1 5163 113 PRECISION/PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN ALLERGIC DISEASES AND ASTHMA. LIKE MANY OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES, EVERY ALLERGIC PATIENT HAS DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON CLINICAL COURSE, TREATMENT RESPONSIVENESS AND DISEASE OUTCOMES, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT. THIS VARIABILITY NECESSITATES THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PATIENT-TAILORED AND PRECISION APPROACHES IN HANDLING ALLERGIC DISORDERS. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIC DISORDERS WILL PROVIDE MORE RATIONALE STRATEGIES BASED ON INDIVIDUAL CASES IN CONTROLLING AND TREATING THESE DISORDERS. ENDOTYPING, PHENOTYPING, GENOTYPING AND THERATYPING, AND BIOMARKERS ARE KEYWORDS IN THIS AREA AND HAVE BEEN GAINING LOTS OF ATTENTION IN THE FIELD OF PRECISION MEDICINE, WHICH AIMS TO REVOLUTIONIZE PATIENT CARE AND DEVELOP BETTER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES. IN ADDITION, PRECISION HEALTH IS A NEW CONCEPT THAT BRINGS PRECISE APPROACHES TO THE SCENE FOR BEING HEALTHY AND PREVENTION OF ALLERGIC DISEASE AND ASTHMA. THE SPECIALTY OF ALLERGY HAS A LEADING ROLE IN THE FIELD, BECAUSE ALLERGEN-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY STARTED 105 YEARS AGO, AND IS HISTORICALLY A LEADING PERSONALIZED/PRECISION MEDICINE APPROACH IN ALL MEDICINE DISCIPLINES PROVIDING THE POSSIBILITY OF CURE IN AN INDIVIDUALIZED MANNER INSTEAD OF CONVENTIONAL SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENTS. 2018 2 264 33 ADVANCING ASTHMA CARE: THE GLASS IS ONLY HALF FULL! OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A CONCERTED EFFORT IN THE UNITED STATES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING ASTHMA. ATTENTION WAS INITIALLY DIRECTED TOWARD ASTHMA IN RESPONSE TO THE RECOGNITION THAT ASTHMA MORTALITY WAS INCREASING AND THAT THE BURDEN OF DISEASE WAS SIGNIFICANT. THESE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ASTHMA MORTALITY LED TO MANY NEW INITIATIVES TO DEVELOP CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES, IMPLEMENT THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, CONDUCT RESEARCH TO FILL THE GAPS IN THE GUIDELINES, AND CONTINUOUSLY REVISE THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES AS MORE INFORMATION BECAME AVAILABLE. AN ASSESSMENT OF OUR PROGRESS SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN RELATION TO REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND HOSPITALIZATIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, WE ARE NOW AT A CROSSROADS IN ASTHMA CARE. ALTHOUGH WE HAVE RECOGNIZED SOME REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW TOOLS TO MONITOR DISEASE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING BIOMARKERS AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS, ALONG WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS TO MONITOR ASTHMA CONTROL HOLD SOME PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING GAPS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THESE ADVANCES SHOULD PROMPT THE EVOLUTION OF NEW STRATEGIES AND NEW TREATMENTS TO FURTHER REDUCE DISEASE BURDEN. IT NOW BECOMES IMPERATIVE TO CONTINUE A FOCUS ON WAYS TO FURTHER REDUCE THE BURDEN OF ASTHMA AND PREVENT ITS ONSET. 2011 3 6786 32 [CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERSY ON RESEARCH PROGRESS AND CLINICAL PRACTICE OF VASCULAR CALCIFICATION]. VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IS AN ACTIVE AND COMPLEX PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS REGULATED BY SEVERAL FACTORS. VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND OTHER DISEASES, WHICH AFFECTS MULTIPLE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS, THUS AFFECTING PEOPLE'S HEALTH. THEREFORE, MORE AND MORE ATTENTION IS PAID TO VASCULAR CALCIFICATION. AT PRESENT, THE PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL PRACTICE OF VASCULAR CALCIFICATION HAVE BEEN CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVED, WHICH MAINLY INCLUDES CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IMBALANCE THEORY, VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL TRANSDIFFERENTIATION THEORY, BONE HOMEOSTASIS IMBALANCE THEORY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION THEORY, INFLAMMATION THEORY, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX THEORY, NEW CELL FATE THEORY AND SO ON. HOWEVER, THERE ARE STILL MANY UNSOLVED PROBLEMS. SINCE THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR CALCIFICATION AFFECT