1   869 136 CHRONIC AGOMELATINE TREATMENT CORRECTS BEHAVIORAL, CELLULAR, AND BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY PRENATAL STRESS IN RATS. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: THE RAT MODEL OF PRENATAL RESTRAINT STRESS (PRS) REPLICATES FACTORS THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. WE USED THIS MODEL TO TEST THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF AGOMELATINE, A NOVEL ANTIDEPRESSANT THAT BEHAVES AS A MIXED MT1/MT2 MELATONIN RECEPTOR AGONIST/5-HT(2C) SEROTONIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. RESULTS: ADULT PRS RATS SHOWED BEHAVIORAL, CELLULAR, AND BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES THAT WERE CONSISTENT WITH AN ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE PHENOTYPE. THESE INCLUDED AN INCREASED IMMOBILITY IN THE FORCED SWIM TEST, AN ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE, REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL LEVELS OF PHOSPHORYLATED CAMP-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (P-CREB), REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL LEVELS OF MGLU2/3 AND MGLU5 METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS, AND REDUCED NEUROGENESIS IN THE VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS, THE SPECIFIC PORTION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS THAT ENCODES MEMORIES RELATED TO STRESS AND EMOTIONS. ALL OF THESE CHANGES WERE REVERSED BY A 3- OR 6-WEEK TREATMENT WITH AGOMELATINE (40-50 MG/KG, I.P., ONCE A DAY). REMARKABLY, AGOMELATINE HAD NO EFFECT IN AGE-MATCHED CONTROL RATS, THEREBY BEHAVING AS A "DISEASE-DEPENDENT" DRUG. CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA INDICATE THAT AGOMELATINE DID NOT ACT ON INDIVIDUAL SYMPTOMS BUT CORRECTED ALL ASPECTS OF THE PATHOLOGICAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING TRIGGERED BY PRS. OUR FINDINGS STRONGLY SUPPORT THE ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF AGOMELATINE AND SUGGEST THAT THE DRUG IMPACTS MECHANISMS THAT LIE AT THE CORE OF ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  1783  38 EFFECT OF AGOMELATINE ON MEMORY DEFICITS AND HIPPOCAMPAL GENE EXPRESSION INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS IN MICE. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO INDUCE NOT ONLY ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPES IN MICE BUT ALSO COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS, FOR WHICH THE ACTION OF CLASSICAL ANTIDEPRESSANT COMPOUNDS REMAINS UNSATISFACTORY. IN THIS CONTEXT, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS (CSDS) ON ANXIETY-, SOCIAL- AND COGNITIVE-RELATED BEHAVIORS, AS WELL AS HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF, SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY MARKERS (PSD-95, SYNAPTOPHYSIN, SPINOPHILIN, SYNAPSIN I AND MAP-2), AND EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES (MYST2, HDAC2, HDAC6, MLL3, KDM5B, DNMT3B, GADD45B) GENE EXPRESSION IN C57BL/6J MICE. CSDS FOR 10 DAYS PROVOKED LONG-LASTING ANXIOUS-LIKE PHENOTYPE IN THE OPEN FIELD AND EPISODIC MEMORY DEFICITS IN THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION TEST. WHILE TOTAL BDNF MRNA LEVEL WAS UNCHANGED, BDNF EXON IV, MAP-2, HDAC2, HDAC6 AND MLL3 GENE EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE CSDS MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS. IN CSDS MICE TREATED 3 WEEKS WITH 50 MG/KG/D AGOMELATINE, AN ANTIDEPRESSANT WITH MELATONERGIC RECEPTOR AGONIST AND 5-HT(2C) RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST PROPERTIES, THE ANXIOUS-LIKE PHENOTYPE WAS NOT REVERSED, BUT THE TREATMENT SUCCESSFULLY PREVENTED THE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS AND HIPPOCAMPAL GENE EXPRESSION MODIFICATIONS. ALTOGETHER, THESE DATA EVIDENCED THAT, IN MICE, AGOMELATINE WAS EFFECTIVE IN ALLEVIATING STRESS-INDUCED ALTERED COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS, POSSIBLY THROUGH A MECHANISM INVOLVING BDNF SIGNALING, SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC REMODELING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3  2826  40 FLUOXETINE EPIGENETICALLY ALTERS THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS TO REGULATE DELTAFOSB BINDING AND ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS. CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS IN MICE PRODUCES A SUSCEPTIBLE PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES CONSISTENT WITH HUMAN DEPRESSION THAT ARE REVERSED BY CHRONIC BUT NOT ACUTE EXPOSURE TO ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATIONS. RECENT WORK IN ADDICTION MODELS DEMONSTRATES THAT THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DELTAFOSB AND PROTEIN KINASE CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE II (CAMKII) ARE CO-REGULATED IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A BRAIN REWARD REGION IMPLICATED IN BOTH ADDICTION AND DEPRESSION MODELS INCLUDING SOCIAL DEFEAT. PREVIOUS WORK HAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT DELTAFOSB IS INDUCED IN NAC AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS OR AFTER CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT, WHEREIN IT MEDIATES A PRO-RESILIENCE OR ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE PHENOTYPE. HERE, USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS, WE FOUND THAT DELTAFOSB BINDS THE CAMKIIALPHA GENE PROMOTER IN NAC AND THAT THIS BINDING INCREASES AFTER MICE ARE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. PARADOXICALLY, CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO THE ANTIDEPRESSANT FLUOXETINE REDUCES BINDING OF DELTAFOSB TO THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER AND REDUCES CAMKII EXPRESSION IN NAC, DESPITE THE