1  2983 228 GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF CANCER COAGULOPATHY, ANGIOGENESIS AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. PROGRESSION OF HUMAN MALIGNANCIES IS ACCOMPANIED BY VASCULAR EVENTS, SUCH AS FORMATION AND REMODELING OF BLOOD VESSELS AND SYSTEMIC COAGULOPATHY. THOUGH LONG APPRECIATED AS COMORBIDITY OF CANCER (TROUSSEAU SYNDROME), VASCULAR INVOLVEMENT IS INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS A CENTRAL PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM OF TUMOR GROWTH, INVASION AND METASTASIS. THE MAJOR OUTSTANDING QUESTION IN RELATION TO THIS ROLE HAS BEEN, WHETHER VASCULAR PERTURBATIONS ARE SIMPLY A REACTION TO THE CONDITIONS OF THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT, OR ARE LINKED TO THE KNOWN GENETIC LESIONS CAUSAL FOR THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF MALIGNANCY. IN THIS REGARD, WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY HYPOTHESIZED, AND RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED EXPERIMENTALLY THAT DEREGULATION OF CERTAIN HEMOSTATIC MECHANISMS, NAMELY UPREGULATION OF TISSUE FACTOR (TF) AND POSSIBLY OTHER CHANGES (E.G. EXPRESSION OF THROMBIN RECEPTOR - PAR-1) ARE CONTROLLED BY CANCER-ASSOCIATED ONCOGENIC EVENTS, SUCH AS ACTIVATION OF K-RAS, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR), OR INACTIVATION OF THE P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE IN VARIOUS HUMAN CANCER CELLS. IT APPEARS THAT THESE RESPECTIVE TRANSFORMING ALTERATIONS EXERT THEIR IMPACT ON BOTH, CELL-ASSOCIATED AND SOLUBLE/CIRCULATING (MICROVESICLE- ASSOCIATED) TF, I.E. MAY CAUSE A SYSTEMIC HYPERCOAGULABLE STATE. OTHER GENES, WHICH MORE RECENTLY EMERGED AS REGULATORS OF CANCER COAGULOPATHY INCLUDE: PML-RARALPHA, PTEN, AND MET. WHILE THE SPECTRUM OF PROCOAGULANT TARGETS OF THESE GENES MAY VARY SOMEWHAT IT INCLUDES: TF, PAI-1, COX-2 AND POSSIBLY OTHER HEMOSTATIC PROTEINS. IT IS NOTEWORTHY THAT THESE PROTHROMBOTIC CHANGES MAY IMPACT THE MALIGNANT PROCESS DIRECTLY (E.G. STIMULATE ANGIOGENESIS, TUMOR GROWTH OR METASTASIS) AS A CONSEQUENCE OF BOTH COAGULATION-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT EFFECTS. THE LATTER ARE MOSTLY RELATED TO CELLULAR SIGNALING EVENTS AND CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION WHICH ARE NOW KNOWN TO BE INDUCED BY THE TF/FVIIA/XA COMPLEX, THROMBIN AND PARS, EXPRESSED ON THE SURFACE OF CANCER CELLS, AS WELL AS TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ENDOTHELIUM. INTERESTINGLY, CERTAIN ANTICOAGULANTS POSSESS ANTIMETASTATIC AND ANTICANCER PROPERTIES (E.G. LMWH), AN OBSERVATION THAT FURTHER SUGGESTS THAT HYPERCOAGULABILITY MAY ACT AS AN EFFECTOR MECHANISM OF GENETICALLY DRIVEN TUMOR PROGRESSION. CONVERSELY, WE SUGGEST THAT ONCOGENE-DIRECTED (TARGETED) ANTICANCER AGENTS COULD, AT LEAST IN SOME CASES, AMELIORATE NOT ONLY CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION ITSELF, BUT ALSO SOME OF THE CHRONIC COMPONENTS OF THE CANCER-RELATED COAGULOPATHY, SOMETHING THAT MAY BE RELEVANT TO THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF THESE DRUGS. WE ALSO POSTULATE THAT SINCE TF IS THE ONCOGENE TARGET, CIRCULATING TF (MICROPARTICLES) COULD SERVE AS SURROGATE MARKER OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY ONCOGENE-DIRECTED AGENTS EXERT IN VIVO. THUS, BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS APPEAR TO CONSPIRE TO ACTIVATE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF THE HEMOSTATIC SYSTEM IN CANCER PATIENTS, BOTH LOCALLY AND SYSTEMICALLY. THESE ACTIVITIES ACT AS MEDIATORS OF CANCER COAGULOPATHY, ANGIOGENESIS, METASTASIS AND OTHER EVENTS INVOLVED IN DISEASE PROGRESSION AND SHOULD BE RECOGNIZED IN DESIGNING BETTER ANTICANCER THERAPIES.	2006	

2  5707  45 SIRT1 AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. BACKGROUND: SIRTUIN1 IS AN EPIGENETIC ENZYME INVOLVED IN HISTONE AND NONHISTONE PROTEIN DEACETYLATION. IT ACTS PRIMARILY AS A METABOLIC SENSOR, WHICH RESPONSES TO CHANGING ENERGY STATUS BY DEACETYLATING CRUCIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND COFACTORS. IN THIS WAY, SIRTUIN1 REGULATES MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION AND BIOGENESIS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, APOPTOSIS AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE. DISTURBANCE OF ALL OF THESE PHENOMENA PROMOTES THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. THESE DISORDERS ARE INSEPARABLY CONNECTED WITH CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA, WHICH POSSESSES A STRONG EPIGENETIC DETERMINANT. OBJECTIVE: TO SUMMARIZE THE CONTEMPORARY KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE ROLE OF SIRTUIN1 IN THE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRESSION AND THERAPY OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. METHODS: WE EXTENSIVELY SEARCHED LITERATURE DESCRIBING THE IMPORTANCE OF SIRTUIN1 IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF ALL KINDS OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS TILL SEPTEMBER 2017. WE FOCUSED ON THE EXAMPLES OF SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL COMPOUNDS-MEDIATED SIRTUIN1 UPREGULATION ALONG WITH SIRTUIN1-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETICS. RESULTS: REDUCTION OF SIRTUIN1 IS IMPLICATED IN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND METABOLIC MEMORY, UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO- AND MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. DECLINED SIRTUIN1 ALSO PARTICIPATES IN DIABETIC TESTICULAR AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION. SIRTUIN1 IS ELEVATED BY NATURALLY OCCURRING ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY COMPOUNDS SUCH AS RESVERATROL, TRANS-DELTA-VINIFERIN, VITAMIN D AND MORE. SIMILARLY, SIRTUIN1 LEVEL INCREASES AFTER TREATMENT WITH STANDARD ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC (METFORMIN, EXENATIDE, LIRAGLUTIDE), ANTIHYPERTENSIVE (SARTANS), LIPID-LOWERING (FIBRATES, STATINS) AND ANTICOAGULANT (FIDARESTAT) DRUGS. REGARDING EPIGENETICS, A NUMBER OF MIRNAS TRIGGER SIRTUIN1 DECREASE, WHICH FURTHER CONTRIBUTES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OF SIRTUIN1-REGULATED AND RELEVANT FOR DIABETES GENES. CONCLUSION: EVIDENCE STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT SIRTUIN1 UPREGULATION MAY SERVE AS A POTENT THERAPEUTIC APPROACH AGAINST DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  5025  36 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4   200  42 ACTIVATED PROTEIN C BASED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN CHRONIC DISEASES. ACTIVATED PROTEIN C (APC) IS A NATURAL ANTICOAGULANT AND A POTENT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND CYTOPROTECTIVE AGENT. AT THE EXPENSE OF INCREASED BLEEDING RISK APC HAS BEEN USED - WITH SOME SUCCESS - IN SEPSIS. THE DESIGN OF CYTOPROTECTIVE-SELECTIVE APC VARIANTS CIRCUMVENTS THIS LIMITATION OF INCREASED BLEEDING, REVIVING THE INTEREST IN APC AS A THERAPEUTIC AGENT. EMERGING STUDIES SUGGEST THAT APC;S BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ARE NOT RESTRICTED TO ACUTE ILLNESS, BUT LIKEWISE RELEVANT IN CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY, NEURODEGENERATION OR WOUND HEALING. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, REDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND REGULATION OF ROS-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ARE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF SUSTAINED CYTOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF APC IN CHRONIC DISEASES. GIVEN THE AVAILABLE DATA IT SEEMS QUESTIONABLE WHETHER A UNIFYING MECHANISM OF APC DEPENDENT CYTOPROTECTION IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES EXISTS. IN ADDITION, THE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS EMPLOYED BY APC ARE TISSUE AND CELL SPECIFIC. THE MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS GAINED FROM STUDIES EXPLORING APC;S EFFECTS IN VARIOUS DISEASES MAY HENCE LAY GROUND FOR TISSUE AND DISEASE SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES RECENT INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE MECHANISMS AND CONSEQUENCES OF LONG-TERM MODULATION OF APC-SIGNALLING IN MODELS OF CHRONIC DISEASES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5   465  46 ARE TARGETED THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ON THE HORIZON? DIABETES INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE APPROXIMATELY 2.5-FOLD, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES. THIS PROCESS, TERMED DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY INITIAL IMPAIRMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) RELAXATION FOLLOWED BY LV CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION REVEALS THAT HUMAN DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LV DAMAGE, INCLUDING CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, APOPTOSIS AND FIBROSIS, WITH IMPAIRED CORONARY MICROVASCULAR PERFUSION. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ARE IMPLICATED. DESPITE A RECENT RISE IN RESEARCH INTERROGATING THESE MECHANISMS AND AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE REMAINS A LACK OF SPECIFIC TREATMENT STRATEGIES. HOW THE CHRONIC METABOLIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED IN DIABETES LEAD TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES REMAINS A PERTINENT QUESTION, AND IT IS HOPED THAT RECENT ADVANCES, PARTICULARLY IN THE AREA OF EPIGENETICS, AMONG OTHERS, MAY PROVIDE SOME ANSWERS. THIS REVIEW HENCE EXPLORES THE TEMPORAL ONSET OF THE PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESULTANT DISEASE PHENOTYPE, AS WELL AS BOTH CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. THE EMERGENCE OF GLUCOSE-OPTIMIZING AGENTS, NAMELY GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS AND SODIUM/GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER (SGLT)2 INHIBITORS THAT CONFER BENEFITS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, TOGETHER WITH NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES, HIGHLIGHT A NEW AND EXCITING ERA IN DIABETES RESEARCH, WHICH IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN MAJOR CLINICAL IMPACT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  4211  39 METFORMIN FOR CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE, OSTEOPOROSIS, PERIODONTITIS, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME, NEURODEGENERATION, CANCER, INFLAMMATION AND SENESCENCE: WHAT IS NEXT? DIABETES IS ACCOMPANIED BY SEVERAL COMPLICATIONS. HIGHER PREVALENCE OF CANCERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), OBESITY, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES HAS BEEN REPORTED AMONG PATIENTS WITH DIABETES. METFORMIN IS THE OLDEST ORAL ANTIDIABETIC DRUG AND CAN IMPROVE COEXISTING COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES. CLINICAL TRIALS AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES UNCOVERED THAT METFORMIN CAN REMARKABLY PREVENT OR ALLEVIATE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, OBESITY, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME (PCOS), OSTEOPOROSIS, CANCER, PERIODONTITIS, NEURONAL DAMAGE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, INFLAMMATION, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), TUBERCULOSIS, AND COVID-19. IN ADDITION, METFORMIN HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS AN ANTIAGING AGENT. NUMEROUS MECHANISMS WERE SHOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN. METFORMIN ACTIVATES THE LKB1/AMPK PATHWAY TO INTERACT WITH SEVERAL INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. THE DRUG MODIFIES THE BIOLOGIC FUNCTION OF NF-KAPPAB, PI3K/AKT/MTOR, SIRT1/PGC-1ALPHA, NLRP3, ERK, P38 MAPK, WNT/BETA-CATENIN, NRF2, JNK, AND OTHER MAJOR MOLECULES IN THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING NETWORK. IT ALSO REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF NONCODING RNAS. THEREBY, METFORMIN CAN REGULATE METABOLISM, GROWTH, PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATION, TUMORIGENESIS, AND SENESCENCE. ADDITIONALLY, METFORMIN MODULATES IMMUNE RESPONSE, AUTOPHAGY, MITOPHAGY, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, AND APOPTOSIS AND EXERTS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. FURTHERMORE, METFORMIN PROTECTS AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY, PRESERVES TELOMERE LENGTH, AND PREVENTS STEM CELL EXHAUSTION. IN THIS REVIEW, THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON EACH DISEASE WILL BE DISCUSSED USING THE RESULTS OF RECENT META-ANALYSES, CLINICAL TRIALS, AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES. THEREAFTER, IT WILL BE METICULOUSLY EXPLAINED HOW METFORMIN REPROGRAMS INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND ALTERS MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR INTERACTIONS TO MODIFY THE CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF SEVERAL DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  4459  49 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS ARE THE MAJOR CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES. MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE RETINOPATHY, NEPHROPATHY AND NEUROPATHY, WHICH ARE LEADING CAUSES OF BLINDNESS, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE AND VARIOUS PAINFUL NEUROPATHIES; WHEREAS MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS INVOLVE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RELATED DISEASES, SUCH AS CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE AND STROKE. DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS ARE THE RESULT OF INTERACTIONS AMONG SYSTEMIC METABOLIC CHANGES, SUCH AS HYPERGLYCEMIA, LOCAL TISSUE RESPONSES TO TOXIC METABOLITES FROM GLUCOSE METABOLISM, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODULATORS. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA IS RECOGNIZED AS A MAJOR INITIATOR OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. MULTIPLE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO MEDIATE HYPERGLYCEMIA'S ADVERSE EFFECTS ON VASCULAR TISSUES. THESE INCLUDE INCREASED POLYOL PATHWAY, ACTIVATION OF THE DIACYLGLYCEROL/PROTEIN KINASE C PATHWAY, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, OVERPRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS, AND INCREASED HEXOSAMINE PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE ALTERATIONS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS INDUCED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA OR TOXIC METABOLITES CAN ALSO LEAD TO CELLULAR DYSFUNCTIONS AND DAMAGE VASCULAR TISSUES BY ALTERING GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN FUNCTION. LESS STUDIED THAN THE TOXIC MECHANISMS, HYPERGLYCEMIA MIGHT ALSO INHIBIT THE ENDOGENOUS VASCULAR PROTECTIVE FACTORS SUCH AS INSULIN, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR AND ACTIVATED PROTEIN C, WHICH PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN MAINTAINING VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS. THUS, EFFECTIVE THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS NEED TO INHIBIT MECHANISMS INDUCED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA'S TOXIC EFFECTS AND ALSO ENHANCE THE ENDOGENOUS PROTECTIVE FACTORS. THE PRESENT REVIEW SUMMARIZES THESE MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS ACTIVATED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA AND THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT MIGHT PREVENT DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. (J DIABETES INVEST, DOI: 10.1111/J.2040-1124.2010.00018.X, 2010).	