1  3677 127 INFLAMMATION AND PYROPTOSIS MEDIATE MUSCLE EXPANSION IN AN INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA)-DEPENDENT MANNER. MUSCLE INFLAMMATION IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH ITS EXPANSION. BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE INFLAMMATION-INDUCED CELL DEATH IS ACCOMPANIED BY HYPERPLASIA AND HYPERTROPHY AS THE PRIMARY CAUSE FOR POOR BLADDER FUNCTION. IN MICE, DNA DAMAGE INITIATED BY CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ACTIVATED CASPASE 1 THROUGH THE FORMATION OF THE NLRP3 COMPLEX RESULTING IN DETRUSOR HYPERPLASIA. A CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE METABOLITE, ACROLEIN, CAUSED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND ACCUMULATION OF DNA DAMAGE IN A MOUSE MODEL OF BLADDER INFLAMMATION AND IN CULTURED BLADDER MUSCLE CELLS. IN CORRELATION, GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND NLRP3 EXPRESSION WAS UP-REGULATED IN HUMAN CHRONIC BLADDER INFLAMMATORY TISSUES. THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF DNA DAMAGE REPAIR GENE, OGG1, COULD BE REVERSED BY THE USE OF DEMETHYLATING AGENTS. IN MICE, DEMETHYLATING AGENTS REVERSED CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE-INDUCED BLADDER INFLAMMATION AND DETRUSOR EXPANSION. THE TRANSGENIC KNOCK-OUT OF OGG1 IN AS FEW AS 10% OF THE DETRUSOR CELLS TRIPLED THE PROLIFERATION OF THE REMAINING WILD TYPE COUNTERPARTS IN AN IN VITRO CO-CULTURE TITRATION EXPERIMENT. ANTAGONIZING IL-1BETA WITH ANAKINRA, A RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS THERAPEUTIC, PREVENTED DETRUSOR PROLIFERATION IN CONDITIONED MEDIA EXPERIMENTS AS WELL AS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF BLADDER INFLAMMATION. RADIATION TREATMENT VALIDATED THE ROLE OF DNA DAMAGE IN THE NLRP3-ASSOCIATED CASPASE 1-MEDIATED IL-1BETA SECRETORY PHENOTYPE. A PROTEIN ARRAY ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED IGF1 TO BE DOWNSTREAM OF IL-1BETA SIGNALING. IL-1BETA-INDUCED DETRUSOR PROLIFERATION AND HYPERTROPHY COULD BE REVERSED WITH THE USE OF ANAKINRA AS WELL AS AN IGF1 NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY. IL-1BETA ANTAGONISTS IN CURRENT CLINICAL PRACTICE CAN EXPLOIT THE REVEALED MECHANISM FOR DNA DAMAGE-MEDIATED MUSCULAR EXPANSION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  3386  27 HOMEOSTATIC TISSUE RESPONSES IN SKIN BIOPSIES FROM NOMID PATIENTS WITH CONSTITUTIVE OVERPRODUCTION OF IL-1BETA. THE AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISORDER, NEONATAL-ONSET MULTISYSTEM INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (NOMID) IS THE MOST SEVERE PHENOTYPE OF DISORDERS CAUSED BY MUTATIONS IN CIAS1 THAT RESULT IN INCREASED PRODUCTION AND SECRETION OF ACTIVE IL-1BETA. NOMID PATIENTS PRESENT WITH SYSTEMIC AND ORGAN-SPECIFIC INFLAMMATION OF THE SKIN, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BONE, AND RESPOND DRAMATICALLY TO TREATMENT WITH IL-1 BLOCKING AGENTS. WE COMPARED THE CELLULAR INFILTRATES AND TRANSCRIPTOME OF SKIN BIOPSIES FROM PATIENTS WITH NOMID (N = 14) BEFORE TREATMENT (LESIONAL (LS) AND NON-LESIONAL (PRE-NL) SKIN) AND AFTER TREATMENT (POST-NL) WITH THE IL-1 BLOCKER ANAKINRA (RECOMBINANT IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, KINERET(R), SWEDISH ORPHAN BIOVITRUM AB, SOBI), TO NORMAL SKIN (N = 5) TO ASSESS TISSUE RESPONSES IN THE CONTEXT OF UNTREATED AND TREATED DISEASE. ABUNDANT NEUTROPHILS DISTINGUISH LS SKIN FROM PRE-NL AND POST-NL SKIN. CD11C(+) DERMAL DENDRITIC CELLS AND CD163(+) MACROPHAGES EXPRESSED ACTIVATED CASPASE-1 AND ARE A LIKELY SOURCE OF CUTANEOUS IL-1 PRODUCTION. TREATMENT WITH ANAKINRA LED TO THE DISAPPEARANCE OF NEUTROPHILS, BUT CD3(+) T CELLS AND HLA-DR(+) CELLS REMAINED ELEVATED. AMONG THE UPREGULATED GENES IL-6, IL-8, TNF, IL-17A, CCL20, AND THE NEUTROPHIL DEFENSINS DEFA1 AND DEFA3 WERE DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED IN LS TISSUES (COMPARED TO NORMAL SKIN). IMPORTANT SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED PATHWAYS IN LS SKIN INCLUDED IL-1R/TLR SIGNALING, TYPE I AND II CYTOKINE RECEPTOR SIGNALING, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, AND ANTIGEN PRESENTATION. THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF MICRORNAS AND PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION WERE SUGGESTIVE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN THE CHRONICALLY INFLAMED TISSUE. OVERALL, THE DYSREGULATED GENES AND PATHWAYS SUGGEST EXTENSIVE "ADAPTIVE" MECHANISMS TO CONTROL INFLAMMATION AND MAINTAIN TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS, LIKELY TRIGGERED BY CHRONIC IL-1 RELEASE IN THE SKIN OF PATIENTS WITH NOMID.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3  5479  27 RESVERATROL ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY ACCELERATED LUNG AGING. SMOKING IS THE CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR COPD. CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS IS THE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACCELERATED LUNG AGING IN COPD, AND THE REGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) IS THE CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE. RESVERATROL (RES) IS A POLYPHENOL WITH ANTI-AGING PROPERTIES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER RES ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE)-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS (BEAS-2B) THROUGH THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. BEAS-2B CELLS WERE TREATED WITH RES, CSE AND TRANSFECTED WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMICS. CELLULAR SENESCENCE WAS EVALUATED BY SENESCENCE -RELATED BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (SA-BETA-GAL) STAINING AND EXPRESSION OF SENESCENCE-RELATED GENES (P16, P21, AND P53). THE EXPRESSIONS OF MIR-34A-5P, SIRT1, AND NF-KAPPAB P65 WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOTTING. THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP) CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) WERE ASSESSED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. THE BINDING BETWEEN MIR-34A-5P AND SIRT1 WAS CONFIRMED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY DECREASED CELL VIABILITY AND ELEVATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED SA-BETA-GAL STAINING AND SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS (P16, P21, AND P53). FURTHER, CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P AND SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN BEAS-2B CELLS. PRETREATMENT WITH RES INHIBITED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND SECRETION OF SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. MOREOVER, RES REVERSED THE CSE-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UP-REGULATION OF MIR-34A-5P AND NF-KAPPAB P65. SIRT1 IS A TARGET OF MIR-34A-5P. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P VIA TRANSFECTION WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMIC IN BEAS-2B CELLS ATTENUATED THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RES ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE, ACCOMPANIED BY REVERSING THE EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 AND NF-KAPPAB P65. IN CONCLUSION, RES ATTENUATED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN BEAS-2B CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A NEW APPROACH FOR COPD TREATMENT.	2022	

4  5857  27 SUBSTRATE-SPECIFIC BINDING OF 8-OXOGUANINE DNA GLYCOSYLASE 1 (OGG1) REPROGRAMS MUCOSAL ADAPTATIONS TO CHRONIC AIRWAY INJURY. RECENT ADVANCES HAVE UNCOVERED THE NON-RANDOM DISTRIBUTION OF 7, 8-DIHYDRO-8-OXOGUANINE (8-OXOGUA) INDUCED BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, WHICH IS BELIEVED TO HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. ITS COGNATE REPAIR PROTEIN, 8-OXOGUANINE DNA GLYCOSYLASE 1 (OGG1), READS OXIDATIVE SUBSTRATES AND PARTICIPATES IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL INITIATION. WHEN REDOX SIGNALING IS ACTIVATED IN SMALL AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS, THE DNA REPAIR FUNCTION OF OGG1 IS REPURPOSED TO TRANSMIT ACUTE INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS ACCOMPANIED BY CELL STATE TRANSITIONS AND MODIFICATION OF THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL AND EPITHELIAL-IMMUNE INTERACTIONS ACT COOPERATIVELY TO ESTABLISH A LOCAL NICHE THAT INSTRUCTS THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE LANDSCAPE. IF THE TRANSITIONAL CELL STATE GOVERNED BY OGG1 REMAINS RESPONSIVE TO INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INSTEAD OF DIFFERENTIATION, THE COLLATERAL DAMAGE PROVIDES POSITIVE FEEDBACK TO INFLAMMATION, ASCRIBING INFLAMMATORY REMODELING TO ONE OF THE DRIVERS IN CHRONIC PATHOLOGIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE SUBSTRATE-SPECIFIC READ THROUGH OGG1 HAS EVOLVED IN REGULATING THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE, CONTROLLING ADAPTATIONS OF THE AIRWAY TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND INFLAMMATORY INJURY, WITH A FOCUS ON THE READER FUNCTION OF OGG1 IN INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF EPITHELIAL TO MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  5417  34 REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS SYNOVIOCYTES. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE IN WHICH FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES (FLS) EXHIBIT AN AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE. ALTHOUGH THE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE ARE NOT WELL DEFINED, EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION MIGHT CONTRIBUTE. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) ARE CRITICAL ENZYMES THAT ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN DNA METHYLATION. WE EVALUATED WHETHER PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED IN RA FLS THROUGH ALTERED DNMT EXPRESSION. FLS WERE OBTAINED FROM RA AND OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) SYNOVIUM AT THE TIME OF TOTAL JOINT REPLACEMENT. GENE EXPRESSION WAS DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. DNMT ACTIVITY WAS MEASURED WITH A FUNCTIONAL ASSAY, AND GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS DETERMINED BY AN IMMUNOASSAY THAT DETECTS METHYLCYTOSINE. RESTING EXPRESSION OF DNMT1, -3A, AND -3B MRNA WERE SIMILAR IN RA AND OA FLS. WESTERN BLOT SHOWED ABUNDANT DNMT1 AND DNMT3A PROTEIN. EXPOSURE TO IL-1 DECREASED DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA EXPRESSION IN FLS. DOSE RESPONSES DEMONSTRATED DECREASED DNMT EXPRESSION AT CONCENTRATIONS AS LOW AS 1 PG/ML OF IL-1. DNMT MRNA LEVELS DECREASED RAPIDLY, WITH SIGNIFICANT SUPPRESSION AFTER 2-8 H OF IL-1 STIMULATION. IL-1 STIMULATION OF OA FLS DID NOT AFFECT METHYLATION OF LINE1 SITES BUT LED TO DEMETHYLATION OF A CHI3L1 LOCUS THAT IS HYPOMETHYLATED IN RA FLS. CHRONIC IL-1 STIMULATION ALSO MIMICKED THE EFFECT OF A DNMT INHIBITOR ON FLS GENE EXPRESSION. EXPOSURE TO PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS REVERSIBLY ALTERS DNA METHYLATION IN FLS BY DECREASING DNMT EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT IL-1 CAN POTENTIALLY IMPRINT CELLS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6  4305  26 MICRORNA-27A-3P ENHANCES THE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE OF JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES. BACKGROUND: JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS (JIA) IS THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC PEDIATRIC RHEUMATIC DISORDER. IN JOINTS OF JIA PATIENTS, AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES IN FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES (FLS) OF THE SYNOVIAL LINING PLAY A KEY ROLE IN INFLAMMATION. MICRORNAS ARE DYSREGULATED IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND JIA, INCLUDING MIR-27A-3P. