1  4977 268 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF DIETARY FATS AND LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ACROSS THE LIFE CYCLE. DIETARY FAT IS OUR SECOND MOST IMPORTANT ENERGY-PRODUCING MACRONUTRIENT. IT ALSO CONTAINS FATTY ACIDS AND VITAMINS ESSENTIAL FOR GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND MAINTENANCE OF GOOD HEALTH. DIETARY FAT QUANTITY AND QUALITY HAVE BEEN SUBJECT TO TREMENDOUS CHANGE OVER THE PAST 10,000 YEARS. THIS HAS, TOGETHER WITH OTHER MAN-MADE CHANGES IN OUR ENVIRONMENT, CAUSED A CONFLICT WITH OUR SLOWLY ADAPTING GENOME THAT IS IMPLICATED IN "TYPICALLY WESTERN" DISEASES. RATHER THAN REDUCING OUR LIFE EXPECTANCY, THESE DISEASES NOTABLY DIMINISH OUR NUMBER OF YEARS IN HEALTH. IMPORTANT CHANGES IN DIETARY FAT QUALITY ARE THE INCREASED INTAKES OF CERTAIN SATURATED FATTY ACIDS (SAFA) AND LINOLEIC ACID (LA), INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIALLY PRODUCED TRANS FATTY ACIDS, AND REDUCED INTAKES OF OMEGA3 FATTY ACIDS, NOTABLY ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID (ALA) FROM VEGETABLE SOURCES AND EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID (EPA) AND DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) FROM FISH. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THESE CHANGES ARE DIVERSE, BUT ARE INCREASINGLY ASCRIBED TO INDUCTION OF A PROINFLAMMATORY STATE THAT PROGRESSES EASILY TO CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION. THE LATTER MIGHT AFFECT VIRTUALLY ALL ORGANS AND SYSTEMS, POSSIBLY BEGINNING AT CONCEPTION, AND POSSIBLY EVEN PRIOR TO GAMETOGENESIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION MIGHT BE A COMMON DENOMINATOR OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS SEQUELAE (E.G., CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD), DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2, SOME TYPES OF CANCER, AND PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS), SOME PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES (E.G., MAJOR AND POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AND AUTISM), AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES (E.G., ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, PARKINSON'S DISEASE). THE LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (LCPUFA) ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA), EPA, AND DHA ARE INTIMATELY RELATED TO THE INITIATION AND RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES. THE CURRENT BALANCE BETWEEN AA AND EPA + DHA IS HOWEVER DISTURBED BY THE DOMINANCE OF AA, WHICH ORIGINATES FROM THE DIET OR SYNTHESIS FROM LA. LCPUFA ARE TOGETHER WITH THEIR HIGHLY POTENT METABOLITES (PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES, LEUKOTRIENES, RESOLVINS, AND (NEURO)PROTECTINS) INVOLVED IN THE FUNCTIONING OF MEMBRANE-BOUND RECEPTORS, TRANSPORTERS, ION CHANNELS, AND ENZYMES, AND ALSO IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND GENE EXPRESSION. AMONG THEIR MANY TARGETS ARE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS WHICH, UPON LIGATION WITH LCPUFA AND THEIR METABOLITES, FUNCTION AS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS OF A VARIETY OF GENES FUNCTIONING IN MANY PATHWAYS. FOR INSTANCE, THE TARGETED PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPARS) ARE STRATEGIC INTERMEDIATES IN THE COORDINATED EXPRESSION OF PROTEINS WITH FUNCTIONS IN, FOR EXAMPLE, LIPID AND GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS. MANY INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED WITH LCPUFA, ESPECIALLY EPA AND DHA, AIMING AT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CAD PREVENTIONS, IMPROVEMENT OF FETAL AND NEWBORN (BRAIN) DEVELOPMENT BY SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY OR EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE, AND IN PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES. CONSENSUS HAS BEEN REACHED THAT THOSE IN CAD AND DEPRESSION ARE POSITIVE, ALTHOUGH MORE LARGE-SCALE TRIALS ARE NEEDED. MANY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INTAKES OF SATURATED FAT, TRANS FAT AND EPA + DHA HAVE BEEN ISSUED, NOTABLY FOR CAD PREVENTION, AND ALSO FOR EPA + DHA INTAKES BY PREGNANT WOMEN AND FOR AA, EPA, AND DHA INTAKES BY NEWBORNS. THE ULTIMATE GOAL MIGHT, HOWEVER, BE TO RETURN TO THE FAT QUALITY OF OUR ANCIENT DIET ON WHICH OUR GENES HAVE EVOLVED DURING THE PAST MILLION YEARS OF EVOLUTION, WHILE THIS ACTUALLY APPLIES FOR OUR ENTIRE DIETARY COMPOSITION AND LIFESTYLE, AS TRANSLATED TO THE CULTURE OF THE CURRENT SOCIETY.	2010	

