1    40 182 A COMPARISON OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 AND VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS LATENCY AND REACTIVATION. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 (HSV-1; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 1) AND VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 3) ARE HUMAN NEUROTROPIC ALPHAHERPESVIRUSES THAT CAUSE LIFELONG INFECTIONS IN GANGLIA. FOLLOWING PRIMARY INFECTION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF LATENCY, HSV-1 REACTIVATION TYPICALLY RESULTS IN HERPES LABIALIS (COLD SORES), BUT CAN OCCUR FREQUENTLY ELSEWHERE ON THE BODY AT THE SITE OF PRIMARY INFECTION (E.G. WHITLOW), PARTICULARLY AT THE GENITALS. RARELY, HSV-1 REACTIVATION CAN CAUSE ENCEPHALITIS; HOWEVER, A THIRD OF THE CASES OF HSV-1 ENCEPHALITIS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HSV-1 PRIMARY INFECTION. PRIMARY VZV INFECTION CAUSES VARICELLA (CHICKENPOX) FOLLOWING WHICH LATENT VIRUS MAY REACTIVATE DECADES LATER TO PRODUCE HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES), AS WELL AS AN INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED NUMBER OF SUBACUTE, ACUTE AND CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS. FOLLOWING PRIMARY INFECTION, BOTH VIRUSES ESTABLISH A LATENT INFECTION IN NEURONAL CELLS IN HUMAN PERIPHERAL GANGLIA. HOWEVER, THE DETAILED MECHANISMS OF VIRAL LATENCY AND REACTIVATION HAVE YET TO BE UNRAVELLED. IN BOTH CASES LATENT VIRAL DNA EXISTS IN AN 'END-LESS' STATE WHERE THE ENDS OF THE VIRUS GENOME ARE JOINED TO FORM STRUCTURES CONSISTENT WITH UNIT LENGTH EPISOMES AND CONCATEMERS, FROM WHICH VIRAL GENE TRANSCRIPTION IS RESTRICTED. IN LATENTLY INFECTED GANGLIA, THE MOST ABUNDANTLY DETECTED HSV-1 RNAS ARE THE SPLICED PRODUCTS ORIGINATING FROM THE PRIMARY LATENCY ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPT (LAT). THIS PRIMARY LAT IS AN 8.3 KB UNSTABLE TRANSCRIPT FROM WHICH TWO STABLE (1.5 AND 2.0 KB) INTRONS ARE SPLICED. TRANSCRIPTS MAPPING TO 12 VZV GENES HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN HUMAN GANGLIA REMOVED AT AUTOPSY; HOWEVER, IT IS DIFFICULT TO ASCRIBE THESE AS TRANSCRIPTS PRESENT DURING LATENT INFECTION AS EARLY-STAGE VIRUS REACTIVATION MAY HAVE TRANSPIRED IN THE POST-MORTEM TIME PERIOD IN THE GANGLIA. NONETHELESS, LOW-LEVEL TRANSCRIPTION OF VZV ORF63 HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY DETECTED IN MULTIPLE GANGLIA REMOVED AS CLOSE TO DEATH AS POSSIBLE. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT HSV-1 AND VZV LATENCY IS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED. IN VITRO MODELS THAT PERMIT PATHWAY ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF BOTH EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS AND GLOBAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS OF HSV-1 AND VZV LATENCY HOLD MUCH PROMISE FOR OUR FUTURE UNDERSTANDING IN THIS COMPLEX AREA. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF HSV-1 AND VZV LATENCY AND REACTIVATION, AND ALSO PRESENTS FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR STUDY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  6697  67 VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS HUMAN GANGLIONIC LATENCY: A CURRENT SUMMARY. VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV) IS A UBIQUITOUS HUMAN HERPES VIRUS TYPICALLY ACQUIRED IN CHILDHOOD WHEN IT CAUSES VARICELLA (CHICKENPOX), FOLLOWING WHICH THE VIRUS ESTABLISHES A LATENT INFECTION IN TRIGEMINAL AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA THAT LASTS FOR THE LIFE OF THE INDIVIDUAL. VZV SUBSEQUENTLY REACTIVATES, SPONTANEOUSLY OR AFTER SPECIFIC TRIGGERING FACTORS, TO CAUSE HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES), WHICH MAY BE COMPLICATED BY POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA AND SEVERAL OTHER NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS INCLUDING VASCULOPATHY. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF VZV LATENCY LAGS BEHIND OUR KNOWLEDGE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 (HSV-1) LATENCY PRIMARILY DUE TO THE DIFFICULTY IN PROPAGATING THE VIRUS TO HIGH TITERS IN A CELL-FREE STATE, AND THE LACK OF A SUITABLE SMALL-ANIMAL MODEL FOR STUDYING VIRUS LATENCY AND REACTIVATION. IT IS NOW ESTABLISHED BEYOND DOUBT THAT LATENT VZV IS PREDOMINANTLY LOCATED IN HUMAN GANGLIONIC NEURONS. VIRUS GENE TRANSCRIPTION DURING LATENCY IS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED, AND APPEARS TO BE RESTRICTED TO EXPRESSION OF AT LEAST SIX GENES, WITH EXPRESSION OF GENE 63 BEING THE HALLMARK OF LATENCY. HOWEVER, VIRAL GENE TRANSCRIPTION MAY BE MORE EXTENSIVE THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT. THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE FOR SEVERAL VZV GENES BEING EXPRESSED AT THE PROTEIN LEVEL, INCLUDING VZV GENE 63-ENCODED PROTEIN, BUT RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THIS MAY NOT BE A COMMON EVENT. THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN LATENTLY INFECTED GANGLIA IS ALSO OF CURRENT INTEREST. THERE REMAIN SEVERAL QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE VZV LATENCY PROCESS THAT STILL NEED TO BE RESOLVED UNAMBIGUOUSLY AND IT IS LIKELY THAT THIS WILL REQUIRE THE USE OF NEWLY DEVELOPED MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES, SUCH AS GEXPS MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) FOR VIRUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS AND CHIP-SEQ TO STUDY THE EPIGENETIC OF LATENT VIRUS GENOME ( LIU ET AL, 2010 , BMC BIOL 8: 56).	