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8   750  27 CARDIAC INVOLVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. AUTHORS HAVE REVIEWED LITERATURE ABOUT THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIOLOGIC DISEASE OCCURRING SECONDARY TO HEMATOLOGIC PATHOLOGY ITSELF OR ITS THERAPY, WITH A FOCUS ON INFILTRATION OF MYOCARDIUM IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MULTIPLE MYELOMA, AND HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME. MOREOVER, THEY EVALUATED CHEMOTHERAPY-ASSOCIATED TOXICITY, PARTICULARLY FOR NEW DRUGS SUCH AS MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THERAPY, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, BORTEZOMIB, AND EPIGENETIC THERAPY. IN FACT, CARDIAC TOXICITY MAY RANGE FROM ASYMPTOMATIC SUBCLINICAL ABNORMALITIES, SUCH AS ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION DECLINE, TO LIFE-THREATENING EVENTS AND LEAD TO CHEMOTHERAPY DOSE REDUCTION AND DELAY AND, IN SOME CASES, FOR PATIENTS WITH SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS, DISCONTINUATION OF TREATMENT. FINALLY, THEY DISCUSSED ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY MARKERS OF CARDIAC INJURY AND ON CARDIAC STEM CELL THERAPY AS A PROMISING APPROACH TO FACILITATE MYOCARDIAL REGENERATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  2694  35 EVOLVING SPECTRUM OF DIABETIC WOUND: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. DIABETES MELLITUS IS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDER RESULTING IN AN INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL AND PROLONGED HYPERGLYCEMIA, CAUSES LONG TERM HEALTH CONSE-QUENCES. CHRONIC WOUND IS FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN DIABETES PATIENTS DUE TO COMPROMISED WOUND HEALING CAPABILITY. MANAGEMENT OF WOUNDS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS REMAINS A CLINICAL CHALLENGE DESPITE MANY ADVANCEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. INCREASING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT ALTERATION OF THE BIOCHEMICAL MILIEU RESULTING FROM ALTERATION IN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE, DECREASE IN FIBROBLAST AND KERATINOCYTE FUNCTIONING, NEUROPATHY, ALTERED LEUKOCYTE FUNCTIONING, INFECTION, ETC., PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN IMPAIRED WOUND HEALING IN DIABETIC PEOPLE. APART FROM THE CURRENT PHARMACOTHERAPY, DIFFERENT OTHER APPROACHES LIKE THE USE OF CONVENTIONAL DRUGS, ANTIDIABETIC MEDICATION, ANTIBIOTICS, DEBRIDEMENT, OFFLOADING, PLATELET-RICH PLASMA, GROWTH FACTOR, OXYGEN THERAPY, NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY, LOW-LEVEL LASER, EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE BIOENGINEERED SUBSTITUTE CAN BE CONSIDERED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC WOUNDS. DRUGS/THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY THAT INDUCE ANGIOGENESIS AND COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS, INHIBITION OF MMPS, REDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, CONTROLLING HYPERGLYCEMIA, INCREASE GROWTH FACTORS, REGULATE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, CAUSE NO INDUCTION, INDUCE FIBROBLAST AND KERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION, CONTROL MICROBIAL INFECTIONS ARE CONSIDERED IMPORTANT IN CONTROLLING DIABETIC WOUND. FURTHER, MEDICINAL PLANTS AND/OR PHYTOCONSTITUENTS ALSO OFFER A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC WOUND. THE FOCUS OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO HIGHLIGHT THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS, AND DISCUSS THE DRUG TARGETS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES INVOLVED IN THE DIABETIC WOUND.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  4652  29 NEUROPROTECTION WITH NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS AND NUTRACEUTICALS IN THE CONTEXT OF BRAIN CELL DEGENERATION: THE EPIGENETIC CONNECTION. BIOACTIVE ANTIOXIDANT AGENTS PRESENT IN SELECTED PLANTS ARE KNOWN TO PROVIDE THE FIRST LINE OF BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN PARTICULAR, SOLUBLE VITAMIN C, E, CAROTENOIDS AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS HAVE DEMONSTRATED CRUCIAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN CELLS AGAINST OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, PREVENTING PREVALENT CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. THE REPORTED WIDE RANGE OF EFFECTS THAT INCLUDED ANTI-AGING, ANTI-ATHEROSCLEROSIS, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY WERE STUDIED AGAINST DEGENERATIVE PATHOLOGIES OF THE BRAIN. VITAMINS AND DIFFERENT PHYTOCHEMICALS ARE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS THAT PREVENT NEURODEGENERATION. IN ORDER TO EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT SOURCES IN FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND NUTRACEUTICALS AGAINST NEURODEGENERATION, THE PRESENT PAPER AIMS TO SHOW A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AT CHEMICAL AND CELLULAR LEVELS. THE EFFECTS OF THE DIFFERENT BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AVAILABLE AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY THROUGH AN EPIGENETIC POINT OF VIEW ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11  4415  46 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT INDUCE ARTERIAL CALCIFICATION BY INDOXYL SULFATE AND P-CRESYL SULFATE. THE PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS, INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) AND P-CRESYL SULFATE (PCS), ARE CONSIDERED TO BE HARMFUL VASCULAR TOXINS. ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION, OR THE DEPOSITION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTALS IN THE ARTERIES, CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, HYPERTENSION, AND IMPAIRED CORONARY PERFUSION IN THE ELDERLY AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND DIABETES. RECENTLY, WE REPORTED THAT BOTH IS AND PCS TRIGGER MODERATE TO SEVERE CALCIFICATION IN THE AORTA AND PERIPHERAL VESSELS OF CKD RATS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE UREMIC TOXINS INDUCE ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN INFLAMMATION, COAGULATION, AND LIPID METABOLISM PATHWAYS, INFLUENCED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS, IS CRUCIAL IN IS/PCS-INDUCED ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE ARE LINKED TO THESE EVENTS, SUGGESTING THAT A GOOD BALANCE BETWEEN GLUCOSE AND LIPID LEVELS MIGHT BE IMPORTANT. ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL, EFFECTS ON ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, WHICH ACT AS THE PRIMARY SENSORS OF CIRCULATING PATHOLOGICAL TRIGGERS, MIGHT BE AS IMPORTANT AS THOSE ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PROVOKED BY IS AND PCS TRIGGERED OXIDATIVE STRESS, MAY BE CONSIDERED A KEY EVENT IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. IN THIS REVIEW A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS SUCH AS THE ROLE OF MIRNA'S, PHENOTYPIC SWITCHING OF BOTH ENDOTHELIAL AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND NEW TYPES OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION RELATED TO PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS ARE PUT FORWARD AND DISCUSSED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12  1384  43 DIABETES AND KIDNEY DISEASE: EMPHASIS ON TREATMENT WITH SGLT-2 INHIBITORS AND GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. KIDNEY DISEASE IS A FREQUENT MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATION OF BOTH TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. HISTORIC TRIALS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT A TIGHT GLYCAEMIC CONTROL IS THE MOST POWERFUL APPROACH TO DECREASE THE CHANCES OF DEVELOPING DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. HOWEVER, HAVING AN HBA1C < 7% DOES NOT COMPLETELY SUPPRESS THE RISK OF KIDNEY DISEASE. THE OBSERVED RESIDUAL RISK IS LIKELY ASCRIBABLE TO TWO PHENOMENA: 1- THE PRESENCE OF RISK FACTORS AND ALTERATIONS ADDITIVE TO AND INDEPENDENT OF GLYCAEMIA, AND 2- THE ACTIVATION OF LONG-LASTING IMBALANCES BY PERIODS OF EXPOSURE TO UNCONTROLLED GLYCEMIA, A PHENOMENON REFERRED TO AS METABOLIC MEMORY OR LEGACY EFFECT. LONG-LASTING OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AND THE RESULTING CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION ARE ALL CANDIDATE MECHANISMS EXPLAINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHROPATHY DESPITE PROPER CONTROL OF RISK FACTORS. RECENTLY, TWO CLASSES OF DRUGS, I.E. GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE (GLP) 1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS (RA) AND SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS (SGLT-I) HAVE CHANGED THIS SCENARIO. INDEED, CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME AND OTHER TRIALS HAVE CLEARLY SHOWN A RENOPROTECTIVE EFFECT FOR THESE DRUGS, WELL-BEYOND THEIR GLUCOSE-LOWERING PROPERTIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE: 1- SELECTED KEY TRIALS AND MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND 2- THE RESULTS RELATIVE TO RENAL ENDPOINTS IN CLINICAL TRIALS OF GLP-1 RA AND SGLT-2I. THEN, WE BRIEFLY DISCUSS SOME OF THE HYPOTHESES POSITED TO EXPLAIN THE MARKED RENOPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF THESE TWO CLASSES, EVIDENCING THE STILL EXISTING GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE AND PROPOSING FUTURE DIRECTIONS TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT THE USE OF THESE POWERFUL, DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13  4433  32 MOLECULAR COMPLEXITIES UNDERLYING THE VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS - A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. DIABETES IS A CHRONIC DISEASE, CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA, WHICH REFERS TO THE ELEVATED LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD, DUE TO THE INABILITY OF THE BODY TO PRODUCE OR USE INSULIN EFFECTIVELY. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA LEVELS LEAD TO MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THE MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS CONSIST OF PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE (PAD), CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES, WHILE THE MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS COMPRISE OF DIABETIC MICROANGIOPATHY, DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND DIABETIC NEUROPATHY. VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MEDIATING BOTH MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS UNDER HYPERGLYCEMIC CONDITIONS. IN DIABETIC MICROVASCULATURE, THE INTRACELLULAR HYPERGLYCEMIA CAUSES DAMAGE TO THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM THROUGH - (I) ACTIVATION OF FOUR BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS, NAMELY THE POLYOL PATHWAY, PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC) PATHWAY, ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGE) PATHWAY AND HEXOSAMINE PATHWAY, ALL OF WHICH COMMUTES GLUCOSE AND ITS INTERMEDIATES LEADING TO OVERPRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, (II) DYSREGULATION OF GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES, (III) EPIGENETIC CHANGES WHICH CONCERN THE CHANGES IN DNA AS A RESPONSE TO INTRACELLULAR CHANGES, AND (IV) ABNORMALITIES IN NON-CODING RNAS, SPECIFICALLY MICRORNAS. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON GAINING AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR COMPLEXITIES UNDERLYING THE VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES MELLITUS, TO INCREASE OUR UNDERSTANDING TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MECHANISTIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PREVENT OR TREAT DIABETES-INDUCED VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  4893  33 OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPE 2 DIABETES AND AIR POLLUTION. THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES HAVE INCREASED IN THE LAST DECADES AND ARE EXPECTED TO FURTHER GROW IN THE COMING YEARS. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA TRIGGERS FREE RADICAL GENERATION AND CAUSES INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, AFFECTING A NUMBER OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND CELLULAR PATHWAYS, INCLUDING THE GENERATION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS, PROINFLAMMATORY AND PROCOAGULANT EFFECTS, INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS, VASCULAR SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELL PROLIFERATION, ENDOTHELIAL AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE RELEASE, AND ACTIVATION OF PROTEIN KINASE C. AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETES DETERMINANTS, MANY DATA HAVE DOCUMENTED THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (E.G., AIR POLLUTANTS) THROUGH MULTIPLE EXPOSURE-INDUCED MECHANISMS (E.G., SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, HYPERCOAGULABILITY, AND ENDOTHELIAL AND IMMUNE RESPONSES). THEREFORE, HERE WE DISCUSS THE ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-RELATED DAMAGE TO GLYCEMIC METABOLISM HOMEOSTASIS, WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON ITS IMPACT ON HEALTH. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE IMPROVEMENT OF NEW ADVANCED TOOLS (E.G., OMIC TECHNIQUES AND THE STUDY OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES) MAY PROVIDE A SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTION, HELPING IN THE EVALUATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN HIS BIOLOGICAL TOTALITY, AND OFFER A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE MOLECULAR, CLINICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15   799  38 CELLULAR SIGNALING AND POTENTIAL NEW TREATMENT TARGETS IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. DYSFUNCTION AND DEATH OF MICROVASCULAR CELLS AND IMBALANCE BETWEEN THE PRODUCTION AND THE DEGRADATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) PROTEINS ARE A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR). GLUCOSE-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS MAY ACTIVATE A CASCADE OF SIGNALING PATHWAYS LEADING TO INCREASED PRODUCTION OF ECM PROTEINS AND CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION/DEATH. CHRONIC DIABETES LEADS TO THE ACTIVATION OF A NUMBER OF SIGNALING PROTEINS INCLUDING PROTEIN KINASE C, PROTEIN KINASE B, AND MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. THESE SIGNALING CASCADES ARE ACTIVATED IN RESPONSE TO HYPERGLYCEMIA-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS, POLYOL PATHWAY, AND ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT FORMATION AMONG OTHERS. THE ABERRANT SIGNALING PATHWAYS ULTIMATELY LEAD TO ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUCH AS NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB AND ACTIVATING PROTEIN-1. THE ACTIVITY OF THESE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS ALSO REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATOR P300. THESE COMPLEX SIGNALING PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN GLUCOSE-INDUCED ALTERATIONS OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL PHENOTYPE LEADING TO THE PRODUCTION OF INCREASED ECM PROTEINS AND VASOACTIVE EFFECTOR MOLECULES CAUSING FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE MICROVASCULATURE. UNDERSTANDING OF SUCH MECHANISTIC PATHWAYS WILL HELP TO DEVELOP FUTURE ADJUVANT THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  1387  41 DIABETIC GUT MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS AS AN INFLAMMAGING AND IMMUNOSENESCENCE CONDITION THAT FOSTERS PROGRESSION OF RETINOPATHY AND NEPHROPATHY. THE INCREASED PREVALENCE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) AND LIFE EXPECTANCY OF DIABETIC PATIENTS FOSTERS THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF RETINOPATHY AND NEPHROPATHY, TWO MAJOR MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO TREAT WITH CONTEMPORARY GLUCOSE-LOWERING MEDICATIONS. THE GUT MICROBIOTA (GM) HAS BECOME A LIVELY FIELD RESEARCH IN THE LAST YEARS; THERE IS A GROWING RECOGNITION THAT ALTERED INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION CAN DIRECTLY IMPACT THE PHENOMENON OF AGEING AND AGE-RELATED DISORDERS. IN FACT, HUMAN