2  6822  56 [GENDER MEDICINE. SEX- AND GENDER-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF CLINICAL MEDICINE]. GENDER MEDICINE STUDIES SEX- AND GENDER-BASED DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES, THE AWARENESS AND PRESENTATION OF SYMPTOMS, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY. GENDER MEDICINE IS PART OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, CONSIDERING DIFFERENCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INDIVIDUALLY. THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN GENES, CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, AND METABOLISM AS WELL AS DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIETY. LIFELONG INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS WILL INFLUENCE THE HEALTH AND ILL-HEALTH OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DIFFERENT WAYS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE DURING VULNERABLE PHASES ON BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, EFFECTING FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DURING PREGNANCY CAN IMPACT THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING IN LATER LIFE ALREADY IN UTERO IN A SEX-SPECIFIC WAY. PAIN, STRESS, AND COPING STYLES DIFFER BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE DRAMATIC PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING THEIR LIFETIME, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC BURDENS AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ALTERATIONS. WOMEN WITH MULTIPLE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES SUFFERING FROM STRESS DEVELOP DEPRESSION MORE FREQUENTLY. HOWEVER, MEN ARE OFTEN NOT DIAGNOSED AND TREATED APPROPRIATELY IN CASES OF DEPRESSION OR OSTEOPOROSIS, DISEASES THAT ARE TYPICALLY CONSIDERED "FEMALE." THERE ARE PROMINENT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN MEDICINE REGARDING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, INFLAMMATION, AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE OFTEN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND SUFFER MORE FREQUENTLY FROM (CHRONIC) PAIN, NEURODEGENERATIVE CHANGES, AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITIES. MEN HAVE SHORTER LIFE EXPECTANCY BUT RELATIVELY MORE HEALTHY YEARS OF LIFE, WHICH IS IN GREATER PART ASCRIBED TO PSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS. STATE-OF-THE-ART CLINICAL MEDICINE COMPRISES INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS BASED ON SEX- AND GENDER-SENSITIVE HEALTH PROGRAMS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE FOR MEN AND WOMEN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  4062  55 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4  4080  29 MATERNAL LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS: TARGETING PRECONCEPTION HEALTH. ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE OBESE, PREDISPOSING BOTH MOTHER AND BABY TO UNFAVOURABLE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AND INITIATING AN INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS. HERE WE SUMMARISE RECENT RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL METABOLIC HEALTH ON OFFSPRING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUTURE CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. CURRENT PRIMARY LIFESTYLE APPROACHES (I.E., DIET AND EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS) TO HALT THE SUCCESSION OF INHERITED AND EPIGENETIC METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE MET WITH LIMITED SUCCESS DUE TO LATE IMPLEMENTATION, POOR ADHERENCE, AND/OR GENERIC GUIDELINES. IN OUR OPINION, SUCH INTERVENTIONS MUST COMMENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION TO IMPROVE BOTH MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES, WITH NEW APPROACHES URGENTLY NEEDED TO INCREASE ADHERENCE TO PRIMARY LIFESTYLE CHANGES AMONG REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5  4786  57 NUTRITION AND HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE: SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS AND MEETING CHALLENGES FOR THE AGING POPULATION. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC (GENOME) AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (EPIGENOME) OPERATE DURING A PERSON'S ENTIRE LIFESPAN. THE AGING PROCESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL CELLULAR AND ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS THAT, AT THE END, CAUSE MULTI-ORGANIC CELL FAILURE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF AGING ARE MODIFIABLE BY APPROPRIATE PREVENTIVE ACTIONS MEDIATED BY SIRTUINS, CALORIC INPUT, DIET COMPONENTS, ADIPOSE TISSUE-RELATED INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. THE MEDITERRANEAN LIFESTYLE HAS BEEN FOR MANY MILLENNIA A DAILY HABIT FOR PEOPLE IN WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS LIVING AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA WHO WORKED INTENSIVELY AND SURVIVED WITH VERY FEW SEASONAL FOODS. A HIGH ADHERENCE TO THE TRADITIONAL MEDITERRANEAN DIET IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW MORTALITY (HIGHER LONGEVITY) AND REDUCED RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER, THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, DEPRESSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. REPORTS