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3  6652  31 UPDATE ON INFLAMMATION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: DESPITE RECENT ADVANCES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) MANAGEMENT, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THIS POPULATION REMAIN EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH. PERSISTENT, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF CKD, PLAYING A UNIQUE ROLE IN ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND BEING ACCOUNTABLE IN PART FOR CARDIOVASCULAR AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY, AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROTEIN-ENERGY WASTING. SUMMARY: THE VARIETY OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATUS IN CKD, INCLUDING INCREASED PRODUCTION AND DECREASED CLEARANCE OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ACIDOSIS, CHRONIC AND RECURRENT INFECTIONS, INCLUDING THOSE RELATED TO DIALYSIS ACCESS, ALTERED METABOLISM OF ADIPOSE TISSUE, AND INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS. INFLAMMATION DIRECTLY CORRELATES WITH THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) IN CKD AND CULMINATES IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS, WHERE EXTRACORPOREAL FACTORS, SUCH AS IMPURITIES IN DIALYSIS WATER, MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF THE DIALYSATE, AND BIOINCOMPATIBLE FACTORS IN THE DIALYSIS CIRCUIT PLAY AN ADDITIONAL ROLE. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES CONTRIBUTING TO INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION IN CKD ARE CURRENTLY BEING INTENSIVELY INVESTIGATED. A NUMBER OF INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO TARGET INFLAMMATION IN CKD, INCLUDING LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS, AND OPTIMIZATION OF DIALYSIS. IMPORTANTLY, SOME OF THESE THERAPIES HAVE BEEN RECENTLY TESTED IN RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS. KEY MESSAGES: CHRONIC INFLAMMATION SHOULD BE REGARDED AS A COMMON COMORBID CONDITION IN CKD AND ESPECIALLY IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS. A NUMBER OF INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN PROVEN TO BE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE IN WELL-DESIGNED CLINICAL STUDIES. THIS INCLUDES SUCH INEXPENSIVE APPROACHES AS MODIFICATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ARE NEEDED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF THESE INTERVENTIONS ON HARD OUTCOMES, AS WELL AS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN SELECTED CKD POPULATIONS (E.G., IN CHILDREN).	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  3280  39 HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS FOLLOWING ONABOTULINUMTOXINA ADMINISTRATION FOR CHRONIC MIGRAINE: A CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW. BACKGROUND: THERE IS A GROWING BODY OF LITERATURE DOCUMENTING LOCAL HERPES ZOSTER OUTBREAK FOLLOWING PROCEDURES. THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THESE OUTBREAKS REMAINS ELUSIVE. WE PRESENT A CASE OF ZOSTER FOLLOWING ONABOTULINUMTOXINA (BTX) FOR MIGRAINE AND A LITERATURE REVIEW. METHODS: CHART AND LITERATURE REVIEW. CASE: A 72-YEAR-OLD WOMAN WITH CHRONIC MIGRAINE RECEIVED BTX INJECTIONS FOR 3 YEARS WITHOUT INCIDENT. SHE HAD A HISTORY OF THORACIC ZOSTER WITH SUBSEQUENT POST-HERPETIC NEURALGIA. IN AUGUST 2013, 48 HOURS AFTER RECEIVING BTX INJECTIONS, SHE DEVELOPED A PAINFUL RASH IN THE RIGHT V1 DISTRIBUTION CONSISTENT WITH HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. ONE WEEK LATER THE RASH HAD RESOLVED WITHOUT TREATMENT. LITERATURE REVIEW: WE IDENTIFIED 65 (INCLUDING 2 FROM JUEL-JENSON) CASES OF ZOSTER REACTIVATION FOLLOWING MINOR PROCEDURES. THESE CASES TEND TO BE IN YOUNG PATIENTS WITHOUT SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS. OUTBREAKS CHARACTERISTICALLY OCCUR AT THE LEVEL OF EXPOSURE TO LOCAL TRAUMA. DISCUSSION: OUR REVIEW SUGGESTS THAT LOCAL TRAUMA, REGARDLESS OF THE NATURE OF STIMULI, MAY BE SUFFICIENT FOR ZOSTER REACTIVATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE STRESSORS IN THESE REPORTED CASES EXERT A LOCAL EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE ON VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION, ALLOWING FOR VIRAL REACTIVATION. CONCLUSION: ZOSTER IS A POTENTIAL COMPLICATION OF BTX ADMINISTRATION FOR CHRONIC MIGRAINE IN ADULTS. PHYSICIAN AWARENESS CAN REDUCE THE SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5  1642  34 DOES INFLAMMATION AFFECT OUTCOMES IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS? CHRONIC, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION IS A COMMON COMORBID CONDITION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), AND PARTICULARLY IN CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE CONSIDER THE QUESTION OF WHETHER INFLAMMATION AFFECTS OUTCOMES IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS. LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AS WELL AS C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, ARE ELEVATED IN CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS. MULTIPLE FACTORS LIKELY CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION IN KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS INCLUDING THE UREMIC