1  4562 162 MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM OVERLAP SYNDROMES: A FOCUSED REVIEW. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS)/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM (MPN) OVERLAP SYNDROMES ARE UNIQUE MYELOID NEOPLASMS, WITH OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF MDS AND MPN. THEY CONSIST OF FOUR ADULT ONSET ENTITIES INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), MDS/MPN-RING SIDEROBLASTS-THROMBOCYTOSIS (MDS/MPN-RS-T), BCR-ABL1 NEGATIVE ATYPICAL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (ACML) AND MDS/MPN-UNCLASSIFIABLE (MDS/MPN-U); WITH JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (JMML) BEING THE ONLY PEDIATRIC ONSET ENTITY. AMONG THESE OVERLAP NEOPLASMS, CMML IS THE MOST FREQUENT AND IS HALLMARKED BY THE PRESENCE OF SUSTAINED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS WITH RECURRENT MUTATIONS INVOLVING TET2 (60%), SRSF2 (50%) AND ASXL1 (40%); WITH RAS PATHWAY MUTATIONS AND JAK2V617F BEING RELATIVELY ENRICHED IN PROLIFERATIVE CMML SUBTYPES (WBC >/=13 X 109/L). CMML USUALLY PRESENTS IN THE 7TH DECADE OF LIFE, WITH A MALE PREPONDERANCE AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL OF <36 MONTHS. ADVERSE PROGNOSTICATORS IN CMML INCLUDE INCREASING AGE, HIGH WBC, PRESENCE OF CIRCULATING IMMATURE MYELOID CELLS, ANEMIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND TRUNCATING ASXL1 MUTATIONS. WHILE ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION REMAINS THE ONLY CURATIVE OPTION, GIVEN THE LATE ONSET OF THIS NEOPLASM AND HIGH FREQUENCY OF COMORBIDITIES, MOST PATIENTS REMAIN INELIGIBLE. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS SUCH AS AZACITIDINE, DECITABINE AND ORAL DECITABINE/CEDAZURIDINE HAVE BEEN US FDA APPROVED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CMML, WITH OVERALL RESPONSE RATES OF 40-50% AND COMPLETE REMISSION RATES OF <20%. WHILE THESE AGENTS EPIGENETICALLY RESTORE HEMATOPOIESIS IN A SUBSET OF RESPONDING PATIENTS, THEY DO NOT IMPACT MUTATIONAL ALLELE BURDENS AND EVENTUAL DISEASE PROGRESSION TO AML REMAINS INEVITABLE. NEWER TREATMENT MODALITIES EXPLOITING EPIGENETIC, SIGNALING AND SPLICING ABNORMALITIES COMMONLY SEEN IN CMML ARE MUCH NEEDED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2   960  76 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: 2016 UPDATE ON DIAGNOSIS, RISK STRATIFICATION, AND MANAGEMENT. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. DIAGNOSIS IS BASED ON THE PRESENCE OF PERSISTENT (>3 MONTHS) PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS (>1 X 10(9) /L), ALONG WITH BONE MARROW DYSPLASIA. CLONAL CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES OCCUR IN APPROXIMATELY 20-30% OF PATIENTS, WHILE >90% HAVE GENE MUTATIONS. MUTATIONS INVOLVING TET2 ( APPROXIMATELY 60%), SRSF2 ( APPROXIMATELY 50%), ASXL1 ( APPROXIMATELY 40%), AND RAS ( APPROXIMATELY 30%) ARE FREQUENT; WITH ONLY ASXL1 MUTATIONS NEGATIVELY IMPACTING OVERALL SURVIVAL. TWO MOLECULARLY INTEGRATED, CMML-SPECIFIC PROGNOSTIC MODELS INCLUDE; THE GROUPE FRANCAIS DES MYELODYSPLASIES (GFM) AND THE MOLECULAR MAYO MODEL (MMM). THE GFM MODEL SEGREGATES PATIENTS INTO 3 GROUPS BASED ON: AGE >65 YEARS, WBC >15 X 10(9) /L, ANEMIA, PLATELETS <100 X 10(9) /L, AND ASXL1 MUTATION STATUS, WITH RESPECTIVE MEDIAN SURVIVALS OF 56 (LOW), 27.4 (INTERMEDIATE), AND 9.2 (HIGH) MONTHS. THE MMM IS BASED ON ASXL1 MUTATIONAL STATUS, ABSOLUTE MONOCYTE COUNT >10 X 10(9) /L, HEMOGLOBIN <10 G/DL, PLATELETS <100 X 109/L AND CIRCULATING IMMATURE MYELOID CELLS. THIS MODEL STRATIFIES PATIENTS INTO FOUR GROUPS; HIGH (>/=3 RISK FACTORS), INTERMEDIATE-2 (2 RISK FACTORS), INTERMEDIATE-1 (1 RISK FACTOR) AND LOW (NO RISK FACTORS), WITH MEDIAN SURVIVALS OF 16, 31, 59, AND 97 MONTHS, RESPECTIVELY. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS SUCH AS 5-AZACITIDINE AND DECITABINE ARE COMMONLY USED, WITH OVERALL RESPONSE RATES OF APPROXIMATELY 30-40% AND COMPLETE REMISSION RATES OF APPROXIMATELY 7-17%. ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT IS THE ONLY POTENTIALLY CURATIVE OPTION, BUT IS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS AND SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS, ARE EXCITING PROSPECTS. AM. J. HEMATOL. 91:632-642, 2016. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3  2769  40 EXTENDED DOSING WITH CC-486 (ORAL AZACITIDINE) IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. CC-486 (ORAL AZACITIDINE) IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFIER IN CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR TREATMENT OF HEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS. THIS STUDY OF EXTENDED CC-486 DOSING INCLUDED PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDSS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), OR ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). AFTER A PHARMACOKINETIC ASSESSMENT PERIOD, 31 PATIENTS (MDS N = 18, CMML N = 4, AND AML N = 9) ENTERED A CLINICAL PHASE IN WHICH THEY RECEIVED CC-486 300 MG ONCE-DAILY FOR 21 DAYS OF REPEATED 