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT UNDERSTOOD IF MIR-27A-3P, ENRICHED IN JIA SYNOVIAL FLUID (SF) AND LEUKOCYTES, ALTERS FLS FUNCTION. METHODS: PRIMARY JIA FLS CELLS WERE TRANSFECTED WITH A MIR-27A-3P MIMIC OR A NEGATIVE CONTROL MICRORNA (MIR-NC) AND STIMULATED WITH POOLED JIA SF OR INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. VIABILITY AND APOPTOSIS WERE ANALYZED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY. PROLIFERATION WAS EVALUATED USING A (3)H-THYMIDINE INCORPORATION ASSAY. CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS ASSESSED BY QPCR AND ELISA. EXPRESSION OF TGF-BETA PATHWAY GENES WAS DETERMINED USING A QPCR ARRAY. RESULTS: MIR-27A-3P WAS CONSTITUTIVELY EXPRESSED IN FLS. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-27A-3P CAUSED INCREASED INTERLEUKIN-8 SECRETION IN RESTING FLS, AND INTERLEUKIN-6 WAS ELEVATED IN SF-ACTIVATED FLS COMPARED TO MIR-NC. FURTHERMORE, STIMULATION WITH PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AUGMENTED FLS PROLIFERATION IN MIR-27A-3P-TRANSFECTED FLS RELATIVE TO MIR-NC. EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE TGF-BETA PATHWAY GENES WAS MODULATED BY OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-27A-3P. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-27A-3P SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTES TO FLS PROLIFERATION AND CYTOKINE PRODUCTION, MAKING IT A POTENTIAL CANDIDATE FOR EPIGENETIC THERAPY THAT TARGETS FLS IN ARTHRITIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  1730  27 DYSREGULATION OF STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION IN GASTRIC CANCER. GENETIC FACTORS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, SALT OVER-UPTAKE, DECREASED VEGETABLE/FRUIT CONSUMPTION, SMOKING, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME ARE RISK FACTORS OF HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER. GERMLINE MUTATIONS OF CDH1 GENE, AND SNPS OF PTPN11 (SHP2), TLR4, IL1B, TNFA, BMP6, GDF15 AND RUNX3 GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRIC CANCER. HELICOBACTER PYLORI ACTIVATES CAGA-SHP2-ERK AND PEPTIDOGLYCAN-NOD1-NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS USING TYPE IV SECRETION SYSTEM, AND ALSO TRAF6-MAP3K7-NFKAPPAB AND TRAF6-MAP3K7-AP-1 SIGNALING CASCADES IN EPITHELIAL AND IMMUNE CELLS THROUGH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE RECOGNITION BY TLR2 OR TLR4. IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNFALPHA AND IFNGAMMA ARE ELEVATED IN GASTRIC MUCOSA WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. IL-6 AND TNFALPHA INDUCE UPREGULATION OF WNT5A AND WNT10B, RESPECTIVELY. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF, RHOA, JNK, PKC, NFAT, AND NLK SIGNALING CASCADES. WNT-BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF SIGNALING INDUCES UPREGULATION OF MYC, CCND1, WISP1, FGF20, JAG1 AND DKK1 GENES. NOTCH SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CSL-NICD-MAML AND NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES. FGF SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO ERK, PI3K-AKT, PKC, AND NFAT SIGNALING CASCADES. HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES SHH UPREGULATION IN PARIETAL CELL LINEAGE, WHILE BMP SIGNALS INDUCE IHH UPREGULATION IN PIT CELL LINEAGE. HEDGEHOG SIGNALS INDUCE UPREGULATION OF GLI1, PTCH1, CCND2, FOXL1, JAG2 AND SFRP1 GENES. JAG1 AND JAG2 ACTIVATE NOTCH SIGNALING, WHILE DKK1 AND SFRP1 INHIBIT WNT SIGNALING. STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK, CONSISTING OF WNT, NOTCH, FGF, HEDGEHOG AND BMP SIGNALING PATHWAYS, IS ACTIVATED DURING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 GENE OCCURS IN THE EARLIER STAGE OF CARCINOGENESIS IN THE STOMACH, WHILE AMPLIFICATION AND OVEREXPRESSION OF FGFR2 GENE IN THE LATER STAGE. DYSREGULATION OF THE STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO THE ACCUMULATION OF GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION GIVES RISE TO GASTRIC CANCER. SNP TYPING AND CUSTOM-MADE MICROARRAY ANALYSES ON GENES ENCODING STEM CELL SIGNALING MOLECULES COULD BE UTILIZED FOR THE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                 