INDICATE THAT SOME DIETARY COMPONENTS, SUCH AS OLIVE OIL, ANTIOXIDANTS, OMEGA-3 AND -6 POLYUNSATURATED ACIDS, POLYPHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS, MEDIATE BENEFICIAL ANTI-AGING EFFECTS (ANTI-CHRONIC DISEASES AND INCREASED LONGEVITY). EQUALLY, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DISPLAYS A POSITIVE EFFECT, PRODUCING CALORIC CONSUMPTION AND REGULATION OF ADIPOSE AND PANCREATIC FUNCTION. THE PREDICTIVE STRENGTH OF SOME FOOD PATTERNS MAY BE A WAY OF DEVELOPING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOOD AND HEALTH POLICIES. THIS PAPER WILL DISCUSS SEVERAL WAYS OF IMPROVING HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE, FOCUSING ON CERTAIN GROUPS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND HEALTHY HABITS WHICH MAY REDUCE OR PREVENT AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  3578  46 IMPACT OF PARENTAL OVER- AND UNDERWEIGHT ON THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING. PARENTAL EXCESS WEIGHT AND ESPECIALLY PREGESTATIONAL MATERNAL OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF METABOLIC (OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME) AND NONMETABOLIC (CANCER, OSTEOPOROSIS, ASTHMA, NEUROLOGIC ALTERATIONS) DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING, PROBABLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF FETAL PROGRAMMING. MATERNAL UNDERWEIGHT IS LESS COMMON IN DEVELOPED SOCIETIES, BUT THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A POOR NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN UTERO AND A NORMAL OR EXCESSIVE POSTNATAL FOOD SUPPLY WITH RAPID GROWTH CATCH-UP APPEARS TO BE THE MAIN CANDIDATE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES DURING THE OFFSPRING'S ADULTHOOD. THE ROLE OF THE POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT IN BOTH SCENARIOS (PARENTAL OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT) ALSO SEEMS TO INFLUENCE THE OFFSPRING'S HEALTH. LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY IN BOTH PARENTS, BUT ESPECIALLY IN THE MOTHER, AS WELL AS IN CHILDREN AFTER BIRTH, ARE ADVISABLE TO COUNTERACT THE MANY UNDESIRABLE CHRONIC CONDITIONS DESCRIBED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  2801  39 FEMALE OBESITY: SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS RISEN OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES AND WOMEN ARE CURRENTLY MORE LIKELY THAN EVER TO ENTER PREGNANCY OBESE. PRE-PREGNANCY OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN INCREASE MISCARRIAGE RATES AND OBSTETRIC AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS, WHICH RESULT IN A LOWER HEALTHY LIVE BIRTH RATE. IN ADDITION TO ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE MOTHER, OBESITY HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC ILLNESSES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD OF THE OFFSPRING. MOREOVER, MATERNAL OBESITY CAUSES PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND HIGHER HEALTHCARE COSTS. FETAL PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC FUNCTION INDUCED BY OBESITY, THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, MAY HAVE AN INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECT AND COULD, THUS, PERPETUATE OBESITY IN THE NEXT GENERATION. IN ORDER TO BREAK THIS VICIOUS CIRCLE AND AVOID SERIOUS SHORT- AND LONG-TERM NEGATIVE OUTCOMES FOR BOTH MOTHERS AND FETUSES, THE PREVENTION AND ADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN ARE ESSENTIAL.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  6173  36 THE HEALTH OUTCOMES OF HUMAN OFFSPRING CONCEIVED BY ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART). CONCERNS HAVE BEEN RAISED ABOUT THE HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN CONCEIVED BY ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART) SINCE 1978. CONTROVERSIALLY, ART HAS BEEN LINKED WITH ADVERSE OBSTETRIC AND PERINATAL OUTCOMES, AN INCREASED RISK OF BIRTH DEFECTS, CANCERS, AND GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ART TREATMENT MAY ALSO PREDISPOSE INDIVIDUALS TO AN INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC AGEING RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE ON THE SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM HEALTH OUTCOMES OF ART SINGLETONS, AS MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES AFTER MULTIPLE EMBRYOS TRANSFER, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM DELIVERY, WHICH CAN SEPARATELY INCREASE RISK OF ADVERSE POSTNATAL OUTCOMES, AND IMPACT LONG-TERM HEALTH. WE WILL ALSO EXAMINE THE POTENTIAL FACTORS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THESE HEALTH RISKS, AND DISCUSS UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT MAY OCCUR DURING THE PREIMPLANTATION PERIOD AND REPROGRAM DEVELOPMENT IN UTERO, AND ADULT HEALTH, LATER IN LIFE. LASTLY, THIS REVIEW