FACT THAT DELTAFOSB IS INDUCED UNDER THESE CONDITIONS. THESE DATA SUGGEST A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION, WHEREBY FLUOXETINE INDUCES SOME CHROMATIN CHANGE AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER, WHICH BLOCKS THE DELTAFOSB BINDING. INDEED, CHRONIC FLUOXETINE REDUCES ACETYLATION AND INCREASES LYSINE-9 DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER IN NAC, EFFECTS ALSO SEEN IN DEPRESSED HUMANS EXPOSED TO ANTIDEPRESSANTS. OVEREXPRESSION OF CAMKII IN NAC BLOCKS FLUOXETINE'S ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS IN THE CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT PARADIGM, WHEREAS INHIBITION OF CAMKII ACTIVITY IN NAC MIMICS FLUOXETINE EXPOSURE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA EXPRESSION IN NAC IS BEHAVIORALLY RELEVANT AND OFFER A NOVEL PATHWAY FOR POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN DEPRESSION AND RELATED SYNDROMES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4  3177  40 H3K9ME2 REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IS INVOLVED IN THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE INDUCED BY MATERNAL SEPARATION IN MALE RATS. BACKGROUND: EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) INDUCES A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND INCREASES THE RISK OF DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN CONFIRMED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ELS ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF AND CHANGES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION HAS NOT BEEN FULLY CLARIFIED. METHODS: THE PRESENT STUDY USED MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) AND CHRONIC UNPREDICTED MILD STRESS (CUMS) TO ESTABLISH AN MS ANIMAL MODEL AND A DEPRESSIVE ANIMAL MODEL. WE ASSESSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS, INCLUDING ANHEDONIA, LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR, AND SPATIAL MEMORY, USING THE SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST, THE OPEN FIELD TEST, THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, AND THE MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. WE ALSO INVESTIGATED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC) BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, WESTERN BLOTTING, AND QPCR ANALYSIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE USED UNC0642, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (G9A), AS AN INTERVENTION. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS IN RATS AND RESULTED IN INCREASED H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. MORE IMPORTANTLY, ADULT MS RATS EXPERIENCING CUMS HAD MORE SEVERE DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOURS, HAD HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K9ME2 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC, AND HAD LOWER EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. IN ADDITION, ADMINISTRATION OF THE G9A INHIBITOR REVERSED MOST OF THE CHANGES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT ELS CHANGED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE RAT BRAIN, RESULTING IN A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5  6108  39 THE ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT AMELIORATES CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MIR-134 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HUMANS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BY ENHANCING BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE BDNF MODULATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT OCCURS AFTER EE TREATMENT FOR THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS ELICITED BY CUMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EE. METHODS: ALL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO THE 5-WEEK CUMS PROCEDURE EXCEPT THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER CUMS PROCEDURE, SOME RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH SIRT1 PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITOR EX527 OR SIRT1 KNOCKING DOWN LENTIVIRUS (SH-SIRT1) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWED BY EE TREATMENT FOR 3 WEEKS. OTHER RATS WERE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO EE TREATMENT WITHOUT STEREOTAXIC INJECTION. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION AFTER EE TREATMENT. THEN EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCHES, AND SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INCLUDING DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE RATIO, PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND REDUCED LOCOMOTOR AND EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY; COGNITIVE DEFICITS INCLUDING SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; REDUCED DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES; THINNED POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; DOWNREGULATED SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, DECREASED BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, THE CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCH NUMBER REDUCTION, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY THINNING, SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY DOWNREGULATION, BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS REDUCTION, INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95), WERE REVERSED BY EE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS WERE OBSERVED AGAIN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO STEREOTAXIC INJECTION WITH EX527 OR SH-SIRT1. FURTHERMORE, THIS STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 REGULATES THE DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES BDNF, AND THE SYNAPTIC PROTEINS SYN AND PSD95 IN PRIMARY CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF EE ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INCLUDING BDNF, PSD95 AND SYN, DENDRITIC REMODELING AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF SYNAPSES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2019	