8  5868  29 SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON T-HELPER 1-RELATED CHEMOKINES EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) ARE CHRONIC T-CELL-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. METFORMIN IS A WIDELY USED DRUG FOR TYPE 2 DM THAT REDUCES THE NEED FOR INSULIN IN TYPE 1 DM. HOWEVER, WHETHER METFORMIN HAS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT FOR TREATING DM IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MECHANISM OF METFORMIN IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1 WAS PRETREATED WITH METFORMIN AND STIMULATED WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS). THE PRODUCTION OF T-HELPER (TH)-1-RELATED CHEMOKINES INCLUDING INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCED PROTEIN-10 (IP-10) AND MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 (MCP-1), TH2-RELATED CHEMOKINE MACROPHAGE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE, AND THE PROINFLAMMATORY CHEMOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA WAS MEASURED USING ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE INVESTIGATED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED IP-10 AND MCP-1 PRODUCTION AS WELL AS LPS-INDUCED PHOSPHORYLATION OF C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK), P38, EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK), AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB). MOREOVER, METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 AT THE IP-10 PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED THE PRODUCTION OF TH1-RELATED CHEMOKINES IP-10 AND MCP-1 IN THP-1 CELLS. SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON IP-10 PRODUCTION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED AT LEAST PARTIALLY TO THE JNK, P38, ERK, AND NF-KAPPAB PATHWAYS AS WELL AS TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4. THESE RESULTS INDICATED THE THERAPEUTIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF METFORMIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  3792  25 INTERLEUKIN-1BETA INCREASES THE RISK OF GASTRIC CANCER THROUGH INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN A MOUSE MODEL. INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA) HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN CHRONIC GASTRIC INFLAMMATION AND MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTRIC DISEASES. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF IL-1BETA IN INDUCTION OF DNA METHYLATION USING IL-1 RECEPTOR TYPE 1 KNOCKOUT (IL-1R1(-)/(-)) MICE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WILD-TYPE (WT) AND IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE WERE INJECTED WITH IL-1BETA (5 MICROG/KG/DAY). SERUM LEVELS OF IL-1BETA, INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) AND NITRIC OXIDE (NO) WERE MEASURED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT OR NO ASSAYS. E-CADHERIN (E-CAD) METHYLATION STATUS AND MESSENGER (M)RNA EXPRESSION OF IL-1BETA, IL-6, E-CAD AND INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) WERE ANALYZED. RESULTS FROM THE PRESENT STUDY INDICATED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IL-1BETA MRNA EXPRESSION (P<0.001) IN WT MICE COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. IL-1BETA AND IL-6 RELEASE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN TREATED WT MICE COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE AT 1 H, 4 H AND 8 H (ALL P<0.005). IL-1BETA RELEASE WAS ONLY DETECTED IN WT MICE FOLLOWING A SECOND DOSE MEASURED AT DAY 3, WEEK 1 AND WEEK 2 WHEN COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. PROMOTER METHYLATION OF E-CAD AND A DECREASE IN GENE EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN TREATED WT MICE. MRNA EXPRESSION OF INOS IN WT MICE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AT WEEK 1 COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE (P=0.0411). FURTHERMORE, A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED LEVEL OF NO PRODUCTION WAS OBSERVED IN TREATED WT MICE (P<0.005 AT 8 H AND WEEK 1; P<0.001 AT 4 H AND DAY 3) WHEN COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. THE PRESENT RESULTS INDICATED THAT IL-1BETA WAS ABLE TO DIRECTLY INDUCE DNA METHYLATION, WHICH MAY LINK INFLAMMATION-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  2425  21 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF IRF1 DYSREGULATES TYPE III INTERFERON RESPONSES TO RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTION IN EPITHELIAL TO MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. CHRONIC OXIDATIVE INJURY PRODUCED BY AIRWAY DISEASE TRIGGERS A TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA)-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING KNOWN AS THE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). WE OBSERVE THAT EMT SILENCES PROTECTIVE MUCOSAL INTERFERON (IFN)-I AND III PRODUCTION ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED RHINOVIRUS (RV) AND RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) REPLICATION. MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONED CELLS ARE DEFECTIVE IN INDUCIBLE INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 1 (IRF1) EXPRESSION BY OCCLUDING RELA AND IRF3 ACCESS TO THE PROMOTER. IRF1 IS NECESSARY FOR THE EXPRESSION OF TYPE III IFNS (IFNLS 1 AND 2/3). INDUCED BY THE EMT, ZINC FINGER E-BOX BINDING HOMEOBOX 1 (ZEB1) BINDS AND SILENCES IRF1. ECTOPIC ZEB1 IS SUFFICIENT FOR IRF1 SILENCING, WHEREAS ZEB1 KNOCKDOWN PARTIALLY RESTORES IRF1-IFNL UPREGULATION. ZEB1 SILENCES IRF1 THROUGH THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE ENHANCER OF ZESTE 2 POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 SUBUNIT (EZH2), FORMING REPRESSIVE H3K27(ME3) MARKS. WE OBSERVE THAT IRF1 EXPRESSION IS MEDIATED BY ZEB1 DE-REPRESSION, AND OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES HOW AIRWAY REMODELLING/FIBROSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DEFECTIVE MUCOSAL ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE THROUGH