WILL CONSIDER THE FUTURE DIRECTIONS WITH THE VIEW TO OPTIMIZE THE LONG-TERM HEALTH OF ART CHILDREN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9  4973  49 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CONTEMPORARY LIFESTYLE ON EVOLUTIONARY-CONSERVED SURVIVAL MECHANISMS IN POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) IS INCREASINGLY BEING CHARACTERIZED AS AN EVOLUTIONARY MISMATCH DISORDER THAT PRESENTS WITH A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE SYMPTOMS. THE EVOLUTIONARY MODEL PROPOSES THAT PCOS ARISES FROM A COLLECTION OF INHERITED POLYMORPHISMS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY DEMONSTRATED IN A VARIETY OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACES. IN UTERO DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF SUSCEPTIBLE GENOMIC VARIANTS ARE THOUGHT TO PREDISPOSE THE OFFSPRING TO DEVELOP PCOS. POSTNATAL EXPOSURE TO LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF DEVELOPMENTALLY PROGRAMMED GENES AND DISTURBANCE OF THE HALLMARKS OF HEALTH. THE RESULTING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES REPRESENT THE CONSEQUENCES OF POOR-QUALITY DIET, SEDENTARY BEHAVIOUR, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS, STRESS, CIRCADIAN DISRUPTION, AND OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LIFESTYLE-INDUCED GASTROINTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PCOS. LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES INITIATE CHANGES THAT RESULT IN DISTURBANCE OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOME (DYSBIOSIS), IMMUNE DYSREGULATION (CHRONIC INFLAMMATION), ALTERED METABOLISM (INSULIN RESISTANCE), ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE IMBALANCE (HYPERANDROGENISM), AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION (NEUROENDOCRINE AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM). PCOS CAN BE A PROGRESSIVE METABOLIC CONDITION THAT LEADS TO OBESITY, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, TYPE TWO DIABETES, METABOLIC-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND CANCER. THIS REVIEW EXPLORES THE MECHANISMS THAT UNDERPIN THE EVOLUTIONARY MISMATCH BETWEEN ANCIENT SURVIVAL PATHWAYS AND CONTEMPORARY LIFESTYLE FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PCOS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10  3595  39 IMPLICATIONS OF MATERNAL CONDITIONS AND PREGNANCY COURSE ON OFFSPRING'S MEDICAL PROBLEMS IN ADULT LIFE. IN THE LAST DECADE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA SHOW THAT PERICONCEPTIONAL, PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES THE OFFSPRING'S RISK FOR LATER-LIFE CHRONIC DISEASE. FOR THIS PHENOMENON, THE TERM "FETAL" OR "PERINATAL PROGRAMMING" IS USED. IN EXPOSED OFFSPRING ALREADY IN CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADULTHOOD, METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES CAN BE OBSERVED, LEADING TO OBESITY, DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION. NOWADAYS, THE MODE OF CONCEPTION (E.G., IN VITRO FERTILIZATION), MATERNAL METABOLIC CONDITIONS (E.G., UNDERNUTRITION, OVERNUTRITION, DIABETES) AND COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY (E.G., PREECLAMPSIA, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION) ARE SUSPECTED TO BE NEGATIVE PREDICTORS FOR OFFSPRING'S LONG-TERM HEALTH. MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THESE EFFECTS STILL REMAIN MAINLY UNCLEAR, BUT INCLUDE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. THIS REVIEW PRESENTS A PIECE OF THE PUZZLE WITH REGARDS TO PERICONCEPTIONAL AND EARLY PERINATAL CONDITIONS DETERMINING LATER-LIFE RISK FOR CHRONIC ADULT DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11  5179  46 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  2806  55 FETAL PROGRAMMING AND THE RISK OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE. THE "DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE" (DOHAD) HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES THAT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING FETAL AND EARLY POST-NATAL DEVELOPMENT INFLUENCE LIFELONG HEALTH AND CAPACITY THROUGH PERMANENT EFFECTS ON GROWTH, STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM. THIS HAS BEEN CALLED 'PROGRAMMING'. THE HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IN HUMANS LINKING NEWBORN SIZE, AND INFANT GROWTH AND NUTRITION, TO ADULT HEALTH OUTCOMES, AND BY EXPERIMENTS IN ANIMALS SHOWING THAT MATERNAL UNDER- AND OVER-NUTRITION AND OTHER INTERVENTIONS (E.G., GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE) DURING PREGNANCY LEAD TO ABNORMAL METABOLISM AND BODY COMPOSITION IN THE ADULT OFFSPRING. EARLY LIFE PROGRAMMING IS NOW THOUGHT TO BE IMPORTANT IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OPENING UP THE POSSIBILITY THAT THESE COMMON DISEASES COULD BE PREVENTED BY ACHIEVING OPTIMAL FETAL AND INFANT DEVELOPMENT. THIS