MULTIPLE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS, THIS EXPERT CONSENSUS GATHERED CLINICIANS AND BASIC RESEARCH EXPERTS ENGAGED IN THE STUDY OF VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN ORDER TO SUMMARIZE THE PROGRESS OF VARIOUS DISCIPLINES RELATED TO VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN RECENT YEARS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS CONSENSUS IS TO SYSTEMATICALLY SUMMARIZE THE LATEST RESEARCH PROGRESS, TREATMENT CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERSY OF VASCULAR CALCIFICATION FROM THE ASPECTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THEORETICAL BASIS AND CLINICAL ENLIGHTENMENT FOR IN-DEPTH RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD. 2022 4 5161 44 PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: HOW GENOMIC APPROACH IMPROVES THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE. LIFE EXPECTANCY HAS GRADUALLY GROWN OVER THE LAST CENTURY. THIS HAS DEEPLY AFFECTED HEALTHCARE COSTS, SINCE THE GROWTH OF AN AGING POPULATION IS CORRELATED TO THE INCREASING BURDEN OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REPRESENTS THE INTERESTING CHALLENGE OF HOW TO MANAGE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE HEALTH CARE BUDGETS. EFFECTIVE PRIMARY PREVENTION COULD REPRESENT A PROMISING ROUTE. TO THIS END, PRECISION, TOGETHER WITH PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, ARE USEFUL INSTRUMENTS IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND TO GUIDE PHYSICIANS TO CHOOSE A TARGETED THERAPY TO MANAGE THE PATIENT. CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES REPRESENT SUITABLE MODELS FOR TAKING FULL ADVANTAGE OF PRECISION MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO ALL STAGES OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. THE AVAILABILITY OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCEMENT PROGRESS MADE IN THE FIELD OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH HAVE BEEN SUBSTANTIAL TO UNDERSTAND HOW GENES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AGING, NUTRITION, DRUGS, MICROBIOME AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN IMPACT HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISORDERS. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO ADDRESS HOW PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE CAN BRING GREATER CLARITY TO THE CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF THESE TYPES OF DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORTALITY, INVOLVING TREMENDOUS HEALTH CARE COSTS, BY DESCRIBING IN DETAIL THE METHODS THAT CAN BE APPLIED. THIS MIGHT OFFER PRECIOUS TOOLS FOR PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AND POSSIBLE CLUES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE DISEASE AND COULD HELP IN PREDICTING MORBIDITY, MORTALITY AND DETECTING CHRONIC DISEASE INDICATORS MUCH EARLIER IN THE DISEASE COURSE. THIS, OF COURSE, WILL HAVE A MAJOR EFFECT ON BOTH IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CARE AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE PATIENTS AND REDUCING TIME EFFORTS AND HEALTHCARE COSTS. 2020 5 3169 40 GUIDE FOR CURRENT NUTRIGENETIC, NUTRIGENOMIC, AND NUTRIEPIGENETIC APPROACHES FOR PRECISION NUTRITION INVOLVING THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY. CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING OBESITY, ARE MAJOR CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN MOST COUNTRIES. THE ADVERSE IMPACTS OF OBESITY AND ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES ON HEALTH REMAIN A MAJOR CONCERN DUE TO THE LACK OF EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT. PRECISION NUTRITION IS AN EMERGING THERAPEUTIC APPROACH THAT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFORMATION, AS WELL AS AGE, GENDER, OR PARTICULAR PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STATUS. ADVANCES IN GENOMIC SCIENCES ARE CONTRIBUTING TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF GENETIC VARIANTS AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES AS WELL AS GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIVERSE CHRONIC CONDITIONS, AND HOW THEY MAY MODIFY THERAPEUTIC RESPONSES. THIS KNOWLEDGE HAS LED TO THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS TO PREDICT THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES AND PERSONALIZING THEIR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. ADDITIONALLY, ORIGINAL NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS BASED ON NUTRIENTS AND BIOACTIVE DIETARY COMPOUNDS THAT CAN MODIFY EPIGENETIC MARKS AND GENE EXPRESSION HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED. ALTHOUGH CAUTION MUST BE EXERCISED, THESE SCIENTIFIC INSIGHTS ARE PAVING THE WAY FOR THE DESIGN OF INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF CHRONIC DISEASES ACCOMPANYING OBESITY. THIS DOCUMENT PROVIDES A NUMBER OF EXAMPLES OF THE HUGE POTENTIAL OF UNDERSTANDING NUTRIGENETIC, NUTRIGENOMIC, AND NUTRIEPIGENETIC ROLES IN PRECISION NUTRITION. 