28-DAY CYCLES. MEDIAN AGE WAS 71 YEARS (RANGE: 53-93); 42% OF PATIENTS WERE AGED >/=75 YEARS. A TOTAL OF 5 PATIENTS WITH AML (63%) HAD PRIOR MDS. MEDIAN NUMBER OF CC-486 TREATMENT CYCLES WAS 4 (RANGE: 1-32). THE MOST COMMON TREATMENT-EMERGENT ADVERSE EVENTS (TEAES) WERE GASTROINTESTINAL (84% OF PATIENTS) AND HEMATOLOGIC (81%). MOST COMMON GRADE 3-4 TEAES WERE NEUTROPENIA (N = 13, 42%) AND ANEMIA (N = 9, 29%). TEN PATIENTS EXPERIENCED GRADE 4 NEUTROPENIA. INFREQUENTLY, CC-486 DOSE WAS INTERRUPTED OR REDUCED DUE TO GASTROINTESTINAL (N = 5, 16%) OR HEMATOLOGIC (N = 6, 19%) TEAES. OVERALL RESPONSE RATE (COMPLETE REMISSION [CR], CR WITH INCOMPLETE HEMATOLOGICAL RECOVERY [CRI], PARTIAL REMISSION [PR], MARROW CR) IN THE MDS/CMML SUBGROUPS WAS 32% AND IN THE AML SUBGROUP (CR/CRI/PR) WAS 22%. RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSION INDEPENDENCE RATES IN THE MDS/CMML AND AML SUBGROUPS WERE 33% AND 25%, RESPECTIVELY, AND 2 MDS/CMML PATIENTS ATTAINED HEMATOLOGIC IMPROVEMENT AS A BEST RESPONSE ON-STUDY. NO BASELINE GENE MUTATION WAS PREDICTIVE OF RESPONSE/NONRESPONSE. CC-486 ALLOWS FLEXIBLE DOSING AND SCHEDULES TO IMPROVE TOLERABILITY OR RESPONSE. NEUTROPENIA IN EARLY TREATMENT CYCLES DESERVES SCRUTINY AND MAY WARRANT INITIATION OF PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS. KEY POINTS: THE SAFETY PROFILE OF ORAL CC-486 WAS COMPARABLE TO THAT OF INJECTABLE AZACITIDINE; MOST ADVERSE EVENTS WERE HEMATOLOGICAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL. EXTENDED (21-DAY/CYCLE) CC-486 DOSING INDUCED RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, MANY OF WHOM HAD PRIOR DNMTI FAILURE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4   961  60 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: A GENETIC AND CLINICAL UPDATE. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL STEM CELL DISORDER, CHARACTERIZED BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS AND OVERLAPPING FEATURES BETWEEN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS). CLONAL CYTOGENETIC CHANGES ARE SEEN IN UP TO 30 % PATIENTS, WHILE APPROXIMATELY 90 % HAVE DETECTABLE MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES. MOST PATIENTS ARE DIAGNOSED IN THE SEVENTH DECADE OF LIFE. GENE MUTATIONS IN TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ONCOGENE FAMILY MEMBER 2 (TET2) (60 %), SRSF2 (50 %), ASXL1 (40 %), AND RAS (20-30 %) ARE FREQUENT, WITH ONLY FRAME SHIFT AND NONSENSE ASXL1 MUTATIONS NEGATIVELY IMPACTING OVERALL SURVIVAL. WITH THE LACK OF FORMAL GUIDELINES, MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE CRITERIA ARE OFTEN EXTRAPOLATED FROM MDS AND MPN. CONTEMPORARY MOLECULARLY INTEGRATED CMML-SPECIFIC PROGNOSTIC MODELS INCLUDE THE GROUPE FRANCAIS DES MYELODYSPLASIES (GFM) MODEL AND THE MOLECULAR MAYO MODEL, BOTH INCORPORATING ASXL1 MUTATIONAL STATUS. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS AND ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT REMAIN THE TWO MOST COMMONLY USED TREATMENT STRATEGIES, WITH SUBOPTIMAL RESULTS. CLINICAL TRIALS EXPLOITING EPIGENETIC AND SIGNAL PATHWAY ABNORMALITIES, FREQUENT IN CMML, OFFER HOPE AND PROMISE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5   962  71 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: FOCUS ON CLINICAL PRACTICE. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL STEM CELL DISORDER WITH FEATURES THAT OVERLAP THOSE OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDSS) AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS). CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA OFTEN RESULTS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS AND HAS AN INHERENT TENDENCY TO TRANSFORM TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CLONAL CYTOGENETIC CHANGES ARE SEEN IN APPROXIMATELY 30% OF PATIENTS, AND MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES ARE SEEN IN MORE THAN 90%. GENE MUTATIONS INVOLVING TET2 ( APPROXIMATELY 60%), SRSF2 ( APPROXIMATELY 50%), ASXL1 ( APPROXIMATELY 40%), AND RAS ( APPROXIMATELY 30%) ARE FREQUENT, WITH NONSENSE AND FRAMESHIFT ASXL1 MUTATIONS BEING THE ONLY MUTATIONS IDENTIFIED THUS FAR TO HAVE AN INDEPENDENT NEGATIVE PROGNOSTIC EFFECT ON OVERALL SURVIVAL. CONTEMPORARY MOLECULARLY INTEGRATED PROGNOSTIC MODELS (INCLUSIVE OF ASXL1 MUTATIONS) INCLUDE THE MOLECULAR MAYO MODEL AND THE GROUPE FRANCAIS DES MYELODYSPLASIES MODEL. GIVEN THE LACK OF FORMAL TREATMENT AND RESPONSE CRITERIA, MANAGEMENT OF CMML IS OFTEN EXTRAPOLATED FROM MDS AND MPN, WITH ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT BEING THE ONLY CURATIVE OPTION. HYDROXYUREA AND OTHER CYTOREDUCTIVE AGENTS HAVE BEEN USED TO CONTROL MPN-LIKE FEATURES, WHILE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS SUCH AS HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS HAVE BEEN USED FOR MDS-LIKE FEATURES. GIVEN THE RELATIVELY POOR RESPONSE TO THESE AGENTS AND THE INHERENT RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT, NEWER DRUGS EXPLOITING MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN CMML ARE BEING