1  6648 140 UPDATE ON DIAGNOSIS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS A CHRONIC COMPLICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS WHICH MAY EVENTUALLY LEAD TO END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE (ESKD). DESPITE IMPROVEMENTS IN GLYCAEMIC CONTROL AND BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT WITH RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) BLOCKADE, THE CURRENT THERAPY CANNOT COMPLETELY HALT DKD PROGRESSION TO ESKD IN SOME PATIENTS. DKD IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE ENTITY IN TERMS OF ITS CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND THE RATE OF PROGRESSION, WHICH MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTICS. IT WAS FORMERLY CONSIDERED THAT ALBUMINURIA PRECEDED KIDNEY FUNCTION DECLINE IN DKD, BUT RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES REVEALED THAT A DISTINCT GROUP OF PATIENTS PRESENTED KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION WITHOUT DEVELOPING ALBUMINURIA. OTHER COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS HYPERTENSION, OBESITY AND GOUT, ALSO AFFECT THE CLINICAL COURSE OF DKD. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DKD IS COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL, INVOLVING BOTH METABOLIC AND HAEMODYNAMIC FACTORS. THESE INDUCE ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, HYPOXIA, DYSREGULATED AUTOPHAGY AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH RESULT IN KIDNEY INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. RECENTLY, TWO GROUPS OF ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS, SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 (SGLT2) INHIBITORS AND GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) RECEPTOR AGONISTS, WERE DEMONSTRATED TO PROVIDE RENOPROTECTION ON TOP OF THEIR GLUCOSE-LOWERING EFFECTS. SEVERAL OTHER THERAPEUTIC AGENTS ARE ALSO BEING DEVELOPED AND EVALUATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
2  6473  48 TO DO ONE AND TO GET MORE: PART II. DIABETES AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASES. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS CHARACTERIZED BY INABILITY OF FAULTY PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS TO SECRET A NORMAL AMOUNT OF INSULIN TO MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY CONSUMPTION, AND/OR PERIPHERAL TISSUE HAS A DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSULIN, RESULTING IN HYPERGLYCEMIA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. SIMILAR TO OTHER CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, DM IS A RESULT FROM DYSREGULATED INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ETHNIC, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, IMMUNOREGULATORY, HORMONAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THEREFORE, IT IS RATIONAL TO SUPPOSE THE CONCEPT AS "TO DO ONE AND TO GET MORE", WHILE USING ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS (ADA), A MAIN PHARMACOLOGIC AGENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF DM, CAN PROVIDE AN EXTRAGLYCEMIA EFFECT ON COMORBIDITIES OR CONCOMITTENT COMORBIDITIES TO DM. IN THIS REVIEW, BASED ON THE MUCH STRONG CORRELATION BETWEEN DM AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASES (MAFLD) SHOWN BY SIMILAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND A HIGH PREVALENCE OF DM IN MAFLD AND ITS VICE VERSA (A HIGH PREVALENCE OF MAFLD IN DM), IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE THE STRATEGY TO TARGET BOTH DISEASES SIMULTANEOUSLY. WE FOCUS ON A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF ADA, SUCH AS GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP1R) AGONIST AND SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 (SGLT-2) INHIBITORS TO SHOW THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EXTRAGLYCEMIC EFFECT ON MAFLD. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE MANAGEMENT OF DM PATIENTS, ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE WHO NEED ADA AS ADJUVANT THERAPY SHOULD INCLUDE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION TO OVERCOME THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, CONTRIBUTING TO THE URGENT NEED OF AN EFFECTIVE WEIGHT-REDUCTION STRATEGY. GLP1R AGONIST IS ONE OF EFFECTIVE BODY WEIGHT-LOWERING MEDICATIONS, WHICH MAY BE A BETTER CHOICE FOR DM COMPLICATED WITH MAFLD OR ITS-ASSOCIATED SEVERE FORM AS METABOLIC ASSOCIATED STEATOHEPATITIS (MASH), ALTHOUGH THE ROLE OF SGLT-2 INHIBITORS IS ALSO IMPRESSIVE. THE PRESCRIPTION OF THESE TWO CLASSES OF ADA MAY SATISFY THE CONCEPT "TO DO ONE AND TO GET MORE", BASED ON SUCCESSFUL SUGAR-LOWERING EFFECT FOR CONTROLLING DM AND EXTRAGLYCEMIA BENEFITS OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY IN DM PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3  4211  39 METFORMIN FOR CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE, OSTEOPOROSIS, PERIODONTITIS, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME, NEURODEGENERATION, CANCER, INFLAMMATION AND SENESCENCE: WHAT IS NEXT? DIABETES IS ACCOMPANIED BY SEVERAL COMPLICATIONS. HIGHER PREVALENCE OF CANCERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), OBESITY, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES HAS BEEN REPORTED AMONG PATIENTS WITH DIABETES. METFORMIN IS THE OLDEST ORAL ANTIDIABETIC DRUG AND CAN IMPROVE COEXISTING COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES. CLINICAL TRIALS AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES UNCOVERED THAT METFORMIN CAN REMARKABLY PREVENT OR ALLEVIATE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, OBESITY, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME (PCOS), OSTEOPOROSIS, CANCER, PERIODONTITIS, NEURONAL DAMAGE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, INFLAMMATION, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), TUBERCULOSIS, AND COVID-19. IN ADDITION, METFORMIN HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS AN ANTIAGING AGENT. NUMEROUS MECHANISMS WERE SHOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN. METFORMIN ACTIVATES THE LKB1/AMPK PATHWAY TO INTERACT WITH SEVERAL INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. THE DRUG MODIFIES THE BIOLOGIC FUNCTION OF NF-KAPPAB, PI3K/AKT/MTOR, SIRT1/PGC-1ALPHA, NLRP3, ERK, P38 MAPK, WNT/BETA-CATENIN, NRF2, JNK, AND OTHER MAJOR MOLECULES IN THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING NETWORK. IT ALSO REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF NONCODING RNAS. THEREBY, METFORMIN CAN REGULATE METABOLISM, GROWTH, PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATION, TUMORIGENESIS, AND SENESCENCE. ADDITIONALLY, METFORMIN MODULATES IMMUNE RESPONSE, AUTOPHAGY, MITOPHAGY, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, AND APOPTOSIS AND EXERTS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. FURTHERMORE, METFORMIN PROTECTS AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY, PRESERVES TELOMERE LENGTH, AND PREVENTS STEM CELL EXHAUSTION. IN THIS REVIEW, THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON EACH DISEASE WILL BE DISCUSSED USING THE RESULTS OF RECENT META-ANALYSES, CLINICAL TRIALS, AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES. THEREAFTER, IT WILL BE METICULOUSLY EXPLAINED HOW METFORMIN REPROGRAMS INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND ALTERS MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR INTERACTIONS TO MODIFY THE CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF SEVERAL DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4  6441  37 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: ESTABLISHED TARGETS AND DRUGS. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), AS A MULTISYSTEMIC DISEASE, IS THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY COMPLEX PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY, WHICH OFTEN DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD INCLUDE DIET, OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS, INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS, OXIDATIVE/NITROSATIVE STRESS, AUTOPHAGY DYSREGULATION, HEPATIC INFLAMMATION, GUT-LIVER AXIS, GUT MICROBES, IMPAIRED MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM AND REGULATION OF HEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM. SOME OF THE NEW DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NAFLD ARE INTRODUCED HERE. ALL OF THEM ACHIEVE THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVES BY INTERFERING WITH CERTAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS OF NAFLD, INCLUDING FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (FGF) ANALOGUES, PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPARS) AGONISTS, GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS, G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCRS), SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 INHIBITORS (SGLT-2I), FARNESOID X RECEPTOR (FXR), FATTY ACID SYNTHASE INHIBITOR (FASNI), ANTIOXIDANTS, ETC. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES SOME PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NAFLD AND ESTABLISHED TARGETS AND DRUGS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  4971  49 PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A FOCUS ON CURRENT AND FUTURE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AROUND THE GLOBE AND IS ONE OF THE MAIN COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 AND 2 DIABETES. THE STANDARD TREATMENT FOR DKD IS DRUGS CONTROLLING HYPERGLYCEMIA AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM BLOCKADE AND SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 (SGLT2) INHIBITION HAVE YIELDED PROMISING RESULTS IN DKD, BUT MANY DIABETIC PATIENTS ON SUCH TREATMENTS NEVERTHELESS CONTINUE TO DEVELOP DKD, LEADING TO KIDNEY FAILURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR COMORBIDITIES. NEW THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS ARE URGENTLY REQUIRED. WE REVIEW HERE THE PROMISING THERAPEUTIC AVENUES BASED ON INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS OF DKD THAT HAVE RECENTLY EMERGED, INCLUDING MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS, SGLT2 INHIBITORS, GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR AGONIST, ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR A INHIBITION, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, AUTOPHAGY ACTIVATORS AND EPIGENETIC REMODELLING. THE INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN DKD PATHOGENESIS, TOGETHER WITH THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIABILITY OF THIS CONDITION, MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO TARGET THIS HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION WITH A SINGLE DRUG. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE GENETIC AND MECHANISTIC VARIABILITY, MAY THEREFORE IMPROVE RENAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH DKD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6   465  52 ARE TARGETED THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ON THE HORIZON? DIABETES INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE APPROXIMATELY 2.5-FOLD, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES. THIS PROCESS, TERMED DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY INITIAL IMPAIRMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) RELAXATION FOLLOWED BY LV CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION REVEALS THAT HUMAN DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LV DAMAGE, INCLUDING CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, APOPTOSIS AND FIBROSIS, WITH IMPAIRED CORONARY MICROVASCULAR PERFUSION. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ARE IMPLICATED. DESPITE A RECENT RISE IN RESEARCH INTERROGATING THESE MECHANISMS AND AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE REMAINS A LACK OF SPECIFIC TREATMENT STRATEGIES. HOW THE CHRONIC METABOLIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED IN DIABETES LEAD TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES REMAINS A PERTINENT QUESTION, AND IT IS HOPED THAT RECENT ADVANCES, PARTICULARLY IN THE AREA OF EPIGENETICS, AMONG OTHERS, MAY PROVIDE SOME ANSWERS. THIS REVIEW HENCE EXPLORES THE TEMPORAL ONSET OF THE PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESULTANT DISEASE PHENOTYPE, AS WELL AS BOTH CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. THE EMERGENCE OF GLUCOSE-OPTIMIZING AGENTS, NAMELY GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS AND SODIUM/GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER (SGLT)2 INHIBITORS THAT CONFER BENEFITS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, TOGETHER WITH NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES, HIGHLIGHT A NEW AND EXCITING ERA IN DIABETES RESEARCH, WHICH IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN MAJOR CLINICAL IMPACT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7  5013  35 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE. HEPATIC FIBROSIS IS A DYNAMIC CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE OCCURRING AS A CONSEQUENCE OF WOUND-HEALING RESPONSES TO VARIOUS HEPATIC INJURIES. THIS DISORDER IS ONE OF PRIMARY PREDICTORS FOR LIVER-ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. TO DATE, NO PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENT HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS OR COULD BE RECOMMENDED FOR ROUTINE USE IN CLINICAL CONTEXT. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS HAS REVEALED THAT PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA (PPARGAMMA), THE FUNCTIONING RECEPTOR FOR ANTIDIABETIC THIAZOLIDINEDIONES, PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS), WHOSE ACTIVATION IS THE CENTRAL EVENT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS. ACTIVATION OF PPARGAMMA INHIBITS HSC COLLAGEN PRODUCTION AND MODULATES HSC ADIPOGENIC PHENOTYPE AT TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS. THESE MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INDICATE PPARGAMMA AS A PROMISING DRUG TARGET FOR ANTIFIBROTIC CHEMOTHERAPY. INTENSIVE ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT STIMULATION OF PPARGAMMA REGULATORY SYSTEM THROUGH GENE THERAPY APPROACHES AND PPARGAMMA LIGANDS HAS THERAPEUTIC PROMISE FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS INDUCED BY A VARIETY OF ETIOLOGIES. AT THE SAME TIME, THIAZOLIDINEDIONE AGENTS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR THEIR CLINICAL BENEFITS PRIMARILY IN PATIENTS WITH NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS, A COMMON METABOLIC LIVER DISORDER WITH HIGH POTENTIAL TO PROGRESS TO FIBROSIS AND LIVER-RELATED DEATH. ALTHOUGH SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN INITIAL PROMISE, NONE HAS ESTABLISHED LONG-TERM EFFICACY IN WELL-CONTROLLED RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. THIS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW COVERS THE 10-YEAR DISCOVERIES OF THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR PPARGAMMA REGULATION OF HSC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THEN FOCUSES ON THE ANIMAL INVESTIGATIONS AND CLINICAL TRIALS OF VARIOUS THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES TARGETING PPARGAMMA FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  2694  36 EVOLVING SPECTRUM OF DIABETIC WOUND: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. DIABETES MELLITUS IS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDER RESULTING IN AN INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL AND PROLONGED HYPERGLYCEMIA, CAUSES LONG TERM HEALTH CONSE-QUENCES. CHRONIC WOUND IS FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN DIABETES PATIENTS DUE TO COMPROMISED WOUND HEALING CAPABILITY. MANAGEMENT OF WOUNDS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS REMAINS A CLINICAL CHALLENGE DESPITE MANY ADVANCEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. INCREASING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT ALTERATION OF THE BIOCHEMICAL MILIEU RESULTING FROM ALTERATION IN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE, DECREASE IN FIBROBLAST AND KERATINOCYTE FUNCTIONING, NEUROPATHY, ALTERED LEUKOCYTE FUNCTIONING, INFECTION, ETC., PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN IMPAIRED WOUND HEALING IN DIABETIC PEOPLE. APART FROM THE CURRENT PHARMACOTHERAPY, DIFFERENT OTHER APPROACHES LIKE THE USE OF CONVENTIONAL DRUGS, ANTIDIABETIC MEDICATION, ANTIBIOTICS, DEBRIDEMENT, OFFLOADING, PLATELET-RICH PLASMA, GROWTH FACTOR, OXYGEN THERAPY, NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY, LOW-LEVEL LASER, EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE BIOENGINEERED SUBSTITUTE CAN BE CONSIDERED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC WOUNDS. DRUGS/THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY THAT INDUCE ANGIOGENESIS AND COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS, INHIBITION OF MMPS, REDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, CONTROLLING HYPERGLYCEMIA, INCREASE GROWTH FACTORS, REGULATE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, CAUSE NO INDUCTION, INDUCE FIBROBLAST AND KERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION, CONTROL MICROBIAL INFECTIONS ARE CONSIDERED IMPORTANT IN CONTROLLING DIABETIC WOUND. FURTHER, MEDICINAL PLANTS AND/OR PHYTOCONSTITUENTS ALSO OFFER A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC WOUND. THE FOCUS OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO HIGHLIGHT THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS, AND DISCUSS THE DRUG TARGETS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES INVOLVED IN THE DIABETIC WOUND.