ZEB1-INITIATED EPIGENETIC SILENCING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11  1632  30 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12  5227  27 PRMT6 MEDIATES INFLAMMATION VIA ACTIVATION OF THE NF-KAPPAB/P65 PATHWAY ON A CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT-INDUCED MURINE EMPHYSEMA MODEL. INTRODUCTION: SMOKE-DRIVEN LUNG INFLAMMATION IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE MAJOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MECHANISM OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)/EMPHYSEMA. PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 6 (PRMT6) IS A KEY EPIGENETIC ENZYME, WHICH IS RELATED TO PROTECTING THE TRI-METHYLATION OF H3K4 (H3K4ME3). WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PTMT6 PROTECTS LUNG INFLAMMATION THROUGH THE NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. METHODS: MICE WERE INJECTED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) OR PBS TO ESTABLISH A MICE MODEL, INTRATRACHEALLY INSTILLED WITH OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 OR NEGATIVE CONTROL VECTOR. MORPHOMETRY OF LUNG SLIDES AND LUNG FUNCTION WERE MEASURED. WE DETERMINED THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF PRMT6 AND ITS RELATED HISTONE TARGETS, THE ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, THE LEVEL OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA) AND INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA). RESULTS: AFTER PRMT6 OVEREXPRESSION, THE MORPHOMETRY INDEXES AND LUNG FUNCTION WERE IMPROVED. ALSO, THE EXPRESSION OF H3K4ME3 WAS DECREASED. OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 COULD SUPPRESS CSE-INDUCED NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION AND PRO-INFLAMMATION GENES EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THE OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 COULD SERVE AS AN INFLAMMATION INHIBITOR, POTENTIALLY THROUGH BLOCKING THE NF-KAPPAB/P65 PATHWAY IN THE MURINE EMPHYSEMA MODEL.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13  6758  21 WNT SIGNALING IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. WNT FAMILY MEMBERS ARE SECRETED-TYPE GLYCOPROTEINS TO ORCHESTRATE EMBRYOGENESIS, TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS, AND TO INDUCE PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, LRP5, LRP6, AND ROR2 ARE TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS TRANSDUCING WNT SIGNALS BASED ON LIGAND-DEPENDENT PREFERENTIALITY FOR CAVEOLIN- OR CLATHRIN-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CANONICAL PATHWAY FOR CELL FATE DETERMINATION, AND TO NON-CANONICAL PATHWAYS FOR REGULATION OF PLANAR CELL POLARITY, CELL ADHESION, AND MOTILITY. MYC, CCND1, AXIN2, FGF20, WISP1, JAG1, DKK1 AND GLUCAGON ARE TARGET GENES OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADE, WHILE CD44, VIMENTIN AND STX5 ARE TARGET GENES OF NON-CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADES. HOWEVER, TARGET GENES OF WNT SIGNALING CASCADES ARE DETERMINED IN A CONTEXT-DEPENDENT MANNER DUE TO EXPRESSION PROFILE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC STATUS. WNT SIGNALING CASCADES NETWORK WITH NOTCH, FGF, BMP AND HEDGEHOG SIGNALING CASCADES TO REGULATE THE BALANCE OF STEM CELLS AND PROGENITOR CELLS. HERE WNT SIGNALING IN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, NEURAL STEM CELLS, MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS, HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, AND INTESTINAL STEM CELLS WILL BE REVIEWED. WNT3, WNT5A AND WNT10B ARE EXPRESSED IN UNDIFFERENTIATED HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, WHILE WNT6, WNT8B AND WNT10B IN ENDODERM PRECURSOR CELLS. WNT6 IS EXPRESSED IN INTESTINAL CRYPT REGION FOR STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS. TNF/ALPHA-WNT10B SIGNALING IS A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE AND GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. RECOMBINANT WNT PROTEIN OR WNT MIMETIC (CIRCULAR PEPTIDE, SMALL MOLECULE COMPOUND, OR RNA APTAMER) IN COMBINATION WITH NOTCH MIMETIC, FGF PROTEIN, AND BMP PROTEIN OPENS A NEW WINDOW TO TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14  6085  27 THE EFFECTS OF ACARBOSE ON CHEMOKINE AND CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN HUMAN MONOCYTIC THP-1 CELLS. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CHRONIC INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES IS POSTULATED TO BE INVOLVED IN INSULIN RESISTANCE AND BETA-CELL DYSFUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM). ACARBOSE, THE ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR, IS AN ORAL ANTIDIABETIC DRUG FOR T2DM. ACARBOSE SUPPRESSES INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN PATIENTS WITH T2DM, THOUGH THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE UNCLEAR. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS AND THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF ACARBOSE IN HUMAN MONOCYTIC THP-1 CELLS. METHODS: THP-1 CELLS WERE PRETREATED WITH ACARBOSE AND THEN STIMULATED WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS). THE LEVELS OF TH1-RELATED CHEMOKINES, INCLUDING INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN-10 (IP-10), MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 (MCP-1), TH2-RELATED CHEMOKINE MACROPHAGE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE (MDC), AND PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA), WERE DETERMINED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE EXPLORED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: ACARBOSE SUPPRESSED THE LEVELS OF IP-10, MCP-1, MDC, AND TNF-ALPHA AND DOWNREGULATED PHOSPHORYLATION OF P38, C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK), EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK), AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B-P65 (NF-KAPPAB-P65) IN LPS-STIMULATED THP-1 CELLS. ACARBOSE SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 (H3) AND H4 IN THE IP-10 AND MCP-1 PROMOTER REGIONS. THESE FINDINGS REVEALED THE SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF ACARBOSE ON IP-10, MCP-1, MDC, AND TNF-ALPHA PRODUCTION IN THP-1 CELLS VIA, AT LEAST PARTIALLY, THE P38, JNK, ERK, AND NF-KAPPAB-P65 PATHWAYS, AS WELL AS THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION VIA HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION. CONCLUSION: OUR STUDY POINTS TO THE THERAPEUTIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF ACARBOSE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  5301  24 PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A CATALYTIC SUBUNIT ALPHA PLAYS A MYD88-DEPENDENT, CENTRAL ROLE IN THE GENE-SPECIFIC REGULATION OF ENDOTOXIN TOLERANCE. MYD88, THE INTRACELLULAR ADAPTOR OF MOST TLRS, MEDIATES EITHER PROINFLAMMATORY OR IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE SIGNALING THAT CONTRIBUTES TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED DISEASES. ALTHOUGH GENE-SPECIFIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS REGULATE INFLAMMATION, THE ROLE OF MYD88 SIGNALING IN ESTABLISHING SUCH EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPES UNDER DIFFERENT INFLAMMATORY STATES REMAINS ELUSIVE. USING QUANTITATIVE PROTEOMICS TO ENUMERATE THE INFLAMMATION-PHENOTYPIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE MYD88 INTERACTOME, WE FOUND THAT IN ENDOTOXIN-TOLERANT MACROPHAGES, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A CATALYTIC SUBUNIT ALPHA (PP2AC) ENHANCES ITS ASSOCIATION WITH MYD88 AND IS CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED. KNOCKDOWN OF PP2AC PREVENTS SUPPRESSION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENES AND RESISTANCE TO APOPTOSIS. THROUGH SITE-SPECIFIC DEPHOSPHORYLATION, CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE PP2AC DISRUPTS THE SIGNAL-PROMOTING TLR4-MYD88 COMPLEX AND BROADLY SUPPRESSES THE ACTIVITIES OF MULTIPLE PROINFLAMMATORY/PROAPOPTOTIC PATHWAYS AS WELL, SHIFTING PROINFLAMMATORY MYD88 SIGNALING TO A PROSURVIVAL MODE. CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE PP2AC TRANSLOCATED WITH MYD88 INTO THE NUCLEI OF TOLERANT MACROPHAGES ESTABLISHES THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE PATTERN OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AND REPRESSES CHROMATIN REMODELING TO SELECTIVELY SILENCE PROINFLAMMATORY GENES, COORDINATING THE MYD88-DEPENDENT INFLAMMATION CONTROL AT BOTH SIGNALING AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS UNDER ENDOTOXIN-TOLERANT CONDITIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  3953  31 LOCUS-SPECIFIC REVERSIBLE DNA METHYLATION REGULATES TRANSIENT IL-10 EXPRESSION IN TH1 CELLS. IL-10 IS A PLEIOTROPIC CYTOKINE WITH MULTIFACETED FUNCTIONS IN ESTABLISHING IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS. ALTHOUGH EXPRESSED BY TH1 AND TH2 CELLS, CONVENTIONAL TH1 CELLS PRODUCE MARGINAL LEVELS OF IL-10 COMPARED WITH THEIR TH2 COUNTERPARTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF IL-10 GENE EXPRESSION IN TH1 CELLS. BIOINFORMATICS EMBOSS CPG PLOT ANALYSIS AND BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING REVEALED THREE CPG DNA METHYLATION SITES IN THE IL-10 GENE LOCUS. PROGRESSIVE DNA METHYLATION AT ALL OF THE CPG REGIONS OF INTEREST (ROIS) ESTABLISHED A REPRESSIVE PROGRAM OF IL-10 GENE EXPRESSION IN TH1 CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, TH1 CELLS TREATED WITH IL-12 AND IL-27 CYTOKINES, THEREBY MIMICKING A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION IN VIVO, DISPLAYED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN IL-10 PRODUCTION THAT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY SELECTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATION AT ROI 3 LOCATED IN INTRON 3. IL-10-PRODUCING T CELLS ISOLATED FROM LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS-INFECTED MICE ALSO SHOWED ENHANCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AT ROI 3. BINDING OF STAT1 AND STAT3 TO DEMETHYLATED ROI 3 ENHANCED IL-10 EXPRESSION IN AN IL-12/IL-27-DEPENDENT MANNER. ACCORDINGLY, CD4(+) T CELLS ISOLATED FROM STAT1- OR STAT3-KNOCKOUT MICE WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DEFECTIVE IN IL-10 PRODUCTION. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT, ALTHOUGH STABLY MAINTAINED DNA METHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER MAY REPRESS IL-10 EXPRESSION IN TH1 CELLS, LOCUS-SPECIFIC REVERSIBLE DNA DEMETHYLATION MAY SERVE AS A THRESHOLD PLATFORM TO CONTROL TRANSIENT IL-10 GENE EXPRESSION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  3449  27 HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE NRF2 PROMOTER INDUCES FERROPTOSIS BY INHIBITING THE NRF2-GPX4 AXIS IN COPD. BACKGROUND: NUCLEAR FACTOR E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2) IS INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND LUNG INFLAMMATION AND REGULATES THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). FERROPTOSIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF LIPID REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) VIA FERROUS ION-DEPENDENT FENTON REACTIONS AND IS INVOLVED IN COPD. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF NRF2 IN FERROPTOSIS AND ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD REMAIN UNCLEAR. METHODS: FERROPTOSIS WAS DETECTED BY 4-HNE, MDA, C11BODIPY, DCFH-DA, PEALS' STAINING AND CCK-8 ASSAYS. QPCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING WERE PERFORMED TO EXAMINE THE NRF2 LEVELS IN PERIPHERAL LUNG TISSUES, PRIMARY EPITHELIAL CELLS COLLECTED FROM PATIENTS WITH COPD AND SUBJECTS WITH NORMAL PULMONARY FUNCTION (NEVER-SMOKER [CONTROL-NS]; SMOKER [CONTROL-S]), AND CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE)-TREATED HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL (HBE) CELLS. ELISA WAS USED TO QUANTIFY IL-8 AND IL-1BETA LEVELS. METHYLATION OF THE NRF2 PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: FERROPTOSIS WAS INVOLVED IN COPD AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 4 (GPX4) EXPRESSION WAS DOWNREGULATED IN THE COPD GROUP. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS), LIPID PEROXIDES AND MDA WERE INCREASED, BUT GPX4 AND SOD WERE EXHAUSTED IN CSE-TREATED HBE CELLS. THE PRODUCTION OF IL-1BETA AND IL-8 WAS PROMOTED IN HBE CELLS IN RESPONSE TO CSE BUT COULD BE REVERSED BY THE FERROPTOSIS INHIBITOR FER-1. THE NRF2 LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE COPD GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL-S AND CONTROL-NS GROUPS. INCREASED NRF2 EXPRESSION ENHANCED GPX4 AND SOD LEVELS AND INHIBITED FERROPTOSIS AND PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN THE SUPERNATANT. INHIBITION OF GPX4 REVERSED THE EFFECT OF NRF2 OVEREXPRESSION AND PROMOTED FERROPTOSIS. TWO SPECIFIC CPG SITES WITHIN THE NRF2 PROMOTER WERE HYPERMETHYLATED IN THE COPD GROUP. SIMILARLY, CSE-TREATED HBE CELLS EXHIBITED HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE NRF2 GENE. CONCLUSION: NRF2 EXPRESSION WAS DOWNREGULATED IN THE LUNGS OF COPD PATIENTS DUE TO HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE NRF2 PROMOTER, INHIBITING NRF2/GPX4 AND FERROPTOSIS, WHICH IS RELATED TO THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF COPD. TARGETING NRF2/GPX4 MAY INHIBIT FERROPTOSIS, WHICH COULD PROVIDE STRATEGIES TO DELAY OR TREAT COPD.	2021	
                                                                                                                               
18  4366  28 MIRNA-23A/CXCR4 REGULATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA DIRECTLY TARGETING TXNIP/NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME AXIS. BACKGROUND: CHEMOKINE CXC RECEPTOR 4 (CXCR4) IN SPINAL GLIAL CELLS HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE REGULATORY CASCADES OF CXCR4 IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN REMAIN ELUSIVE. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTIONAL REGULATORY ROLE OF MIRNAS IN THE PAIN PROCESS AND ITS INTERPLAY WITH CXCR4 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING. METHODS: MIRNAS AND CXCR4 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING MOLECULES WERE MEASURED IN THE SPINAL CORDS OF MICE WITH SCIATIC NERVE INJURY VIA PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION (PSNL). IMMUNOBLOTTING, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE, IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, AND MAMMAL TWO-HYBRID AND BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO EXPLORE THE DOWNSTREAM CXCR4-DEPENDENT SIGNALING PATHWAY. RESULTS: CXCR4 EXPRESSION INCREASED IN SPINAL GLIAL CELLS OF MICE WITH PSNL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BLOCKING CXCR4 ALLEVIATED THE PAIN BEHAVIOR; CONTRARILY, OVEREXPRESSING CXCR4 INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. MICRORNA-23A-3P (MIR-23A) DIRECTLY BOUNDS TO 3' UTR OF CXCR4 MRNA. PSNL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED MRNA EXPRESSION OF MIR-23A. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-23A BY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF MIR-23A MIMICS OR LENTIVIRUS REDUCED SPINAL CXCR4 AND PREVENTED PSNL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN CONTRAST, KNOCKDOWN OF MIR-23A BY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF MIR-23A INHIBITOR OR LENTIVIRUS INDUCED PAIN-LIKE BEHAVIOR, WHICH WAS REDUCED BY CXCR4 INHIBITION. ADDITIONALLY, MIR-23A KNOCKDOWN OR CXCR4 OVEREXPRESSION IN NAIVE MICE COULD INCREASE THE THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP), WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INDUCTION OF NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR PROTEIN 3 (NLRP3) INFLAMMASOME. INDEED, CXCR4 AND TXNIP WERE CO-EXPRESSED. THE MAMMAL TWO-HYBRID ASSAY REVEALED THE DIRECT INTERACTION BETWEEN CXCR4 AND TXNIP, WHICH WAS INCREASED IN THE SPINAL CORD OF PSNL MICE. IN PARTICULAR, INHIBITION OF TXNIP REVERSED PAIN BEHAVIOR ELICITED BY PSNL, MIR-23A KNOCKDOWN, OR CXCR4 OVEREXPRESSION. MOREOVER, MIR-23A OVEREXPRESSION OR CXCR4 KNOCKDOWN INHIBITED THE INCREASE OF TXNIP AND NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME IN PSNL MICE. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-23A, BY DIRECTLY TARGETING CXCR4, REGULATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA TXNIP/NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME AXIS IN SPINAL GLIAL CELLS. EPIGENETIC INTERVENTIONS AGAINST MIR-23A, CXCR4, OR TXNIP MAY POTENTIALLY SERVE AS NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES IN TREATING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY.	2018	
                                                                      