DEVELOPED. THE CREATION OF CMML-SPECIFIC RESPONSE CRITERIA IS A MUCH NEEDED STEP IN ORDER TO IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6   765  39 CC-486 MAINTENANCE AFTER STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA OR MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. RELAPSE IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF TREATMENT FAILURE AFTER ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (ALLOSCT) IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS). INJECTABLE AZACITIDINE CAN IMPROVE POST-TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES BUT PRESENTS CHALLENGES WITH EXPOSURE AND COMPLIANCE. ORAL CC-486 ALLOWS EXTENDED DOSING TO PROLONG AZACITIDINE ACTIVITY. WE INVESTIGATED USE OF CC-486 MAINTENANCE THERAPY AFTER ALLOSCT. ADULTS WITH MDS OR AML IN MORPHOLOGIC COMPLETE REMISSION AT CC-486 INITIATION (42 TO 84 DAYS AFTER ALLOSCT) WERE INCLUDED. PATIENTS RECEIVED 1 OF 4 CC-486 DOSING SCHEDULES PER 28-DAY CYCLE FOR UP TO 12 CYCLES. ENDPOINTS INCLUDED SAFETY, PHARMACOKINETICS, GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD) INCIDENCE, RELAPSE/PROGRESSION RATE, AND SURVIVAL. OF 30 PATIENTS, 7 RECEIVED CC-486 ONCE DAILY FOR 7 DAYS PER CYCLE (200 MG, N = 3; 300 MG, N = 4) AND 23 FOR 14 DAYS PER CYCLE (150 MG, N = 4; 200 MG, N = 19 [EXPANSION COHORT]). GRADES 3 TO 4 ADVERSE EVENTS WERE INFREQUENT AND OCCURRED WITH SIMILAR FREQUENCY ACROSS REGIMENS. STANDARD CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS DID NOT ALTER CC-486 PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS. THREE PATIENTS (10%) EXPERIENCED GRADE III ACUTE GVHD AND 9 EXPERIENCED CHRONIC GVHD. OF 28 EVALUABLE PATIENTS, 6 (21%) RELAPSED OR HAD PROGRESSIVE DISEASE: 3 OF 7 PATIENTS (43%) WHO HAD RECEIVED 7-DAY DOSING AND 3 OF 23 (13%) WHO HAD RECEIVED 14-DAY DOSING. TRANSPLANT-RELATED MORTALITY WAS 3%. AT 19 MONTHS OF FOLLOW-UP, MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL WAS NOT REACHED. ESTIMATED 1-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES WERE 86% AND 81% IN THE 7-DAY AND 14-DAY DOSING COHORTS, RESPECTIVELY. CC-486 MAINTENANCE WAS GENERALLY WELL TOLERATED, WITH LOW RATES OF RELAPSE, DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND GVHD. CC-486 MAINTENANCE MAY PERMIT EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION OF THE ALLOREACTIVE RESPONSE POSTALLOGRAFT. FINDINGS REQUIRE CONFIRMATION IN RANDOMIZED TRIALS. (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT01835587.).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7  5246  37 PROGNOSTIC SCORE INCLUDING GENE MUTATIONS IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: SEVERAL PROGNOSTIC SCORING SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), A DISEASE IN WHICH SOME GENE MUTATIONS-INCLUDING ASXL1-HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN UNIVARIABLE ANALYSES. WE DEVELOPED AND VALIDATED A PROGNOSTIC SCORE FOR OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS) BASED ON MUTATIONAL STATUS AND STANDARD CLINICAL VARIABLES. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE GENOTYPED ASXL1 AND UP TO 18 OTHER GENES INCLUDING EPIGENETIC (TET2, EZH2, IDH1, IDH2, DNMT3A), SPLICING (SF3B1, SRSF2, ZRSF2, U2AF1), TRANSCRIPTION (RUNX1, NPM1, TP53), AND SIGNALING (NRAS, KRAS, CBL, JAK2, FLT3) REGULATORS IN 312 PATIENTS WITH CMML. GENOTYPES AND CLINICAL VARIABLES WERE INCLUDED IN A MULTIVARIABLE COX MODEL OF OS VALIDATED BY BOOTSTRAPPING. A SCORING SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED USING REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FROM THIS MODEL. RESULTS: ASXL1 MUTATIONS (P < .0001) AND, TO A LESSER EXTENT, SRSF2 (P = .03), CBL (P = .003), AND IDH2 (P = .03) MUTATIONS PREDICTED INFERIOR OS IN UNIVARIABLE ANALYSIS. THE RETAINED INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTORS INCLUDED ASXL1 MUTATIONS, AGE OLDER THAN 65 YEARS, WBC COUNT GREATER THAN 15 X10(9)/L, PLATELET COUNT LESS THAN 100 X10(9)/L, AND ANEMIA (HEMOGLOBIN < 10 G/DL IN FEMALE PATIENTS, < 11G/DL IN MALE PATIENTS). THE RESULTING FIVE-PARAMETER PROGNOSTIC SCORE DELINEATED THREE GROUPS OF PATIENTS WITH MEDIAN OS NOT REACHED, 38.5 MONTHS, AND 14.4 MONTHS, RESPECTIVELY (P < .0001), AND WAS VALIDATED IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF 165 PATIENTS (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: A NEW PROGNOSTIC SCORE INCLUDING ASXL1 STATUS, AGE, HEMOGLOBIN, WBC, AND PLATELET COUNTS DEFINES THREE GROUPS OF CMML PATIENTS WITH DISTINCT OUTCOMES. BASED ON CONCORDANCE ANALYSIS, THIS SCORE APPEARS MORE DISCRIMINATIVE THAN THOSE BASED SOLELY ON CLINICAL PARAMETERS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  3872  60 JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA-A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND RECENT ADVANCES IN MANAGEMENT. JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (JMML) IS A RARE PEDIATRIC MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM OVERLAP DISEASE. JMML IS ASSOCIATED WITH MUTATIONS IN THE RAS PATHWAY GENES RESULTING IN THE MYELOID PROGENITORS BEING SENSITIVE TO GRANULOCYTE MONOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF). KARYOTYPE ABNORMALITIES AND ADDITIONAL EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN JMML. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS AND NOONAN'S SYNDROME HAVE A PREDISPOSITION FOR JMML. IN A FEW PATIENTS, THE RAS GENES (NRAS, KRAS, AND PTPN11) ARE MUTATED AT THE GERMLINE AND THIS USUALLY RESULTS IN A TRANSIENT MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER WITH A GOOD PROGNOSIS. JMML WITH SOMATIC RAS MUTATION BEHAVES AGGRESSIVELY. JMML PRESENTS WITH CYTOPENIAS AND LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION INTO ORGANS. THE LABORATORY FINDINGS INCLUDE HYPERLEUKOCYTOSIS, MONOCYTOSIS, INCREASED HEMOGLOBIN-F LEVELS, AND CIRCULATING MYELOID PRECURSORS. THE BLAST CELLS IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD/BONE-MARROW ASPIRATE ARE LESS THAN 20% AND THE ABSENCE OF THE BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION HELPS TO DIFFERENTIATE FROM CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. JMML SHOULD BE DIFFERENTIATED FROM IMMUNODEFICIENCIES, VIRAL INFECTIONS, INTRAUTERINE INFECTIONS, HEMOPHAGOLYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS, OTHER MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS, AND LEUKEMIAS. CHEMOTHERAPY IS EMPLOYED AS A BRIDGE TO HSCT, EXCEPT IN FEW WITH LESS AGGRESSIVE DISEASE, IN WHICH CHEMOTHERAPY ALONE CAN RESULT IN LONG TERM REMISSION. AZACITIDINE HAS SHOWN PROMISE AS A SINGLE AGENT TO STABILIZE THE DISEASE. THE PROGNOSIS OF JMML IS POOR WITH ABOUT 50% OF PATIENTS SURVIVING AFTER AN ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (HSCT). ALLOGENEIC HSCT IS THE ONLY KNOWN CURE FOR JMML TO DATE. MYELOABLATIVE CONDITIONING IS MOST COMMONLY USED WITH GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE (GVHD) PROPHYLAXIS TAILORED TO THE AGGRESSIVENESS OF THE DISEASE. RELAPSES ARE COMMON EVEN AFTER HSCT AND A SECOND HSCT CAN SALVAGE A THIRD OF THESE PATIENTS. NOVEL OPTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF JMML E.G., HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS, MEK INHIBITORS, JAK INHIBITORS, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ETC. ARE BEING EXPLORED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  3871  51 JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA - A BONA FIDE RASOPATHY SYNDROME. JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (JMML) IS A PEDIATRIC MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM OVERLAP SYNDROME WITH SUSTAINED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS, AGGRESSIVE FEATURES, AND POOR OUTCOMES. IN >90% OF CASES JMML IS DRIVEN BY GERMLINE OR SOMATIC MUTATIONS INVOLVING THE CANONICAL RAS PATHWAY (PTPN11, NRAS, CBL, KRAS AND NF1), WITH SOMATIC MUTATIONS/ALTERATIONS IN RAS PATHWAY GENES (SECOND HIT), SETBP1, ASXL1 AND JAK3 RESULTING IN DISEASE PROGRESSION. WHILE SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION HAS BEEN SEEN IN GERMLINE PTPN11 AND CBL MUTANT JMML, IN MOST PATIENTS, ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT IS THE ONLY CURATIVE MODALITY. JMML SHARES SEVERAL PHENOTYPIC FEATURES WITH ITS ADULT COUNTERPART PROLIFERATIVE, CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (PCMML). PCMML LARGELY OCCURS DUE TO RAS PATHWAY MUTATIONS THAT OCCUR IN THE CONTEXT OF AGE RELATED CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS (TET2, SRSF2, ASXL1), WHILE JMML IS A BONA FIDE RASOPATHY, WITH ADDITIONAL SOMATIC MUTATIONS, INCLUDING IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS GENES RESULTING IN DISEASE PROGRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  4557  29 MUTATIONS IN ASXL1 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS ACROSS THE SPECTRUM OF MALIGNANT MYELOID DISEASES. THE ASXL1 GENE IS ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENTLY MUTATED GENES IN MALIGNANT MYELOID DISEASES. THE ASXL1 PROTEIN BELONGS TO PROTEIN COMPLEXES INVOLVED IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE FOUND IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN), MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). THEY ARE GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNS OF AGGRESSIVENESS AND POOR CLINICAL OUTCOME. BECAUSE OF THIS, A SYSTEMATIC DETERMINATION OF ASXL1 MUTATIONAL STATUS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES SHOULD HELP IN PROGNOSIS ASSESSMENT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  5283  37 PROPHYLACTIC OR PREEMPTIVE LOW-DOSE AZACITIDINE AND DONOR LYMPHOCYTE INFUSION TO PREVENT DISEASE RELAPSE FOLLOWING ALLOGENEIC TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA OR MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME. BECAUSE OF THE PERSISTENTLY HIGH RATES OF RELAPSE OF PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML) AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) FOLLOWING ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (ALLO-HSCT), POST-TRANSPLANTATION MAINTENANCE THERAPY HAS BEEN PROPOSED. WE PREVIOUSLY INITIATED A PHASE II TRIAL IN WHICH EPIGENETIC THERAPY WAS COMBINED WITH IMMUNOTHERAPY IN AN ATTEMPT TO REDUCE DISEASE RELAPSE. IN THAT STUDY, LOW-DOSE AZACITIDINE (AZA) AND ESCALATING DOSES OF DONOR LYMPHOCYTE INFUSION (DLI) WERE GIVEN AS POST-ALLO-HSCT MAINTENANCE TREATMENT. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE RETROSPECTIVELY ANALYZE A LARGER COHORT OF PATIENTS RECEIVING POST-TRANSPLANTATION MAINTENANCE THERAPY AND PROVIDE UPDATES ON SOME PATIENTS OF THE EARLIER STUDY. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY WERE TO ANALYZE THE CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE OF RELAPSE (CIR), OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS), AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (PFS) AND THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD) OF PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK AML OR MDS RECEIVING POST-TRANSPLANTATION MAINTENANCE TREATMENT WITH AZA WITH OR WITHOUT DLI. WE RETROSPECTIVELY ANALYZED 77 PATIENTS (54 WITH AML, 23 WITH MDS) CONSIDERED AT HIGH RISK BASED ON EITHER THEIR GENOMIC OR CLINICAL STATUS AT TRANSPLANTATION. FOLLOWING ALLOGENEIC TRANSPLANTATION, THEY RECEIVED AT LEAST 1 CYCLE OF PROPHYLACTIC OR PREEMPTIVE LOW-DOSE AZA WITH OR WITHOUT ESCALATING DOSES OF DLI TO PREVENT DISEASE RELAPSE. ALMOST ONE-HALF OF THE PATIENTS (47%) WERE ABLE TO RECEIVE THE FULL 12 CYCLES OF SCHEDULED AZA, AND A MAJORITY (79%) RECEIVED AT LEAST 1 DLI. WITH A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP OF 24 MONTHS, 19 PATIENTS (25%; 16 WITH AML, 3 WITH MDS) RELAPSED, AT A MEDIAN OF 9.8 MONTHS (RANGE, 4 TO 58.6 MONTHS), GIVING A 22% CIR AT 24 MONTHS. OS AND PFS AT 24 MONTHS WERE 70.8% AND 68.3%, RESPECTIVELY. THE CUMULATIVE INCIDENCES OF GRADE II-IV ACUTE GVHD AND CHRONIC GVHD WERE 27.4% AND 45%, RESPECTIVELY. ONLY A MINORITY OF PATIENTS (11%) REQUIRED DELAYED ADMINISTRATION OF AZA. THESE FINDINGS CONFIRM THAT AZA-DLI MAINTENANCE IS BOTH TOLERABLE AND EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING THE RISK OF POST-TRANSPLANTATION RELAPSE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12  1266  54 CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL STEM CELL DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS AND AN INHERENT TENDENCY TO TRANSFORM TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CMML HAS OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. CLONAL CYTOGENETIC CHANGES ARE SEEN IN ~30%, WHEREAS GENE MUTATIONS ARE SEEN IN >90% OF PATIENTS. COMMON CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES INCLUDE; TRISOMY 8, -Y, -7/DEL(7Q), TRISOMY 21 AND DEL(20Q), WITH THE MAYO-FRENCH RISK STRATIFICATION EFFECTIVELY RISK STRATIFYING PATIENTS BASED ON CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. GENE MUTATIONS FREQUENTLY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC REGULATORS (TET2 ~60%), MODULATORS OF CHROMATIN (ASXL1 ~40%), SPLICEOSOME COMPONENTS (SRSF2 ~50%), TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (RUNX1 ~15%) AND SIGNAL PATHWAYS (RAS ~30%, CBL ~15%). OF THESE, THUS FAR, ONLY NONSENSE AND FRAMESHIFT ASXL1 MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO NEGATIVELY IMPACT OVERALL SURVIVAL. THIS HAS RESULTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY, MOLECULARLY INTEGRATED (INCLUSIVE OF ASXL1 MUTATIONS) CMML PROGNOSTIC MODELS, INCLUDING MOLECULAR MAYO MODEL AND THE GROUPE FRANCAIS DES MYELODYSPLASIES MODEL. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PREVALENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION HAS RESULTED IN EMERGING TARGETED TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SOME PATIENTS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED (CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR) PROGNOSTIC MODEL ALONG WITH CMML-SPECIFIC RESPONSE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA ARE MUCH NEEDED FUTURE GOALS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  5911  26 TARGETED NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AIDS DIAGNOSIS IN CHALLENGING CASES AND IDENTIFIES FREQUENT SPLICEOSOME MUTATIONS IN TRANSFORMED ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVES: OPTIMAL INTEGRATION OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES REMAINS UNCLEAR. WE EVALUATE THE UTILITY OF NGS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. METHODS: A 42-GENE PANEL WAS USED TO SEQUENCE 109 CASES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS, N = 38), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML, N = 14), MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM (MPN, N = 24), AND MDS AND/OR MPN TRANSFORMED TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML, N = 33). RESULTS: AT LEAST ONE PATHOGENIC MUTATION WAS IDENTIFIED IN 74% OF CASES OF MDS, 100% OF CMMLS, AND 96% OF MPNS. IN CONTRAST, ONLY 47% OF CASES OF MDS (18/38) AND 7% (1/14) OF CMMLS EXHIBITED ABNORMAL CYTOGENETICS. IN DIAGNOSTICALLY DIFFICULT CASES OF MDS OR CMML WITH NORMAL CYTOGENETICS, NGS IDENTIFIED A PATHOGENIC MUTATION AND WAS CRITICAL IN ESTABLISHING THE CORRECT DIAGNOSIS. SPLICEOSOMAL GENES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS WERE FREQUENTLY MUTATED. SPLICEOSOME MUTATIONS WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN AML ARISING FROM MDS, CMML, OR MPN (39%) COMPARED WITH THE REPORTED RATE IN DE NOVO AML (7%-14%). CONCLUSIONS: IN DIFFICULT CASES OF MDS OR MPN, NGS FACILITATES DIAGNOSIS BY DETECTION OF GENE MUTATIONS TO CONFIRM CLONALITY, AND AMLS EVOLVING FROM MDS OR MPN CARRY FREQUENT MUTATIONS IN SPLICEOSOMAL GENES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  4485  36 MOLECULAR SIMILARITY BETWEEN MYELODYSPLASTIC FORM OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND REFRACTORY ANEMIA WITH RING SIDEROBLASTS. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS SIMILAR TO BUT A SEPARATE ENTITY FROM BOTH MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, AND SHOWS EITHER MYELOPROLIFERATIVE OR MYELODYSPLASTIC FEATURES. WE ASK WHETHER THIS DISTINCTION MAY HAVE A MOLECULAR BASIS. WE ESTABLISHED THE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF 39 SAMPLES OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (INCLUDING 12 CD34-POSITIVE) AND 32 CD34-POSITIVE SAMPLES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES BY USING AFFYMETRIX MICROARRAYS, AND STUDIED THE STATUS OF 18 GENES BY SANGER SEQUENCING AND ARRAY-COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION IN 53 SAMPLES. ANALYSIS OF 12 MRNAS FROM CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA ESTABLISHED A GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE OF 122 PROBE SETS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN PROLIFERATIVE AND DYSPLASTIC CASES OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. AS COMPARED TO PROLIFERATIVE CASES, DYSPLASTIC CASES OVER-EXPRESSED GENES INVOLVED IN RED BLOOD CELL BIOLOGY. WHEN APPLIED TO 32 MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, THIS GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE WAS ABLE TO DISCRIMINATE REFRACTORY ANEMIAS WITH RING SIDEROBLASTS FROM REFRACTORY ANEMIAS WITH EXCESS OF BLASTS. BY COMPARING MRNAS FROM THESE TWO FORMS OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES WE DERIVED A SECOND GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE. THIS SIGNATURE SEPARATED THE MYELODYSPLASTIC AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE FORMS OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIAS. THESE RESULTS WERE VALIDATED USING TWO INDEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION DATA SETS. WE FOUND THAT MYELODYSPLASTIC CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIAS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY MUTATIONS IN TRANSCRIPTION/EPIGENETIC REGULATORS (ASXL1, RUNX1, TET2) AND SPLICING GENES (SRSF2) AND THE ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS IN SIGNALING GENES. MYELODYSPLASTIC CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIAS AND REFRACTORY ANEMIAS WITH RING SIDEROBLASTS SHARE A COMMON EXPRESSION PROGRAM SUGGESTING THEY ARE PART OF A CONTINUUM, WHICH IS NOT TOTALLY EXPLAINED BY THEIR SIMILAR BUT NOT, HOWEVER, IDENTICAL MUTATION SPECTRUM.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  2277  39 EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY ASXL1 IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. MYELOID MALIGNANCIES ARE CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC DISORDERS THAT ARE COMPRISED OF A SPECTRUM OF GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS DISORDERS, INCLUDING MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). MYELOID MALIGNANCIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION, ABNORMAL SELF-RENEWAL, AND/OR DIFFERENTIATION DEFECTS OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) AND MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS (HSPCS). MYELOID MALIGNANCIES CAN BE CAUSED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT PROVOKE KEY CELLULAR FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS SELF-RENEWAL, PROLIFERATION, BIASED LINEAGE COMMITMENT, AND DIFFERENTIATION. ADVANCES IN NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE MUTATIONS IN MYELOID NEOPLASMS, AND MANY NEW GENE MUTATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED AS KEY FACTORS IN DRIVING THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. THE POLYCOMB PROTEIN ASXL1 WAS IDENTIFIED TO BE FREQUENTLY MUTATED IN ALL FORMS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, WITH MUTATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF 20%, 43%, 10%, AND 20% IN MDS, CMML, MPN, AND AML, RESPECTIVELY. SIGNIFICANTLY, ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A POOR PROGNOSIS IN ALL FORMS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. THE FACT THAT ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CMML, MDS, AND AML, POINTS TO THE POSSIBILITY THAT ASXL1 MUTATION IS A KEY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING MYELOID MALIGNANCIES WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON ASXL1 MUTATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16  6574  40 TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE: CASE REPORTS. EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT (5-AZACYTIDINE; AZA) IS COMMON IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC SUBTYPES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), BUT THERE ARE ONLY FEW STUDIES IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) PATIENTS. IN THIS PAPER OUR EXPERIENCE WITH 3 CMML PATIENTS TREATED WITH AZA IS DESCRIBED. IN ONE PATIENT TRANSFUSION INDEPENDENCY WAS OBSERVED AFTER 4 TREATMENT CYCLES; IN ONE CASE A PARTIAL RESPONSE WAS RECORDED, BUT A PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AFTER 13 AZA CYCLES HAS APPEARED. IN ONE PATIENT, AZA IN REDUCED DOSAGE WAS ADMINISTERED AS A BRIDGING TREATMENT BEFORE ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (ASCT), BUT IN THE CONTROL BONE MARROW ASPIRATE (BEFORE ASCT) A PROGRESSION TO AML WAS RECORDED. FUTURE STUDIES ARE MANDATORY FOR EVALUATION OF NEW MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL FEATURES WHICH COULD PREDICT THE EFFICIENCY OF HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IN CMML THERAPY WITH RESPECT TO OVERALL SURVIVAL, EVENT-FREE SURVIVAL, QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR, AND PHARMACOECONOMY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17    32  48 A CASE OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR-RESISTANT CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC PHASE WITH ASXL1 MUTATION. HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), EXHIBIT ASXL1 MUTATIONS; HOWEVER, THE FUNCTION AND MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF THESE MUTATIONS REMAIN UNCLEAR. ASXL1 WAS ORIGINALLY IDENTIFIED AS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE, IN WHICH LOSS OF FUNCTION CAUSES MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS). ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE COMMON AND ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING MDS, ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA, AND SIMILARLY IN CML. IN MDS, ASXL1 MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS; HOWEVER, THE IMPACT OF ASXL1 MUTATIONS IN CML HAS NOT BEEN WELL DESCRIBED. A 31-YEAR-OLD MALE WAS DIAGNOSED AS CML-CHRONIC PHASE (CP). LABORATORY FINDINGS SHOWED A WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT OF 187,200/MICROL, WITH ASYMPTOMATIC SPLENOMEGALY. BLAST COUNT WAS 5.0% IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND 7.3% IN BONE MARROW. THERE WAS NO ADDITIONAL CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY EXCEPT FOR T(9;22)(Q34;Q11.2) BY CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS. AT ONSET, THE SOKAL SCORE WAS 1.4, INDICATING HIGH RISK. THE PATIENT RECEIVED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI) THERAPY, COMPRISING NILOTINIB APPROXIMATELY 600 MG/DAY, BOSUTINIB APPROXIMATELY 600 MG/DAY, PONATINIB APPROXIMATELY 45 MG/DAY, AND DASATINIB APPROXIMATELY 100 MG/DAY. NEVERTHELESS, AFTER 1.5 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS TKI THERAPY, THE BEST OUTCOME WAS A HEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE. ALTHOUGH ADDITIONAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND ABL1 KINASE MUTATIONS WERE ANALYZED REPEATEDLY BEFORE AND DURING TKI THERAPY, KNOWN GENETIC ABNORMALITIES WERE NOT DETECTED. THEREAFTER, THE PATIENT UNDERWENT BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FROM AN HLA 7/8 MATCHED UNRELATED DONOR (HLA-CW 1 LOCUS MISMATCH, GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DIRECTION). THE PATIENT ACHIEVED NEUTROPHIL ENGRAFTMENT, 18 DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION, LEADING TO COMPLETE REMISSION WITH AN UNDETECTABLE LEVEL OF BCR-ABL1 MRNA. THE PATIENT, HOWEVER, DIED FROM GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE AND THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY AFTER 121 DAYS. GENE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF HIS CML CELL BEFORE STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION REVEALED ASXL1 MUTATIONS. PHYSIOLOGICALLY, ASXL1 CONTRIBUTES TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION. IN THE CML-CP PATIENT IN THIS CASE REPORT, ASXL1 MUTATION CONFERRED RESISTANCE TO TKI THROUGH OBSCURE RESISTANCE MECHANISMS. EVEN THOUGH A MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR TKI RESISTANCE IN ASXL1 MUTATION IN CML HAS REMAINED OBSCURE, EPIGENETIC MODULATION IS A PLAUSIBLE MODE OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE CLINICAL IMPACT INCLUDING PROGNOSIS OF ASXL1 FOR CML IS UNDERSCORED. AND THE TREATMENT STRATEGY OF CML WITH ASXL1 MUTATION HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. A DISCUSSION OF THIS CASE WAS EXPECTED TO FACILITATE TREATMENT OPTIONS.	2020	

