1   444 143 AORTIC AND CAROTID ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATOR GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES PRECEDE BLOOD PRESSURE RISE IN STROKE-PRONE DAHL SALT-SENSITIVE HYPERTENSIVE RATS. MULTIPLE CLINICAL STUDIES SHOW THAT ARTERIAL STIFFNESS, MEASURED AS PULSE WAVE VELOCITY (PWV), PRECEDES HYPERTENSION AND IS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF HYPERTENSION END ORGAN DISEASES INCLUDING STROKE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. RISK FACTOR STUDIES FOR ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IMPLICATE AGE, HYPERTENSION AND SODIUM. HOWEVER, CAUSAL MECHANISMS LINKING RISK FACTOR TO ARTERIAL STIFFNESS REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED. HERE, WE STUDIED THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP OF ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND HYPERTENSION IN THE NA-INDUCED, STROKE-PRONE DAHL SALT-SENSITIVE (S) HYPERTENSIVE RAT MODEL, AND ANALYZED PUTATIVE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. STROKE-PRONE AND NON-STROKE-PRONE MALE AND FEMALE RATS WERE STUDIED AT 3- AND 6-WEEKS OF AGE FOR ARTERIAL STIFFNESS (PWV, STRAIN), BLOOD PRESSURE, VESSEL WALL HISTOLOGY, AND GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES. STUDIES SHOWED THAT INCREASED LEFT CAROTID AND AORTIC ARTERIAL STIFFNESS PRECEDED HYPERTENSION, PULSE PRESSURE WIDENING, AND STRUCTURAL WALL CHANGES AT THE 6-WEEK TIME-POINT. INSTEAD, DIFFERENTIAL GENE INDUCTION WAS DETECTED IMPLICATING MOLECULAR-FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) STRUCTURAL CONSTITUENTS, MODIFIERS, CELL ADHESION, AND MATRICELLULAR PROTEINS, AS WELL AS IN ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, APOPTOSIS BALANCE, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORS. IMMUNOSTAINING TESTING HISTONE MODIFIERS EP300, HDAC3, AND PRMT5 LEVELS CONFIRMED CAROTID ARTERY-UPREGULATION IN ALL THREE LAYERS: ENDOTHELIAL, SMOOTH MUSCLE AND ADVENTITIAL CELLS. OUR STUDY RECAPITULATES OBSERVATIONS IN HUMANS THAT GIVEN SALT-SENSITIVITY, INCREASED NA-INTAKE INDUCED ARTERIAL STIFFNESS BEFORE HYPERTENSION, INCREASED PULSE PRESSURE, AND STRUCTURAL VESSEL WALL CHANGES. DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH ARTERIAL STIFFNESS SUGGEST A MOLECULAR MECHANISM LINKING SODIUM TO FULL-VESSEL WALL RESPONSE AFFECTING GENE-NETWORKS INVOLVED IN VASCULAR ECM STRUCTURE-FUNCTION, APOPTOSIS BALANCE, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2  4415  33 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT INDUCE ARTERIAL CALCIFICATION BY INDOXYL SULFATE AND P-CRESYL SULFATE. THE PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS, INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) AND P-CRESYL SULFATE (PCS), ARE CONSIDERED TO BE HARMFUL VASCULAR TOXINS. ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION, OR THE DEPOSITION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTALS IN THE ARTERIES, CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, HYPERTENSION, AND IMPAIRED CORONARY PERFUSION IN THE ELDERLY AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND DIABETES. RECENTLY, WE REPORTED THAT BOTH IS AND PCS TRIGGER MODERATE TO SEVERE CALCIFICATION IN THE AORTA AND PERIPHERAL VESSELS OF CKD RATS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE UREMIC TOXINS INDUCE ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN INFLAMMATION, COAGULATION, AND LIPID METABOLISM PATHWAYS, INFLUENCED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS, IS CRUCIAL IN IS/PCS-INDUCED ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE ARE LINKED TO THESE EVENTS, SUGGESTING THAT A GOOD BALANCE BETWEEN GLUCOSE AND LIPID LEVELS MIGHT BE IMPORTANT. ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL, EFFECTS ON ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, WHICH ACT AS THE PRIMARY SENSORS OF CIRCULATING PATHOLOGICAL TRIGGERS, MIGHT BE AS IMPORTANT AS THOSE ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PROVOKED BY IS AND PCS TRIGGERED OXIDATIVE STRESS, MAY BE CONSIDERED A KEY EVENT IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. IN THIS REVIEW A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS SUCH AS THE ROLE OF MIRNA'S, PHENOTYPIC SWITCHING OF BOTH ENDOTHELIAL AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND NEW TYPES OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION RELATED TO PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS ARE PUT FORWARD AND DISCUSSED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3  2378  29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL PHENOTYPE SWITCHING IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC ARTERY REMODELING: A MINI-REVIEW. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY EXTENSIVE REMODELING OF MEDIUM AND LARGE-SIZED ARTERIES. INWARD REMODELING (=LUMEN SHRINKAGE) OF THE VASCULAR WALLS IS THE UNDERLYING CAUSE FOR ISCHEMIA IN TARGET ORGANS. THEREFORE, INWARD REMODELING CAN BE CONSIDERED THE PREDOMINANT FEATURE OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PATHOLOGY. OUTWARD REMODELING (=LUMEN ENLARGEMENT) IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE COMPENSATING FOR LUMEN SHRINKAGE CAUSED BY NEOINTIMAL HYPERPLASIA, BUT AS A PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN BLOOD FLOW, OUTWARD REMODELING LEADS TO SUBSTANTIAL ARTERIAL WALL THINNING. THINNED VASCULAR WALLS ARE PRONE TO RUPTURE, AND SUBSEQUENT THROMBUS FORMATION ACCOUNTS FOR THE MAJORITY OF ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS. PATHOLOGICAL REMODELING IS DRIVEN BY INFLAMMATORY CELLS WHICH INDUCE VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS TO SWITCH FROM QUIESCENT TO A PROLIFERATIVE AND MIGRATORY PHENOTYPE. AFTER DECADES OF INTENSIVE RESEARCH, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ARTERIAL REMODELING ARE STARTING TO UNFOLD. IN THIS MINI-REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL PHENOTYPE SWITCHING FROM THE CONTRACTILE TO THE SYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE INVOLVED IN ARTERIAL REMODELING AND DISCUSS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  2356  31 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION-INDUCED VASCULAR AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR REMODELING: NEW OPPORTUNITIES? PULMONARY ARTERY HYPERTENSION (PAH) IS A RARE CHRONIC DISEASE WITH HIGH IMPACT ON PATIENTS' QUALITY OF LIFE AND CURRENTLY NO AVAILABLE CURE. PAH IS CHARACTERIZED BY CONSTANT REMODELING OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY BY INCREASED PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (PASMCS), FIBROBLASTS (FBS) AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS). THIS REMODELING EVENTUALLY LEADS TO INCREASED PRESSURE IN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE (RV) AND SUBSEQUENT RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY (RVH) WHICH, WHEN LEFT UNTREATED, PROGRESSES INTO RIGHT VENTRICLE FAILURE (RVF). PAH CAN NOT ONLY ORIGINATE FROM HERITABLE MUTATIONS, BUT ALSO DEVELOP AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE, EXPOSURE TO DRUGS OR TOXINS, HIV, CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE OR BE IDIOPATHIC. WHILE MUCH ATTENTION WAS DRAWN INTO INVESTIGATING AND DEVELOPING THERAPIES RELATED TO THE MOST WELL UNDERSTOOD SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN PAH, IN THE LAST DECADE, A SHIFT TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS DRIVING THE DISEASE OCCURRED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE REFLECT ON THE DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC REGULATORY FACTORS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOLOGY OF RV REMODELING, AND ON THEIR RELEVANCE TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE AND SUBSEQUENTLY, THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW AND MORE EFFICIENT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5  5532  37 RODENT MODELS OF GROUP 1 PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION CATEGORY 1 PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PH) IS A HETEROGENEOUS SYNDROME IN WHICH PH ORIGINATES IN THE SMALL PULMONARY ARTERIES AND IS THEREFORE ALSO REFERRED TO AS PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (PAH). COMMON PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC FEATURES INCLUDE ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION AND IMPAIRED APOPTOSIS OF VASCULAR CELLS, AND MITOCHONDRIAL FRAGMENTATION. THE PROLIFERATION/APOPTOSIS IMBALANCE RELATES IN PART TO ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1ALPHA (HIF-1ALPHA) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR OF ACTIVATED T-CELLS (NFAT) AND APOPTOSIS REPRESSORS, SUCH AS SURVIVIN. PERIVASCULAR INFLAMMATION, DISRUPTION OF ADVENTITIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE, AND A GLYCOLYTIC METABOLIC SHIFT IN VASCULAR CELLS AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES ALSO OCCUR IN PAH. THERE ARE IMPORTANT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS TO PAH. THIS REVIEW ASSESSES THE FIDELITY OF EXISTING ANIMAL MODELS TO HUMAN PAH. NO SINGLE MODEL CAN PERFECTLY RECAPITULATE THE MANY DIVERSE FORMS OF PH IN CATEGORY 1; HOWEVER, ACCEPTABLE MODELS EXIST. PAH INDUCED BY MONOCROTALINE AND CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS SU-5416 (CH+SU) IN RATS DISPLAY ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PROLIFERATION/APOPTOSIS IMBALANCE, AND DEVELOP THE GLYCOLYTIC METABOLIC PROFILE OF HUMAN PAH. HISTOLOGICALLY, CH+SU BEST CONFORMS TO PAH IN THAT IT DEVELOPS COMPLEX VASCULAR LESIONS, INCLUDING PLEXIFORM LESIONS. HOWEVER, THE MONOCROTALINE MODEL CAN BE INDUCED TO MANIFEST COMPLEX VASCULAR LESIONS AND DOES MANIFEST THE TENDENCY OF PAH PATIENTS TO DIE OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR (RV) FAILURE. MURINE MODELS OFFER GREATER MOLECULAR CERTAINTY THAN RAT MODELS BUT RARELY DEVELOP SIGNIFICANT PH, HAVE LESS RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY (RVH) AND PULMONARY ARTERY (PA) REMODELING, AND ARE HARDER TO IMAGE AND CATHETERIZE. THE USE OF HIGH FIDELITY CATHETERIZATION AND ADVANCED IMAGING (MICROPET-CT, HIGH FREQUENCY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, HIGH FIELD STRENGTH MRI) AND FUNCTIONAL TESTING (TREADMILL) PERMIT ACCURATE PHENOTYPING OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF PAH. PRECLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF TESTING EXPERIMENTAL PAH THERAPIES. THE USE OF MULTIPLE COMPLEMENTARY MODELS WITH ADEQUATE SAMPLE SIZE AND TRIAL DURATION AND APPROPRIATE ENDPOINTS ARE REQUIRED FOR PRECLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL PAH THERAPIES.	2013	
                                                                                                                