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  1384  50 DIABETES AND KIDNEY DISEASE: EMPHASIS ON TREATMENT WITH SGLT-2 INHIBITORS AND GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. KIDNEY DISEASE IS A FREQUENT MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATION OF BOTH TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. HISTORIC TRIALS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT A TIGHT GLYCAEMIC CONTROL IS THE MOST POWERFUL APPROACH TO DECREASE THE CHANCES OF DEVELOPING DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. HOWEVER, HAVING AN HBA1C < 7% DOES NOT COMPLETELY SUPPRESS THE RISK OF KIDNEY DISEASE. THE OBSERVED RESIDUAL RISK IS LIKELY ASCRIBABLE TO TWO PHENOMENA: 1- THE PRESENCE OF RISK FACTORS AND ALTERATIONS ADDITIVE TO AND INDEPENDENT OF GLYCAEMIA, AND 2- THE ACTIVATION OF LONG-LASTING IMBALANCES BY PERIODS OF EXPOSURE TO UNCONTROLLED GLYCEMIA, A PHENOMENON REFERRED TO AS METABOLIC MEMORY OR LEGACY EFFECT. LONG-LASTING OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AND THE RESULTING CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION ARE ALL CANDIDATE MECHANISMS EXPLAINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHROPATHY DESPITE PROPER CONTROL OF RISK FACTORS. RECENTLY, TWO CLASSES OF DRUGS, I.E. GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE (GLP) 1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS (RA) AND SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS (SGLT-I) HAVE CHANGED THIS SCENARIO. INDEED, CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME AND OTHER TRIALS HAVE CLEARLY SHOWN A RENOPROTECTIVE EFFECT FOR THESE DRUGS, WELL-BEYOND THEIR GLUCOSE-LOWERING PROPERTIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE: 1- SELECTED KEY TRIALS AND MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND 2- THE RESULTS RELATIVE TO RENAL ENDPOINTS IN CLINICAL TRIALS OF GLP-1 RA AND SGLT-2I. THEN, WE BRIEFLY DISCUSS SOME OF THE HYPOTHESES POSITED TO EXPLAIN THE MARKED RENOPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF THESE TWO CLASSES, EVIDENCING THE STILL EXISTING GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE AND PROPOSING FUTURE DIRECTIONS TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT THE USE OF THESE POWERFUL, DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  4895  41 OXIDATIVE STRESS DRIVERS AND MODULATORS IN OBESITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: FROM BIOMARKERS TO THERAPEUTIC APPROACH. THIS REVIEW ARTICLE IS INTENDED TO DESCRIBE HOW OXIDATIVE STRESS REGULATES CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS RELATED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS, AS WELL AS MORE RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, ARE EMERGING OVER THE LAST YEARS AS POTENTIALLY USEFUL TOOLS TO DESIGN THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES AIMED AT MODULATING ENHANCED OXIDATIVE STRESS "IN VIVO", THEREBY MITIGATING THE CONSEQUENT ATHEROSCLEROTIC BURDEN. AS A PARADIGM, WE DESCRIBE THE CASE OF OBESITY, IN WHICH THE INTERTWINING AMONG OXIDATIVE STRESS, DUE TO CALORIC OVERLOAD, CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY ADIPOSE TISSUE DYSFUNCTION, AND PLATELET ACTIVATION REPRESENTS A VICIOUS CYCLE FAVORING THE PROGRESSION OF ATHEROTHROMBOSIS. OXIDATIVE STRESS IS A MAJOR PLAYER IN THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD). REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS)- DEPENDENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS PROMPT TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, INDUCING CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, PLATELET ACTIVATION AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. IN ADDITION, SEVERAL OXIDATIVE BIOMARKERS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED WITH THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING CVD. THESE INCLUDE ROS-GENERATING AND/OR QUENCHING MOLECULES, AND ROS-MODIFIED COMPOUNDS, SUCH AS F2-ISOPROSTANES. THERE IS ALSO INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT NONCODING MICRO- RNA (MI-RNA) ARE CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN POST- TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF CELL FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING ROS GENERATION, INFLAMMATION, REGULATION OF CELL PROLIFERATION, ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, ANGIOGENESIS AND APOPTOSIS. THESE MOLECULES HAVE PROMISING TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL AS BOTH MARKERS OF DISEASE AND SITE OF TARGETED INTERVENTIONS. FINALLY, OXIDATIVE STRESS IS A CRITICAL TARGET OF SEVERAL CARDIOPROTECTIVE DRUGS AND NUTRACEUTICALS, INCLUDING ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS, STATINS, RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM BLOCKERS, POLYPHENOLS AND OTHER ANTIOXIDANTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF ROS-GENERATING MECHANISMS, THEIR BIOLOGICAL ROLE AS WELL AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS WOULD TRANSLATE INTO CONSISTENT BENEFITS FOR EFFECTIVE CV PREVENTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  4433  32 MOLECULAR COMPLEXITIES UNDERLYING THE VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS - A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. DIABETES IS A CHRONIC DISEASE, CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA, WHICH REFERS TO THE ELEVATED LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD, DUE TO THE INABILITY OF THE BODY TO PRODUCE OR USE INSULIN EFFECTIVELY. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA LEVELS LEAD TO MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THE MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS CONSIST OF PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE (PAD), CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES, WHILE THE MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS COMPRISE OF DIABETIC MICROANGIOPATHY, DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND DIABETIC NEUROPATHY. VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MEDIATING BOTH MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS UNDER HYPERGLYCEMIC CONDITIONS. IN DIABETIC MICROVASCULATURE, THE INTRACELLULAR HYPERGLYCEMIA CAUSES DAMAGE TO THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM THROUGH - (I) ACTIVATION OF FOUR BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS, NAMELY THE POLYOL PATHWAY, PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC) PATHWAY, ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGE) PATHWAY AND HEXOSAMINE PATHWAY, ALL OF WHICH COMMUTES GLUCOSE AND ITS INTERMEDIATES LEADING TO OVERPRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, (II) DYSREGULATION OF GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES, (III) EPIGENETIC CHANGES WHICH CONCERN THE CHANGES IN DNA AS A RESPONSE TO INTRACELLULAR CHANGES, AND (IV) ABNORMALITIES IN NON-CODING RNAS, SPECIFICALLY MICRORNAS. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON GAINING AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR COMPLEXITIES UNDERLYING THE VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES MELLITUS, TO INCREASE OUR UNDERSTANDING TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MECHANISTIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PREVENT OR TREAT DIABETES-INDUCED VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12  6575  52 TREATMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE: CURRENT AND FUTURE. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE. HOWEVER, ONLY RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM INHIBITOR WITH MULTIDISCIPLINARY TREATMENTS IS EFFECTIVE FOR DKD. IN 2019, SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 (SGLT2) INHIBITOR SHOWED EFFICACY AGAINST DKD IN CANAGLIFLOZIN AND RENAL EVENTS IN DIABETES WITH ESTABLISHED NEPHROPATHY CLINICAL EVALUATION (CREDENCE) TRIAL, ADDING A NEW TREATMENT OPTION. HOWEVER, THE PROGRESSION OF DKD HAS NOT BEEN COMPLETELY CONTROLLED. THE PATIENTS WITH TRANSIENT EXPOSURE TO HYPERGLYCEMIA DEVELOP DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING DKD, EVEN AFTER NORMALIZATION OF THEIR BLOOD GLUCOSE. TEMPORARY HYPERGLYCEMIA CAUSES ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT (AGE) ACCUMULATIONS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AS METABOLIC MEMORY. THE DRUGS THAT IMPROVE METABOLIC MEMORY ARE AWAITED, AND AGE INHIBITORS AND HISTONE MODIFICATION INHIBITORS ARE THE FOCUS OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH. IN ADDITION, INCRETIN-RELATED DRUGS SHOWED A RENOPROTECTIVE ABILITY IN MANY CLINICAL TRIALS, AND THESE TRIALS WITH RENAL OUTCOME AS THEIR PRIMARY ENDPOINT ARE CURRENTLY ONGOING. HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR PROLYL HYDROXYLASE INHIBITORS RECENTLY APPROVED FOR RENAL ANEMIA MAY BE RENOPROTECTIVE SINCE THEY IMPROVE TUBULOINTERSTITIAL HYPOXIA. FURTHERMORE, NF-E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 ACTIVATORS IMPROVED THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE OF DKD PATIENTS IN BARDOXOLONE METHYL TREATMENT: RENAL FUNCTION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE/TYPE 2 DIABETES (BEAM) TRIAL AND PHASE II STUDY OF BARDOXOLONE METHYL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (TSUBAKI) TRIAL. THUS, FOLLOWING SGLT2 INHIBITOR, NUMEROUS NOVEL DRUGS COULD BE UTILIZED IN TREATING DKD. FUTURE STUDIES ARE EXPECTED TO PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13  6205  37 THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT EXTRACTS AND PHYTOCONSTITUENTS ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITY AND GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF IMPAIRED GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND DIABETES COMPLICATIONS. DIABETES IS A COMPLEX METABOLIC DISORDER RESULTING EITHER FROM INSULIN RESISTANCE OR AN IMPAIRED INSULIN SECRETION. PROLONGED ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION, THE KEY CLINICAL SIGN OF DIABETES, INITIATES AN ENHANCEMENT OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES DERIVED FROM GLUCOSE AUTOXIDATION AND GLYCOSYLATION OF PROTEINS. CONSEQUENTLY, CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS OVERWHELMS CELLULAR ENDOGENOUS ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES AND LEADS TO THE ACUTE AND LONG-STANDING STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES OF MACROMOLECULES RESULTING IN IMPAIRED CELLULAR FUNCTIONING, CELL DEATH AND ORGAN DYSFUNCTION. THE OXIDATIVE STRESS PROVOKED CHAIN OF PATHOLOGICAL EVENTS OVER TIME CAUSE DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS NEPHROPATHY, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CARDIOMYOPATHY, RETINOPATHY, HYPERTENSION, AND