IS LIKELY TO HAVE ADDITIONAL BENEFITS FOR INFANT SURVIVAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL (E.G., IMPROVED COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AND PHYSICAL WORK CAPACITY). FETAL NUTRITION IS INFLUENCED BY THE MOTHER'S DIET AND BODY SIZE AND COMPOSITION, BUT HARD EVIDENCE THAT THE NUTRITION OF THE HUMAN MOTHER PROGRAMMES CHRONIC DISEASE RISK IN HER OFFSPRING IS CURRENTLY LIMITED. RECENT FINDINGS FROM FOLLOW-UP OF CHILDREN BORN AFTER RANDOMISED NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN PREGNANCY ARE MIXED, BUT SHOW SOME EVIDENCE OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON VASCULAR FUNCTION, LIPID CONCENTRATIONS, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. WORK IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, WHEREBY GENE EXPRESSION IS MODIFIED BY DNA METHYLATION, AND WHICH ARE SENSITIVE TO THE NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN EARLY LIFE, MAY BE ONE MECHANISM UNDERLYING PROGRAMMING.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  4863  41 ORIGINS OF LIFETIME HEALTH AROUND THE TIME OF CONCEPTION: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. PARENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING DIET, BODY COMPOSITION, METABOLISM, AND STRESS, AFFECT THE HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK OF PEOPLE THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES, AS CAPTURED IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE CONCEPT. RESEARCH ACROSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, AND BASIC SCIENCE FIELDS HAS IDENTIFIED THE PERIOD AROUND CONCEPTION AS BEING CRUCIAL FOR THE PROCESSES MEDIATING PARENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE HEALTH OF THE NEXT GENERATION. DURING THIS TIME, FROM THE MATURATION OF GAMETES THROUGH TO EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, PARENTAL LIFESTYLE CAN ADVERSELY INFLUENCE LONG-TERM RISKS OF OFFSPRING CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, IMMUNE, AND NEUROLOGICAL MORBIDITIES, OFTEN TERMED DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. WE REVIEW PERICONCEPTIONAL INDUCTION OF DISEASE RISK FROM FOUR BROAD EXPOSURES: MATERNAL OVERNUTRITION AND OBESITY; MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION; RELATED PATERNAL FACTORS; AND THE USE OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TREATMENT. STUDIES IN BOTH HUMANS AND ANIMAL MODELS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC, CELLULAR, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND METABOLIC PROCESSES. WE ALSO PRESENT A META-ANALYSIS OF MOUSE PATERNAL AND MATERNAL PROTEIN UNDERNUTRITION THAT SUGGESTS DISTINCT PARENTAL PERICONCEPTIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO POSTNATAL OUTCOMES. WE PROPOSE THAT THE EVIDENCE FOR PERICONCEPTIONAL EFFECTS ON LIFETIME HEALTH IS NOW SO COMPELLING THAT IT CALLS FOR NEW GUIDANCE ON PARENTAL PREPARATION FOR PREGNANCY, BEGINNING BEFORE CONCEPTION, TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  2855  67 FROM INFLAMMAGING TO HEALTHY AGING BY DIETARY LIFESTYLE CHOICES: IS EPIGENETICS THE KEY TO PERSONALIZED NUTRITION? THE PROGRESSIVELY OLDER POPULATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IS REFLECTED IN AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM AGE-RELATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME, DIABETES, HEART AND LUNG DISEASES, CANCER, OSTEOPOROSIS, ARTHRITIS, AND DEMENTIA. THE HETEROGENEITY IN BIOLOGICAL AGING, CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, AND AGING-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS IN HUMANS HAVE BEEN ASCRIBED TO DIFFERENT GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (I.E., DIET, POLLUTION, STRESS) THAT ARE CLOSELY LINKED TO SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS. THE COMMON DENOMINATOR OF THESE FACTORS IS THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. CHRONIC LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION DURING PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING AND IMMUNOSENESCENCE ARE INTERTWINED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PREMATURE AGING ALSO DEFINED AS 'INFLAMMAGING.' THE LATTER HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH FRAILTY, MORBIDITY, AND MORTALITY IN ELDERLY SUBJECTS. HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN TO WHAT EXTENT INFLAMMAGING OR LONGEVITY IS CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN EARLY LIFE. TODAY, HUMAN DIET IS BELIEVED TO HAVE A MAJOR INFLUENCE ON BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES. MOST PLANT-DERIVED DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICALS AND MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS MODULATE OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING AND REGULATE METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND BIOENERGETICS THAT CAN BE TRANSLATED INTO