GM, ENVISAGED AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS, STRONGLY MODULATES HOST IMMUNITY AND METABOLISM. IT IS NOW CLEAR THAT GUT DYSBIOSIS AND THEIR PRODUCTS (E.G. P-CRESYL SULFATE, TRIMETHYLAMINE?N?OXIDE) DICTATE A SECRETORY ASSOCIATED SENESCENCE PHENOTYPE AND CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, FEATURES SHARED IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF AGEING ("INFLAMMAGING") AS WELL AS IN T2DM ("METAFLAMMATION") AND IN ITS MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN IN-DEPTH LOOK ON THE CROSSTALK BETWEEN GM, HOST IMMUNITY AND METABOLISM. FURTHER, IT CHARACTERIZES HUMAN GM SIGNATURES OF ELDERLY AND T2DM PATIENTS. FINALLY, A COMPREHENSIVE SCRUTINY OF RECENT MOLECULAR FINDINGS (E.G. EPIGENETIC CHANGES) UNDERLYING CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GM DYSBIOSIS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY/NEPHROPATHY COMPLICATIONS IS PINPOINTED, WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL TO UNRAVEL POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THAT MAY BE EXPLORED, IN A NEAR FUTURE, AS PERSONALIZED DISEASE-MODIFYING THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  6721  31 VITAMIN D RECEPTOR AGONISTS' ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES. ONE CENTURY AFTER ITS DISCOVERY, VITAMIN D HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE, IN FACT, A PLEIOTROPIC STEROID HORMONE, WHICH, BESIDES REGULATION OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND BONE TURNOVER, HAS ANTIPROLIFERATIVE, PRODIFFERENTIATION, ANTIBACTERIAL, IMMUNOMODULATORY, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES IN VARIOUS CELLS AND TISSUES. D HORMONE (1ALPHA,25(OH)2 D), REGULATED IN AN ENDOCRINE, AUTOCRINE, AND PARACRINE MANNER, MUST BE BOUND TO THE SPECIFIC NUCLEAR VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR) TO EXERT EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC EFFECTS, ACTING AS A CONNECTION BETWEEN EXTRACELLULAR STIMULI AND GENOMIC RESPONSES OF THE CELLS. SINCE ONLY HIGH DOSES OF HORMONE, PROVOKING HYPERCALCEMIA, CAN ACHIEVE IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS, MORE THAN 3000 VDR AGONISTS HAVE BEEN SYNTHESIZED. NUMEROUS EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED IN ANIMAL MODELS, EVIDENCING THE PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF VDR AGONISTS FOR CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES AND CANCER. CONSIDERING THE SELECTIVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF VDR AGONISTS COMPARED TO GLUCOCORTICOIDS, SPARING MICROBICIDAL FUNCTIONS, THE FEAR OF HYPERCALCEMIA AS THEIR ONLY FREQUENT SIDE EFFECT BECOMES A QUESTIONABLE REASON FOR THE LACK OF CLINICAL STUDIES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18   107  43 A REVIEW OF PRE-CLINICAL MODELS FOR GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC MULTISYMPTOMATIC DISORDER THAT AFFLICTS OVER 1/3RD OF THE 1991 GW VETERANS. IT SPANS MULTIPLE BODILY SYSTEMS AND PRESENTS ITSELF AS A SYNDROME EXHIBITING DIVERSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, MOOD, AND MEMORY AND CONCENTRATION DEFICITS, MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS IN GW VETERANS. THE ETIOLOGY OF GWI IS COMPLEX AND MANY FACTORS, INCLUDING CHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS PRESENT IN THE GW ARENA, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT. IT HAS BEEN OVER 30 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE GW BUT, GWI HAS BEEN PERSISTENT IN SUFFERING VETERANS WHO ARE ALSO DEALING WITH PAUCITY OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE MULTIFACTORIAL ASPECT OF GWI ALONG WITH GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND LACK OF AVAILABLE DATA SURROUNDING WAR-TIME EXPOSURES HAVE PROVED TO BE CHALLENGING IN DEVELOPING PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF GWI. DESPITE THIS, OVER A DOZEN GWI ANIMAL MODELS EXIST IN THE LITERATURE. IN THIS ARTICLE, FOLLOWING A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF GW HISTORY, GWI DEFINITIONS, AND PROBABLE CAUSES FOR ITS PATHOGENESIS, WE WILL EXPAND UPON VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED IN GWI LABORATORY RESEARCH. THESE ANIMAL MODELS WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR ATTEMPTS AT MIMICKING GW-RELATED EXPOSURES WITH REGARDS TO THE VARIATIONS IN CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS, DOSES, AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURES. WE WILL DISCUSS THEIR ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS IN MODELING GWI FOLLOWED BY A DISCUSSION OF BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS IN THESE MODELS. THE MECHANISTIC DATA OBTAINED FROM THESE PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE OFFERED MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIPID DISTURBANCES, CALCIUM HOMEOSTATIC ALTERATIONS, CHANGES IN GUT MICROBIOTA, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AMONGST OTHERS FOR EXPLAINING GWI DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PERSISTENCE. FINALLY, THESE FINDINGS HAVE ALSO INFORMED US ON NOVEL DRUGGABLE TARGETS IN GWI. WHILE, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE A SINGLE PRE-CLINICAL MODEL THAT COULD EXPRESS ALL THE GWI SIGNS AND EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY REFLECTIVE OF THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN GWI, ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN CRITICAL FOR IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF GWI AND EVALUATING TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR GWI.