18   957  40 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA: A CONCISE CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEW. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDER WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE OVERLAP FEATURES, AND AN INHERENT TENDENCY TO TRANSFORM TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. APPROXIMATELY 30% OF PATIENTS PRESENT WITH CLONAL CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, WHILE ALMOST 90% HAVE MOLECULAR ABERRATIONS INVOLVING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, THE SPLICEOSOME COMPONENT MACHINERY, TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS/REGULATORS. NUMEROUS PROGNOSTIC MODELS EXIST FOR CMML, WITH MORE RECENT MODELS INCORPORATING PROGNOSTIC MUTATIONS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVING ASXL1. OTHER VARIABLES THAT SEEM TO CONSISTENTLY AFFECT OUTCOMES INCLUDE THE DEGREE OF LEUCOCYTOSIS/MONOCYTOSIS, ANAEMIA AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA. ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT REMAINS THE ONLY CURATIVE OPTION FOR CMML, WHILE HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS CAN BE USED FOR TRANSPLANT-INELIGIBLE PATIENTS OR THOSE WITHOUT SUITABLE STEM CELL SOURCES. TARGETING BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS ACTIVATED IN CMML OFFERS POTENTIAL HOPE FOR MORE EFFECTIVE AND LESS TOXIC THERAPIES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19  3560  33 IMPACT OF CLINICAL, CYTOGENETIC, AND MOLECULAR PROFILES ON LONG-TERM SURVIVAL AFTER TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES WITH VARIABLE CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR FEATURES. WE ANALYZED LONG-TERM RESULTS OF ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH CMML AND DETERMINED CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OUTCOMES. DATA FROM 129 PATIENTS, AGED 7-74 (MEDIAN 55) YEARS, AT VARIOUS STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND TRANSPLANTED FROM RELATED OR UNRELATED DONORS WERE ANALYZED. USING A PANEL OF 75 GENES SOMATIC MUTATIONS PRESENT BEFORE HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION WERE IDENTIFIED IN 52 PATIENTS. THE PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL RATE AT 10 YEARS WAS 29%. THE MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH WAS RELAPSE (32%), WHICH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE CYTOGENETICS (HAZARD RATIO, 3.77; P=0.0002), CMML PROGNOSTIC SCORING SYSTEM (HAZARD RATIO, 14.3, P=0.01), AND MD ANDERSON PROGNOSTIC SCORES (HAZARD RATIO, 9.4; P=0.005). MORTALITY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-RISK CYTOGENETICS (HAZARD RATIO, 1.88; P=0.01) AND HIGH HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION COMORBIDITY INDEX (SCORE >/=4: HAZARD RATIO, 1.99; P=0.01). HIGH OVERALL MUTATION BURDEN (>/=10 MUTATIONS: HAZARD RATIO, 3.4; P=0.02), AND >/=4 MUTATED EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES (HAZARD RATIO 5.4; P=0.003) WERE LINKED TO RELAPSE. UNSUPERVISED CLUSTERING OF THE CORRELATION MATRIX REVEALED DISTINCT HIGH-RISK GROUPS WITH UNIQUE ASSOCIATIONS OF MUTATIONS AND CLINICAL FEATURES. CMML WITH A HIGH MUTATION BURDEN APPEARED TO BE DISTINCT FROM HIGH-RISK GROUPS DEFINED BY COMPLEX CYTOGENETICS. NEW TRANSPLANT STRATEGIES MUST BE DEVELOPED TO TARGET SPECIFIC DISEASE SUBGROUPS, STRATIFIED BY MOLECULAR PROFILING AND CLINICAL RISK FACTORS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20   959  44 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND ATYPICAL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: NOVEL PATHOGENETIC LESIONS. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) AND ATYPICAL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (ACML) ARE DISTINCT, YET RELATED, ENTITIES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MDS/MPN) CHARACTERIZED BY MORPHOLOGIC DYSPLASIA WITH ACCUMULATION OF MONOCYTES OR NEUTROPHILS, RESPECTIVELY. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CMML AND ACML HAS ADVANCED, MAINLY DUE TO THE APPLICATION OF NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS ARRAY-BASED KARYOTYPING AND NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING. IN ADDITION TO PREVIOUSLY KNOWN RECURRENT ABERRATIONS, SOMATIC UNIPARENTAL DISOMY AFFECTING CHROMOSOMES 3, 4, 7, AND 11 FREQUENTLY OCCURS IN CMML. NOVEL SOMATIC MUTATIONS OF GENES, INCLUDING THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH PROLIFERATION SIGNALING (CBL, RAS, RUNX1, JAK2 (V617F)) AND WITH MODIFICATION OF EPIGENETIC STATUS (TET2, ASXL1, UTX, EZH2) HAVE BEEN FOUND. VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF MUTATIONS SUGGEST A MULTISTEP PATHOGENESIS AND MAY ACCOUNT FOR CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY. MOST RECENTLY, SEVERAL SPLICEOSOME-ASSOCIATED-GENE MUTATIONS WERE REPORTED AND SRSF2 MUTATIONS ARE FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN CMML. THE PROGNOSTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE MOLECULAR LESIONS, IN PARTICULAR THEIR VALUE AS BIOMARKERS OF RESPONSE OR RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC THERAPIES, WHILE UNCERTAIN NOW IS LIKELY TO BE CLARIFIED AS LARGE SYSTEMATIC STUDIES COME TO COMPLETION.	2012