2017 6 2459 24 EPIGENETIC THERAPIES FOR NON-ONCOLOGY INDICATIONS. CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ARE A MAJOR, AND GROWING, HUMAN HEALTH BURDEN, AND CURRENT TREATMENTS ARE IN MANY CASES INADEQUATE OR VERY EXPENSIVE. EPIGENETIC THERAPIES ARE ATTRACTIVE OPTIONS FOR TREATING SUCH DISORDERS BECAUSE THEY MANIPULATE THE PROCESSES THAT MAINTAIN CELLS IN AN ABNORMAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATE. THE CHALLENGES LIE IN IDENTIFYING THE MOST APPROPRIATE DISEASES AND THE ENZYMES THAT SHOULD BE TARGETED. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES THAT CAN BE USED TO ADDRESS THIS PROBLEM, FOCUSING PARTICULARLY ON CNS DISORDERS (ESPECIALLY MENTAL RETARDATION, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE, PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND DRUG ADDICTION), DIABETES AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS, AND AUTOIMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. 2010 7 4716 35 NON-GENETIC RATS MODELS FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH: FROM PAST TO PRESENT. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS AN INFLAMMATORY, PROGRESSIVE, AND CHRONIC ILLNESS THAT INVOLVES SEVERAL MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. DESPITE TREATMENT LIMITATIONS, CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES HAVE UNDENIABLY CHANGED RADICALLY IN RECENT DECADES THROUGH BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF THE DISEASE, WHICH HAS CONSIDERABLY IMPROVED PATIENTS' SURVIVAL AND QUALITY OF LIFE. SOME OF THESE ADVANCES ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO BASIC BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH THAT PROVIDES INSIGHTS INTO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND IDENTIFICATION OF NEW MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR TARGETS FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS TREATMENT. ALTHOUGH RODENT MODELS HAVE CONTRIBUTED SUBSTANTIALLY TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS, THE ACCURACY OF THESE MODELS REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL. RESEARCH THAT UTILIZES GENETIC RODENT MODELS IS WELL ESTABLISHED, BUT THE USE OF SPECIFIC DIETS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER RISK FACTORS (E.G., HYPERTENSION, HORMONE DEPRIVATION, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL TOOLS) IS STILL DEBATABLE. THE PRESENT REVIEW PROVIDES AN UPDATE ON NON-GENETIC RAT MODELS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN METHODOLOGIES THAT ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE. 2019 8 5457 26 RESEARCH AND THE PROMOTION OF CHILD HEALTH: A POSITION PAPER OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY, HEPATOLOGY, AND NUTRITION. CHILDREN COMPRISE ONE-FIFTH OF EUROPE'S POPULATION. PROMOTING CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IS OF KEY IMPORTANCE FOR SOCIETY AND ITS FUTURE. THIS POSITION PAPER HIGHLIGHTS OPPORTUNITIES OF INVESTING IN GASTROINTESTINAL, LIVER, AND NUTRITIONAL RESEARCH TO PROMOTE CHILD HEALTH AND DELINEATES PRIORITIES FOR RESEARCH. INVESTING IN CHILD HEALTH PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF POPULATION HEALTH, WELL-BEING, AND DISEASE PREVENTION LIFELONG, WITH LARGE HEALTH ECONOMIC BENEFITS. MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE AND TRANSLATIONAL APPLICATION ARISE FROM RECENT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL CUES INTERACTING WITH GENES. PERSONALISED APPROACHES TO THERAPY AND PREVENTION SHOULD BE ENHANCED. DECIPHERING THE MICROBIOME AND ITS EFFECTS ON FUNCTIONS CAN HELP IN PROMOTING LONG-TERM HEALTH. EPIGENETIC RESEARCH CAN HELP TO UNDERSTAND HOW EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCE LATER GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATIC HEALTH AND DISEASE. A LINKED NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STRATEGY CAN PROMOTE HEALTH AND PREVENT NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES, INACTIVITY, AND CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, SUCH AS DIABETES, TO ENSURE OPTIMAL HEALTH AND COGNITION. SPECIAL