6  4978  21 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND NEW ADVANCES IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A PROGRESSIVE AND OFTEN FATAL CARDIOPULMONARY CONDITION CHARACTERISED BY INCREASED PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE, STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION, AND THE FORMATION OF VASO-OCCLUSIVE LESIONS. THESE CHANGES LEAD TO INCREASED RIGHT VENTRICULAR AFTERLOAD, WHICH OFTEN PROGRESSES TO MALADAPTIVE RIGHT VENTRICULAR REMODELLING AND EVENTUALLY DEATH. PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION REPRESENTS ONE OF THE MOST SEVERE AND BEST STUDIED TYPES OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND IS CONSISTENTLY TARGETED BY DRUG TREATMENTS. THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL PROCESS, BUT CAN BE CHARACTERISED BY SEVERAL HALLMARKS: INFLAMMATION, IMPAIRED ANGIOGENESIS, METABOLIC ALTERATIONS, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, INFLUENCE OF SEX AND SEX HORMONES, AND ABNORMALITIES IN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE. CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND SOME OTHER TYPES OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION TARGET PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF PULMONARY VASCULAR TONE AND PROLIFERATION; HOWEVER, THESE TREATMENTS HAVE LIMITED EFFICACY ON PATIENT OUTCOMES. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES KEY FEATURES OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, DISCUSSES CURRENT AND EMERGING THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS, AND POINTS TO FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PATIENT CARE. BECAUSE MOST PROGRESS IN THE SPECIALTY HAS BEEN MADE IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THIS TYPE OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. THE REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS KEY PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND EMERGING THERAPEUTIC DIRECTIONS, TARGETING INFLAMMATION, CELLULAR METABOLISM, GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS, SEX HORMONE SIGNALLING, BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN SIGNALLING, AND INHIBITION OF TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7  6774  41 [AGE-RELATED VASCULAR CHANGES EXEMPLIFIED BY THE CAROTID ARTERY]. ONE OF THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR THE PRESENCE OF CAROTID STENOSIS AND CAROTID-RELATED STROKE IS AGE. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW ARTICLE IS TO PRESENT THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON AGE-RELATED VASCULAR CHANGES USING CAROTID STENOSIS AS AN EXAMPLE.VASCULAR AGING (VASCULAR SENESCENCE) IS A DECREASE OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE VESSEL WALL THAT TAKES PLACE ON DIFFERENT LEVELS. AT THE MULTICELLULAR LEVEL AN INCREASE IN VESSEL VOLUME AND DIAMETER AS WELL AS INTIMA MEDIA THICKNESS OCCURS WITH AGE MAINLY DUE TO ATHEROSCLEROTIC CHANGES IN THE VESSEL WALL. AT THE CELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR LEVELS THERE IS A DECREASE IN ELASTIN FIBERS, SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, AND TOTAL CELLULARITY, AN INCREASE IN LIPID, CHOLESTEROL, AND CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DEPOSITION AS WELL AS NEOVASCULARIZATION. THE CAUSES OF VASCULAR AGING AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL INCLUDE, IN PARTICULAR OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, DYSREGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF NON-CODING RNAS (NCRNAS), AND THE INCREASE IN SENESCENCE. AGE-RELATED LOSS OF TISSUE HEALING AND REPAIR CAPACITY MAKE PLAQUES MORE VULNERABLE AND, IN THE CASE OF THE CAROTID ARTERY, MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ISCHEMIC STROKE.INCREASING KNOWLEDGE OF THE INFLUENCE OF AGING ON THE EPIGENETICS AND NCRNAS IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES CAN IN THE FUTURE MORE ACCURATELY QUANTIFY INDIVIDUAL PATIENT RISK AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES; HOWEVER, FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED IN THIS FIELD TO UNDERSTAND THE FULL EXTENT OF VASCULAR AGING AND ITS ASSOCIATED DISEASES SO THAT THESE CAN THEN BE SPECIFICALLY TARGETED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8  4109  27 MECHANISMS AND DRUG THERAPY OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AT HIGH ALTITUDE. PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTION REPRESENTS A PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISM TO HIGH ALTITUDE. IF EXAGGERATED, HOWEVER, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPORTANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. RECENT MECHANISTIC STUDIES USING SHORT-TERM ACUTE HIGH ALTITUDE EXPOSURE HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFECTIVE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL AND RESPIRATORY EPITHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE (NO) SYNTHESIS, INCREASED ENDOTHELIN-1 BIOAVAILABILITY, AND OVERACTIVATION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN CAUSING EXAGGERATED HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN HUMANS. BASED ON THESE STUDIES, DRUGS THAT INCREASE NO BIOAVAILABILITY, ATTENUATE ENDOTHELIN-1 INDUCED PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTION, OR PREVENT EXAGGERATED SYMPATHETIC ACTIVATION HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE USEFUL FOR THE TREATMENT/PREVENTION OF EXAGGERATED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION DURING ACUTE SHORT-TERM HIGH ALTITUDE EXPOSURE. THE MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING CHRONIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN HIGH ALTITUDE DWELLERS ARE LESS WELL UNDERSTOOD, BUT RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THEY DIFFER IN SOME ASPECTS FROM THOSE INVOLVED IN SHORT-TERM ADAPTATION TO HIGH ALTITUDE. THESE DIFFERENCES HAVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE CHOICE OF THE TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AT HIGH ALTITUDE. FINALLY, RECENT DATA INDICATE THAT FETAL PROGRAMMING OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN OFFSPRING OF PREECLAMPSIA AND CHILDREN GENERATED BY ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES REPRESENTS A NOVEL AND FREQUENT CAUSE OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AT HIGH ALTITUDE. IN ANIMAL MODELS OF FETAL PROGRAMMING OF HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A ROLE, AND TARGETING OF THESE MECHANISMS WITH DRUGS LOWERS PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE. IF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALSO ARE OPERATIONAL IN THE FETAL PROGRAMMING OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN HUMANS, SUCH DRUGS MAY BECOME NOVEL TOOLS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  1388  25 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE PREVALENCE AND BURDEN OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ON GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS ALREADY HEAVY AND STILL RISING. DIABETES MELLITUS BY ITSELF IS LINKED TO ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND THE PRESENCE OF CONCOMITANT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE FURTHER AMPLIFIES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE CULMINATION OF TRADITIONAL (MALE GENDER, SMOKING, ADVANCED AGE, OBESITY, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA) AND NON-TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS (ANEMIA, INFLAMMATION, PROTEINURIA, VOLUME OVERLOAD, MINERAL METABOLISM ABNORMALITIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ETC.) CONTRIBUTES TO ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. TO DECREASE THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THESE PATIENTS DUE TO CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES, TIMELY AND EFFICIENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT CAN BE BASED ON LABORATORY PARAMETERS, IMAGING TECHNIQUES, ARTERIAL STIFFNESS PARAMETERS, ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX AND 24 H BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS. NEWER METHODS INCLUDE EPIGENETIC MARKERS, SOLUBLE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES AND MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PRESENT SEVERAL NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  1895  29 ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN INDIVIDUALS BORN AFTER FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION: CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL CONSEQUENCES AND PREVENTIVE APPROACHES. INDIVIDUALS BORN AFTER INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION (IUGR) HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF PERINATAL MORBIDITY/MORTALITY, AND THOSE WHO SURVIVE FACE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. IN ADDITION TO THE DEMONSTRATED LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF DECREASED NEPHRON ENDOWMENT AND HYPERACTIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, INDIVIDUALS BORN AFTER IUGR ALSO EXHIBIT EARLY ALTERATIONS IN VASCULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, WHICH HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS KEY FACTORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED DISEASES. THE ENDOTHELIUM PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN MAINTAINING VASCULAR FUNCTION AND HOMEOSTASIS. THEREFORE, IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT IMPAIRED ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION CAN LEAD TO THE LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR-RELATED DISEASES. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PARTICULARLY IMPAIRED ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT VASODILATION AND VASCULAR REMODELING, INVOLVES DECREASED NITRIC OXIDE (NO) BIOAVAILABILITY, IMPAIRED ENDOTHELIAL NO SYNTHASE FUNCTIONALITY, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS DYSFUNCTION AND ACCELERATED VASCULAR SENESCENCE. PREVENTIVE APPROACHES SUCH AS BREASTFEEDING, SUPPLEMENTATION WITH FOLATE, VITAMINS, ANTIOXIDANTS, L-CITRULLINE, L-ARGININE AND TREATMENT WITH NO MODULATORS REPRESENT PROMISING STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, MITIGATING LONG-TERM OUTCOMES AND POSSIBLY PREVENTING IUGR OF VASCULAR ORIGIN. MOREOVER, THE IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY BIOMARKERS OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, ESPECIALLY EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS, COULD ALLOW EARLY SCREENING AND FOLLOW-UP OF INDIVIDUALS AT RISK OF DEVELOPING CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL DISEASES, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO AVERT THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN INFANTS BORN AFTER IUGR.