6   431  40 ANTIDEPRESSANT ADMINISTRATION MODULATES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE EXPRESSION IN RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS. STRESS AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT CAN MODULATE DNA METHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGION OF GENES RELATED TO NEUROPLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION, THUS IMPLICATING THIS EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN DEPRESSION NEUROBIOLOGY AND TREATMENT. ACCORDINGLY, SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITORS INDUCES ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN RODENTS. DNA METHYLATION IS CONVEYED BY DNMT 1, 3A AND 3B ISOFORMS, WHICH ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE BRAIN. IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE IF THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT EXPRESSION, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS INDUCED BY ACUTE AND REPEATED ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT EXPRESSION (1, 3A AND 3B ISOFORMS) IN DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS OF RATS EXPOSED TO A STRESS MODEL OF DEPRESSION, THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH). THEREFORE, RATS WERE EXPOSED TO PRETEST AND TREATED WITH ONE OR SEVEN INJECTIONS OF VEHICLE OR IMIPRAMINE (15 MG KG(-1)), WITH TEST SESSION PERFORMED ONE HOUR AFTER THE LAST INJECTION. CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, IMIPRAMINE ADMINISTRATION ATTENUATED ESCAPE FAILURES DURING THE TEST, A WELL DESCRIBED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN THIS MODEL. DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT (1, 3A AND 3B) LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS (DHPC, VHPC) AND IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF RATS EXPOSED TO STRESS AND TREATMENT. STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B EXPRESSION IN THE DHPC AND PFC. CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, IMIPRAMINE ADMINISTRATION ATTENUATED STRESS EFFECTS ONLY IN THE PFC. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PFC MAY BE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN THE LH MODEL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  4397  41 MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN RODENT CORTICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PATHWAYS EXERTS RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. BACKGROUND: STRESS INCREASES DNA METHYLATION, PRIMARILY A SUPPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION. DESPITE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT DECREASES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER INHIBITION OF DNMT WOULD CONVEY RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. AIM: THIS WORK TESTED SUCH A HYPOTHESIS AND EVALUATED WHETHER A BEHAVIORAL EFFECT INDUCED BY DNMT INHIBITORS (DNMTI) CORRESPONDS WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN GENES CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (BDNF, TRKB, 5-HT(1A), NMDA, AND AMPA). METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS RECEIVED INTRAPERITONEAL (I.P.) INJECTION OF TWO PHARMACOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DNMTI (5-AZAD 0.2 AND 0.6 MG/KG OR RG108 0.6 MG/KG) OR VEHICLE (1 ML/KG), 1 H OR 7 DAYS BEFORE THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS TEST (LH). DNA METHYLATION IN TARGET GENES AND THE CORRESPONDENT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) USING MEDIP-QPCR. IN PARALLEL SEPARATE GROUPS, THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF 5-AZAD AND RG108 WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST (FST). THE INVOLVEMENT OF CORTICAL BDNF-TRKB-MTOR PATHWAYS WAS ASSESSED BY INTRA-VENTRAL MEDIAL PFC (VMPFC) INJECTIONS OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR INHIBITOR), K252A (TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST), OR VEHICLE (0.2 MUL/SIDE). RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT BOTH 5-AZAD AND RG108 ACUTELY AND 7 DAYS BEFORE THE TEST DECREASED ESCAPE FAILURES IN THE LH. LH STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF BDNF IV AND TRKB IN THE PFC, EFFECTS THAT WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY RG108 TREATMENT. THE SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZAD (0.2 MG/KG) AND RG108 (0.2 MG/KG) INDUCED AN ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN FST, WHICH WAS, HOWEVER, ATTENUATED BY TRKB AND MTOR INHIBITION INTO THE VMPFC. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ACUTE INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RAPID AND SUSTAINED ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BDNF-TRKB-MTOR SIGNALING IN THE PFC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8  1856  24 ELEVATION OF N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE 10 IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS MEDIATES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) IS ONE OF THE MOST DEBILITATING AND SEVERE MENTAL DISEASES GLOBALLY. INCREASING EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT EPIGENETICS IS CRITICAL FOR UNDERSTANDING BRAIN FUNCTION AND BRAIN DISORDERS, INCLUDING MDD. N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE 10 (NAT10), ACTING ON HISTONES, MRNA AND OTHER SUBSTRATES, HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC EVENTS, INCLUDING HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MRNA MODIFICATIONS. NAT10 IS HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN THE BRAIN. HOWEVER, THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF NAT10 ON MDD ARE STILL UNKNOWN. HERE, WE EXPLOITED CHRONIC MILD STRESS (CMS) TO INDUCE ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN MICE AND FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF NAT10 IN THE MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS UPREGULATED AFTER CMS TREATMENT. INHIBITION OF NAT10 BY PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS PRODUCED ANXIOLYTIC- AND ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. NEURON-SPECIFIC OVEREXPRESSION OF NAT10 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS RESULTED IN ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, ACCOMPANIED BY HIGHER SIRT1 PROTEIN LEVELS, AND LOWER DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITIES. OVERALL, IT WAS FOUND THAT ELEVATION OF NAT10 IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS IS INVOLVED IN THE OCCURRENCE OF ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, SUGGESTING THAT NAT10 COULD BE A POTENTIAL NEW TARGET FOR DEVELOPING ANXIOLYTICS AND ANTIDEPRESSANTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9  6170  31 THE HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA IMPROVES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR OF CRTC1-DEFICIENT MICE: POSSIBLE RELEVANCE FOR TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION. MAJOR DEPRESSION IS A HIGHLY COMPLEX DISABLING PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AFFECTING MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. DESPITE THE AVAILABILITY OF SEVERAL CLASSES OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS, A SUBSTANTIAL PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO THESE MEDICATIONS. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ANTIDEPRESSANT RESPONSE IS THUS CRITICALLY NEEDED. WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT MICE LACKING CREB-REGULATED TRANSCRIPTION COACTIVATOR 1 (CRTC1) EXHIBIT A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND A BLUNTED ANTIDEPRESSANT RESPONSE TO THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR FLUOXETINE. IN THIS STUDY, WE SIMILARLY SHOW THAT CRTC1(-/-) MICE ARE RESISTANT TO THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECT OF CHRONIC DESIPRAMINE IN A BEHAVIORAL DESPAIR PARADIGM. SUPPORTING THE BLUNTED RESPONSE TO THIS TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT, WE FOUND THAT DESIPRAMINE DOES NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND NR4A1-3 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF CRTC1(-/-) MICE. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NEUROPLASTICITY GENE EXPRESSION HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT RESPONSE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE PROPERTIES. HERE, WE SHOW THAT UNLIKE CONVENTIONAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS, CHRONIC SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA PARTIALLY RESCUES THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR OF CRTC1(-/-) MICE. THIS BEHAVIORAL EFFECT IS ACCOMPANIED BY AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF BDNF, BUT NOT NR4A1-3, IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF THESE MICE, SUGGESTING THAT THIS EPIGENETIC INTERVENTION RESTORES THE EXPRESSION OF A SUBSET OF GENES BY ACTING DOWNSTREAM OF CRTC1. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CRTC1 ALTERATIONS MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION, AND SUPPORT THE INTERESTING POSSIBILITY THAT TARGETING HDACS MAY BE A USEFUL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY IN ANTIDEPRESSANT DEVELOPMENT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  6388  42 THE ROLE OF SIRT1 IN THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA IN DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN MICE. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS HAVE IMPLICATED THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA (BLA) EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. SIRT1 IS A NAD+-DEPENDENT CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE, WIDELY EXPRESSES IN BLA. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE BLA UNDER THE REGULATION OF SIRT1 IN THE DEPRESSION ARE LARGELY UNCHARACTERIZED. UNDER THE CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE CHRONIC MILD STRESS (CUMS) MOUSE MODEL, WE USED ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRAL VECTORS (AAV) THAT ENCODED SIRT1-SHRNA OR SIRT1 TO SPECIFICALLY KNOCKDOWN OR OVEREXPRESS SIRT1 IN BLA NEURONS, RESPECTIVELY. CUMS PROCEDURE INDUCED SIGNIFICANT DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS INCLUDING THE DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE, THE LESS BODYWEIGHT GAINED, THE DECREASED IMMOBILE LATENCY AND THE INCREASED IMMOBILE TIME BOTH IN FORCED SWIM TEST (FST) AND TAIL SUSPENSION TEST (TST). KNOCKDOWN OF SIRT1 IN BLA GLUTAMATERGIC NEURONS REVERSED THESE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND RESTORED THE SYNAPTIC ABNORMALITIES. OVEREXPRESSION OF SIRT1 IN BLA GLUTAMATERGIC NEURONS INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN NON-STRESSED CONTROL MICE. THE RESULT OF PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES WERE CONSISTENT WITH THE BEHAVIORAL RESULTS. OUR STUDY SUGGESTED THAT DOWNREGULATION OF SIRT1 IN BLA HAS CERTAIN BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS SUCH AS ANOREXIA, ANHEDONIA, HOPELESSNESS AND DESPAIR. IN ADDITION, THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 MAY BE THE IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF DEPRESSIVE-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THE ABNORMAL EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 MAY AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION MECHANISM AND SIGNALING PROTEIN ACETYLATION, AFFECTING NEUROPLASTICITY AND ULTIMATELY CONTRIBUTE TO MDD. IN THE STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE, THESE TWO MECHANISMS MAY CO-EXIST, BUT THE SPECIFIC MECHANISM NEEDS FURTHER RESEARCH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  5712  38 SIRT1 MEDIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. DEPRESSION IS A RECURRING AND LIFE-THREATENING ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS UP TO 120 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MODEL OF DEPRESSION IN MICE, INCREASES SIRT1 LEVELS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. INCREASES IN SIRT1, A WELL CHARACTERIZED CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT SUGGEST A ROLE FOR THIS ENZYME IN MEDIATING DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. WHEN RESVERATROL, A PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVATOR OF SIRT1, WAS DIRECTLY INFUSED BILATERALLY INTO THE NAC, WE OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. CONVERSELY, INTRA-NAC INFUSIONS OF EX-527, A SIRT1 ANTAGONIST, REDUCED THESE BEHAVIORS; EX-527 ALSO REDUCED ACUTE STRESS RESPONSES IN STRESS-NAIVE MICE. NEXT, WE INCREASED SIRT1 LEVELS DIRECTLY IN NAC BY USE OF VIRAL-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DEPRESSIVE- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WHEN MICE WERE ASSESSED IN THE OPEN-FIELD, ELEVATED-PLUS-MAZE, AND FORCED SWIM TESTS. USING A CRE-INDUCIBLE VIRAL VECTOR SYSTEM TO OVEREXPRESS SIRT1 SELECTIVELY IN DOPAMINE D1 OR D2 SUBPOPULATIONS OF MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS (MSNS) IN THE NAC, WE FOUND THAT SIRT1 PROMOTES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS ONLY WHEN OVEREXPRESSED IN D1 MSNS, WITH NO EFFECT SEEN IN D2 MSNS. CONVERSELY, SELECTIVE ABLATION OF SIRT1 IN THE NAC USING VIRAL-CRE IN FLOXED SIRT1 MICE RESULTED IN DECREASED DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT SIRT1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE NAC IN REGULATING MOOD-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES AND IDENTIFIES A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANTS TO TREAT MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: IN THIS STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATE A PIVOTAL ROLE FOR SIRT1 IN ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW THAT STRESS STABLY INDUCES SIRT1 EXPRESSION IN THIS BRAIN REGION AND THAT ALTERING SIRT1 ACTIVITY USING A PHARMACOLOGICAL OR GENETIC APPROACH REGULATES ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN REGULATING MOOD-RELATED BEHAVIORS AND INTRODUCES A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANTS TO TREAT DEPRESSION AND OTHER STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS. A RECENT GROUNDBREAKING PUBLICATION BY THE CONVERGE CONSORTIUM (2015) IDENTIFIED A REPRODUCIBLE ASSOCIATION OF THE SIRT1 LOCUS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION IN HUMANS. THEREFORE, OUR RESULTS ARE TIMELY AND HAVE SIGNIFICANT TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12  5749  32 SOCIAL DEFEAT INDUCES CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN THE VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND DORSAL RAPHE NUCLEUS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A NUMBER OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THE STRESS RESPONSE OR RESILIENCE TO CHRONIC STRESS. WE INVESTIGATED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SEVEN DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS OF RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS: THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS (DHPC), VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS (VHPC), MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC), BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA (BLA), LOCUS COERULEUS (LC), PARAVENTRICULAR THALAMUS (PVT), AND DORSAL RAPHE (DR) NUCLEUS. THIS STRESS PARADIGM WAS UNIQUE IN THAT IT ALLOWED RATS TO DISPLAY RESILIENCE IN THE FORM OF AN ACTIVE COPING MECHANISM. WE FOUND THAT THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN ACETYLATION OF H3K9/14 (H3K9/14AC) AND BULK ACETYLATION OF H4K5,8,12,16 (H4K5,8,12,16AC) IN THE DR NUCLEUS OF RATS THAT WERE LESS RESILIENT. LESS RESILIENT RATS ALSO DISPLAYED INCREASED LEVELS OF H3K18 ACETYLATION (H3K18AC) IN THE MPFC WHEN COMPARED TO NON-STRESSED CONTROLS. IN THE VHPC, THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN H3K18AC AND H4K12 (H4K12AC) IN RATS THAT WERE LESS RESILIENT WHEN COMPARED TO NON-STRESSED CONTROL RATS. IN ADDITION, THERE WAS A DECREASE IN LEVELS OF H4K8 ACETYLATION (H4K8AC) IN BOTH RESILIENT AND NON-RESILIENT RATS AS COMPARED TO CONTROLS. WE ASSESSED EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN THE VHPC AND THE MPFC USING QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AND FOUND CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF TARGETS. THESE INCLUDED CHANGES IN SIRT1 AND SIRT2 IN THE VHPC AND CHANGES IN KAT5 IN THE MPFC. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN THESE REGIONS CORRELATE WITH THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO STRESS IN SOCIALLY DEFEATED RATS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13   434  39 ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF SODIUM BUTYRATE IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN TET1 AND IN 5-HYDROXYMETHYLATION LEVELS IN THE BDNF GENE. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC DRUGS LIKE SODIUM BUTYRATE (NAB) SHOW ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN PRECLINICAL STUDIES, BUT THE EXACT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS REMAIN UNKNOWN. WHILE RESEARCH USING NAB HAS MAINLY FOCUSED ON ITS ROLE AS A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDACI), THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE THAT NAB AFFECTS DNA METHYLATION. METHODS: THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE NAB'S PUTATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFICACY IN RELATION TO DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF AN ESTABLISHED GENETIC RAT MODEL OF DEPRESSION (THE FLINDERS SENSITIVE LINE [FSL]) AND ITS CONTROLS (THE FLINDERS RESISTANT LINE). RESULTS: THE FSL RATS HAD LOWER LEVELS OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1), WHICH CATALYZES THE CONVERSION OF DNA METHYLATION TO HYDROXYMETHYLATION. AS INDICATED BY THE BEHAVIORAL DESPAIR TEST, CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF NAB HAD ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN THE FSL AND WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED LEVELS OF TET1. THE TET1 UPREGULATION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE OF HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND A DECREASE OF METHYLATION IN BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), A GENE ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROGENESIS AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH A CORRESPONDING BDNF OVEREXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUPPORT THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFICACY OF HDACIS AND SUGGEST THAT THEIR EPIGENETIC EFFECTS MAY ALSO INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES THAT ARE MEDIATED BY DEMETHYLATION-FACILITATING ENZYMES LIKE TET1.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14  2827  33 FLUOXETINE INCREASES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC FACTORS BUT DOES NOT IMPROVE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR FLUOXETINE INDUCES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, STIMULATES MATURATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY OF ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS, AND REDUCES MOTOR/SENSORY AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN SEVERAL CNS DISORDERS. IN THE SETTING OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI), ITS EFFECTS ON NEUROPLASTICITY AND FUNCTION HAVE YET TO BE THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFICACY OF FLUOXETINE AFTER A MODERATE TO SEVERE TBI, PRODUCED BY A CONTROLLED CORTICAL IMPACT. THREE DAYS AFTER TBI OR SHAM SURGERY, MICE WERE TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE (10 MG/KG/D) OR VEHICLE FOR 4 WEEKS. TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF FLUOXETINE ON NEUROPLASTICITY, HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WERE STUDIED. STEREOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DOUBLECORTIN-POSITIVE CELLS IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE RELATIVE TO CONTROLS, A FINDING CONSISTENT WITH ENHANCED HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING AN INCREASE IN HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION AND INDUCTION OF METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN, A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION, WERE LIKEWISE SEEN BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND QUANTITATIVE WESTERN IMMUNOBLOTS, RESPECTIVELY, IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE. TO DETERMINE IF FLUOXETINE IMPROVES NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOMES AFTER TBI, GAIT FUNCTION AND SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY WERE ASSESSED BY THE CATWALK-ASSISTED GAIT TEST AND BARNES MAZE TEST, RESPECTIVELY. NO DIFFERENCES IN THESE PARAMETERS WERE SEEN BETWEEN FLUOXETINE- AND VEHICLE-TREATED ANIMALS. THUS WHILE FLUOXETINE ENHANCED NEUROPLASTICITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER TBI, ITS CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION DID NOT RESTORE LOCOMOTOR FUNCTION OR AMELIORATE MEMORY DEFICITS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
15  3312  45 HIPPOCAMPAL AND BEHAVIORAL DYSFUNCTIONS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS: NORMALIZATION BY AGOMELATINE. STRESS-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND IN HIPPOCAMPAL FUNCTIONS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOOD DISORDERS. IN THIS CONTEXT, WE INVESTIGATED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS THE ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING CASCADES, THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND PLASTICITY-RELATED GENES IN A MOUSE MODEL OF STRESS-INDUCED HYPERACTIVITY AND OF MIXED AFFECTIVE DISORDERS. WE ALSO DETERMINED WHETHER THE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AGOMELATINE, A MT1/MT2 MELATONERGIC RECEPTOR AGONIST/5-HT2C RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, COULD PREVENT SOME NEUROBIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS PRODUCED BY STRESS. C57BL/6J MICE, EXPOSED FOR 3 WEEKS TO DAILY UNPREDICTABLE SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS OF MILD INTENSITY, WERE TREATED DURING THE WHOLE PROCEDURE WITH AGOMELATINE (50 MG KG(-1) PER DAY, INTRAPERITONEAL). STRESSED MICE DISPLAYED ROBUST INCREASES IN EMOTIONAL AROUSAL, VIGILANCE AND MOTOR ACTIVITY, TOGETHER WITH A REWARD DEFICIT AND A REDUCTION IN ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR. NEUROBIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS SHOWED AN INCREASED PHOSPHORYLATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PROTEINS, INCLUDING ATF1, CREB AND P38, IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF STRESSED