ATTENTION SHOULD BE DEVOTED TO POPULATIONS WITH LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, MIGRANT BACKGROUND, AND ETHNIC MINORITIES, AND TO CRITICAL LIFE PERIODS, INCLUDING PREGNANCY, LACTATION, INFANCY, AND CHILDHOOD. IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF OPTIMAL NUTRITION AND ON MAINTAINING GUT AND LIVER HOMEOSTASIS THROUGHOUT CHILDHOOD WILL HELP PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES IN LATER LIFE. 2014 9 498 29 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIABETES AND CANCER. CURRENT MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO THE ASSOCIATION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES. COMPELLING PIECES OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY IN MANY HUMAN NEOPLASMS. IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CONTEXT OF DM, MANY OF THE MAIN CLASSICAL ACTORS ARE RELEVANT ELEMENTS THAT CAN FUEL THE DIFFERENT STEPS OF THE CARCINOGENESIS PROCESS. HYPERGLYCEMIA, HYPERINSULINEMIA, METABOLIC INFLAMMATION, AND DYSLIPIDEMIA ARE AMONG THE CLASSIC CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ASSOCIATION. FURTHERMORE, NEW EMERGING ACTORS HAVE RECEIVED PARTICULAR ATTENTION IN THE LAST FEW YEARS, AND COMPELLING DATA SUPPORT THAT THE MICROBIOME, THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES, THE RETICULUM ENDOPLASMIC STRESS, AND THE INCREASED GLYCOLYTIC INFLUX ALSO PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY CANCER TYPES. THE ARSENAL OF GLUCOSE-LOWERING THERAPEUTIC AGENTS USED FOR TREATING DIABETES IS WIDE AND DIVERSE, AND A GROWING BODY OF DATA RAISED DURING THE LAST TWO DECADES HAS TRIED TO CLARIFY THE CONTRIBUTION OF THERAPEUTIC AGENTS TO THIS ASSOCIATION. HOWEVER, THIS RESEARCH AREA REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL, BECAUSE SOME ANTI-DIABETIC DRUGS ARE NOW CONSIDERED AS EITHER PROMOTORS OR PROTECTING ELEMENTS. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, WE INTEND TO HIGHLIGHT THE COMPELLING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SHREDS OF EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORT THIS ASSOCIATION, AS WELL AS THE MECHANISTIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF MANY OF THESE POTENTIAL PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, SOME CONTROVERSIAL POINTS AS WELL AS FUTURE CHALLENGES. 2023 10 6860 29 [OBESITY EPIDEMIC: CURRENT EVIDENCE, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS]. THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC IS A PHENOMENON THAT HAS BEEN WIDELY STUDIED IN RECENT DECADES BUT IS STILL INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD, AND ITS CONTROL IS FAR FROM THE DESIRABLE LEVEL IN VIEW OF THE INCREASING PREVALENCE FIGURES OBSERVED WORLDWIDE. THIS PAPER CONDUCTS A NARRATIVE REVIEW WITH THE AIM OF PROVIDING UPDATED EVIDENCE ON THE GLOBAL OBESITY EPIDEMIC, AND PARTICULARLY ON THE SITUATION IN LATIN AMERICA AND ARGENTINA, IDENTIFYING THE MAIN CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR ADDRESSING THIS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM. IT FIRST DESCRIBES THE CURRENT BURDEN AND INCREASING TRENDS IN THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY, IN THE OVERALL POPULATION AND BY POPULATION GROUPS, AND ITS POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION WITH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASPECTS. IT ALSO SUMMARIZES THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SOCIOECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THIS EPIDEMIC, AS WELL AS RECENT STRATEGIES AND INITIATIVES FOCUSED ON OBESITY PREVENTION, WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THOSE REPORTED AS THE MOST EFFICIENT IN THE LATIN AMERICAN CONTEXT. THIS REVIEW IDENTIFIED SOME PENDING CHALLENGES IN THE REGION, THE INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE DOUBLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION AND THE GROWING CHILDHOOD OVERWEIGHT; AND IT POINTS OUT SOME EMERGING APPROACHES, SUCH AS THE SYNDEMIC APPROACH, AS POTENTIALLY USEFUL TO UNDERSTAND AND ADDRESS THIS COMPLEX PROBLEM IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT. IN CONCLUSION, IT HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPLEMENTING RENEWED, MORE EFFICIENT AND EVIDENCE-BASED STRATEGIES TO CONTROL THE GROWING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY, WHICH WOULD ALSO IMPACT ON THE BURDEN OF RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES, AND THUS ON THE ECONOMY AND WELL-BEING OF LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETIES. 