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  3975  29 LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PLACENTAL VASCULAR PATHOLOGY ON THE MATERNAL AND OFFSPRING CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS. OVER THE LAST THIRTY YEARS, EVIDENCE HAS BEEN ACCUMULATING THAT HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY (HDP) AND, SPECIFICALLY, PREECLAMPSIA (PE) PRODUCE NOT ONLY LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON THE PREGNANT WOMAN, BUT HAVE ALSO LASTING CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FETUS. AT THE CORE OF THESE CONSEQUENCES IS THE PHENOMENON KNOWN AS DEFECTIVE DEEP PLACENTATION, BEING PRESENT IN VIRTUALLY EVERY MAJOR OBSTETRICAL SYNDROME. THE PROFOUND PLACENTAL VASCULAR LESIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS PATHOLOGY CAN INDUCE LONG-TERM ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE PREGNANT WOMAN'S ENTIRE ARTERIAL SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, PLACENTAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND FUNCTION CAN, IN TURN, CAUSE A DECREASED BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE FETUS, WITH LONG-LASTING EFFECTS. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF HDP HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) COMPARED WITH WOMEN WITH NORMAL PREGNANCIES. SPECIFICALLY, THESE SUBJECTS ARE AT A FUTURE HIGHER RISK OF: HYPERTENSION; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS (STROKE); CVD-RELATED MORTALITY. VASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN PREGNANCY AND CVD MAY SHARE A COMMON ETIOLOGY AND MAY HAVE COMMON RISK FACTORS, WHICH ARE UNMASKED BY THE "STRESS" OF PREGNANCY. IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE THAT THE FUTURE OCCURRENCE OF A CVD MAY BE THE CONSEQUENCE OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION GENERATED BY PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION THAT PERSISTS AFTER DELIVERY. ALTHOUGH BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL MARKERS OF PE ABOUND, INFORMATION ON MARKERS FOR A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION IN THE VARIOUS GROUPS IS STILL LACKING. LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FETUS ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE THEORY OF A FETAL ORIGIN OF A NUMBER OF ADULT DISEASES, KNOWN AS THE BARKER HYPOTHESIS. INDEED, INTRAUTERINE MALNUTRITION AND FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION REPRESENT SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC HYPERTENSION, DIABETES, STROKE AND DEATH FROM CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN ADULTS. OTHER FACTORS WILL ALSO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT LATER IN LIFE OF HYPERTENSION, CORONARY AND MYOCARDIAL DISEASE; THEY INCLUDE PARENTAL GENETIC DISPOSITION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, CONCURRENT INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURES, AND THE LIFESTYLE OF THE AFFECTED INDIVIDUAL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                          
12  4467  29 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF VASCULAR HEALTH: INSIGHTS FROM VASCULAR AGING AND CALCIFICATION. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, ESPECIALLY BEYOND THE AGE OF 65 YEARS, WITH THE VAST MAJORITY OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND STROKE. VASCULAR PATHOLOGY STEMS FROM A COMBINATION OF GENETIC RISK, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND THE BIOLOGIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING. THE PATHOGENESIS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR AGING, AND VASCULAR CALCIFICATION WITH AGING, IN PARTICULAR, IS STILL NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. ACCUMULATING DATA SUGGESTS THAT GENETIC RISK, LIKELY COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND THE PLASTICITY OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS TO ACQUIRE AN OSTEOGENIC PHENOTYPE ARE MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION. UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING GENETIC AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS IN REGULATING AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR PATHOLOGY MAY INSPIRE STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTHY VASCULAR AGING. THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF CONCEPTS AND MECHANISMS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR DISEASE, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON VASCULAR CALCIFICATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13  1712  34 DYSFUNCTIONAL VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM AS A DRIVER OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS: EMERGING INSIGHTS INTO PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT. ATHEROSCLEROSIS, THE CHRONIC ACCUMULATION OF CHOLESTEROL-RICH PLAQUE WITHIN ARTERIES, IS ASSOCIATED WITH A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES INCLUDING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, AORTIC ANEURYSM, PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE, AND STROKE. ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE REMAINS A LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES AND RECENT YEARS HAVE WITNESSED A NOTABLE INCREASE IN PREVALENCE WITHIN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME REGIONS OF THE WORLD. CONSIDERING THIS PROMINENT AND EVOLVING GLOBAL BURDEN, THERE IS A NEED TO IDENTIFY THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS TO DISCOVER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR PREVENTING OR MITIGATING ITS CLINICAL SEQUELAE. DESPITE DECADES OF RESEARCH, WE STILL DO NOT FULLY UNDERSTAND THE COMPLEX CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS THAT DRIVE ATHEROSCLEROSIS, BUT NEW INVESTIGATIVE APPROACHES ARE RAPIDLY SHEDDING LIGHT ON THESE ESSENTIAL MECHANISMS. THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM RESIDES AT THE INTERFACE OF SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION AND THE UNDERLYING VESSEL WALL AND PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN GOVERNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES DURING ATHEROGENESIS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT EMERGING EVIDENCE THAT IMPLICATES THE ACTIVATED ENDOTHELIUM AS A DRIVER OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS BY DIRECTING SITE-SPECIFICITY OF PLAQUE FORMATION AND BY PROMOTING PLAQUE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTRACELLULAR PROCESSES, WHICH REGULATE ENDOTHELIAL CELL PROLIFERATION AND TURNOVER, METABOLISM, PERMEABILITY, AND PLASTICITY. MOREOVER, WE HIGHLIGHT NOVEL MECHANISMS OF INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION BY WHICH ENDOTHELIAL CELLS MODULATE THE ACTIVITY OF KEY VASCULAR CELL POPULATIONS INVOLVED IN ATHEROGENESIS, AND DISCUSS HOW ENDOTHELIAL CELLS CONTRIBUTE TO RESOLUTION BIOLOGY - A PROCESS THAT IS DYSREGULATED IN ADVANCED PLAQUES. FINALLY, WE DESCRIBE IMPORTANT FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR PRECLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC AND TARGETED THERAPIES, TO LIMIT THE PROGRESSION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN AT-RISK OR AFFECTED PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  4337  29 MICROTUBULES AS MAJOR REGULATORS OF ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION: IMPLICATION FOR LUNG INJURY. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED AS ONE OF THE MAJOR COMPLICATIONS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS, A GLOBAL PANDEMIC THAT HAS ALREADY CAUSED OVER 4 MILLION DEATHS WORLDWIDE. THE DYSFUNCTION OF ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN INCREASE IN ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, AND HAS EVEN BROADER IMPLICATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROMES SUCH AS ARDS, SEPSIS AND CHRONIC ILLNESSES REPRESENTED BY PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE. THE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER IS MAINTAINED BY CYTOSKELETON ELEMENTS, CELL-SUBSTRATE FOCAL ADHESION AND ADHESIVE CELL JUNCTIONS. AGONIST-MEDIATED CHANGES IN ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY ARE DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH REORGANIZATION OF ACTOMYOSIN CYTOSKELETON LEADING TO CELL CONTRACTION AND OPENING OF INTERCELLULAR GAPS OR ENHANCEMENT OF CORTICAL ACTIN CYTOSKELETON ASSOCIATED WITH STRENGTHENING OF ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER. THE ROLE OF ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REMODELING IN ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER REGULATION HAS TAKEN THE CENTRAL STAGE, BUT THE IMPACT OF MICROTUBULES IN THIS PROCESS REMAINS LESS EXPLORED AND UNDER-APPRECIATED. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE CROSSTALK BETWEEN MICROTUBULES DYNAMICS AND ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REMODELING, DESCRIBE THE SIGNALING MECHANISMS MEDIATING THIS CROSSTALK, DISCUSS EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MICROTUBULES STABILITY AND ITS NEXUS WITH ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER MAINTENANCE, AND OVERVIEW A ROLE OF MICROTUBULES IN TARGETED DELIVERY OF SIGNALING MOLECULES REGULATING ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY AND INFLAMMATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15  3344  24 HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS: A MECHANISTIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW. ATHEROSCLEROSIS (AS), THE MOST COMMON UNDERLYING PATHOLOGY FOR CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY, PROLIFERATIVE DISEASE IN LARGE- AND MEDIUM-SIZED ARTERIES. THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM IS IMPORTANT FOR MAINTAINING VASCULAR HEALTH. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IS A CRITICAL EARLY EVENT LEADING TO AS, WHICH IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR STROKE AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THE CRITICAL ROLES OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN REGULATING VASCULAR CELL HOMEOSTASIS AND AS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PRESENT AN UPDATED VIEW ON THE ROLES OF HDACS (CLASS I, CLASS II, CLASS IV) AND HDAC INHIBITORS IN VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND AS. WE ALSO ELABORATE ON THE NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND AGENTS IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16  3719  32 INHIBITION OF BET PROTEINS REDUCES RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION RESULTING FROM COMBINED HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A CO-MORBIDITY, WHICH STRONGLY PARTICIPATES IN MORBI-MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). RECENT FINDINGS