19  6614  28 ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION INDUCES KERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION AND EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA THROUGH THE ACTIVATION OF THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET (UV) IRRADIATION INDUCES SKIN CANCER, IN PART, THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT RESULT IN THE DEREGULATION OF CELL PROLIFERATION. UV IRRADIATION ALSO RAPIDLY ACTIVATES THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR). SINCE EGFR ACTIVATION IS STRONGLY MITOGENIC IN MANY CELL TYPES INCLUDING KERATINOCYTES OF THE SKIN, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT UV-INDUCED CUTANEOUS PROLIFERATION RESULTS FROM EGFR ACTIVATION. THE ROLE OF EGFR ACTIVATION IN THE RESPONSE OF THE SKIN TO UV WAS DETERMINED USING EGFR-NULL AND EGFR-WILD-TYPE SKIN GRAFTED ONTO ATHYMIC NUDE MOUSE HOSTS, BECAUSE EGFR-NULL MICE SURVIVE ONLY A FEW DAYS AFTER BIRTH. EGFR WAS RAPIDLY ACTIVATED IN MOUSE EPIDERMIS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO UV, AS DETECTED BY THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF EGFR ON TYROSINE RESIDUES 992, 1045, 1068 AND 1173. UV INDUCED EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA IN EGFR-WILD-TYPE SKIN BETWEEN 48 AND 72 H POST-UV. HOWEVER, NO EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA OCCURRED IN EGFR-NULL SKIN. BASELINE CELL PROLIFERATION WAS SIMILAR IN SKIN GRAFTS OF BOTH GENOTYPES. HOWEVER, UV EXPOSURE INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATION, AS MEASURED BY KI67 IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN IMMUNOBLOTTING, MAXIMALLY AT 48 H TO A LEVEL MORE THAN THREE TIMES HIGHER IN WILD-TYPE COMPARED WITH EGFR-NULL SKIN. APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH, AS MEASURED BY TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING (TUNEL) ANALYSIS, WAS ALSO INCREASED IN UV-EXPOSED EGFR-NULL SKIN WHEN COMPARED WITH WILD-TYPE 1-2 DAYS POST-UV. THESE CHANGES IN CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS AFTER UV WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED CYCLIN D EXPRESSION IN WILD-TYPE BUT NOT EGFR-NULL SKIN AND INCREASED EXPRESSION OF P53 AND THE CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE (CDK) INHIBITOR P21WAF1 IN EGFR-NULL SKIN WHEN COMPARED WITH WILD-TYPE. COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE UV-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF EGFR AUGMENTS KERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION AND SUPPRESSES APOPTOSIS, LEADING TO EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA, ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED G1 CYCLIN EXPRESSION AND SUPPRESSION OF CDK INHIBITOR EXPRESSION.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  1667  29 DOWNREGULATION OF PCAF BY MIR-181A/B PROVIDES FEEDBACK REGULATION TO TNF-ALPHA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENES IN LIVER EPITHELIAL CELLS. ABERRANT CELLULAR RESPONSES TO PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, SUCH AS TNF-ALPHA, ARE PATHOGENIC FEATURES IN MOST CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. A VARIETY OF EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR FEEDBACK PATHWAYS HAS EVOLVED TO PREVENT AN INAPPROPRIATE CELLULAR REACTION TO THESE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT TNF-ALPHA TREATMENT OF HUMAN AND MOUSE CHOLANGIOCYTES AND HEPATOCYTES DOWNREGULATED EXPRESSION OF P300/CBP-ASSOCIATED FACTOR (PCAF), A COACTIVATOR AND AN ACETYLTRANSFERASE THAT PROMOTES HISTONE ACETYLATION AND GENE TRANSCRIPTION. OF THESE UPREGULATED MICRORNAS IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED CELLS, MIR-181A/B (MIR-181A AND MIR-181B) SUPPRESSED TRANSLATION OF PCAF MRNA. FUNCTIONAL MANIPULATION OF MIR-181A/B CAUSED RECIPROCAL ALTERATIONS IN PCAF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN CULTURED CHOLANGIOCYTES AND HEPATOCYTES. INHIBITION OF MIR-181A/B FUNCTION WITH ANTI-MIRS BLOCKED TNF-ALPHA-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF PCAF EXPRESSION. PROMOTER RECRUITMENT OF PCAF WAS SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH TNF-ALPHA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES. INTRIGUINGLY, PRETREATMENT OF CELLS WITH TNF-ALPHA INHIBITED TRANSCRIPTION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IN RESPONSE TO SUBSEQUENT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. OVEREXPRESSION OF PCAF OR INHIBITION OF MIR-181A/B FUNCTION WITH ANTI-MIRS ATTENUATED THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF TNF-ALPHA PRETREATMENT ON EPITHELIAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO SUBSEQUENT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. DOWNREGULATION OF PCAF AND THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF TNF-ALPHA PRETREATMENT ON LIVER EPITHELIAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE WERE FURTHER CONFIRMED IN A MOUSE MODEL OF TNF-ALPHA I.P. INJECTION. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT PCAF IS A TARGET FOR MIR-181A/B, AND DOWNREGULATION OF PCAF BY TNF-ALPHA PROVIDES NEGATIVE FEEDBACK REGULATION TO INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS IN LIVER EPITHELIAL CELLS, A PROCESS THAT MAY BE RELEVANT TO THE EPIGENETIC FINE-TUNING OF EPITHELIAL INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN GENERAL.	2012