2023 11 4844 27 ONE YEAR IN REVIEW 2019: PATHOGENESIS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE INFLUENCED BY BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS, PARTICULAR ATTENTION HAS BEEN GIVEN TO NOVEL GENES AND TO THE CLOSE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETIC FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. RESEARCH HAS ALSO FOCUSED ON THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, AND ON NEW MECHANISMS OF THE INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM THAT CAN INFLUENCE THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF RA. HOWEVER, THERE ARE STILL SEVERAL ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE THAT NEED FURTHER INVESTIGATION. SHEDDING SOME LIGHT ON THE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF RA PATHOGENESIS WILL HELP TO IMPROVE THE CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS AND TO IDENTIFY NEW TARGETS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE-MODIFYING THERAPIES. THUS, IN THIS REVIEW WE SUMMARISE THE NEW INSIGHTS IN RA PATHOGENESIS, RESULTING FROM LITERATURE RESEARCH DATA PUBLISHED IN THE LAST YEAR. 2019 12 1867 22 EMERGING GENE-EDITING MODALITIES FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A PATHOLOGICAL DEGENERATIVE CONDITION OF THE JOINTS THAT IS WIDELY PREVALENT WORLDWIDE, RESULTING IN SIGNIFICANT PAIN, DISABILITY, AND IMPAIRED QUALITY OF LIFE. THE DIVERSE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF OA CAN EXPLAIN THE PAUCITY OF VIABLE PREVENTIVE AND DISEASE-MODIFYING STRATEGIES TO COUNTER IT. ADVANCES IN GENOME-EDITING TECHNIQUES MAY IMPROVE DISEASE-MODIFYING SOLUTIONS BY ADDRESSING INHERITED PREDISPOSING RISK FACTORS AND THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MODULATORS. RECENT PROGRESS ON TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS CRISPR/CAS9 AND CELL-BASED GENOME-EDITING THERAPIES TARGETING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS IN OA OFFER PROMISING AVENUES FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED THERAPIES. THE PURPOSE OF THIS LITERATURE REVIEW WAS TO CONCISELY SUMMARIZE THE GENOME-EDITING OPTIONS AGAINST CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE JOINT CONDITIONS SUCH AS OA WITH A FOCUS ON THE MORE RECENTLY EMERGING MODALITIES, ESPECIALLY CRISPR/CAS9. FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS IN NOVEL GENOME-EDITING THERAPIES MAY IMPROVE THE EFFICACY OF SUCH TARGETED TREATMENTS. 2020 13 4832 30 OMICS BIOMARKERS IN OBESITY: NOVEL ETIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS AND TARGETS FOR PRECISION PREVENTION. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: OMICS-BASED TECHNOLOGIES WERE SUGGESTED TO PROVIDE AN ADVANCED UNDERSTANDING OF OBESITY ETIOLOGY AND ITS METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN "OMICS"-BASED RESEARCH AIMED TO IDENTIFY OBESITY-RELATED BIOMARKERS. RECENT FINDINGS: RECENT ADVANCES IN OBESITY AND METABOLISM RESEARCH INCREASINGLY RELY ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES TO IDENTIFY MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY USING VARIOUS "OMICS" PLATFORMS. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS THAT TRANSLATE INTO CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTOME, PROTEOME, AND METABOLOME COULD SERVE AS TARGETS FOR OBESITY PREVENTION. DESPITE A NUMBER OF PROMISING CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS, THERE IS AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR LARGER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES TO VALIDATE FINDINGS AND DETERMINE BIOMARKER REPRODUCIBILITY BEFORE THEY CAN FIND APPLICATIONS IN PRIMARY CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH. "OMICS" BIOMARKERS HAVE ADVANCED OUR KNOWLEDGE ON THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND ITS LINKS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES. THEY BRING SUBSTANTIAL PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES THAT PAVE THE WAY TOWARDS PATIENT STRATIFICATION AND PRECISION PREVENTION. 