MILIEU, LIFESTYLE AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES, INFECTIOUS AND THROMBOTIC EVENTS, THE DIALYSIS PROCESS, AND DYSBIOSIS. INCREASED INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN BOTH CKD AND CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE CLINICAL OUTCOMES INCLUDING ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY, CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION, PROTEIN ENERGY WASTING AND DIMINISHED MOTOR FUNCTION, COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, AS WELL AS OTHER ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES INCLUDING CKD-MINERAL AND BONE DISORDER, ANEMIA, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. STRATEGIES THAT HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO REDUCE CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION IN CKD AND CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS INCLUDE BOTH PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NONPHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. HOWEVER, DESPITE EVIDENCE THAT SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY MARKERS CAN BE LOWERED IN KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS TREATED WITH VARIOUS STRATEGIES, EVIDENCE THAT THIS IMPROVES CLINICAL OUTCOMES IS LARGELY UNAVAILABLE AND REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION. OVERALL, THERE IS STRONG OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE THAT INFLAMMATION IS HIGH IN CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS AND THAT THIS IS INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH NUMEROUS ADVERSE CLINICAL OUTCOMES. TARGETING INFLAMMATION REPRESENTS A POTENTIALLY NOVEL AND ATTRACTIVE STRATEGY IF IT CAN INDEED IMPROVE ADVERSE OUTCOMES COMMON IN THIS POPULATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  1883  31 END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE, INFLAMMATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES. DESPITE MARKED IMPROVEMENTS IN RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY DURING THE LAST 30 YEARS, THE AGE-ADJUSTED MORTALITY RATE IN END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) PATIENTS IS STILL UNACCEPTABLY HIGH AND COMPARABLE TO THAT OF MANY MALIGNANCIES. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) REMAINS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN ESRD PATIENTS. HOWEVER, TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS CAN ONLY PARTIALLY EXPLAIN THE HIGH PREMATURE CARDIOVASCULAR BURDEN IN THIS POPULATION. NONTRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS, INCLUDING PERSISTENT LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, ARE CRITICAL IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS, VASCULAR CALCIFICATION, AND OTHER CAUSES OF CVD AND MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO PROTEIN-ENERGY WASTING AND OTHER COMPLICATIONS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) PATIENTS. INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS, SUCH AS HIGH SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND INTERLEUKIN-6, INDEPENDENTLY PREDICT MORTALITY IN THESE PATIENTS. THE CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION IN CKD ARE MULTIFACTORIAL AND INCLUDE IMBALANCE BETWEEN INCREASED PRODUCTION (DUE TO MULTIPLE SOURCES OF INFLAMMATORY STIMULI SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, ACIDOSIS, VOLUME OVERLOAD, CO-MORBIDITIES, ESPECIALLY INFECTIONS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES, AND THE DIALYSIS PROCEDURE) AND INADEQUATE REMOVAL (DUE TO DECREASED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE OR IN ESRD PATIENTS, INADEQUATE DIALYTIC CLEARANCE) OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. THOUGH THERE ARE CURRENTLY NO ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES FOR THE TREATMENT OF LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION IN ESRD PATIENTS, SEVERAL STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED, SUCH AS LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT, AND OPTIMIZATION OF DIALYSIS. FURTHER STUDIES ON PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN PATHOGENIC PROCESSES OF INFLAMMATION IN ESRD, AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY INTERVENTIONS TARGETING PRODUCTION OR REMOVAL OF CYTOKINES OR BOTH ON PREMATURE CVD AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN THIS PATIENT GROUP ARE WARRANTED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  4796  36 NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION AS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TREATMENT? MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. IN ADDITION TO THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPONENTS, VARIOUS OTHER FACTORS, E.G. UNHEALTHY DIETARY HABITS, PLAY A ROLE IN THE MS PATHOGENESIS. DIETARY INTERVENTION IS A HIGHLY APPEALING APPROACH, AS IT PRESENTS A SIMPLE AND RELATIVELY LOW RISK METHOD TO POTENTIALLY IMPROVE OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH BRAIN DISORDERS IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE REMISSION AND IMPROVEMENT OF CLINICAL STATUS, WELL-BEING AND LIFE EXPECTANCY OF PATIENTS WITH MS. THE IMPORTANCE OF SATURATED FAT INTAKE RESTRICTION FOR THE CLINICAL STATUS IMPROVEMENT OF MS PATIENTS WAS POINTED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 1950S. RECENTLY, DECREASED RISK OF FIRST CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF CNS DEMYELINATION ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER INTAKE OF OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS PARTICULARLY ORIGINATING FROM FISH WAS REPORTED. ONLY FEW CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO ADDRESS THE QUESTION OF THE ROLE OF DIETARY INTERVENTION, SUCH IS E.G. LOW SATURATED FAT DIET IN MS TREATMENT. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY APPROACHES (DIETS LOW IN SATURATED FAT AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS SUCH AS FISH OIL, LIPOIC ACID, OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, SEEDS OILS, HIGH FIBER DIET, VITAMIN D, ETC.) ON NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS, PATIENT'S WELL-BEING, PHYSICAL AND INFLAMMATORY STATUS. SO FAR THE RESULTS ARE NOT CONCLUSIVE, THEREFORE MUCH MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO CONFIRM AND TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE DIETARY INTERVENTIONS IN THE LONG TERM AND WELL DEFINED STUDIES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  3035  28 GENETICS/GENOMICS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE--TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE? THE PROGRESSION RATE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) TO ITS TERMINAL STAGE, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD), AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND SEVERITY OF VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS, ARE AT LEAST INDIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY GENETIC--AND EPIGENETIC--FACTORS. FOR YEARS, SCIENTISTS HAVE HELD OUT HOPE THAT THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETICS COULD TRANSFORM MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, MOVING BEYOND A TRIAL-AND-ERROR APPROACH TOWARDS "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE." INDEED, THERE ARE NOW SIGNS THAT THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND THE PURSUIT OF "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE" IN MEDICAL CARE WILL BE A PRIORITY FOR GOVERNMENTS DURING YEARS TO COME. BUT THE VISION OF INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT BASED ON A PATIENT'S GENETIC MAKEUP AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAS YET TO MATERIALIZE IN THE FIELD OF CKD AND ESRD. AS THE TOXIC UREMIC ENVIRONMENT MAY RENDER CKD PATIENTS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIANTS, IT IS LIKELY THAT GENETIC FACTORS COULD BE OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IN THIS HIGH-RISK POPULATION. THEREFORE, OUTCOME IN THE CKD POPULATION MAY BE IMPROVED BY ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES, THUS ENABLING PHYSICIANS TO DESIGN AN INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE BASED ON A MORE INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY COULD BE APPLIED IN, FOR EXAMPLE, PHARMACOTHERAPY (CYP GENES), DIALYSIS THERAPY, AND NUTRITIONAL AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9   537  31 ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA: IS IT REALLY ASYMPTOMATIC? PURPOSE OF REVIEW: HYPERURICEMIA IS HIGHLY PREVALENT, AFFECTING APPROXIMATELY 38 MILLION INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES. HOWEVER, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA - HYPERURICEMIA IN THE ABSENCE OF GOUT - CONTINUES TO BE DEBATED. RECENT FINDINGS: ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA RESULTS IN MONOSODIUM URATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION IN TISSUES, WHICH MAY PROMOTE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. INTRACELLULARLY, HYPERURICEMIA INHIBITS THE MASTER REGULATOR ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (AMP)-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE AND MAY CONDITION INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES THROUGH DURABLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. AT THE POPULATION LEVEL, ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING HYPERTENSION, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, AND DIABETES; LIMITATIONS OF THESE STUDIES INCLUDE THAT MOST ARE RETROSPECTIVE AND SOME DO NOT RIGOROUSLY DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA AND GOUT. TREATMENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT URATE LOWERING MAY REDUCE THE RISK OF INCIDENCE OR PROGRESSION OF SOME OF THESE COMORBIDITIES; UNFORTUNATELY, MANY OF THESE TREATMENT STUDIES ARE SMALL OR FLAWED, AND NOT ALL STUDY RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT. SUMMARY: ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA CONTRIBUTES TO THE COMORBIDITIES WITH WHICH IT ASSOCIATES AND THAT PROPER ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA TREATMENT MAY REDUCE FUTURE RISK. ADDITIONAL PROSPECTIVE TRIALS ARE NEEDED TO DEFINITELY ESTABLISH CAUSALITY AND SUPPORT DECISION-MAKING AS TO WHETHER, AND WHICH PATIENTS WITH ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA WOULD WARRANT URATE-LOWERING TREATMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  3884  55 KIDNEY DISEASE IN DIABETES. PERSONS WITH DIABETES MAKE UP THE FASTEST GROWING GROUP OF KIDNEY DIALYSIS AND TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS IN THE UNITED STATES. IN 1985, WHEN THE FIRST EDITION OF DIABETES IN AMERICA WAS PUBLISHED, 20,961 PERSONS WITH DIABETES WERE RECEIVING RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY, REPRESENTING 29% OF ALL NEW CASES OF END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD). BY 2012, 239,837 PERSONS WITH DIABETES WERE ON RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY, ACCOUNTING FOR 44% OF ALL NEW ESRD CASES. THE INCREASED COUNT REFLECTS GROWTH IN DIABETES PREVALENCE AND INCREASED ACCESS TO DIALYSIS AND TRANSPLANTATION. THOSE WITH A PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES HAVE LOWER SURVIVAL RELATIVE TO OTHER CAUSES OF ESRD, PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF THE COEXISTENT MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES, PARTICULARLY CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD). WHILE SURVIVAL ON DIALYSIS HAS SLOWLY IMPROVED ACROSS MODALITIES SINCE THE 1990S, IT REMAINS REDUCED IN PERSONS WITH DIABETES, HALF OF WHOM DIE WITHIN 3 YEARS OF BEGINNING DIALYSIS IN THE UNITED STATES. SIMILAR TO PERSONS WITH ESRD IN GENERAL, THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG ADULTS WITH DIABETES WHO STARTED DIALYSIS IN 1995-2009 WERE CVD (58% OF THE DEATHS) AND INFECTIONS (13% OF THE DEATHS). KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS WITH DIABETES HAVE MUCH BETTER SURVIVAL THAN THOSE ON DIALYSIS, INDICATING A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT OF THE TYPE OF RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY (TRANSPLANT VERSUS DIALYSIS) ON LONG-TERM SURVIVAL. KIDNEY FAILURE AFFECTS ABOUT 1% OF PERSONS WITH DIABETES IN THE UNITED STATES. A CONSIDERABLY HIGHER PROPORTION, ABOUT 40%, HAVE LESS SEVERE KIDNEY DISEASE. SINCE THE SECOND EDITION OF DIABETES IN AMERICA WAS PUBLISHED IN 1995, A WEALTH OF NEW INFORMATION HAS CONTRIBUTED SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF KIDNEY DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES. IN 2002, THE NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION'S KIDNEY DISEASE OUTCOME QUALITY INITIATIVE PUBLISHED A UNIFORM DEFINITION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND CLASSIFICATION OF ITS STAGES IRRESPECTIVE OF UNDERLYING CAUSE, THUS PROVIDING A COMMON LANGUAGE FOR DEFINING BOTH THE SEVERITY AND PROGNOSIS OF KIDNEY DISEASE. THE DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CKD WERE SUBSEQUENTLY UPDATED AND REFINED BY THE KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES IN 2012. ACCORDINGLY, CKD IS CLASSIFIED BASED ON BOTH ALBUMINURIA AND GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) CATEGORIES, AND TOGETHER WITH KIDNEY FAILURE, THESE CONDITIONS ARE COLLECTIVELY REFERRED TO AS CKD, REGARDLESS OF ETIOLOGY. IN ADDITION, THE KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES RECOMMENDS USING EQUATIONS TO ESTIMATE GFR (EGFR), WHICH INCLUDE THE ROUTINELY OBTAINED VARIABLES SERUM CREATININE, AGE, SEX, AND RACE/ETHNICITY. THE USE OF SERUM CYSTATIN C, AN ENDOGENOUS FILTRATION MARKER LESS INFLUENCED THAN SERUM CREATININE BY VARIATIONS IN MUSCLE MASS, DIET, AND TUBULAR SECRETION, HAS EMERGED AS AN ALTERNATIVE OR AN ADJUNCT TO SERUM CREATININE-BASED EQUATIONS, PARTICULARLY IN PERSONS WITH DIABETES, IN WHOM EARLY KIDNEY DISEASE IS OFTEN CHARACTERIZED BY ELEVATED GFR. SINCE THE LATE 1990S, NEW MOLECULAR MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN DEFINED THAT ARE HELPING TO EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. GLOMERULAR STRUCTURAL LESIONS WERE FOUND TO EXPLAIN 95% OF THE VARIABILITY IN ALBUMIN EXCRETION AND 78% OF GFR VARIABILITY. THE LATTER PERCENTAGE INCREASED TO 92% BY ADDING INDICES OF GLOMERULAR-TUBULAR JUNCTION ABNORMALITIES AND INTERSTITIAL EXPANSION TO THE REGRESSION MODELS. PODOCYTE INJURY APPEARS TO PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. IN PERSONS WITH EITHER TYPE 1 OR TYPE 2 DIABETES, PODOCYTE CHANGES MAY OCCUR EVEN BEFORE THE INCREASE IN ALBUMINURIA, SUGGESTING THAT DIABETES ITSELF MAY INDUCE PODOCYTE ALTERATIONS. MUCH HAS ALSO BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT THE PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS OF CKD. ELEVATED ALBUMINURIA AND LOW GFR ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ESRD, FATAL AND NONFATAL CVD, AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY. A META-ANALYSIS OF 1,024,977 PARTICIPANTS (NEARLY 13% WITH DIABETES) FROM 30 GENERAL POPULATION AND HIGH-RISK CARDIOVASCULAR COHORTS AND 13 CKD COHORTS INDICATED THAT WHILE THE ABSOLUTE RISKS FOR ALL-CAUSE AND CVD MORTALITY ARE HIGHER IN THE PRESENCE OF DIABETES, THE RELATIVE RISKS OF ESRD OR DEATH BY EGFR AND ALBUMINURIA ARE SIMILAR WITH OR WITHOUT DIABETES. THESE FINDINGS UNDERSCORE THE IMPORTANCE OF KIDNEY DISEASE PER SE AS A PREDICTOR OF IMPORTANT CLINICAL OUTCOMES, REGARDLESS OF THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF KIDNEY DISEASE. NEW BIOMARKERS OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE APPEAR TO HAVE ADDITIONAL PROGNOSTIC INFORMATION BEYOND THAT PROVIDED BY ALBUMINURIA. THESE MARKERS INCLUDE KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE 1, LIVER FATTY ACID-BINDING PROTEIN, N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE, NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE-ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN, BETA-TRACE PROTEIN, BETA(2)-MICROGLOBULIN, AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS 1 AND 2. MANY CONCEPTS ABOUT RISK FACTORS FOR CKD ILLUSTRATED IN THIS CHAPTER HAVE NOT CHANGED SINCE 1995, AND WHERE THEY HAVE, THOSE CHANGES ARE DISCUSSED. IN PARTICULAR, MAJOR ADVANCES HAVE BEEN MADE IN ELUCIDATING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC COMPLEXITY OF CKD, WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO DEFINING CELLULAR METABOLIC MEMORY AND THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE LONGLASTING EFFECTS OF STRICT GLYCEMIC CONTROL OBSERVED IN PERSONS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES OR TYPE 2 DIABETES. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PERSONS WITH DIABETES AND CKD HAVE EXTENDED THE TIME COURSE FROM ONSET OF SEVERE ALBUMINURIA TO ESRD AND REDUCED THE OCCURRENCE OF CVD. IN TYPE 1 DIABETES, THE COMBINED DIABETES CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS TRIAL (DCCT) AND ITS LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP, THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETES INTERVENTIONS AND COMPLICATIONS (EDIC) OBSERVATIONAL STUDY, INDICATED THAT INTENSIVE EARLY METABOLIC CONTROL REDUCED THE RISK OF IMPAIRED GFR BY 50% AND OF CVD OUTCOMES BY 42%, WITH A SPECIFIC 57% DECREASE IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, STROKE, OR DEATH FROM CVD, EFFECTS THAT WERE PARTLY MEDIATED BY THE REDUCED INCIDENCE OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. AMONG PERSONS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES, A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS INDICATED THAT MORE INTENSIVE GLYCEMIC CONTROL (GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN [A1C] <7%) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT 10% REDUCTION IN ALBUMINURIA BUT HAD NO EFFECTS ON MORTALITY, KIDNEY FAILURE, OR OTHER VASCULAR OUTCOMES. THE ACTION TO CONTROL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN DIABETES (ACCORD) TRIAL, TARGETING AN A1C LEVEL <6.0% IN THE INTENSIVE INTERVENTION ARM, REPORTED AN INCREASED RISK OF CVD DEATH FOR INTENSIVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL GLYCEMIC CONTROL, ALTHOUGH IT REMAINS UNCLEAR WHETHER THIS EFFECT WAS RELATED TO MORE HYPOGLYCEMIC EPISODES, THE USE OF ADDITIONAL HYPOGLYCEMIC MEDICINES, OR TO THE TARGET GLYCEMIC LEVEL ITSELF. LIKEWISE, THE MODEST GAINS IN INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES IN THE INTENSIVE TREATMENT ARMS OF THE ACTION IN DIABETES AND VASCULAR DISEASE: PRETERAX AND DIAMICRON MODIFIED RELEASE CONTROLLED EVALUATION (ADVANCE) AND THE VETERANS AFFAIRS DIABETES (VADT) TRIAL WERE COUNTERBALANCED BY A TWOFOLD TO THREEFOLD HIGHER RISK OF SEVERE HYPOGLYCEMIA. TOGETHER, THESE TRIALS INDICATE THAT GLYCEMIC CONTROL IS EXTREMELY USEFUL UP TO A POINT, BUT MORE AGGRESSIVE GLYCEMIC CONTROL MAY BE HARMFUL. SIMILARLY, FOR BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL, 2014-2015 RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE GUIDELINE-WRITING GROUPS ENDORSE LESS INTENSIVE AND MORE INDIVIDUALIZED BLOOD PRESSURE TARGETS FOR DIABETES AND CKD THAN IN THE PAST. PERSONS WITH DIABETES AND CKD REQUIRE MULTIDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT INVOLVING A COMBINATION OF TREATMENTS AND BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENTS TO DELAY PROGRESSION OF CKD AND TO PREVENT THE ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS. THE STENO-2 STUDY, A LANDMARK PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED TRIAL IN DENMARK, DEMONSTRATED THAT COMPARED WITH CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT, INTENSIVE MULTIFACTORIAL INTERVENTION LED TO 46% LOWER DEATH RATE, 56% LESS SEVERE ALBUMINURIA, 43% LOWER INCIDENCE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, AND 47% LOWER INCIDENCE OF AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY DURING THE 13.3-YEAR STUDY PERIOD.	2018	

11  4786  29 NUTRITION AND HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE: SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS AND MEETING CHALLENGES FOR THE AGING POPULATION. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC (GENOME) AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (EPIGENOME) OPERATE DURING A PERSON'S ENTIRE LIFESPAN. THE AGING PROCESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL CELLULAR AND ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS THAT, AT THE END, CAUSE MULTI-ORGANIC CELL FAILURE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF AGING ARE MODIFIABLE BY APPROPRIATE PREVENTIVE ACTIONS MEDIATED BY SIRTUINS, CALORIC INPUT, DIET COMPONENTS, ADIPOSE TISSUE-RELATED INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. THE MEDITERRANEAN LIFESTYLE HAS BEEN FOR MANY MILLENNIA A DAILY HABIT FOR PEOPLE IN WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS LIVING AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA WHO WORKED INTENSIVELY AND SURVIVED WITH VERY FEW SEASONAL FOODS. A HIGH ADHERENCE TO THE TRADITIONAL MEDITERRANEAN DIET IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW MORTALITY (HIGHER LONGEVITY) AND REDUCED RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER, THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, DEPRESSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. REPORTS INDICATE THAT SOME DIETARY COMPONENTS, SUCH AS OLIVE OIL, ANTIOXIDANTS, OMEGA-3 AND -6 POLYUNSATURATED ACIDS, POLYPHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS, MEDIATE BENEFICIAL ANTI-AGING EFFECTS (ANTI-CHRONIC DISEASES AND INCREASED LONGEVITY). EQUALLY, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DISPLAYS