LIVER DISEASE. UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS, ACCOMPANYING GENOME/EPIGENOME AND METABOLITE MARKERS ALTERATIONS MAY ALSO AFFECT GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS, PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS, MUSCLE, LIVER, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE. BY PROVIDING DEEPER GENETIC/EPIGENETIC INSIGHT OF DIRECT OR INDIRECT DIETARY EFFECTS, NUTRIGENOMICS OFFERS A PROMISING OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF DIABETIC PATIENTS. NATURAL PLANT EXTRACTS, OR THEIR NATURALLY OCCURRING COMPOUNDS, WERE SHOWN TO BE VERY PROFICIENT IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH OXIDATIVE STRESS INCLUDING DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS. CONSIDERING THAT FOOD INTAKE IS ONE OF THE CRUCIAL COMPONENTS IN DIABETES' PREVALENCE, PROGRESSION AND COMPLICATIONS, THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE EFFECT OF THE MAJOR PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITE AND PHYTOCONSTITUENTS ON THE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITY AND GENE EXPRESSION UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  4459  38 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS ARE THE MAJOR CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES. MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE RETINOPATHY, NEPHROPATHY AND NEUROPATHY, WHICH ARE LEADING CAUSES OF BLINDNESS, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE AND VARIOUS PAINFUL NEUROPATHIES; WHEREAS MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS INVOLVE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RELATED DISEASES, SUCH AS CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE AND STROKE. DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS ARE THE RESULT OF INTERACTIONS AMONG SYSTEMIC METABOLIC CHANGES, SUCH AS HYPERGLYCEMIA, LOCAL TISSUE RESPONSES TO TOXIC METABOLITES FROM GLUCOSE METABOLISM, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODULATORS. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA IS RECOGNIZED AS A MAJOR INITIATOR OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. MULTIPLE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO MEDIATE HYPERGLYCEMIA'S ADVERSE EFFECTS ON VASCULAR TISSUES. THESE INCLUDE INCREASED POLYOL PATHWAY, ACTIVATION OF THE DIACYLGLYCEROL/PROTEIN KINASE C PATHWAY, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, OVERPRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS, AND INCREASED HEXOSAMINE PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE ALTERATIONS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS INDUCED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA OR TOXIC METABOLITES CAN ALSO LEAD TO CELLULAR DYSFUNCTIONS AND DAMAGE VASCULAR TISSUES BY ALTERING GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN FUNCTION. LESS STUDIED THAN THE TOXIC MECHANISMS, HYPERGLYCEMIA MIGHT ALSO INHIBIT THE ENDOGENOUS VASCULAR PROTECTIVE FACTORS SUCH AS INSULIN, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR AND ACTIVATED PROTEIN C, WHICH PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN MAINTAINING VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS. THUS, EFFECTIVE THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS NEED TO INHIBIT MECHANISMS INDUCED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA'S TOXIC EFFECTS AND ALSO ENHANCE THE ENDOGENOUS PROTECTIVE FACTORS. THE PRESENT REVIEW SUMMARIZES THESE MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS ACTIVATED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA AND THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT MIGHT PREVENT DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. (J DIABETES INVEST, DOI: 10.1111/J.2040-1124.2010.00018.X, 2010).	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15  4891  32 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN PREDIABETES AND DIABETES. PREDIABETES IS A STATE OF ELEVATED PLASMA GLUCOSE IN WHICH THE THRESHOLD FOR DIABETES HAS NOT YET BEEN REACHED AND CAN PREDISPOSE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. INSULIN RESISTANCE AND IMPAIRED BETA-CELL FUNCTION ARE OFTEN ALREADY PRESENT IN PREDIABETES. HYPERGLYCEMIA CAN UPREGULATE MARKERS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) GENERATION, WHICH ULTIMATELY CAUSE VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION. CONVERSELY, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION CAN LEAD TO INSULIN RESISTANCE AND IMPAIRED INSULIN SECRETION. PROPER TREATMENT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA AND INHIBITION OF ROS OVERPRODUCTION IS CRUCIAL FOR DELAYING ONSET OF DIABETES AND FOR PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THUS, IT IS IMPERATIVE TO DETERMINE THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION FROM PREDIABETES TO DIABETES INCLUDING A CLARIFICATION OF HOW OLD AND NEW MEDICATIONS AFFECT OXIDATIVE AND IMMUNE MECHANISMS OF DIABETES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HYPERGLYCEMIA ALONG WITH LINKS BETWEEN INFLAMMATION AND PREDIABETES. ADDITIONALLY, THE EFFECTS OF HYPERGLYCEMIC MEMORY, MICROVESICLES, MICRO-RNA, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION ON INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STATE, AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL ARE HIGHLIGHTED. ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ARE ALSO BRIEFLY REVIEWED. FINALLY, THE ROLE OF IMMUNE-TARGETED THERAPIES AND ANTI-DIABETIC MEDICATION ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL AND OXIDATIVE STRESS ARE DISCUSSED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16  5868  25 SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON T-HELPER 1-RELATED CHEMOKINES EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) ARE CHRONIC T-CELL-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. METFORMIN IS A WIDELY USED DRUG FOR TYPE 2 DM THAT REDUCES THE NEED FOR INSULIN IN TYPE 1 DM. HOWEVER, WHETHER METFORMIN HAS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT FOR TREATING DM IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MECHANISM OF METFORMIN IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1 WAS PRETREATED WITH METFORMIN AND STIMULATED WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS). THE PRODUCTION OF T-HELPER (TH)-1-RELATED CHEMOKINES INCLUDING INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCED PROTEIN-10 (IP-10) AND MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 (MCP-1), TH2-RELATED CHEMOKINE MACROPHAGE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE, AND THE PROINFLAMMATORY CHEMOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA WAS MEASURED USING ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE INVESTIGATED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED IP-10 AND MCP-1 PRODUCTION AS WELL AS LPS-INDUCED PHOSPHORYLATION OF C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK), P38, EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK), AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB). MOREOVER, METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 AT THE IP-10 PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED THE PRODUCTION OF TH1-RELATED CHEMOKINES IP-10 AND MCP-1 IN THP-1 CELLS. SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON IP-10 PRODUCTION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED AT LEAST PARTIALLY TO THE JNK, P38, ERK, AND NF-KAPPAB PATHWAYS AS WELL AS TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4. THESE RESULTS INDICATED THE THERAPEUTIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF METFORMIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  4137  37 MECHANISMS OF METABOLIC MEMORY AND RENAL HYPOXIA AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS A WORLDWIDE PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM. THE DEFINITION OF DKD IS UNDER DISCUSSION. ALTHOUGH THE TERM DKD WAS ORIGINALLY DEFINED AS 'KIDNEY DISEASE SPECIFIC TO DIABETES,' DKD FREQUENTLY MEANS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AND INCLUDES NOT ONLY CLASSICAL DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY, BUT ALSO KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION AS A RESULT OF NEPHROSCLEROSIS AND OTHER CAUSES. METABOLIC MEMORY PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES, INCLUDING DKD. THE MECHANISMS OF METABOLIC MEMORY IN DKD ARE SUPPOSED TO INCLUDE ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCTS, DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RIBONUCLEIC ACID INCLUDING MICRO RIBONUCLEIC ACID. REGARDLESS OF THE PRESENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS, THE FINAL COMMON PATHWAY IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS CHRONIC KIDNEY HYPOXIA, WHICH INFLUENCES EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, INCLUDING DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN MICRO RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND CHROMATIN. THEREFORE, HYPOXIA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS ARE APPROPRIATE TARGETS OF THERAPIES AGAINST DKD. PROLYL HYDROXYLASE DOMAIN INHIBITOR ENHANCES THE DEFENSIVE MECHANISMS AGAINST HYPOXIA. BARDOXOLONE METHYL PROTECTS AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND CAN EVEN REVERSE IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION; A PHASE 2 TRIAL WITH CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION TO HEART COMPLICATIONS IS CURRENTLY ONGOING IN JAPAN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18    74  49 A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. IN RECENT TIMES, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BEEN CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF LIVER DISEASE ACROSS THE WORLD. NAFLD IS DEFINED AS THE DEPOSITION OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN THE LIVER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. HYPERINSULINEMIA, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), FATTY LIVER, HEPATOCYTE INJURY, UNBALANCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIVER INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS ARE THE MAIN PATHOGENESIS IN NAFLD. RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE ACTION OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA THROUGH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY, AND ENERGY UPTAKE PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN NAFLD. MOREOVER, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME ALSO CAUSES NAFLD DEVELOPMENT THROUGH IR. AGE, GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY, SLEEP, DIET, SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS ARE SOME CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF NAFLD THAT CAN EXACERBATE THE RISK OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND EVENTUALLY LEAD TO DEATH. NAFLD HAS VARIOUS PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING FATIGUE, UNEXPLAINED WEIGHT LOSS, BLOATING, UPPER ABDOMINAL PAIN, DECREASED APPETITE, HEADACHE, ANXIETY, POOR SLEEP, INCREASED THIRST, PALPITATION, AND A FEELING OF WARMTH. SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT NAFLD WITH SEVERE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) HAS POOR OUTCOMES. THE GOLD STANDARD FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS IS