2020 14 1415 29 DIETARY POLYPHENOLS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE MODULATION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS: A MINI-REVIEW. CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM, CHARACTERIZED AS DISEASES OF MULTIPLE FACTORS, WHICH ARE DEVELOPED THROUGHOUT LIFE, AND REGARDLESS OF GENETICS AS A RISK FACTOR OF IMPORTANT RELEVANCE, THE INCREASE IN MORTALITY ATTRIBUTED TO THE DISEASE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THE LIFESTYLE ONE LEADS. ALTHOUGH THE REACTIVE SPECIES (ROS/RNS) ARE NECESSARY FOR SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, THEIR OVERPRODUCTION IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE PATHOGENESIS AND AGGRAVATION OF NCDS. IN CONTRAST, DIETARY POLYPHENOLS HAVE BEEN WIDELY ASSOCIATED WITH MINIMIZING OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION. IN ADDITION TO THEIR ANTIOXIDANT POWER, POLYPHENOLS HAVE ALSO DRAWN ATTENTION FOR BEING ABLE TO MODULATE BOTH GENE EXPRESSION AND MODIFY EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUGGESTING AN ESSENTIAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE PREVENTION AND/OR DEVELOPMENT OF SOME PATHOLOGIES. THEREFORE, THIS REVIEW BRIEFLY EXPLAINED THE MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME NCDS, FOLLOWED BY A SUMMARY OF SOME EVIDENCE RELATED TO THE INTERACTION OF POLYPHENOLS IN OXIDATIVE STRESS, AS WELL AS THE MODULATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NCDS. 2023 15 1127 18 COMPOUND COMBINATIONS TARGETING LONGEVITY: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES. AGING IS ONE OF THE WORLD'S GREATEST CONCERNS, REQUIRING URGENT, EFFECTIVE, LARGE-SCALE INTERVENTIONS TO DECREASE THE NUMBER OF LATE-LIFE CHRONIC DISEASES AND IMPROVE HUMAN HEALTHSPAN. ANTI-AGING DRUG THERAPY IS ONE OF THE MOST PROMISING STRATEGIES TO COMBAT THE EFFECTS OF AGING. HOWEVER, MOST GEROPROTECTIVE COMPOUNDS ARE KNOWN TO SUCCESSFULLY AFFECT ONLY A FEW AGING-RELATED TARGETS. GIVEN THIS, THERE IS A GREAT BIOLOGICAL RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF COMBINATIONS OF ANTI-AGING INTERVENTIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE CHARACTERIZE THE VARIOUS TYPES OF COMPOUND COMBINATIONS USED TO MODULATE LIFESPAN, DISCUSS THE EXISTING EVIDENCE ON THEIR ROLE IN LIFE EXTENSION, AND PRESENT SOME KEY POINTS ABOUT CURRENT CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINATION DRUG ANTI-AGING THERAPY. 2023 16 6048 49 THE CONCEPTS OF ASTHMA ENDOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES TO GUIDE CURRENT AND NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES. ASTHMA, A COMMON, NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASE AFFECTS OVER 300 MILLION INDIVIDUALS WORLDWIDE. THE WESTERN WORLD LIFESTYLE IS CLAIMED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS HIGH AND INCREASING PREVALENCE. ASTHMA HAS BEEN DEFINED AS A SYNDROME WITH VARIOUS PHENOTYPES AND ENDOTYPES, ALLERGIC ASTHMA AND TYPE 2 ASTHMA BEING THE MOST FREQUENT. A GREAT INCREASE IN PREVALENCE OF ALLERGIC DISEASES HAS NECESSITATED INTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS BOTH FOR UNDERSTANDING THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPY OPTIONS WITH LONG-TERM EFFICACY AND LIMITED SIDE-EFFECTS. ALLERGIC PATIENTS DEMONSTRATE UNIQUE PRESENTATIONS WITH VARIABLE VISIBLE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISEASE OUTCOMES DEPENDING ON DIFFERENT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, RELATED TO INFLUENCE OF GENES AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL BY MICRO- AND MACRO-ENVIRONMENT. AREAS COVERED: THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE DEFINITION OF ASTHMA PHENOTYPES AND POSSIBLE ENDOTYPES, ADVANCES IN ALLERGY-IMMUNOLOGY FIELD AND CONTEMPORARY PERSONALIZED THERAPY OPTIONS FOR ASTHMA. EXPERT COMMENTARY: BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX IMMUNE NETWORK OF ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION AND KEY PLAYERS OF IMMUNITY IS CONTINUOUSLY BEING PROVIDED FOR CLARIFICATION OF ASTHMA SUB-TYPES. SUCCESSFUL THERAPY OF ASTHMA REQUIRES BETTER DEFINITION OF UNDERLYING PATHOGENESIS, WHICH SEQUENTIALLY COULD END UP WITH 'CUSTOM-TAILORED' INDIVIDUALIZED, EVIDENCE-BASED AND MORE PRECISE THERAPY OPTIONS; A NEW ERA TERMED AS 'PRECISION MEDICINE'. ENDOTYPE, PHENOTYPE, THERATYPE AND BIOMARKER TERMS ARISE AS MAJOR KEYWORDS IN PRECISION/PERSONALIZED MEDICINE. 