A POSITIVE EFFECT, PRODUCING CALORIC CONSUMPTION AND REGULATION OF ADIPOSE AND PANCREATIC FUNCTION. THE PREDICTIVE STRENGTH OF SOME FOOD PATTERNS MAY BE A WAY OF DEVELOPING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOOD AND HEALTH POLICIES. THIS PAPER WILL DISCUSS SEVERAL WAYS OF IMPROVING HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE, FOCUSING ON CERTAIN GROUPS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND HEALTHY HABITS WHICH MAY REDUCE OR PREVENT AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  6742  49 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13   307  34 ALBUMINURIA DOWNREGULATION OF THE ANTI-AGING FACTOR KLOTHO: THE MISSING LINK POTENTIALLY EXPLAINING THE ASSOCIATION OF PATHOLOGICAL ALBUMINURIA WITH PREMATURE DEATH. TEN PERCENT OF THE ADULT POPULATION HAS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), WHICH IS DIAGNOSED WHEN THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) IS BELOW 60 ML/MIN PER 1.73 M(2) OR WHEN ALBUMINURIA IS ABOVE 30 MG/DAY. THE NUMERICAL THRESHOLDS WERE CHOSEN BECAUSE THEY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF CKD PROGRESSION OR PREMATURE DEATH WITHIN A WIDER SCENARIO OF ACCELERATED AGING. INDEED, CKD IS ONE OF THE FASTEST GROWING CAUSES OF DEATH WORLDWIDE. A DECREASED GFR IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCUMULATION OF URAEMIC TOXINS THAT MAY PROMOTE TISSUE AND ORGAN DAMAGE. HOWEVER, CKD MAY BE DIAGNOSED WHEN THE GFR IS COMPLETELY NORMAL, AS LONG AS THERE IS PATHOLOGICAL ALBUMINURIA. A KEY UNANSWERED QUESTION TO STEM THE RISE OF CKD-ASSOCIATED DEATHS IS WHETHER THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ISOLATED ALBUMINURIA (WHEN THE GFR IS NORMAL) AND PREMATURE DEATH IS CAUSAL. THE RECENT DEMONSTRATION THAT ALBUMINURIA PER SE DIRECTLY SUPPRESSES THE PRODUCTION OF THE ANTI-AGING FACTOR KLOTHO BY KIDNEY TUBULAR CELLS MAY BE ONE OF THE FIRST STEPS TO ADDRESS THE CAUSALITY OF THE ALBUMINURIA-PREMATURE DEATH-ACCELERATED AGING ASSOCIATION. THIS HYPOTHESIS SHOULD BE TESTED IN INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES THAT SHOULD DRAW FROM TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE ADVANCES. THUS, THE OBSERVATION THAT ALBUMINURIA DECREASES KLOTHO PRODUCTION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IMPLIES THAT KLOTHO DOWNREGULATION MAY PERSIST AFTER THE CORRECTION OF ALBUMINURIA, AND INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE NEEDED TO RESTORE KLOTHO PRODUCTION. ON THE BASIS OF RECENT LITERATURE, THESE MAY INCLUDE MANIPULATION OF NF-KAPPAB REGULATORS SUCH AS B CELL LYMPHOMA 3 PROTEIN (BCL-3), AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORS SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLASES, OR THE REPURPOSING OF DRUGS SUCH AS PENTOXIFYLLINE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  6743  52 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? INCORPORATING PRESENTATIONS ON SCOLIOGENY AT THE 2012 IRSSD AND SRS MEETINGS. THIS PAPER AIMS TO INTEGRATE INTO CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF AIS CAUSATION, ETIOPATHOGENETIC INFORMATION PRESENTED AT TWO MEETINGS DURING 2012 NAMELY, THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY OF SPINAL DEFORMITIES (IRSSD) AND THE SCOLIOSIS RESEARCH SOCIETY (SRS). THE ULTIMATE HOPE IS TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OR PROGRESSION OF THE SPINAL DEFORMITY OF AIS WITH NON-INVASIVE TREATMENT, POSSIBLY MEDICAL. THIS MIGHT BE ATTAINED BY PERSONALISED POLYMECHANISTIC PREVENTIVE THERAPY TARGETING THE APPROPRIATE ETIOLOGY AND/OR ETIOPATHOGENETIC PATHWAYS, TO AVOID FUSION AND MAINTAIN SPINAL MOBILITY. ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15   108  26 A REVIEW OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MELATONIN IN PESTICIDE-INDUCED TOXICITY. PESTICIDES ARE AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT CHEMICALS USED IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR. HOWEVER, THEIR EXTENSIVE USE HAS POLLUTED THE ENVIRONMENT AND INCREASED HUMAN VULNERABILITY TO VARIOUS CHRONIC DISEASES. PESTICIDE EXPOSURE CAUSES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. AREAS COVERED: THIS REVIEW IS BASED ON THE LITERATURE STUDIES CURRENTLY REPORTED ON PESTICIDE-INDUCED TOXICITY AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF MELATONIN. SCIENTIFIC DATABASES SUCH AS PUBMED, SCOPUS AND WEB OF SCIENCE WERE SEARCHED USING KEYWORDS 'PESTICIDE' AND 'MELATONIN' UP TO JANUARY 2016. FULL LENGTH ARTICLES RELATED TO ANIMAL AND HUMAN EXPOSURE WERE RETRIEVED. A TOTAL NUMBER OF 181 RECORDS WERE OBTAINED, AND AFTER EXCLUDING THE DUPLICATES, 97 PAPERS WERE FURTHER SCREENED ON THE BASIS OF RELEVANCE TO THE TOPIC. EXPERT OPINION: MELATONIN AS A BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIOXIDANT IS ABLE TO PENETRATE CELLULAR COMPARTMENTS SPECIFICALLY THE MITOCHONDRIA. IT IS A POTENT FREE RADICAL SCAVENGER WITH LOW TOXICITY AND DESIRABLE SOLUBILITY IN ORGANIC AND AQUEOUS PHASES. WE ARE OF THE OPINION THAT MELATONIN IS A PROMISING AGENT IN MINIMIZING ORGAN INJURIES INDUCED BY PESTICIDES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16  5025  29 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17  5440  34 RENAL DIFFERENTIATION OF AMNIOTIC FLUID STEM CELLS: PERSPECTIVES FOR CLINICAL APPLICATION AND FOR STUDIES ON SPECIFIC HUMAN GENETIC DISEASES. BACKGROUND: OWING TO GROWING RATES OF