1  5010 136 PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC, ARACHIDONIC AND OLEIC ACID IN RELATION TO THE INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE AND CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID IN THE CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED. ANALYSIS OF 7,8-DIHYDRO-8-OXO-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (8-OXODG) LEVELS IN 2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (DG) AND ISOLATED DNA HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID ARE CAPABLE OF INDUCING THIS SPECIFIC GENOTOXIC DAMAGE. THIS EFFECT APPEARS TO BE RELATED TO THE DEGREE OF FATTY ACID UNSATURATION, SINCE IT WAS NOT INDUCED BY MONOUNSATURATED OLEIC ACID. ENZYMATIC PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. STUDIES ON THE INTERFERENCE OF RADICAL SCAVENGERS WITH THE INDUCTION OF 8-OXODG IN COMBINATION WITH ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY DEMONSTRATED THAT THE SUPEROXIDE ANION WAS GENERATED DURING PEROXIDATION OF THESE FATTY ACIDS AND THAT SINGLET OXYGEN IS MOST LIKELY INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. THE LEVEL OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN DG AND SINGLE-STRANDED DNA WAS HIGHER AS COMPARED TO THAT IN NATIVE DNA AFTER EQUIMOLAR TREATMENT. EXPOSURE OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES TO LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID DID NOT RESULT IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN LEVELS OF 8-OXODG. THIS MAY INDICATE THAT THE RATE OF INTRACELLULAR PEROXIDATION IS RELATIVELY LOW AND/OR THAT NUCLEAR DNA IN INTACT CELLS IS EFFECTIVELY PROTECTED AGAINST GENETIC DAMAGE INDUCED BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. IT IS THEREFORE CONCLUDED THAT RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS OF LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID ADMINISTRATION ARE NOT LIKELY TO IMPOSE A DIRECT GENOTOXIC RISK. IT CAN, HOWEVER, NOT BE EXCLUDED THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS INDUCES OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE OR IS RELATED TO CANCER RISK BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AS IS ALSO INDICATED BY THE OBSERVED CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  2311  32 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 IN SH-SY5Y HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS. GROUP IVA CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 (CPLA2 OR PLA2G4A) IS A KEY ENZYME THAT CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATION VIA THE GENERATION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID AND EICOSANOIDS. WHILE MUCH IS KNOWN ABOUT REGULATION OF CPLA2 BY POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION SUCH AS PHOSPHORYLATION, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION. IN THIS STUDY, TREATMENT WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), VALPROIC ACID, TUBACIN AND THE CLASS I HDAC INHIBITOR, MS-275, WERE FOUND TO INCREASE CPLA2ALPHA MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) EXPRESSION IN SH-SY5Y HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS. CO-TREATMENT OF THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) INHIBITOR, ANACARDIC ACID, MODULATED UPREGULATION OF CPLA2ALPHA INDUCED BY TSA. SPECIFIC INVOLVEMENT OF CLASS I HDACS AND HAT IN CPLA2ALPHA REGULATION WAS FURTHER SHOWN, AND A TIP60-SPECIFIC HAT INHIBITOR, NU9056, MODULATED THE UPREGULATION OF CPLA2ALPHA INDUCED BY MS-275. IN ADDITION, CO-TREATMENT OF WITH HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (HMT) INHIBITOR, 5'-DEOXY-5'-METHYLTHIOADENOSINE (MTA) SUPPRESSED TSA-INDUCED CPLA2ALPHA UPREGULATION. THE ABOVE CHANGES IN CPLA2 MRNA EXPRESSION WERE REFLECTED AT THE PROTEIN LEVEL BY WESTERN BLOTS AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) SHOWED TSA INCREASED BINDING OF TRIMETHYLATED H3K4 TO THE PROXIMAL PROMOTER REGION OF THE CPLA2ALPHA GENE. CELL INJURY AFTER TSA TREATMENT AS INDICATED BY LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) RELEASE WAS MODULATED BY ANACARDIC ACID, AND A ROLE OF CPLA2 IN MEDIATING TSA-INDUCED INJURY SHOWN, AFTER CO-INCUBATION WITH THE CPLA2 SELECTIVE INHIBITOR, ARACHIDONOYL TRIFLUOROMETHYL KETONE (AACOCF3). TOGETHER, RESULTS INDICATE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CPLA2 AND THE POTENTIAL OF SUCH REGULATION FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3  6883  27 [RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION--PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS]. INFLAMMATION IS A FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGIC PROCESS EVOLUTIONALLY PRESERVED BY A GERM LINE CODE. THE INTERPLAY OF THE EPIGENETIC WITH THE ENVIRONMENT DIRECTS THE CODE TO TEMPORALLY DISTINCT INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, WHICH CAN BE ACUTE OR CHRONIC. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO PRESENT NEW ASPECTS REGARDING THE RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION. ACUTE INFLAMMATION NORMALLY RESOLVES BY MECHANISMS STILL SOMEWHAT ELUSIVE. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT AN ACTIVE COORDINATED PROGRAM INITIATED THE FIRST FEW HOURS AFTER THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE BEGINS AND ITS FAILURE LEAD TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THIS PROCESS IS ESSENTIAL FOR APPROPRIATE HOST RESPONSES, TISSUE PROTECTION AND THE RETURN TO HOMEOSTASIS. PROSTAGLANDINS AND LEUKOTRIENES ARE LIPID MEDIATORS THAT PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN HOST DEFENSE AND ACUTE INFLAMMATION. GRANULOCYTES PROMOTE THE SWITCH OF ARACHIDONIC ACID-DERIVED PROSTAGLANDINS AND LEUKOTRIENES TO LIPOXINS, ACTIVE ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND PRO-RESOLUTION MEDIATORS. THE APOPTOSIS OF THE NEUTROPHILS COINCIDES WITH THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF RESOLVINS AND PROTECTINS FROM OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND RELEASES ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND REPARATIVE CYTOKINES. THIS INFORMATION COULD LEAD TO NEW TREATMENTS FOR INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  1038  36 CLINACANTHUS NUTANS EXTRACTS MODULATE EPIGENETIC LINK TO CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 EXPRESSION IN SH-SY5Y CELLS AND PRIMARY CORTICAL NEURONS. CLINACANTHUS NUTANS LINDAU (C. NUTANS), COMMONLY KNOWN AS SABAH SNAKE GRASS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, IS WIDELY USED IN FOLK MEDICINE DUE TO ITS ANALGESIC, ANTIVIRAL, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES. OUR RECENT STUDY PROVIDED EVIDENCE FOR THE REGULATION OF CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 (CPLA2) MRNA EXPRESSION BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS (TAN ET AL. IN MOL NEUROBIOL. DOI: 10.1007/S12035-015-9314-Z , 2015). THIS ENZYME CATALYZES THE RELEASE OF ARACHIDONIC ACID FROM GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS, AND FORMATION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY EICOSANOIDS OR TOXIC LIPID PEROXIDATION PRODUCTS SUCH AS 4-HYDROXYNONENAL. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF C. NUTANS ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACTS ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CPLA2 MRNA EXPRESSION IN SH-SY5Y HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS AND MOUSE PRIMARY CORTICAL NEURONS. C. NUTANS MODULATED INDUCTION OF CPLA2 EXPRESSION IN SH-SY5Y CELLS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS, MS-275, MC-1568, AND TSA. C. NUTANS EXTRACTS ALSO INHIBITED HISTONE ACETYLASE (HAT) ACTIVITY. LEVELS OF CPLA2 MRNA EXPRESSION WERE INCREASED IN PRIMARY CORTICAL NEURONS SUBJECTED TO 0.5-H OXYGEN-GLUCOSE DEPRIVATION INJURY (OGD). THIS INCREASE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED BY C. NUTANS TREATMENT. TREATMENT OF PRIMARY NEURONS WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR MS-275 AUGMENTED OGD-INDUCED CPLA2 MRNA EXPRESSION, AND THIS INCREASE WAS MODULATED BY C. NUTANS EXTRACTS. OGD-STIMULATED INCREASE IN CPLA2 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS ALSO REDUCED BY A TIP60 HAT INHIBITOR, NU9056. IN VIEW OF A KEY ROLE OF CPLA2 IN THE PRODUCTION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY EICOSANOIDS AND FREE RADICAL DAMAGE, AND THE FACT THAT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON GENES ARE OFTEN LONG-LASTING, RESULTS SUGGEST A ROLE FOR C. NUTANS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS TO INHIBIT THE PRODUCTION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID-DERIVED PRO-INFLAMMATORY EICOSANOIDS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CPLA2 EXPRESSION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  5760  41 SOLUBLE URIC ACID PRIMES TLR-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION BY HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF IL-1RA. OBJECTIVES: THE STUDY OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY ROLE OF URIC ACID HAS FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ITS CRYSTALS OF MONOSODIUM URATE (MSU). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER URIC ACID ITSELF CAN DIRECTLY HAVE PROINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATE THE PRIMING EFFECTS OF URIC ACID EXPOSURE ON THE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN CELLS UPON STIMULATION WITH GOUT-RELATED STIMULI. METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE HARVESTED FROM PATIENTS WITH GOUT AND HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. CELLS WERE PRETREATED WITH OR WITHOUT URIC ACID IN SOLUBLE FORM FOR 24 H AND THEN STIMULATED FOR 24 H WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)2 OR TLR4 LIGANDS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF MSU CRYSTALS. CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS MEASURED BY ELISA; MRNA LEVELS WERE ASSESSED USING QPCR. RESULTS: THE PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND THIS CORRELATED WITH SERUM URATE LEVELS. PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED WHEN CELLS FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE PRETREATED WITH URIC ACID. SURPRISINGLY, THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA). THIS EFFECT WAS SPECIFIC TO STIMULATION BY URIC ACID AND WAS EXERTED AT THE LEVEL OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT THE LEVEL OF HISTONE METHYLATION BY URIC ACID WAS INVOLVED IN THIS EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY WE DEMONSTRATE A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF URIC ACID (UP TO 50 MG/DL) INFLUENCE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES BY FACILITATING IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN PBMCS. WE SHOW THAT A MECHANISM FOR THE AMPLIFICATION OF IL-1BETA CONSISTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF IL-1RA AND THAT THIS EFFECT COULD BE EXERTED VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION. HYPERURICAEMIA CAUSES A SHIFT IN THE IL-1BETA/IL-1RA BALANCE PRODUCED BY PBMCS AFTER EXPOSURE TO MSU CRYSTALS AND TLR-MEDIATED STIMULI, AND THIS PHENOMENON IS LIKELY TO REINFORCE THE ENHANCED STATE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6  4977  39 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF DIETARY FATS AND LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ACROSS THE LIFE CYCLE. DIETARY FAT IS OUR SECOND MOST IMPORTANT ENERGY-PRODUCING MACRONUTRIENT. IT ALSO CONTAINS FATTY ACIDS AND VITAMINS ESSENTIAL FOR GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND MAINTENANCE OF GOOD HEALTH. DIETARY FAT QUANTITY AND QUALITY HAVE BEEN SUBJECT TO TREMENDOUS CHANGE OVER THE PAST 10,000 YEARS. THIS HAS, TOGETHER WITH OTHER MAN-MADE CHANGES IN OUR ENVIRONMENT, CAUSED A CONFLICT WITH OUR SLOWLY ADAPTING GENOME THAT IS IMPLICATED IN "TYPICALLY WESTERN" DISEASES. RATHER THAN REDUCING OUR LIFE EXPECTANCY, THESE DISEASES NOTABLY DIMINISH OUR NUMBER OF YEARS IN HEALTH. IMPORTANT CHANGES IN DIETARY FAT QUALITY ARE THE INCREASED INTAKES OF CERTAIN SATURATED FATTY ACIDS (SAFA) AND LINOLEIC ACID (LA), INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIALLY PRODUCED TRANS FATTY ACIDS, AND REDUCED INTAKES OF OMEGA3 FATTY ACIDS, NOTABLY ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID (ALA) FROM VEGETABLE SOURCES AND EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID (EPA) AND DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) FROM FISH. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THESE CHANGES ARE DIVERSE, BUT ARE INCREASINGLY ASCRIBED TO INDUCTION OF A PROINFLAMMATORY STATE THAT PROGRESSES EASILY TO CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION. THE LATTER MIGHT AFFECT VIRTUALLY ALL ORGANS AND SYSTEMS, POSSIBLY BEGINNING AT CONCEPTION, AND POSSIBLY EVEN PRIOR TO GAMETOGENESIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION MIGHT BE A COMMON DENOMINATOR OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS SEQUELAE (E.G., CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD), DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2, SOME TYPES OF CANCER, AND PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS), SOME PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES (E.G., MAJOR AND POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AND AUTISM), AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES (E.G., ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, PARKINSON'S DISEASE). THE LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (LCPUFA) ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA), EPA, AND DHA ARE INTIMATELY RELATED TO THE INITIATION AND RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES. THE CURRENT BALANCE BETWEEN AA AND EPA + DHA IS HOWEVER DISTURBED BY THE DOMINANCE OF AA, WHICH ORIGINATES FROM THE DIET OR SYNTHESIS FROM LA. LCPUFA ARE TOGETHER WITH THEIR HIGHLY POTENT METABOLITES (PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES, LEUKOTRIENES, RESOLVINS, AND (NEURO)PROTECTINS) INVOLVED IN THE FUNCTIONING OF MEMBRANE-BOUND RECEPTORS, TRANSPORTERS, ION CHANNELS, AND ENZYMES, AND ALSO IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND GENE EXPRESSION. AMONG THEIR MANY TARGETS ARE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS WHICH, UPON LIGATION WITH LCPUFA AND THEIR METABOLITES, FUNCTION AS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS OF A VARIETY OF GENES FUNCTIONING IN MANY PATHWAYS. FOR INSTANCE, THE TARGETED PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPARS) ARE STRATEGIC INTERMEDIATES IN THE COORDINATED EXPRESSION OF PROTEINS WITH FUNCTIONS IN, FOR EXAMPLE, LIPID AND GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS. MANY INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED WITH LCPUFA, ESPECIALLY EPA AND DHA, AIMING AT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CAD PREVENTIONS, IMPROVEMENT OF FETAL AND NEWBORN (BRAIN) DEVELOPMENT BY SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY OR EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE, AND IN PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES. CONSENSUS HAS BEEN REACHED THAT THOSE IN CAD AND DEPRESSION ARE POSITIVE, ALTHOUGH MORE LARGE-SCALE TRIALS ARE NEEDED. MANY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INTAKES OF SATURATED FAT, TRANS FAT AND EPA + DHA HAVE BEEN ISSUED, NOTABLY FOR CAD PREVENTION, AND ALSO FOR EPA + DHA INTAKES BY PREGNANT WOMEN AND FOR AA, EPA, AND DHA INTAKES BY NEWBORNS. THE ULTIMATE GOAL MIGHT, HOWEVER, BE TO RETURN TO THE FAT QUALITY OF OUR ANCIENT DIET ON WHICH OUR GENES HAVE EVOLVED DURING THE PAST MILLION YEARS OF EVOLUTION, WHILE THIS ACTUALLY APPLIES FOR OUR ENTIRE DIETARY COMPOSITION AND LIFESTYLE, AS TRANSLATED TO THE CULTURE OF THE CURRENT SOCIETY.	2010	

7  1826  36 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  5868  31 SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON T-HELPER 1-RELATED CHEMOKINES EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) ARE CHRONIC T-CELL-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. METFORMIN IS A WIDELY USED DRUG FOR TYPE 2 DM THAT REDUCES THE NEED FOR INSULIN IN TYPE 1 DM. HOWEVER, WHETHER METFORMIN HAS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT FOR TREATING DM IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MECHANISM OF METFORMIN IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1 WAS PRETREATED WITH METFORMIN AND STIMULATED WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS). THE PRODUCTION OF T-HELPER (TH)-1-RELATED CHEMOKINES INCLUDING INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCED PROTEIN-10 (IP-10) AND MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 (MCP-1), TH2-RELATED CHEMOKINE MACROPHAGE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE, AND THE PROINFLAMMATORY CHEMOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA WAS MEASURED USING ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE INVESTIGATED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED IP-10 AND MCP-1 PRODUCTION AS WELL AS LPS-INDUCED PHOSPHORYLATION OF C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK), P38, EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK), AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB). MOREOVER, METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 