2018 17 2226 30 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY NUTRIENTS IN EARLY LIFE PHASES: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN METABOLIC ALTERATION IN ADULTHOOD. METABOLIC CHRONIC DISEASES, ALSO NAMED NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS), ARE CONSIDERED MULTIFACTORIAL PATHOLOGIES, WHICH ARE DRAMATICALLY INCREASED DURING THE LAST DECADES. NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, CANCERS, AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES MARKEDLY INCREASE MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND SOCIOECONOMIC COSTS. MOREOVER, NCDS INDUCE SEVERAL AND COMPLEX CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS THAT LEAD TO A GRADUAL DETERIORATION OF HEALTH STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. MULTIPLE FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF THESE DISEASES SUCH AS SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, SMOKING, POLLUTION, AND UNHEALTHY DIET. INDEED, NUTRITION HAS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING HEALTH, AND DIETARY IMBALANCES REPRESENT MAJOR DETERMINANTS FAVORING CHRONIC DISEASES THROUGH METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS ALTERATIONS. IN PARTICULAR, IT APPEARS THAT SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND ADEQUATE NUTRITION ARE IMPORTANT IN ALL PERIODS OF LIFE, BUT THEY ARE ESSENTIAL DURING SPECIFIC TIMES IN EARLY LIFE SUCH AS PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL PHASES. INDEED, EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES REPORT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AN INCORRECT NUTRITION ON HEALTH STATUS SEVERAL DECADES LATER IN LIFE. DURING THE LAST DECADE, A GROWING INTEREST ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS LINK BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES AND NCDS DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN OBSERVED. FINALLY, BECAUSE OF THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE HORMONES IN FAT, CARBOHYDRATE, AND PROTEIN METABOLISM REGULATION THROUGHOUT LIFE, IT IS EXPECTED THAT ANY HORMONAL MODIFICATION OF THESE PROCESSES CAN IMBALANCE METABOLISM AND FAT STORAGE. THEREFORE, A PARTICULAR INTEREST TO SEVERAL CHEMICALS ABLE TO ACT AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS HAS BEEN RECENTLY DEVELOPED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW AND DISCUSS THE EPIGENETIC ROLE OF SOME SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND CHEMICALS IN THE MODULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. 2019 18 5224 37 PRIORITIZED RESEARCH FOR THE PREVENTION, TREATMENT, AND REVERSAL OF CHRONIC DISEASE: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE RESEARCH SUMMIT. DECLINING LIFE EXPECTANCY AND INCREASING ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH UNHEALTHY BEHAVIORS, SOCIOECOLOGICAL FACTORS, AND PREVENTABLE DISEASE. A GROWING BODY OF BASIC SCIENCE, CLINICAL RESEARCH, AND POPULATION HEALTH EVIDENCE POINTS TO THE BENEFITS OF HEALTHY BEHAVIORS, ENVIRONMENTS AND POLICIES TO MAINTAIN HEALTH AND PREVENT, TREAT, AND REVERSE THE ROOT CAUSES OF COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES. SIMILARLY, INNOVATIONS IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, STANDARDS OF EVIDENCE, EMERGENCE OF UNIQUE STUDY COHORTS, AND BREAKTHROUGHS IN DATA ANALYTICS AND MODELING CREATE NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR PRODUCING BIOMEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND CLINICAL TRANSLATION. TO UNDERSTAND THESE ADVANCES AND INFORM FUTURE DIRECTIONS RESEARCH, THE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE RESEARCH SUMMIT WAS CONVENED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH ON DECEMBER 4-5, 2019. THE SUMMIT'S GOAL WAS TO REVIEW CURRENT STATUS AND DEFINE RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN THE SIX CORE AREAS OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE: PLANT-PREDOMINANT NUTRITION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, STRESS, ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS, AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY/SOCIAL CONNECTION. FORTY INVITED SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS (1) REVIEWED EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND GAPS RELATING LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS TO COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES, MANY CANCERS, INFLAMMATORY- AND IMMUNE-RELATED DISORDERS AND OTHER CONDITIONS; AND (2) DISCUSSED THE POTENTIAL FOR APPLYING CUTTING-EDGE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, EPIGENETIC AND EMERGING SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGIES, RESEARCH DESIGNS, AND STUDY COHORTS TO ACCELERATE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS ACROSS ALL SIX DOMAINS OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. NOTABLY, FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES, SUCH AS THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HAVE BEGUN TO ADOPT "WHOLE-PERSON HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE" MODELS THAT ADDRESS THESE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ROOT CAUSES OF CHRONIC DISEASE AND ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND COST. RECOMMENDATIONS STRONGLY SUPPORT LEVERAGING EMERGING RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, SYSTEMS BIOLOGY, AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING IN ORDER TO ACCELERATE EFFECTIVE CLINICAL AND POPULATION SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND REDUCE SOCIETAL COSTS. NEW AND ALTERNATIVE HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE ARE ALSO BE NEEDED IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE QUALITY OF EVIDENCE AND DEVELOP EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES ON LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. CHILDREN AND UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED AS PRIORITIZED GROUPS TO STUDY. THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, WHICH DISPROPORTIONATELY IMPACTS PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC DISEASES THAT ARE AMENABLE TO EFFECTIVE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE INTERVENTIONS, MAKES THE SUMMIT'S FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH PARTICULARLY TIMELY AND RELEVANT. 2020 19 3035 38 GENETICS/GENOMICS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE--TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE? THE PROGRESSION RATE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) TO ITS TERMINAL STAGE, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD), AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND SEVERITY OF VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS, ARE AT LEAST INDIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY GENETIC--AND EPIGENETIC--FACTORS. FOR YEARS, SCIENTISTS HAVE HELD OUT HOPE THAT THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETICS COULD TRANSFORM MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, MOVING BEYOND A TRIAL-AND-ERROR APPROACH TOWARDS "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE." INDEED, THERE ARE NOW SIGNS THAT THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND THE PURSUIT OF "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE" IN MEDICAL CARE WILL BE A PRIORITY FOR GOVERNMENTS DURING YEARS TO COME. BUT THE VISION OF INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT BASED ON A PATIENT'S GENETIC MAKEUP AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAS YET TO MATERIALIZE IN THE FIELD OF CKD AND ESRD. AS THE TOXIC UREMIC ENVIRONMENT MAY RENDER CKD PATIENTS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIANTS, IT IS LIKELY THAT GENETIC FACTORS COULD BE OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IN THIS HIGH-RISK POPULATION. THEREFORE, OUTCOME IN THE CKD POPULATION MAY BE IMPROVED BY ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES, THUS ENABLING PHYSICIANS TO DESIGN AN INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE BASED ON A MORE INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY COULD BE APPLIED IN, FOR EXAMPLE, PHARMACOTHERAPY (CYP GENES), DIALYSIS THERAPY, AND NUTRITIONAL AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS. 2009 20 5351 25 RATIONALE FOR DIETARY ANTIOXIDANT TREATMENT OF ADHD. INCREASING UNDERSTANDING ARISES REGARDING DISADVANTAGES OF STIMULANT MEDICATION IN CHILDREN WITH ADHD (ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER). THIS REVIEW PRESENTS SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS SUPPORTING DIETARY ANTIOXIDANT TREATMENT OF ADHD AND DESCRIBES SUBSTANTIAL ALTERATIONS IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS REGULATION IN ADHD. AS A RESULT, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS COULD DEVELOP, WHICH CAN LEAD TO ADHD SYMPTOMS, FOR EXAMPLE BY CHRONIC T-CELL-MEDIATED NEUROINFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS BY NEURONAL OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND LOSS OF NORMAL CEREBRAL FUNCTIONS. THEREFORE, MODULATION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVITY AND OXIDANT-ANTIOXIDANT BALANCE USING NUTRITIONAL APPROACHES MIGHT HAVE POTENTIAL IN ADHD TREATMENT. THE USE OF NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS AGAINST OXIDATIVE CONDITIONS IS AN EMERGING FIELD IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. DIETARY POLYPHENOLS, FOR EXAMPLE, HAVE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITIES AS WELL AS IMMUNOREGULATORY EFFECTS AND, THEREFORE, APPEAR APPROPRIATE IN ADHD THERAPY. THIS REVIEW CAN STIMULATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTIGATION OF DIETARY ANTIOXIDANT TREATMENT IN ADHD, WHICH IS HIGHLY DESIRED. 2018