DIABETES, HYPERTENSION AND THE AGEING POPULATION, THE PREVALENCE OF END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE, DEVELOPED FROM EARLIER STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE IS DRAMATICALLY INCREASING. DIALYSIS AND PREFERABLE RENAL TRANSPLANTATION ARE WIDELY APPLIED THERAPIES FOR THIS INCURABLE CONDITION. HOWEVER THESE OPTIONS ARE LIMITED BECAUSE OF MORBIDITY, SHORTAGE OF COMPATIBLE ORGANS AND COSTS. THEREFORE, STEM CELL-BASED APPROACHES ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY ACCEPTED AS AN ALTERNATIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. DESIGN: THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT FINDINGS ON THE NEPHROGENIC POTENTIAL OF AMNIOTIC FLUID STEM (AFS) CELLS AND THEIR PUTATIVE IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND FOR STUDIES ON SPECIFIC HUMAN GENETIC DISEASES. RESULTS: SINCE THEIR DISCOVERY IN 2003, AFS CELLS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE PLURIPOTENT WITH THE POTENTIAL TO FORM EMBRYOID BODIES. COMPARED TO ADULT STEM CELLS, INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS OR EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, AFS CELLS HARBOUR A VARIETY OF ADVANTAGES, SUCH AS THEIR HIGH DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATIVE POTENTIAL, NO NEED FOR ECTOPIC INDUCTION OF PLURIPOTENCY AND NO SOMATIC MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC MEMORY OF SOURCE CELLS, AND NO TUMOURIGENIC POTENTIAL AND ASSOCIATED ETHICAL CONTROVERSIES, RESPECTIVELY. CONCLUSIONS: RECENTLY, THE RESULTS OF DIFFERENT INDEPENDENT STUDIES PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT AFS CELLS COULD INDEED BE A POWERFUL TOOL FOR RENAL REGENERATIVE MEDICINE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18  5280  26 PROMOTING SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PHARMACOLOGICAL, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES. ACCUMULATED EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) DYSFUNCTION MAY BE THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF MANY MS CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING NEURODEGENERATION AND REDUCED RESPONSE TO IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES, DEPRESSION, FATIGUE AND SLEEP DISORDERS, MIGRAINE, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND CHRONIC CEREBROSPINAL VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY, THE NEWER MS VASCULAR ETIOLOGY. WE HAVE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WITH THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCING ANS ACTIVITY, AND THE INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE FACTORS. THIS REVIEW EXPANDS UPON PREVIOUS ONES, DESCRIBING THE PHARMACOLOGICAL, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES THAT COULD BE ADOPTED TO PREVENT AND MINIMIZE THE DETERIORATION IN ANS FUNCTION, PROMOTING A STATE OF SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE. HOWEVER, THESE STRATEGIES SHOULD NOT BE APPLIED AS "ONE SIZE FITS ALL", BUT SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NATURE AND THE DEGREE OF ANS DYSFUNCTION. THESE STRATEGIES WOULD BE EFFECTIVE IN IMPROVING ANS FUNCTION NOT ONLY IN MS, BUT ALSO IN OTHER AUTOIMMUNE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, WHERE THE DYSFUNCTION OF THIS SYSTEM PLAYS A ROLE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19   465  35 ARE TARGETED THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ON THE HORIZON? DIABETES INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE APPROXIMATELY 2.5-FOLD, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES. THIS PROCESS, TERMED DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY INITIAL IMPAIRMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) RELAXATION FOLLOWED BY LV CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION REVEALS THAT HUMAN DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LV DAMAGE, INCLUDING CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, APOPTOSIS AND FIBROSIS, WITH IMPAIRED CORONARY MICROVASCULAR PERFUSION. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ARE IMPLICATED. DESPITE A RECENT RISE IN RESEARCH INTERROGATING THESE MECHANISMS AND AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE REMAINS A LACK OF SPECIFIC TREATMENT STRATEGIES. HOW THE CHRONIC METABOLIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED IN DIABETES LEAD TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES REMAINS A PERTINENT QUESTION, AND IT IS HOPED THAT RECENT ADVANCES, PARTICULARLY IN THE AREA OF EPIGENETICS, AMONG OTHERS, MAY PROVIDE SOME ANSWERS. THIS REVIEW HENCE EXPLORES THE TEMPORAL ONSET OF THE PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESULTANT DISEASE PHENOTYPE, AS WELL AS BOTH CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. THE EMERGENCE OF GLUCOSE-OPTIMIZING AGENTS, NAMELY GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS AND SODIUM/GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER (SGLT)2 INHIBITORS THAT CONFER BENEFITS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, TOGETHER WITH NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES, HIGHLIGHT A NEW AND EXCITING ERA IN DIABETES RESEARCH, WHICH IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN MAJOR CLINICAL IMPACT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20   734  32 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022