MICE. DECREASED HIPPOCAMPAL LEVEL OF THE REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MARKS HDAC2 AND H3K9ME2, AS WELL AS INCREASED LEVEL OF THE PERMISSIVE MARK H3K9/14AC SUGGESTED THAT CHRONIC MILD STRESS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED GENE TRANSCRIPTION, AND CLEAR-CUT EVIDENCE WAS FURTHER INDICATED BY CHANGES IN NEUROPLASTICITY-RELATED GENES, INCLUDING ARC, BCL2, BDNF, GDNF, IGF1 AND NEUROD1. TOGETHER WITH OTHER FINDINGS, THE PRESENT DATA SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC ULTRA-MILD STRESS CAN MODEL THE HYPERACTIVITY OR PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION, AS WELL AS THE MIXED AFFECTIVE BEHAVIORS OFTEN OBSERVED DURING THE MANIC STATE OF BIPOLAR DISORDER PATIENTS. INTERESTINGLY, AGOMELATINE COULD NORMALIZE BOTH THE BEHAVIORAL AND THE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS INDUCED BY STRESS, PROVIDING FURTHER INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THIS NEW GENERATION ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16  3892  47 L-ACETYLCARNITINE CAUSES RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS THROUGH THE EPIGENETIC INDUCTION OF MGLU2 RECEPTORS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS AND ARE UNIQUE POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. THE ACETYLATING AGENT L-ACETYLCARNITINE (LAC), A WELL-TOLERATED DRUG, BEHAVES AS AN ANTIDEPRESSANT BY THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TYPE 2 METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE (MGLU2) RECEPTORS. IT CAUSED A RAPID AND LONG-LASTING ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECT IN FLINDERS SENSITIVE LINE RATS AND IN MICE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS, WHICH, RESPECTIVELY, MODEL GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED DEPRESSION. IN BOTH MODELS, LAC INCREASED LEVELS OF ACETYLATED H3K27 BOUND TO THE GRM2 PROMOTER AND ALSO INCREASED ACETYLATION OF NF-KB-P65 SUBUNIT, THEREBY ENHANCING THE TRANSCRIPTION OF GRM2 GENE ENCODING FOR THE MGLU2 RECEPTOR IN HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. IMPORTANTLY, LAC REDUCED THE IMMOBILITY TIME IN THE FORCED SWIM TEST AND INCREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE AS EARLY AS 3 D OF TREATMENT, WHEREAS 14 D OF TREATMENT WERE NEEDED FOR THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECT OF CHLORIMIPRAMINE. MOREOVER, THERE WAS NO TOLERANCE TO THE ACTION OF LAC, AND THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECT WAS STILL SEEN 2 WK AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL. CONVERSELY, NF-KB INHIBITION PREVENTED THE INCREASE IN MGLU2 EXPRESSION INDUCED BY LAC, WHEREAS THE USE OF A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUPPORTED THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF MGLU2 EXPRESSION. FINALLY, LAC HAD NO EFFECT ON MGLU2 KNOCKOUT MICE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS, AND A SINGLE INJECTION OF THE MGLU2/3 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST LY341495 PARTIALLY BLOCKED LAC ACTION. THE RAPID AND LONG-LASTING ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION OF LAC STRONGLY SUGGESTS A UNIQUE APPROACH TO EXAMINE THE EPIGENETIC HYPOTHESIS OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN HUMANS, PAVING THE WAY FOR MORE EFFICIENT ANTIDEPRESSANTS WITH FASTER ONSET OF ACTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17  5974  33 TET1 IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OPPOSES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. DEPRESSION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN, YET CURRENT THERAPIES FULLY TREAT <50% OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. HERE WE EXAMINED A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA DIOXYGENASE, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 1 (TET1), IN DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. WE APPLIED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND EXAMINED TET1 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW DECREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN NAC IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE ONLY. SURPRISINGLY, SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF TET1 IN NAC NEURONS OF ADULT MICE PRODUCED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS. TO IDENTIFY TET1 TARGETS THAT MEDIATE THESE ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED RNASEQ ON NAC AFTER CONDITIONAL DELETION OF TET1 AND FOUND THAT IMMUNE-RELATED GENES ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DYSREGULATED. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE GENES ARE ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF RESILIENT MICE AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL A NOVEL ROLE FOR TET1, AN ENZYME IMPORTANT FOR DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD CIRCUITRY IN MODULATING STRESS RESPONSES IN MICE. WE ALSO IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY TET1 IN THIS CIRCUITRY. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION, WHICH CAN AID IN FUTURE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG DISCOVERY EFFORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  1761  32 EARLY STRESS EVOKES AGE-DEPENDENT BIPHASIC CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, BDNF EXPRESSION, AND COGNITION. BACKGROUND: ADULT-ONSET STRESSORS EXERT OPPOSING EFFECTS ON HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND COGNITION, WITH ENHANCEMENT OBSERVED FOLLOWING MILD STRESS AND DYSFUNCTION FOLLOWING SEVERE CHRONIC STRESS. WHILE EARLY LIFE STRESS EVOKES PERSISTENT CHANGES IN ANXIETY, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER EARLY STRESS DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, TROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION, AND COGNITION ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. METHODS: HIPPOCAMPAL-DEPENDENT COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR, NEUROGENESIS, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION WAS EXAMINED AT DISTINCT TIME POINTS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO THE EARLY STRESS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION (ES) AND CONTROL GROUPS. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON THE NEUROGENIC, NEUROTROPHIC, AND COGNITIVE CHANGES IN MIDDLE-AGED ES ANIMALS. RESULTS: ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO EARLY STRESS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION EXAMINED DURING POSTNATAL LIFE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD EXHIBITED ENHANCED HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, DECREASED REPRESSIVE HISTONE METHYLATION AT THE BDNF IV PROMOTER ALONG WITH ENHANCED BDNF LEVELS, AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE ON THE STRESS-ASSOCIATED MORRIS WATER MAZE. STRIKINGLY, OPPOSING CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF IV EXPRESSION, CONCOMITANT WITH IMPAIRMENTS ON HIPPOCAMPAL-DEPENDENT COGNITIVE TASKS, WERE OBSERVED IN MIDDLE-AGED ES ANIMALS. CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT WITH AMITRIPTYLINE ATTENUATED THE MALADAPTIVE NEUROGENIC, EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND COGNITIVE EFFECTS IN MIDDLE-AGED ES ANIMALS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY PROVIDES NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF ES, DEMONSTRATING BOTH BIPHASIC AND UNIQUE, AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES AT THE MOLECULAR, EPIGENETIC, NEUROGENIC, AND BEHAVIORAL LEVELS. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EARLY STRESS MAY TRANSIENTLY ENDOW ANIMALS WITH A POTENTIAL ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE IN STRESSFUL ENVIRONMENTS BUT ACROSS A LIFE SPAN IS ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM DELETERIOUS EFFECTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19   432  30 ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PROMOTER OF P11 IN A GENETIC MODEL OF DEPRESSION. P11 (S100A10) HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION BOTH IN HUMAN AND RODENT MODELS. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INCREASE P11 LEVELS IN DISTINCT BRAIN REGIONS AND P11 GENE THERAPY WAS RECENTLY PROVEN EFFECTIVE IN REVERSING DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS IN MICE. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT GOVERN P11 GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO ANTIDEPRESSANTS STILL REMAIN ELUSIVE. IN THIS STUDY WE REPORT DECREASED LEVELS OF P11, ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION, IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF THE FLINDERS SENSITIVE LINE (FSL) GENETIC RODENT MODEL OF DEPRESSION. THIS HYPERMETHYLATED PATTERN WAS REVERSED TO NORMAL, AS INDICATED BY THE CONTROL LINE, AFTER CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF ESCITALOPRAM (A SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SSRI). THE ESCITALOPRAM-INDUCED HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH AN INCREASE IN P11 GENE EXPRESSION AND A REDUCTION IN MRNA LEVELS OF TWO DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES THAT HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO MAINTAIN DNA METHYLATION IN ADULT FOREBRAIN NEURONS (DNMT1 AND DNMT3A). IN CONCLUSION, OUR DATA FURTHER SUPPORT A ROLE FOR P11 IN DEPRESSION-LIKE STATES AND SUGGEST THAT THIS GENE IS CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CAN BE AFFECTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20  1999  28 EPIGENETIC AND NEURONAL ACTIVITY MARKERS SUGGEST THE RECRUITMENT OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS IN THE THREE-HIT MODEL OF DEPRESSION IN MALE PACAP HETEROZYGOUS MICE. DEPRESSION AND ITS INCREASING PREVALENCE CHALLENGE PATIENTS, THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM, AND THE ECONOMY. WE RECENTLY CREATED A MOUSE MODEL BASED ON THE THREE-HIT CONCEPT OF DEPRESSION. AS GENETIC PREDISPOSITION (FIRST HIT), WE APPLIED PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE-ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE HETEROZYGOUS MICE ON CD1 BACKGROUND. MATERNAL DEPRIVATION MODELED THE EPIGENETIC FACTOR (SECOND HIT), AND THE CHRONIC VARIABLE MILD STRESS WAS THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR (THIRD HIT). FLUOXETINE TREATMENT WAS APPLIED TO TEST THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF OUR MODEL. WE AIMED TO EXAMINE THE DYNAMICS OF THE EPIGENETIC MARKER ACETYL-LYSINE 9 H3 HISTONE (H3K9AC) AND THE NEURONAL ACTIVITY MARKER FOSB IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) AND HIPPOCAMPUS. FLUOXETINE DECREASED H3K9AC IN PFC IN NON-DEPRIVED ANIMALS, BUT A HISTORY OF MATERNAL DEPRIVATION ABOLISHED THE EFFECT OF STRESS AND SSRI TREATMENT ON H3K9AC IMMUNOREACTIVITY. IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, STRESS DECREASED, WHILE SSRI INCREASED H3K9AC IMMUNOSIGNAL, UNLIKE IN THE DEPRIVED MICE, WHERE THE OPPOSITE EFFECT WAS DETECTED. FOSB IN STRESS WAS STIMULATED BY FLUOXETINE IN THE PFC, WHILE IT WAS INHIBITED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. THE FOSB IMMUNOREACTIVITY WAS ALMOST COMPLETELY ABOLISHED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF THE DEPRIVED MICE. THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT FOSB AND H3K9AC WERE MODULATED IN A TERRITORY-SPECIFIC MANNER BY EARLY LIFE ADVERSITIES AND LATER LIFE STRESS INTERACTING WITH THE EFFECT OF FLUOXETINE THERAPY SUPPORTING THE RELIABILITY OF OUR MODEL.	2022