AT THE IP-10 PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED THE PRODUCTION OF TH1-RELATED CHEMOKINES IP-10 AND MCP-1 IN THP-1 CELLS. SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON IP-10 PRODUCTION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED AT LEAST PARTIALLY TO THE JNK, P38, ERK, AND NF-KAPPAB PATHWAYS AS WELL AS TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4. THESE RESULTS INDICATED THE THERAPEUTIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF METFORMIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  3746  37 INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETICS OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH AND WITHOUT NASAL POLYPS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETICS FACILITATES INSIGHTS ON THE IMPACT OF HOST ENVIRONMENT ON THE GENESIS OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) THROUGH MODULATIONS OF HOST GENE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION CAUSE REVERSIBLE BUT HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION OVER GENERATIONS OF PROGENY, WITHOUT ALTERING THE DNA BASE-PAIR SEQUENCES. THESE STUDIES OFFER A CRITICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE ENVIRONMENT-INDUCED CHANGES THAT RESULT IN HOST PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE AND MAY HELP IN DEVELOPING NOVEL BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTICS. THE GOAL OF THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT EVIDENCE ON EPIGENETICS OF CRS WITH A FOCUS ON CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP) AND HIGHLIGHT GAPS THAT MERIT FURTHER RESEARCH. METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LITERATURE WAS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY INVESTIGATIONS RELATED TO EPIGENETIC STUDIES IN SUBJECTS WITH CRS. RESULTS: THE REVIEW IDENTIFIED 65 STUDIES. THESE HAVE FOCUSED ON DNA METHYLATION AND NON-CODING RNAS, WITH ONLY A FEW ON HISTONE DEACETYLATION, ALTERNATIVE POLYADENYLATION, AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY. STUDIES INCLUDE THOSE INVESTIGATING IN VIVO AND IN VITRO CHANGES OR BOTH. STUDIES ALSO INCLUDE ANIMAL MODELS OF CRS. ALMOST ALL HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED IN ASIA. THE GENOME-WIDE STUDIES OF DNA METHYLATION FOUND DIFFERENCES IN GLOBAL METHYLATION BETWEEN CRSWNP AND CONTROLS, WHILE OTHERS SPECIFICALLY FOUND SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN METHYLATION OF THE CPG SITES OF THE THYMIC STROMAL LYMPHOPOIETIN (TSLP), IL-8, AND PLAT. IN ADDITION, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS WERE STUDIED AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS. MAJORITY OF THE STUDIES INVESTIGATING NON-CODING RNAS FOCUSED ON MICRO-RNAS (MIRNA) AND FOUND DIFFERENCES IN GLOBAL EXPRESSION OF MIRNA LEVELS. THESE STUDIES ALSO REVEALED SOME PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS WELL AS NOVEL TARGETS AND PATHWAYS SUCH AS TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA, TGF BETA-1, IL-10, EGR2, ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR, PI3K/AKT PATHWAY, MUCIN SECRETION, AND VASCULAR PERMEABILITY. OVERALL, THE STUDIES HAVE FOUND A DYSREGULATION IN PATHWAYS/GENES INVOLVING INFLAMMATION, IMMUNE REGULATION, TISSUE REMODELING, STRUCTURAL PROTEINS, MUCIN SECRETION, ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLISM, AND TRANSCRIPTION. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC STUDIES IN CRS SUBJECTS SUGGEST THAT THERE IS LIKELY A MAJOR IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. HOWEVER, THESE ARE ASSOCIATION STUDIES AND DO NOT DIRECTLY IMPLY PATHOGENESIS. LONGITUDINAL STUDIES IN GEOGRAPHICALLY AND RACIALLY DIVERSE POPULATION COHORTS ARE NECESSARY TO QUANTIFY GENETIC VS. ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS FOR CRSWNP AND CRS WITHOUT NASAL POLYPS AND ASSESS HERITABILITY RISK, AS WELL AS DEVELOP NOVEL BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC AGENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10   735  31 CANCER STEM CELLS INDUCED BY CHRONIC STIMULATION WITH PROSTAGLANDIN E2 EXHIBITED CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED PI3K AXIS. PREVIOUSLY, OUR GROUP HAS DEMONSTRATED ESTABLISHMENT OF CANCER STEM CELL (CSC) MODELS FROM STEM CELLS IN THE PRESENCE OF CONDITIONED MEDIUM OF CANCER CELL LINES. IN THIS STUDY, WE TRIED TO IDENTIFY THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INDUCTION OF CSCS. SINCE WE FOUND THE LIPID COMPOSITION COULD BE TRACED TO ARACHIDONIC ACID CASCADE IN THE CSC MODEL, WE ASSESSED PROSTAGLANDIN E2 (PGE2) AS A CANDIDATE FOR THE ABILITY TO INDUCE CSCS FROM INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS (IPSCS). MOUSE IPSCS ACQUIRED THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CSCS IN THE PRESENCE OF 10 NG/ML OF PGE2 AFTER 4 WEEKS. SINCE CONSTITUTIVE AKT ACTIVATION AND PIK3CG OVEREXPRESSION WERE FOUND IN THE RESULTANT CSCS, OF WHICH GROWTH WAS FOUND INDEPENDENT OF PGE2, CHRONIC STIMULATION OF THE RECEPTORS EP-2/4 BY PGE2 WAS SUPPOSED TO INDUCE CSCS FROM IPSCS THROUGH EPIGENETIC EFFECT. THE BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS OF THE NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCE DATA OF THE OBTAINED CSCS PROPOSED NOT ONLY RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVATION BY GROWTH FACTORS BUT ALSO EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND FOCAL ADHESION ENHANCED PI3K PATHWAY. COLLECTIVELY, CHRONIC STIMULATION OF STEM CELLS WITH PGE2 WAS IMPLIED RESPONSIBLE FOR CANCER INITIATION ENHANCING PI3K/AKT AXIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11  5074  32 PHYSIOLOGIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF NUTRIENTS ON DISEASE PATHWAYS. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY NUTRIENTS CAN INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFIC DISEASES. THIS STUDY SOUGHT TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENT FAMILIES IN THE CONTEXT OF PREVENTING CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASES VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THE INHIBITION OF LIPID ACCUMULATION AND INFLAMMATION BY NUTRIENTS INCLUDING PROTEINS, LIPIDS, VITAMINS, AND MINERALS WERE OBSERVED, AND HISTONE ACETYLATION BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) WAS MEASURED. CORRELATIVE ANALYSES WERE ALSO PERFORMED. MATERIALS/METHODS: NUTRIENTS WERE SELECTED ACCORDING TO INFORMATION FROM THE KOREAN MINISTRY OF FOOD AND DRUG SAFETY. SELECTED NUTRIENT FUNCTIONALITIES, INCLUDING THE ATTENUATION OF FATTY ACID-INDUCED LIPID ACCUMULATION AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-MEDIATED ACUTE INFLAMMATION WERE EVALUATED IN MOUSE MACROPHAGE RAW264.7 AND MOUSE HEPATOCYTE AML-12 CELLS. EFFECTS OF THE SELECTED NUTRIENTS ON IN VITRO HAT INHIBITION WERE ALSO EVALUATED. RESULTS: NITRIC OXIDE (NO) PRODUCTION CORRELATED WITH HAT ACTIVITY, WHICH WAS REGULATED BY THE AMINO ACIDS GROUP, SUGGESTING THAT AMINO ACIDS POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ATTENUATION OF NO PRODUCTION VIA THE INHIBITION OF HAT ACTIVITY. UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS TENDED TO ATTENUATE INFLAMMATION BY INHIBITING NO PRODUCTION, WHICH MAY BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE INHIBITION OF IN VITRO HAT ACTIVITY. IN CONTRAST TO WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS, THE LIPID-SOLUBLE VITAMINS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED NO PRODUCTION. WATER- AND LIPID-SOLUBLE VITAMINS BOTH EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANT INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES AGAINST HAT. IN ADDITION, CALCIUM AND MANGANESE SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED LIPID ACCUMULATION, NO PRODUCTION, AND HAT ACTIVITY. CONCLUSIONS: SEVERAL CANDIDATE NUTRIENTS AND THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS MAY HAVE ROLES IN THE PREVENTION OF DISEASES, INCLUDING HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND INFLAMMATION-RELATED DISEASES (I.E., NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS) VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATION. FURTHER STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO DETERMINE WHICH SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS, UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND LIPID-SOLUBLE VITAMINS OR SPECIFIC MINERALS INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEATOSIS AND INFLAMMATORY-RELATED DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12  3869  23 JNK1 REGULATES HISTONE ACETYLATION IN TRIGEMINAL NEURONS FOLLOWING CHEMICAL STIMULATION. TRIGEMINAL NERVE FIBERS IN NASAL AND ORAL CAVITIES ARE SENSITIVE TO VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS STIMULI, WHICH TRIGGER MANY NEUROTOXIC PROBLEMS SUCH AS CHRONIC MIGRAINE HEADACHE AND TRIGEMINAL IRRITATED DISORDERS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF JNK KINASE CASCADE AND ITS EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF HISTONE REMODELING IN TRIGEMINAL GANGLION (TG) NEURONS ACTIVATED BY ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXINS REMAINS UNKNOWN. HERE WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF JNK/C-JUN CASCADE IN THE REGULATION OF ACETYLATION OF H3 HISTONE IN TG NEURONS FOLLOWING IN VITRO STIMULATION BY A NEURO-INFLAMMATORY AGENT, MUSTARD OIL (MO). WE FOUND THAT MO STIMULATION ELICITED JNK/C-JUN PATHWAY SIGNIFICANTLY BY ENHANCING PHOSPHO-JNK1, PHOSPHO-C-JUN EXPRESSION, AND C-JUN ACTIVITY, WHICH WERE CORRELATED WITH AN ELEVATED ACETYLATED H3 HISTONE IN TG NEURONS. HOWEVER, INCREASES IN PHOSPHO-C-JUN AND C-JUN ACTIVITY WERE SIGNIFICANTLY BLOCKED BY A JNK INHIBITOR, SP600125. WE ALSO FOUND THAT ALTERED H3 HISTONE REMODELING, ASSESSED BY H3 ACETYLATION IN TRIGGERED TG NEURONS, WAS REDUCED BY SP600125. THE STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE ACTIVATED JNK SIGNALING IN REGULATION OF HISTONE REMODELING MAY CONTRIBUTE TO NEURO-EPIGENTIC CHANGES IN PERIPHERAL SENSORY NEURONS FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXIC EXPOSURE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13  3342  28 HISTONE DEACETYLASE9 REPRESENTS THE EPIGENETIC PROMOTION OF M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE VIA TLR4 REGULATION. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MEDIATED BY VARIOUS FACTORS, WHERE EPIGENETIC REGULATION INVOLVING HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS ENVISAGED TO MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF RELATED PROTEINS BY REGULATING THE BINDING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO DNA, THEREBY INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THE MECHANISM OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS PARTLY KNOWN; HENCE, THIS PROJECT AIMED AT INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDAC9) IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, SERUM WAS SEPARATED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES FOLLOWING CLOTTING AND CENTRIFUGATION FROM ATHEROSCLEROTIC AND HEALTHY PATIENTS (N = 40 EACH), AND THEN, VARIOUS TESTS WERE PERFORMED. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 (TLR4) WAS NOT ONLY POSITIVELY CORRELATED TO THE HDAC9 GENE, BUT WAS ALSO UPREGULATED IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHERE IT WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS CELL MODEL OF OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN-INDUCED MACROPHAGES. CONVERSELY, THE TLR4 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN INSTANCES OF LOSS OF HDAC9 FUNCTION, CEMENTING THE BRIDGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HDAC9 AND MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION, WHERE THE HDAC9 WAS FOUND TO UPREGULATE M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION WHICH TRANSLATED INTO THE RELEASE OF HIGHER CONTENT OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA) AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA), WHICH TEND TO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE FOLLOWING THE DELETION OF TLR4. HENCE, THIS STUDY REPORTS NOVEL RELATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC CONTROL AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHICH COULD PARTLY BE EXPLAINED BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  6599  24 TWIST1 AND TWIST2 INDUCE HUMAN MACROPHAGE MEMORY UPON CHRONIC INNATE RECEPTOR TREATMENT BY HDAC-MEDIATED DEACETYLATION OF CYTOKINE PROMOTERS. INTESTINAL TISSUES ARE CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO MICROBIAL PRODUCTS THAT STIMULATE PATTERN-RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (PRRS). ONGOING PRR STIMULATION CAN CONFER EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN MACROPHAGES, WHICH CAN THEN REGULATE SUBSEQUENT IMMUNE OUTCOMES AND ADAPTATION TO THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT. MECHANISMS LEADING TO THESE CHANGES ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. WE FOUND THAT SHORT-TERM STIMULATION OF THE PRR NOD2 IN PRIMARY HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES RESULTED IN INCREASED H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION OF CYTOKINE PROMOTERS, CONSISTENT WITH THE INCREASED CYTOKINE SECRETION OBSERVED. HOWEVER, WITH PROLONGED NOD2 STIMULATION, BOTH THE ACETYLATION AND CYTOKINE SECRETION WERE DRAMATICALLY DECREASED. CHRONIC NOD2 STIMULATION UPREGULATED THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TWIST1 AND TWIST2, WHICH BOUND TO THE PROMOTERS OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASES HDAC1 AND HDAC3 AND INDUCED HDAC1 AND HDAC3 EXPRESSION. HDAC1 AND HDAC3 THEN MEDIATED HISTONE DEACETYLATION AT CYTOKINE PROMOTERS AND, IN TURN, CYTOKINE DOWNREGULATION UNDER THESE CONDITIONS. SIMILAR REGULATION WAS OBSERVED UPON CHRONIC STIMULATION OF MULTIPLE PRRS. CONSISTENT WITH THE CHRONIC MICROBIAL EXPOSURE IN THE INTESTINAL ENVIRONMENT, TWIST1, TWIST2, HDAC1, AND HDAC3 WERE UPREGULATED IN HUMAN INTESTINAL RELATIVE TO PERIPHERAL MACROPHAGES. IMPORTANTLY, COMPLEMENTING HDAC1 AND HDAC3 IN TWIST1/TWIST2-DEFICIENT MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES RESTORED THE REDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION ON CYTOKINE PROMOTERS AND THE DECREASED CYTOKINE SECRETION WITH CHRONIC NOD2 STIMULATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, WE IDENTIFY MECHANISMS WHEREIN TWIST1 AND TWIST2 PROMOTE CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, RESULTING IN MACROPHAGE INSTRUCTION AND ADAPTATION TO CONDITIONS IN THE INTESTINAL MICROENVIRONMENT.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  3553  34 IMMUNOTOLERANCE OF DAIRY HEIFERS IN RESPONSE TO REPEATED EXPOSURE TO BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE ENDOTOXIN. DAIRY CATTLE FACE A VARIETY OF STRESSFUL EVENTS ON A DAILY BASIS. MORE SPECIFICALLY, CLIMATE CHANGE HAS RESULTED IN MORE FREQUENT HEAT STRESS EVENTS THAT INCREASE THE INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS BY INDUCING CONDITIONS LIKE LEAKY GUT SYNDROME, WHEREBY THE INTEGRITY OF THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM IS COMPROMISED ALLOWING FOR LUMINAL BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) ENDOTOXIN TO INFILTRATE THE HOST'S BLOODSTREAM RESULTING IN ACUTE OR CHRONIC SYSTEMIC STIMULATION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM. REPEATED EXPOSURE TO LPS OVER A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME IS REPORTED TO INDUCE IMMUNOTOLERANCE WITHIN THE HOST. THIS LPS TOLERANCE IS AN ESSENTIAL IMMUNOHOMEOSTATIC RESPONSE THAT CAN PROTECT AGAINST OVER ACTIVATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE DURING SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURE TO LPS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, HOLSTEIN CALVES (N = 20) WERE INITIALLY STRESS CHALLENGED WITH EITHER SALINE, OR 100, 200 OR 400 NG/KG OF LPS ADMINISTERED INTRAMUSCULAR, AND AGAIN RE-CHALLENGED WITH 200 NG/KG OF LPS 2-WEEKS LATER. SERUM WAS COLLECTED EVERY 2 HR FOR 6 HR TO PROFILE CHANGES IN CIRCULATORY STRESS BIOMARKERS AFTER THE REPEATED LPS EXPOSURES. HEIFERS THAT WERE INITIALLY CHALLENGED WITH 100, 200 AND 400 NG/KG OF LPS DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED CORTISOL RESPONSES IN THE SECOND CHALLENGE (P < 0.01, 0.01 AND 0.05, RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS CONTROL ANIMALS WHO PREVIOUSLY RECEIVED SALINE DEMONSTRATED A STRONG CORTISOL RESPONSE AT 2 HR AFTER RECEIVING 200 NG/KG OF LPS (P < 0.05). THE CYTOKINE/CHEMOKINE (IL-6, CCL2, CCL3 AND CCL4) RESPONSES WERE ALSO ATTENUATED DURING THE LPS RECHALLENGE (P < 0.05). FINALLY, MICRORNA EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE DETERMINED TO ASSESS THE EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO REPEATED LPS EXPOSURE. INTERESTINGLY, MIR-31 AND MIR-223 WERE DOWNREGULATED IN RESPONSE TO THE SECOND LPS CHALLENGE. THE PRESENT STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF THE STRESS RESPONSE IN DAIRY CATTLE AS IT RELATES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LPS TOLERANCE. UNDERSTANDING THE ROLES OF VARIOUS STRESS BIOMARKERS IN THE CONTEXT OF INNATE IMMUNE CELL TOLERANCE IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVALUATING THEIR IMPACT ON IMMUNE SYSTEM HOMEOSTASIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16  6456  28 THYMOSIN BETA4 PREVENTS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS IN ETHANOL- AND LPS-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE. THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TBETA4), AN ACTIN-SEQUESTERING PROTEIN, IS INVOLVED IN TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION. IT PREVENTS INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN SEVERAL TISSUES. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF TBETA4 IN CHRONIC ETHANOL- AND ACUTE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE- (LPS-) INDUCED MOUSE LIVER INJURY. C57BL/6 MICE WERE FED 5% ETHANOL IN LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS PLUS BINGE ETHANOL (5 G/KG, GAVAGE) WITH OR WITHOUT LPS (2 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) FOR 6 HOURS. TBETA4 (1 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) WAS ADMINISTERED FOR 1 WEEK. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TBETA4 PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN LIVER INJURY MARKERS AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LIVER PATHOLOGY. IT ALSO PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS BY DECREASING ROS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION AND INCREASING THE ANTIOXIDANTS, REDUCED GLUTATHIONE AND MANGANESE-DEPENDENT SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. IT ALSO PREVENTED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B BY BLOCKING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE INHIBITORY PROTEIN, IKAPPAB, THEREBY PREVENTED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION. MOREOVER, TBETA4 PREVENTED FIBROGENESIS BY SUPPRESSING THE EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2, THAT COORDINATELY REVERSED THE EXPRESSION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AND DOWNREGULATED FIBROGENIC GENES, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-BETA RECEPTOR, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN 1, AND FIBRONECTIN, RESULTING IN REDUCED FIBROSIS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT TBETA4 HAS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIFIBROTIC POTENTIAL DURING ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17  2239  22 EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY APABETALONE COUNTERS CYTOKINE-DRIVEN ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE IN VITRO, IN MICE AND IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AND CORRELATES WITH THE ABUNDANCE OF ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE (APR) PROTEINS IN THE LIVER AND PLASMA. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE INFLAMMATORY GENE TRANSCRIPTION. WE SHOW THAT BET INHIBITION BY THE SMALL MOLECULE APABETALONE REDUCES APR GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, MOUSE MODELS, AND PLASMA FROM CVD PATIENTS. STEADY-STATE EXPRESSION OF SERUM AMYLOID P, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1, AND CERULOPLASMIN, APR PROTEINS LINKED TO CVD RISK, IS REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN CULTURED HEPATOCYTES AND IN HUMANIZED MOUSE LIVER. IN CYTOKINE-STIMULATED HEPATOCYTES, APABETALONE REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN, AND SERUM AMYLOID P. THE LATTER TWO ARE ALSO REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN THE LIVER OF ENDOTOXEMIC MICE. BET KNOCKDOWN IN VITRO ALSO COUNTERS CYTOKINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF THE CRP GENE. MECHANISTICALLY, APABETALONE REDUCES THE CYTOKINE-DRIVEN INCREASE IN BRD4 BET OCCUPANCY AT THE CRP PROMOTER, CONFIRMING THAT TRANSCRIPTION OF CRP IS BET-DEPENDENT. IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE CORONARY DISEASE, PLASMA APR PROTEINS CRP, IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, AND FIBRINOGEN GAMMA DECREASE AFTER APABETALONE TREATMENT VERSUS PLACEBO, RESULTING IN A PREDICTED DOWNREGULATION OF THE APR PATHWAY AND CYTOKINE TARGETS. WE CONCLUDE THAT CRP AND COMPONENTS OF THE APR PATHWAY ARE REGULATED BY BET PROTEINS AND THAT APABETALONE COUNTERS CHRONIC CYTOKINE SIGNALING IN PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18   312  28 ALCOHOL FEEDING IN MICE PROMOTES COLONIC HYPERPERMEABILITY AND CHANGES IN COLONIC ORGANOID STEM CELL FATE. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL INCREASES INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY TO PROINFLAMMATORY MICROBIAL PRODUCTS THAT PROMOTE LIVER DISEASE, EVEN AFTER A PERIOD OF SOBRIETY. WE SOUGHT TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ALCOHOL AFFECTS INTESTINAL STEM CELLS USING AN IN VIVO MODEL AND EX VIVO ORGANOIDS GENERATED FROM JEJUNUM AND COLON FROM MICE FED CHRONIC ALCOHOL. METHODS: MICE WERE FED A CONTROL OR AN ALCOHOL DIET. INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY, LIVER STEATOSIS-INFLAMMATION, AND STOOL SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (SCFAS) WERE MEASURED. JEJUNUM AND COLONIC ORGANOIDS AND TISSUE WERE STAINED FOR STEM CELL, CELL LINEAGE, AND APICAL JUNCTION MARKERS WITH ASSESSMENT OF MRNA BY PCR AND RNA-SEQ. CHIP-PCR ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT FOR NOTCH1 USING AN ANTIBODY SPECIFIC FOR ACETYLATED HISTONE 3. RESULTS: ALCOHOL-FED MICE EXHIBITED COLONIC (BUT NOT SMALL INTESTINAL) HYPERPERMEABILITY, STEATOHEPATITIS, AND DECREASED BUTYRATE/TOTAL SCFA RATIO IN STOOL. STEM CELL, CELL LINEAGE, AND APICAL JUNCTION MARKER STAINING IN TISSUE OR ORGANOIDS FROM JEJUNUM TISSUE WERE NOT IMPACTED BY ALCOHOL. ONLY CHROMOGRANIN A (CHGA) WAS INCREASED IN JEJUNUM ORGANOIDS BY QPCR. HOWEVER, COLONIC TISSUE AND ORGANOID STAINING EXHIBITED AN ALCOHOL-INDUCED SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN CYTOKERATIN 20+ (KRT20+) ABSORPTIVE LINEAGE ENTEROCYTES, A DECREASE IN OCCLUDIN AND E-CADHERIN APICAL JUNCTION PROTEINS, AN INCREASE IN CHGA, AND AN INCREASE IN THE LGR5 STEM CELL MARKER. QPCR REVEALED AN ALCOHOL-INDUCED DECREASE IN COLONIC ORGANOID AND TISSUE NOTCH1, HES1, AND KRT20 AND INCREASED CHGA, SUPPORTING AN ALTERATION IN STEM CELL FATE DUE TO DECREASED NOTCH1 EXPRESSION. COLONIC TISSUE CHIP-PCR REVEALED ALCOHOL FEEDING SUPPRESSED NOTCH1 MRNA EXPRESSION (VIA DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3) AND DECREASED NOTCH1 TISSUE STAINING. CONCLUSIONS: DATA SUPPORT A MODEL FOR ALCOHOL-INDUCED COLONIC HYPERPERMEABILITY VIA EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON NOTCH1, AND THUS HES1, SUPPRESSION THROUGH A MECHANISM INVOLVING HISTONE H3 DEACETYLATION AT THE NOTCH1 LOCUS. THIS DECREASED ENTEROCYTE AND INCREASED ENTEROENDOCRINE CELL COLONIC STEM CELL FATE AND DECREASED APICAL JUNCTIONAL PROTEINS LEADING TO HYPERPERMEABILITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19  4611  25 NEONATAL IMMUNE CHALLENGE FOLLOWED BY ADULT IMMUNE CHALLENGE INDUCES EPIGENETIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AGGRAVATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. BACKGROUND: ABDOMINAL PAIN IS ONE OF THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD). THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS RELEASED BY COLON INFLAMMATION ARE KNOWN TO SENSITIZE THE AFFERENT NEURONS, WHICH IS ONE OF THE CONTRIBUTORS TO ABDOMINAL PAIN. HOWEVER, NOT ALL IBD PATIENTS HAVE ABDOMINAL PAIN, AND SOME PATIENTS REPORT ABDOMINAL PAIN DURING REMISSION, SUGGESTING CONTRIBUTIONS OF OTHER PATHOLOGICAL FACTORS TO ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBD. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES FOUND EARLY-LIFE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS A RISK FACTOR FOR IBD SYMPTOMS AND ADULT-LIFE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS MAY TRIGGER THE ONSET OF IBD. WE INVESTIGATED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEONATAL COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE FOLLOWED BY AN ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE UPREGULATES SPINAL CORD BDNF THAT AGGRAVATES VISCERAL SENSITIVITY OVER AND ABOVE THAT INDUCED BY ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE ALONE. METHODS: WE INDUCED NEONATAL AND ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGES BY INTRALUMINAL ADMINISTRATION OF TRINITROBENZENE SULFONIC ACID TO THE RAT COLON. KEY RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT NEONATAL IMMUNE CHALLENGE TRIGGERS EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING THAT UPREGULATES TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE IN THE LOCUS CERULEUS WHEN THESE RATS ARE SUBJECTED TO AN ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE. THE UPREGULATION OF LOCUS CERULEUS TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE, UPREGULATES NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID THAT ACTS ON ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS TO ENHANCE PCREB BINDING TO THE CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT, WHICH RECRUITS HISTONE ACETYLENE TRANSFERASE (HAT) TO THE BDNF GENE TO ENHANCE ITS TRANSCRIPTION RESULTING IN AGGRAVATED VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE TO COLORECTAL DISTENSION. HAT AND ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS BLOCK THE AGGRAVATION OF VISCERAL SENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES: HAT AND ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR INHIBITORS MAY SERVE AS ALTERNATES TO OPIOIDS AND NSAIDS IN SUPPRESSING ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20  5480  29 RESVERATROL REVERSES MORPHINE-INDUCED NEUROINFLAMMATION IN MORPHINE-TOLERANT RATS BY REVERSAL HDAC1 EXPRESSION. BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT SUBSEQUENT INTRATHECAL (I.T.) INJECTION OF RESVERATROL (30 MUG) SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSES MORPHINE-EVOKED NEUROINFLAMMATION IN MORPHINE-TOLERANT RATS. THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM. METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS WERE IMPLANTED WITH TWO I.T. CATHETERS, ONE OF WHICH WAS CONNECTED TO A MINIOSMOTIC PUMP AND USED FOR MORPHINE (15 MUG/H) OR SALINE INFUSION FOR 120 HOURS. TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS ON SPINAL CORD EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 (HDAC1), THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA), AND TNF RECEPTOR (TNFR) 1 AND TNFR2 DURING TOLERANCE INDUCTION, A TAIL-FLICK TEST WAS PERFORMED PRIOR TO INFUSION AND AFTER 24 HOURS, 48 HOURS, 72 HOURS, 96 HOURS, AND 120 HOURS OF INFUSION. RESULTS: RESVERATROL TREATMENT PRIOR TO MORPHINE CHALLENGE RESTORED THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE IN MORPHINE-TOLERANT RATS AND REVERSED THE MORPHINE INFUSION-INDUCED INCREASE IN HDAC1, TNF-ALPHA, AND TNFR1 EXPRESSION. MOREOVER, CHRONIC MORPHINE INFUSION INCREASED TNFR1-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION IN NEURON IN MORPHINE-TOLERANT RAT SPINAL CORDS, AND THIS EFFECT WAS ALMOST COMPLETELY INHIBITED BY RESVERATROL TREATMENT PRIOR TO MORPHINE CHALLENGE. CONCLUSION: RESVERATROL RESTORES THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE BY REVERSING MORPHINE INFUSION-INDUCED SPINAL CORD NEUROINFLAMMATION AND INCREASE IN TNFR1 EXPRESSION. THE REVERSAL OF THE MORPHINE-INDUCED INCREASE IN TNFR1 EXPRESSION BY RESVERATROL IS PARTIALLY DUE TO REVERSAL OF THE MORPHINE INFUSION-INDUCED INCREASE IN HDAC1 EXPRESSION. RESVERATROL PRETREATMENT CAN BE USED AS AN ADJUVANT IN CLINICAL PAIN MANAGEMENT FOR PATIENTS WHO NEED LONG-TERM MORPHINE TREATMENT OR WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2016