SHOWED THAT BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEINS, IN CHARGE OF READING HISTONE ACETYLATION, COULD BE INVOLVED IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. OUR AIM WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF I-BET151, AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET), ON THE RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, INDUCED BY A COMBINATION OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, AS THE TWO MAIN STIMULI ENCOUNTERED IN COPD. ADULT WISTAR MALE RATS, EXPOSED TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS PULMONARY INFLAMMATION (CHPI), SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY (+57%, P < 0.001), AN INCREASE IN SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (+46%, P < 0.001) AND IN CONTRACTION SPEED (+36%, P < 0.001), WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL ANIMALS. I-BET151 TREATED ANIMALS (CHPI-IB) SHOWED RESTORED HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS TO LEVELS SIMILAR TO CONTROL ANIMALS, DESPITE CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS EXPOSURE TO PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THEY DISPLAYED LOWER RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND HEMATOCRIT COMPARED TO THE CHPI GROUP (RESPECTIVELY -16%, P < 0.001; AND -9%, P < 0.05). OUR DESCRIPTIVE STUDY SHOWS A VALUABLE EFFECT OF THE INHIBITION OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS ON HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS, DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THIS SUGGESTS THAT SUCH INHIBITION COULD BE OF POTENTIAL INTEREST FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO UNRAVEL THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INVOLVED AND THE NET BENEFITS OF INHIBITING ADAPTATIONS TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17  3846  33 IS ATHEROSCLEROSIS A NEUROGENIC PHENOMENON? IDENTIFIED RISK FACTORS FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS INCLUDE DIET, AGE, GENDER, FAMILY HISTORY, STRESS, LIFESTYLE, SMOKING, DIABETES, DYSLIPIDEMIAS, HYPERTENSION, AND HIV. THE MECHANISTIC RATIONALE TO EXPLAIN THESE ASSOCIATIONS REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WE BELIEVE THAT THESE SEEMINGLY UNRELATED ENTITIES MAY PROMOTE ATHEROSCLEROSIS THROUGH A COMMON PATHWAY BY INDUCING ADVENTITIAL AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, SPECIFICALLY AS AN ADVENTITIAL STRESS DYSFUNCTION OF NEUROGENIC ORIGIN. ATHEROSCLEROSIS MAY REPRESENT A LOCAL VASCULAR MANIFESTATION OF THE GLOBAL AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION INDUCED BY AGE, SMOKING, HYPERTENSION, HIV, AND DIABETES. ATHEROSCLEROSIS MAY ALSO PARTICIPATE IN A FEED-FORWARD CYCLE AS AGING, DIABETES, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND HYPERTENSION MAY ALSO REPRESENT INDEPENDENT DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL SYMPATHETIC BIAS. CHRONIC PHYSIOLOGIC STRESS AND BEHAVIORAL STRESS CAN SHIFT THE AUTONOMIC BALANCE TOWARDS A STATE OF SYMPATHETIC PREDOMINANCE. THE HIGHLY COMMUNICABLE NATURE OF BEHAVIORAL STRESS MAY PARTIALLY IMPLICATE THE FAMILIAL ASSOCIATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AS AN EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON, INDEPENDENT OF PUTATIVE GENETIC MECHANISMS. HOST STRESS, GLOBAL AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, AND SYMPATHETIC BIAS MAY ALSO ARISE FROM CHRONIC MALADAPTIVE CONSUMPTION OF STRESSED FOODS, AS ORGANISMS DETECT AND ASSIMILATE THE STRESS PHENOTYPES OF THEIR DIETARY CONSTITUENTS THROUGH A PROCESS CALLED XENOHORMESIS. THE BENEFITS OF EXERCISE MAY OPERATE THROUGH REDUCTION OF CHRONIC PHYSIOLOGIC STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL SYMPATHETIC BIAS. THE NEUROGENIC ADVENTITIAL STRESS RESPONSE MAY EXPLAIN THE LOCAL TISSUE REMODELING SEEN IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, INCLUDING ADVENTITIAL ADIPOSE DYSFUNCTION, INFLAMMATION, ADVENTITIAL ANGIOGENESIS, THROMBOSIS, AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. WE BELIEVE THAT THE LOCATIONS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS CORRESPOND TO REGIONS OF NEUROGENIC ADVENTITIAL AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, IN SIMILAR FASHION TO THE SEGMENTAL PATTERNS OF INVOLVEMENT FOUND IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. THE DIFFUSE ATHEROSCLEROSIS EXHIBITED IN TRANSPLANTED HEARTS MAY REFLECT A DIFFUSE SYMPATHETIC BIAS OF THE DONOR HEART, SINCE TISSUES AND ORGANS EXHIBIT AN INTRINSIC SYMPATHETIC BIAS IN THE ABSENCE OF AN EXTRINSIC SOURCE OF AUTONOMIC HEGEMONY. ONCE WE REGARD ATHEROSCLEROSIS AS A NEUROGENIC PHENOMENON MANIFESTED IN ADVENTITIAL AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PARADIGMS BECOME EVIDENT.	2007	

