENTLY VALIDATED USING DATA FROM THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS PROJECT. IMPORTANTLY, SNCA AND ZNF549 METHYLATION DETECTED IN SPUTUM DNA FROM LUAD (52% AND 38%) CASES WERE MORE PREVALENT COMPARED TO CANCER-FREE SMOKERS (26% AND 15%), RESPECTIVELY (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SHOW THAT SUPPRESSION OF CCNA1, SNCA, AND ZNF549 IN LUNG CANCER AND COPD OCCURS WITH OR WITHOUT PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, RESPECTIVELY. DETECTING METHYLATION OF THESE AND PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED GENES IN SPUTUM OF CANCER-FREE SMOKERS MAY SERVE AS NON-INVASIVE BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF LUNG CANCER AMONG HIGH RISK SMOKERS INCLUDING COPD PATIENTS.	2020	

18  5744  28 SMOKING-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE GPR15 GENE INDICATES ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES. DESPITE THE DESCRIBED CLEAR EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF SMOKING, THE EFFECT OF SMOKING ON GENOME-WIDE GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BLOOD IS OBSCURE. WE THEREFORE STUDIED THE SMOKING-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE GENE-EXPRESSION PROFILE OF THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD. RNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM THE WHOLE BLOOD OF 48 INDIVIDUALS WITH A DETAILED SMOKING HISTORY (24 NEVER-SMOKERS, 16 SMOKERS, AND 8 EX-SMOKERS). GENE-EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE EVALUATED WITH RNA SEQUENCING, AND RESULTS WERE ANALYZED SEPARATELY IN 24 MEN AND 24 WOMEN. IN THE MALE SMOKERS, 13 GENES WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY (FALSE-DISCOVERY RATE <0.1) DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED; IN FEMALE SMOKERS, 5 GENES. ALTHOUGH MOST OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES WERE DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE MALE AND FEMALE SMOKERS, THE G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR 15 GENE (GPR15) WAS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE SMOKERS COMPARED WITH NEVER-SMOKERS. ANALYSIS OF GPR15 METHYLATION IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER HYPOMETHYLATION IN SMOKERS COMPARED WITH THAT IN NEVER-SMOKERS. GPR15 IS THE CHEMOATTRACTANT RECEPTOR THAT REGULATES T-CELL MIGRATION AND IMMUNITY. UP-REGULATION OF GPR15 COULD EXPLAIN TO SOME EXTENT THE HEALTH HAZARDS OF SMOKING WITH REGARD TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  1528  36 DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN REGIONAL LUNG MACROPHAGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC DIFFERENCES. A NUMBER OF PULMONARY DISEASES OCCUR WITH UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANCE, INCLUDING CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND SMOKING-RELATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. IN THE HEALTHY LUNG, SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGIC AND METABOLIC FACTORS EXHIBIT DISPARITY WHEN COMPARING THE UPPER LOBE OF THE LUNG TO LOWER LOBE, INCLUDING DIFFERENCES IN OXYGENATION, VENTILATION, LYMPHATIC FLOW, PH, AND BLOOD FLOW. IN THIS STUDY, WE ASKED WHETHER THESE REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE LUNG ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN LUNG MACROPHAGES THAT COULD POTENTIALLY LEAD TO ALTERED CELL RESPONSIVENESS UPON SUBSEQUENT ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE. ALL ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED USING PRIMARY LUNG MACROPHAGES COLLECTED VIA BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FROM HEALTHY HUMAN SUBJECTS WITH NORMAL PULMONARY FUNCTION. EPIGENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION WAS EXAMINED VIA INFINIUM METHYLATIONEPIC (850K) ARRAY AND VALIDATED BY TARGETED NEXT-GENERATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING. WE OBSERVED 95 CPG LOCI WITH SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN LUNG MACROPHAGES, COMPARING UPPER LOBE TO LOWER LOBE (ALL FALSE DISCOVERY RATE < 0.05). SEVERAL OF THESE GENES, INCLUDING CLIP4, HSH2D, NR4A1, SNX10, AND TYK2, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED AS PARTICIPANTS IN INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNE-RELATED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. FUNCTIONALLY, WE IDENTIFIED PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN OXYGEN USE, COMPARING UPPER VERSUS LOWER LUNG MACROPHAGES. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES, SPECIFICALLY DNA METHYLATION, AT A MULTITUDE OF GENE LOCI IN LUNG MACROPHAGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC DIFFERENCES REGIONALLY IN LUNG.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  4021  30 LOWERED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT-3B) MRNA EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH GENOMIC DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) ARE INVOLVED WITHIN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF DNA METHYLATION PROCESSES. RECENTLY, IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLISM IS INCREASED. IN THE PRESENT CONTROLLED STUDY WE OBSERVED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE OF MRNA EXPRESSION OF DNMT-3A AND DNMT-3B WHEN COMPARING ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS (N = 59) WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 66): DNMT-3A (T = -2.38, P = 0.019), DNMT-3B (T = -2.65, P = 0.008). NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE SEEN FOR DNMT-1 AND MBD-2 (METHYL-CPG-BINDING-DOMAIN PROTEIN 2) EXPRESSION. ADDITIONALLY, WE OBSERVED A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN DNMT-3B EXPRESSION AND THE BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION (R = -0.45, P = 0.003) WHICH MIGHT EXPLAIN THE DECREASE OF DNMT-3B MRNA EXPRESSION IN ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS. USING A MULTIVARIATE MODEL WE OBSERVED THAT THE INCREASE (10%) OF GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLISM WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR LOWERED DNMT-3B MRNA EXPRESSION (MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION, P = 0.014). SINCE METHYLATION OF DNA IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC FACTOR IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION THESE FINDINGS MAY HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR A POSSIBLE SUBSEQUENT DERANGEMENT OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL IN THESE PATIENTS.	2006