STABLE EPIGENETIC PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION. THEREFORE, DIET INTERVENTIONS DESIGNED FOR HEALTHY AGING HAVE BECOME A HOT TOPIC IN NUTRITIONAL EPIGENOMIC RESEARCH. INCREASING EVIDENCE HAS REVEALED THAT COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FOOD COMPONENTS AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, DNA METHYLATION, NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING FACTORS INFLUENCE THE INFLAMMAGING PHENOTYPE AND AS SUCH MAY PROTECT OR PREDISPOSE AN INDIVIDUAL TO MANY AGE-RELATED DISEASES. REMARKABLY, HUMANS PRESENT A BROAD RANGE OF RESPONSES TO SIMILAR DIETARY CHALLENGES DUE TO BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS OF THE EXPRESSION OF TARGET PROTEINS AND KEY GENES INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIETARY CONSTITUENTS. HERE, WE WILL SUMMARIZE THE EPIGENETIC ACTIONS OF DIETARY COMPONENTS, INCLUDING PHYTOCHEMICALS, AND MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS AS WELL AS METABOLITES, THAT CAN ATTENUATE INFLAMMAGING. WE WILL DISCUSS THE CHALLENGES FACING PERSONALIZED NUTRITION TO TRANSLATE HIGHLY VARIABLE INTERINDIVIDUAL EPIGENETIC DIET RESPONSES TO POTENTIAL INDIVIDUAL HEALTH BENEFITS/RISKS RELATED TO AGING DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15  2511  44 EPIGENETICS AND PREECLAMPSIA: PROGRAMMING OF FUTURE OUTCOMES. PREGNANCY IS KNOWN TO INDUCE RAPID, PROGRESSIVE, AND SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, ULTIMATELY FACILITATING SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY OUTCOMES. WOMEN WHO DEVELOP HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE "FAILED" THE CARDIOVASCULAR STRESS TEST OF PREGNANCY AND LIKELY REPRESENT A SUBPOPULATION WITH INADEQUATE CARDIOVASCULAR ACCOMMODATION. PREECLAMPSIA IS A SERIOUS COMPLICATION WITH A MYRIAD OF MANIFESTATIONS IN BOTH MOTHER AND OFFSPRING. THIS PREGNANCY SYNDROME IS A POLYGENIC DISEASE AND HAS NOW BEEN LINKED TO A GREATER INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. MOREOVER, OFFSPRINGS BORN TO PREECLAMPTIC MOTHERS EXHIBIT AN ELEVATED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, STROKE, AND MENTAL DISORDERS DURING ADULTHOOD. THIS SUGGESTS THAT PREECLAMPSIA NOT ONLY EXPOSES THE MOTHER AND THE FETUS TO COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY BUT ALSO PROGRAMS CHRONIC DISEASES DURING ADULTHOOD IN THE OFFSPRING. THE ETIOLOGY OF PREECLAMPSIA REMAINS UNKNOWN, WITH VARIOUS THEORIES BEING SUGGESTED TO EXPLAIN ITS ORIGIN. IT IS PRIMARILY THOUGHT TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PLACENTATION AND ENTAILS EXCESSIVE MATERNAL INFLAMMATION AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED NOW THAT THE MATERNAL IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE PLACENTA ARE INVOLVED IN A HIGHLY CHOREOGRAPHED CROSS TALK THAT UNDERLIES ADEQUATE SPIRAL ARTERY REMODELING REQUIRED FOR UTEROPLACENTAL PERFUSION AND FREE FLOW OF NUTRIENTS TO THE FETUS. ALTHOUGH IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER IMMUNOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS OCCUR EARLY DURING PREGNANCY, STUDIES HAVE PROPOSED THAT DYSREGULATED SYSTEMIC AND PLACENTAL IMMUNITY CONTRIBUTE TO IMPAIRED ANGIOGENESIS AND THE ONSET OF PREECLAMPSIA. RECENTLY EMERGED STRONG EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A POTENTIAL LINK AMONG EPIGENETICS, MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), AND PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS. THIS CHAPTER WILL FOCUS ON IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF EPIGENETICS, IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND VASCULAR REMODELING OF PREECLAMPSIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16  5570  55 ROLE OF MELATONIN IN METABOLIC REGULATION. ALTHOUGH THE HUMAN GENOME HAS REMAINED UNCHANGED OVER THE LAST 10,000 YEARS, OUR LIFESTYLE HAS BECOME PROGRESSIVELY MORE DIVERGENT FROM THOSE OF OUR ANCIENT ANCESTORS. THIS MALADAPTIVE CHANGE BECAME APPARENT WITH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND HAS BEEN ACCELERATING IN RECENT DECADES. SOCIALLY, WE ARE PEOPLE OF THE 21ST CENTURY, BUT GENETICALLY WE REMAIN SIMILAR TO OUR EARLY ANCESTORS. IN CONJUNCTION WITH THIS DISCORDANCE BETWEEN OUR ANCIENT, GENETICALLY-DETERMINED BIOLOGY AND THE NUTRITIONAL, CULTURAL AND ACTIVITY PATTERNS IN CONTEMPORARY WESTERN POPULATIONS, MANY DISEASES HAVE EMERGED. ONLY A CENTURY AGO INFECTIOUS DISEASE WAS A MAJOR CAUSE OF MORTALITY, WHEREAS TODAY NON-INFECTIOUS CHRONIC DISEASES ARE THE GREATEST CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE WORLD. EPIDEMICS OF METABOLIC DISEASES (E.G., CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, TYPE 2 DIABETES, OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CERTAIN CANCERS) HAVE BECOME MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THE BURDEN OF POOR HEALTH AND THEY ARE PRESENTLY EMERGING OR ACCELERATING, IN MOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. ONE MAJOR LIFESTYLE CONSEQUENCE IS LIGHT AT NIGHT AND SUBSEQUENT DISRUPTED CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS CIRCADIAN DISRUPTION OR CHRONODISRUPTION. MOUNTING EVIDENCE REVEALS THAT PARTICULARLY MELATONIN RHYTHMICITY HAS CRUCIAL ROLES IN A VARIETY OF METABOLIC FUNCTIONS AS AN ANTI-OXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CHRONOBIOTIC AND POSSIBLY AS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR. THIS PAPER PROVIDES A BRIEF OUTLINE ABOUT METABOLIC DYSREGULATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH A DISRUPTED MELATONIN RHYTHM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17  6873  50 [PREVENTION OF OBESITY FROM PERINATAL STAGE]. OBESITY IS ONE OF THE MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS AND A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE PREVALENCE OF DISEASES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME, ASTHMA, SLEEP APNEA, INFERTILITY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF CANCER. ITS ORIGIN IS MULTIFACTORIAL, INVOLVING GENETIC, SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THESE LAST ONES CONTRIBUTE MOSTLY TO EXPLAIN THE CURRENT EPIDEMIC GROWTH OF THIS DISEASE. THE SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, INADEQUATE DIET, LACK OF SLEEP, ALTERATIONS IN INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND STRESS ARE FACTORS RELATED TO ITS DEVELOPMENT. SINCE BARKER PRESENTED HIS HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASES", THERE ARE INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT SHOW THE INFLUENCE OF AN INADEQUATE NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND MATERNAL WEIGHT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES, AS OBESITY IN OFFSPRING. THE NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES OF THE PREGNANT MOTHER CAUSE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND ABNORMAL PROGRAMMING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OFORGANS AND DEVICES, ADAPTING THE FETUS TO THIS SITUATION OF DEFICIENCY AND BEING ABLE TO ADAPT TO AN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT AFTER BIRTH, INCREASING ITS PROPENSITY TO OBESITY. ALSO, POOR MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS, WITH A HIGHER RISK OF CHILDHOOD AND ADULT CENTRAL OBESITY. CURRENTLY, DEFICIENT INTAKE OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND OVERWEIGHT OR MATERNAL OBESITY TEND TO OVERLAP, AND THIS COMBINATION MAY EXACERBATE THE INCREASE IN OBESITY IN THE OFFSPRING. IT IS IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY PREGNANT MOTHERS AT RISK OF SUFFERING NUTRITIONAL ALTERATIONS AND ESTABLISH THEIR IMPROVEMENT AS A PRIMARY PREVENTION STRATEGY FOR OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  2226  52 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY NUTRIENTS IN EARLY LIFE PHASES: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN METABOLIC ALTERATION IN ADULTHOOD. METABOLIC CHRONIC DISEASES, ALSO NAMED NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS), ARE CONSIDERED MULTIFACTORIAL PATHOLOGIES, WHICH ARE DRAMATICALLY INCREASED DURING THE LAST DECADES. NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, CANCERS, AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES MARKEDLY INCREASE MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND SOCIOECONOMIC COSTS. MOREOVER, NCDS INDUCE SEVERAL AND COMPLEX CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS THAT LEAD TO A GRADUAL DETERIORATION OF HEALTH STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. MULTIPLE FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF THESE DISEASES SUCH AS SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, SMOKING, POLLUTION, AND UNHEALTHY DIET. INDEED, NUTRITION HAS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING HEALTH, AND DIETARY IMBALANCES REPRESENT MAJOR DETERMINANTS FAVORING CHRONIC DISEASES THROUGH METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS ALTERATIONS. IN PARTICULAR, IT APPEARS THAT SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND ADEQUATE NUTRITION ARE IMPORTANT IN ALL PERIODS OF LIFE, BUT THEY ARE ESSENTIAL DURING SPECIFIC TIMES IN EARLY LIFE SUCH AS PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL PHASES. INDEED, EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES REPORT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AN INCORRECT NUTRITION ON HEALTH STATUS SEVERAL DECADES LATER IN LIFE. DURING THE LAST DECADE, A GROWING INTEREST ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS LINK BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES AND NCDS DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN OBSERVED. FINALLY, BECAUSE OF THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE HORMONES IN FAT, CARBOHYDRATE, AND PROTEIN METABOLISM REGULATION THROUGHOUT LIFE, IT IS EXPECTED THAT