18  5596  30 ROLES OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFIERS AND OTHER EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN VASCULAR CALCIFICATION. VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS CHARACTERIZED BY CALCIUM DEPOSITION INSIDE ARTERIES AND IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, DIABETES, AND OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVDS). VC IS NOW WIDELY KNOWN TO BE AN ACTIVE PROCESS OCCURRING IN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (VSMCS) INVOLVING MULTIPLE MECHANISMS AND FACTORS. THESE MECHANISMS SHARE FEATURES WITH THE PROCESS OF BONE FORMATION, SINCE THE PHENOTYPE SWITCHING FROM THE CONTRACTILE TO THE OSTEOCHONDROGENIC PHENOTYPE ALSO OCCURS IN VSMCS DURING VC. IN ADDITION, VC CAN BE REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND NONCODING RNAS. ALTHOUGH VC IS COMMONLY OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND CVD, SPECIFIC DRUGS FOR VC HAVE NOT BEEN DEVELOPED. THUS, DISCOVERING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS MAY BE NECESSARY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE REGARDING THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORS INCLUDING HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND PROPOSE THE THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATION OF THESE REGULATORS IN THE TREATMENT OF VC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  6214  26 THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS GOVERNING MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION AND FUNCTION IN HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY LIPID ACCUMULATION AND PLAQUE FORMATION IN ARTERIAL VESSEL WALLS. ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES NARROW THE ARTERIAL LUMEN TO INCREASE THE RISK OF HEART ATTACKS, ISCHEMIC STROKE AND PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE, WHICH ARE MAJOR AND WORLDWIDE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC BURDENS. MACROPHAGE ACCUMULATION WITHIN PLAQUES IS CHARACTERISTIC OF ALL STAGES OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND THEIR PRESENCE IS A POTENTIAL MARKER OF DISEASE ACTIVITY AND PLAQUE STABILITY. MACROPHAGES ENGULF LIPIDS AND MODIFIED LIPOPROTEINS TO FORM FOAM CELLS THAT EXPRESS PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND CHEMOTACTIC EFFECTOR MOLECULES, STRESS INDUCING FACTORS AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. THEY CONTROL PLAQUE STABILITY AND RUPTURE THROUGH SECRETION OF METALLOPROTEINASES AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEGRADATION. ALTHOUGH MACROPHAGES CAN WORSEN DISEASE BY PROPAGATING INFLAMMATION, THEY CAN STABILIZE ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES THROUGH TISSUE REMODELING, PROMOTING THE FORMATION OF A FIBROUS CAP, CLEARING APOPTOTIC CELLS TO PREVENT NECROTIC CORE FORMATION AND THROUGH VASCULAR REPAIR. IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, MACROPHAGES RESPOND TO DYSLIPIDAEMIA, CYTOKINES, DYING CELLS, METABOLIC FACTORS, LIPIDS, PHYSICAL STIMULI AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND EXHIBIT HETEROGENEITY IN THEIR ACTIVATION DEPENDING ON THE STIMULI THEY RECEIVE. UNDERSTANDING THESE SIGNALS AND THE PATHWAYS DRIVING MACROPHAGE FUNCTION WITHIN DEVELOPING AND ESTABLISHED PLAQUES AND HOW THEY CAN BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY MODULATED, REPRESENTS A STRATEGY FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THIS REVIEW FOCUSSES ON THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF FACTORS CONTROLLING MACROPHAGE HETEROGENEITY AND FUNCTION IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. PARTICULAR ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO THE MACROPHAGE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ACTIVATED BY BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL STIMULI WITHIN PLAQUES, AND HOW THEY ARE INTEGRATED TO REGULATE PLAQUE FORMATION AND STABILITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  5409  26 REGULATION OF ACETYLATION STATES BY NUTRIENTS IN THE INHIBITION OF VASCULAR INFLAMMATION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS (AS) IS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDER AND PRIMARY CAUSE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, RESULTING IN SUBSTANTIAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. INITIATED BY ENDOTHELIAL CELL STIMULATION, AS IS CHARACTERIZED BY ARTERIAL INFLAMMATION, LIPID DEPOSITION, FOAM CELL FORMATION, AND PLAQUE DEVELOPMENT. NUTRIENTS SUCH AS CAROTENOIDS, POLYPHENOLS, AND VITAMINS CAN PREVENT THE ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESS BY MODULATING INFLAMMATION AND METABOLIC DISORDERS THROUGH THE REGULATION OF GENE ACETYLATION STATES MEDIATED WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). NUTRIENTS CAN REGULATE AS-RELATED EPIGENETIC STATES VIA SIRTUINS (SIRTS) ACTIVATION, SPECIFICALLY SIRT1 AND SIRT3. NUTRIENT-DRIVEN ALTERATIONS IN THE REDOX STATE AND GENE MODULATION IN AS PROGRESSION ARE LINKED TO THEIR PROTEIN DEACETYLATING, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES. NUTRIENTS CAN ALSO INHIBIT ADVANCED OXIDATION PROTEIN PRODUCT FORMATION, REDUCING ARTERIAL INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS EPIGENETICALLY. NONETHELESS, KNOWLEDGE GAPS REMAIN WHEN IT COMES TO UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE AS PREVENTION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY NUTRIENTS. THIS WORK REVIEWS AND CONFIRMS THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH NUTRIENTS PREVENT ARTERIAL INFLAMMATION AND AS, FOCUSING ON THE EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS THAT MODIFY HISTONES AND NON-HISTONE PROTEINS BY REGULATING REDOX AND ACETYLATION STATES THROUGH HDACS SUCH AS SIRTS. THESE FINDINGS MAY SERVE AS A FOUNDATION FOR DEVELOPING POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS TO PREVENT AS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES BY EMPLOYING NUTRIENTS BASED ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION.	2023