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  6374  43 THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS: FROM MECHANISMS TO THERAPEUTICS. MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE IS THE MOST SERIOUS PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND AN IMPORTANT REASON FOR THEIR HIGH MORTALITY. IN RECENT YEARS, BECAUSE OF THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF SYSTEMIC ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS (E.G., OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME), COMPLICATIONS OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY THESE DISORDERS HAVE ATTRACTED WIDESPREAD ATTENTION. ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS ARE INDEPENDENT OF TRADITIONAL INJURY-RELATED RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS ISCHEMIA, HYPOXIA, TRAUMA, AND INFECTION. AN IMBALANCE OF MYOCARDIAL METABOLIC FLEXIBILITY AND MYOCARDIAL ENERGY DEPLETION ARE USUALLY THE INITIAL CHANGES OF MYOCARDIAL INJURY CAUSED BY ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS, AND ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL DESTRUCTION OF THE MITOCHONDRIA ARE THEIR IMPORTANT FEATURES. SPECIFICALLY, MITOCHONDRIA ARE THE CENTERS OF ENERGY METABOLISM, AND RECENT EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT DECREASED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION, CAUSED BY AN IMBALANCE IN MITOCHONDRIAL QUALITY CONTROL, MAY PLAY A KEY ROLE IN MYOCARDIAL INJURY CAUSED BY ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS. UNDER CHRONIC ENERGY STRESS, MITOCHONDRIA UNDERGO PATHOLOGICAL FISSION, WHILE MITOPHAGY, MITOCHONDRIAL FUSION, AND BIOGENESIS ARE INHIBITED, AND MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN BALANCE AND TRANSFER ARE DISTURBED, RESULTING IN THE ACCUMULATION OF NONFUNCTIONAL AND DAMAGED MITOCHONDRIA. CONSEQUENTLY, DAMAGED MITOCHONDRIA LEAD TO MYOCARDIAL ENERGY DEPLETION AND THE ACCUMULATION OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, FURTHER AGGRAVATING THE IMBALANCE IN MITOCHONDRIAL QUALITY CONTROL AND FORMING A VICIOUS CYCLE. IN ADDITION, IMPAIRED MITOCHONDRIA COORDINATE CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IMBALANCE, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS PARTICIPATE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE. THESE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES INDUCE RAPID PROGRESSION OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO HEART FAILURE OR SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH. TO INTERVENE MORE SPECIFICALLY IN THE MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY METABOLIC DISORDERS, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN THIS CONTEXT IN DETAIL. ACCORDINGLY, PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED. WE ALSO SUMMARIZE THE EXISTING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PROVIDE A REFERENCE FOR CLINICAL TREATMENT AND DEVELOPING NEW THERAPIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20  4337  41 MICROTUBULES AS MAJOR REGULATORS OF ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION: IMPLICATION FOR LUNG INJURY. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED AS ONE OF THE MAJOR COMPLICATIONS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS, A GLOBAL PANDEMIC THAT HAS ALREADY CAUSED OVER 4 MILLION DEATHS WORLDWIDE. THE DYSFUNCTION OF ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN INCREASE IN ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, AND HAS EVEN BROADER IMPLICATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROMES SUCH AS ARDS, SEPSIS AND CHRONIC ILLNESSES REPRESENTED BY PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE. THE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER IS MAINTAINED BY CYTOSKELETON ELEMENTS, CELL-SUBSTRATE FOCAL ADHESION AND ADHESIVE CELL JUNCTIONS. AGONIST-MEDIATED CHANGES IN ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY ARE DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH REORGANIZATION OF ACTOMYOSIN CYTOSKELETON LEADING TO CELL CONTRACTION AND OPENING OF INTERCELLULAR GAPS OR ENHANCEMENT OF CORTICAL ACTIN CYTOSKELETON ASSOCIATED WITH STRENGTHENING OF ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER. THE ROLE OF ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REMODELING IN ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER REGULATION HAS TAKEN THE CENTRAL STAGE, BUT THE IMPACT OF MICROTUBULES IN THIS PROCESS REMAINS LESS EXPLORED AND UNDER-APPRECIATED. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE CROSSTALK BETWEEN MICROTUBULES DYNAMICS AND ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REMODELING, DESCRIBE THE SIGNALING MECHANISMS MEDIATING THIS CROSSTALK, DISCUSS EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MICROTUBULES STABILITY AND ITS NEXUS WITH ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER MAINTENANCE, AND OVERVIEW A ROLE OF MICROTUBULES IN TARGETED DELIVERY OF SIGNALING MOLECULES REGULATING ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY AND INFLAMMATION.	2021