ANY HORMONAL MODIFICATION OF THESE PROCESSES CAN IMBALANCE METABOLISM AND FAT STORAGE. THEREFORE, A PARTICULAR INTEREST TO SEVERAL CHEMICALS ABLE TO ACT AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS HAS BEEN RECENTLY DEVELOPED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW AND DISCUSS THE EPIGENETIC ROLE OF SOME SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND CHEMICALS IN THE MODULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19  6234  44 THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT ON GROWTH AND METABOLISM. PEOPLE WHO WERE SMALL AT BIRTH AND HAD POOR INFANT GROWTH HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF ADULT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, PARTICULARLY IF THEIR RESTRICTED EARLY GROWTH WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED CHILDHOOD WEIGHT GAIN. THESE RELATIONS EXTEND ACROSS THE NORMAL RANGE OF BIRTH SIZE IN A GRADED MANNER, SO REDUCED SIZE IS NOT A PREREQUISITE. IN ADDITION, LARGER BIRTH SIZE IS ASSOCIATED WITH RISKS OF OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. THE ASSOCIATIONS APPEAR TO REFLECT DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTIC RESPONSES MADE BY THE FETUS AND INFANT BASED ON CUES ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT, INFLUENCED BY MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDING DIET, BODY COMPOSITION, STRESS, AND EXERCISE LEVELS. THESE RESPONSES INVOLVE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES THAT MODIFY THE OFFSPRING'S PHENOTYPE. VULNERABILITY TO ILL HEALTH RESULTS IF THE ENVIRONMENT IN INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND LATER LIFE IS MISMATCHED TO THE PHENOTYPE INDUCED IN DEVELOPMENT, INFORMED BY THE DEVELOPMENTAL CUES. THIS MISMATCH MAY ARISE THROUGH UNBALANCED DIET OR BODY COMPOSITION OF THE MOTHER OR A CHANGE IN LIFESTYLE FACTORS BETWEEN GENERATIONS. THESE INSIGHTS OFFER NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20  3975  58 LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PLACENTAL VASCULAR PATHOLOGY ON THE MATERNAL AND OFFSPRING CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS. OVER THE LAST THIRTY YEARS, EVIDENCE HAS BEEN ACCUMULATING THAT HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY (HDP) AND, SPECIFICALLY, PREECLAMPSIA (PE) PRODUCE NOT ONLY LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON THE PREGNANT WOMAN, BUT HAVE ALSO LASTING CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FETUS. AT THE CORE OF THESE CONSEQUENCES IS THE PHENOMENON KNOWN AS DEFECTIVE DEEP PLACENTATION, BEING PRESENT IN VIRTUALLY EVERY MAJOR OBSTETRICAL SYNDROME. THE PROFOUND PLACENTAL VASCULAR LESIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS PATHOLOGY CAN INDUCE LONG-TERM ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE PREGNANT WOMAN'S ENTIRE ARTERIAL SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, PLACENTAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND FUNCTION CAN, IN TURN, CAUSE A DECREASED BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE FETUS, WITH LONG-LASTING EFFECTS. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF HDP HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) COMPARED WITH WOMEN WITH NORMAL PREGNANCIES. SPECIFICALLY, THESE SUBJECTS ARE AT A FUTURE HIGHER RISK OF: HYPERTENSION; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS (STROKE); CVD-RELATED MORTALITY. VASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN PREGNANCY AND CVD MAY SHARE A COMMON ETIOLOGY AND MAY HAVE COMMON RISK FACTORS, WHICH ARE UNMASKED BY THE "STRESS" OF PREGNANCY. IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE THAT THE FUTURE OCCURRENCE OF A CVD MAY BE THE CONSEQUENCE OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION GENERATED BY PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION THAT PERSISTS AFTER DELIVERY. ALTHOUGH BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL MARKERS OF PE ABOUND, INFORMATION ON MARKERS FOR A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION IN THE VARIOUS GROUPS IS STILL LACKING. LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FETUS ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE THEORY OF A FETAL ORIGIN OF A NUMBER OF ADULT DISEASES, KNOWN AS THE BARKER HYPOTHESIS. INDEED, INTRAUTERINE MALNUTRITION AND FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION REPRESENT SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC HYPERTENSION, DIABETES, STROKE AND DEATH FROM CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN ADULTS. OTHER FACTORS WILL ALSO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT LATER IN LIFE OF HYPERTENSION, CORONARY AND MYOCARDIAL DISEASE; THEY INCLUDE PARENTAL GENETIC DISPOSITION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, CONCURRENT INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURES, AND THE LIFESTYLE OF THE AFFECTED INDIVIDUAL.	2021