LIVER BIOPSY. OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS ARE IMAGING TESTS, SERUM BIOMARKERS, MICROBIOTA MARKERS, AND TESTS FOR EXTRAHEPATIC COMPLICATIONS. THERE ARE NO SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NAFLD. THEREFORE, THE MAIN CONCERN FOR NAFLD IS TREATING THE COMORBID CONDITIONS SUCH AS ANTI-DIABETIC AGENTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, STATINS TO REDUCE HCC PROGRESSION, ANTIOXIDANTS TO PREVENT HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY FOR PATIENTS WITH A BMI OF >40 KG/M(2) AND >35 KG/M(2) WITH COMORBIDITIES. LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY CHANGES ARE CONSIDERED PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AGAINST NAFLD ADVANCEMENT. INADEQUATE TREATMENT OF NAFLD FURTHER LEADS TO CARDIAC CONSEQUENCES, SLEEP APNEA, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. IN THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE HAVE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED THE RISK FACTORS, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND NUMEROUS CONSEQUENCES OF NAFLD. WE HAVE ALSO REVIEWED VARIOUS GUIDELINES FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS ALONG WITH EXISTING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE.	2022	

19  2795  41 FATTY LIVER AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: NOVEL MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS AND THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS A RISK FACTOR FOR END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD). ESRD OR CVD DEVELOP IN A SUBSTANTIAL PROPORTION OF PATIENTS WITH CKD RECEIVING STANDARD-OF-CARE THERAPY, AND MORTALITY IN CKD REMAINS UNCHANGED. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT KEY PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING CKD PROGRESSION GO UNAFFECTED BY CURRENT TREATMENTS. GROWING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) AND CKD SHARE COMMON PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. COMMON NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS PREDISPOSING TO BOTH NAFLD AND CKD INCLUDE EXCESSIVE FRUCTOSE INTAKE AND VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. MODULATION OF NUCLEAR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS REGULATING KEY PATHWAYS OF LIPID METABOLISM, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS, INCLUDING PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS AND FARNESOID X RECEPTOR, IS ADVANCING TO STAGE III CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT. THE RELEVANCE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD AND CKD IS ALSO EMERGING, AND MODULATION OF MICRORNA21 IS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET. ALTHOUGH SINGLE ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION HAS YIELDED VARIABLE RESULTS, MODULATION OF KEY EFFECTORS OF REDOX REGULATION AND MOLECULAR SENSORS OF INTRACELLULAR ENERGY, NUTRIENT, OR OXYGEN STATUS SHOW PROMISING PRECLINICAL RESULTS. OTHER EMERGING THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TARGET KEY MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION, SUCH AS CHEMOKINES; FIBROGENESIS, SUCH AS GALECTIN-3; OR GUT DYSFUNCTION THROUGH GUT MICROBIOTA MANIPULATION AND INCRETIN-BASED THERAPIES. FURTHERMORE, NAFLD PER SE AFFECTS CKD THROUGH LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM AND HEPATOKINE SECRETION, AND CONVERSELY, TARGETING THE RENAL TUBULE BY SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS CAN IMPROVE BOTH CKD AND NAFLD. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NAFLD AND CKD ARE DISCUSSED IN LIGHT OF THIS NEW THERAPEUTIC ARMAMENTARIUM.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20  1387  34 DIABETIC GUT MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS AS AN INFLAMMAGING AND IMMUNOSENESCENCE CONDITION THAT FOSTERS PROGRESSION OF RETINOPATHY AND NEPHROPATHY. THE INCREASED PREVALENCE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) AND LIFE EXPECTANCY OF DIABETIC PATIENTS FOSTERS THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF RETINOPATHY AND NEPHROPATHY, TWO MAJOR MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO TREAT WITH CONTEMPORARY GLUCOSE-LOWERING MEDICATIONS. THE GUT MICROBIOTA (GM) HAS BECOME A LIVELY FIELD RESEARCH IN THE LAST YEARS; THERE IS A GROWING RECOGNITION THAT ALTERED INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION CAN DIRECTLY IMPACT THE PHENOMENON OF AGEING AND AGE-RELATED DISORDERS. IN FACT, HUMAN GM, ENVISAGED AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS, STRONGLY MODULATES HOST IMMUNITY AND METABOLISM. IT IS NOW CLEAR THAT GUT DYSBIOSIS AND THEIR PRODUCTS (E.G. P-CRESYL SULFATE, TRIMETHYLAMINE?N?OXIDE) DICTATE A SECRETORY ASSOCIATED SENESCENCE PHENOTYPE AND CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, FEATURES SHARED IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF AGEING ("INFLAMMAGING") AS WELL AS IN T2DM ("METAFLAMMATION") AND IN ITS MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN IN-DEPTH LOOK ON THE CROSSTALK BETWEEN GM, HOST IMMUNITY AND METABOLISM. FURTHER, IT CHARACTERIZES HUMAN GM SIGNATURES OF ELDERLY AND T2DM PATIENTS. FINALLY, A COMPREHENSIVE SCRUTINY OF RECENT MOLECULAR FINDINGS (E.G. EPIGENETIC CHANGES) UNDERLYING CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GM DYSBIOSIS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY/NEPHROPATHY COMPLICATIONS IS PINPOINTED, WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL TO UNRAVEL POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THAT MAY BE EXPLORED, IN A NEAR FUTURE, AS PERSONALIZED DISEASE-MODIFYING THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2019