1  1005 132 CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS DURING THE PERIPUBERTAL-JUVENILE PERIOD CAUSES DIFFERENTIAL DEPRESSIVE AND ANXIOGENIC EFFECTS IN THE NOVELTY-SEEKING PHENOTYPE: FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS FOR HIPPOCAMPAL AND AMYGDALAR BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR AND THE MOSSY FIBRE PLASTICITY. EXPERIMENTALLY NAIVE RATS SHOW VARIANCE IN THEIR LOCOMOTOR REACTIVITY TO NOVELTY, SOME DISPLAYING HIGHER (HR) WHILE OTHERS DISPLAYING LOWER (LR) REACTIVITY, ASSOCIATED WITH VULNERABILITY TO STRESS. WE EMPLOYED A CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS REGIMEN INCORPORATING INTERMITTENT AND RANDOM EXPOSURES OF PHYSICAL STRESSORS OR CONTROL HANDLING DURING THE PERIPUBERTAL-JUVENILE PERIOD TO ASSESS INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STRESS AND THE LRHR PHENOTYPE IN DEPRESSIVE- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS ON THE FORCED SWIM AND SOCIAL INTERACTION TESTS, RESPECTIVELY. A DECREASE IN IMMOBILITY IN THE FORCED SWIM TEST ALONG WITH A DECREASE IN SOCIAL CONTACT IN THE SOCIAL INTERACTION TEST WERE OBSERVED IN THE JUVENILE HRS, COUPLED WITH INCREASES IN BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) MRNA IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND IN THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA WITH CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS. IN CONTRAST, AN INCREASE IN IMMOBILITY IN THE FORCED SWIM TEST AND A DECREASE IN SOCIAL CONTACT WAS OBSERVED IN THE LR COUNTERPARTS COUPLED WITH AN INCREASE IN THE BDNF MRNA IN THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA FOLLOWING CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS. FURTHERMORE, CHRONIC PHYSICAL STRESS LED TO INCREASED H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION AT THE P2 AND P4 PROMOTERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF GENE IN THE HR RATS THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SUPRAPYRAMIDAL MOSSY FIBRE (SP-MF) TERMINAL FIELD VOLUME. IN CONTRAST, CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS LED TO DECREASED H4 ACETYLATION AT THE P4 PROMOTER, ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED SP-MF VOLUME IN THE LR RATS. THESE FINDINGS SHOW DISSOCIATION IN DEPRESSIVE- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS FOLLOWING CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS IN THE JUVENILE HR ANIMALS THAT MAY BE MEDIATED BY INCREASED LEVELS OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND IN THE AMYGDALA, RESPECTIVELY. MOREOVER, CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS DURING THE PERIPUBERTAL-JUVENILE PERIOD RESULTS IN OPPOSITE EFFECTS IN DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE LRHR RATS BY WAY OF INDUCING DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF GENE THAT, IN TURN, MAY MEDIATE MOSSY FIBRE SPROUTING.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  1163  41 CONTRIBUTION OF AMYGDALA HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EARLY LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITY. PATIENTS WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) EXPERIENCE NOT ONLY ENHANCED VISCERAL PAIN BUT ALSO EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) IS A HIGH-RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IBS. LITERATURES HAVE REPORTED AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODULATION IN SUSTAINING EXTRINSIC PHENOTYPES. THE AMYGDALA IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE REGULATION OF VISCERAL FUNCTIONS AND EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ELS-INDUCED REPROGRAMMING INAPPROPRIATE ADAPTATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION IN THE AMYGDALA MAY RESULT IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, THE MODEL OF ELS RATS WAS ESTABLISHED BY NEONATAL COLORECTAL DILATATION (CRD). VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED BASED ON THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY RESPONSE OF THE ABDOMINAL EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLE TO CRD. EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES WERE EXAMINED USING THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, OPEN FIELD TEST, AND SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST. TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) AND C646 WERE MICROINJECTED INTO THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA (CEA) INDIVIDUALLY TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTION. WE FOUND NEONATAL CRD RESULTED IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AFTER ADULTHOOD. INHIBITING HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN THE CEA BY TSA ENHANCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY BUT DID NOT AFFECT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, WHEREAS INHIBITING HAT BY C646 ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ELS RATS. INTERESTINGLY, CEA TREATMENT WITH TSA INDUCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE CONTROL RATS. WESTERN BLOT SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSIONS OF ACETYLATED 9 RESIDUE OF HISTONE 3 (H3K9) AND PROTEIN KINASE C ZETA TYPE (PKMZETA) WERE HIGHER IN THE ELS RATS COMPARED TO THOSE OF THE CONTROLS. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PKMZETA INHIBITOR ZIP INTO THE CEA ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY OF ELS RATS. FURTHERMORE, THE EXPRESSION OF AMYGDALA PKMZETA WAS ENHANCED BY TSA TREATMENT IN CONTROL RATS. FINALLY, WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE RESULTS INDICATED THE DECREASE OF HDAC1 AND HDAC2 EXPRESSIONS, BUT NOT HDAC3 EXPRESSION, CONTRIBUTED TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN ELS RATS. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT OUR HYPOTHESIS THAT AMYGDALA-ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY STRESS IN EARLY LIFE RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS, AND REVERSING THE ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE CRUCIAL TO RELIEVE CHRONIC SYMPTOMS IN ELS RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3  5651  30 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN FOLLOWING UNPREDICTABLE EARLY LIFE STRESS. BACKGROUND: WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) DYSREGULATED GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA). EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SERVE AS MEMORIES OF ADVERSE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED DURING EARLY LIFE. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALTER GR AND CRH EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND UNDERLIE CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN AFTER ELS. METHODS: NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR WESTERN BLOT OR CHIP-QPCR TO STUDY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE GR AND CRH PROMOTERS. FEMALE ADULT RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS FOR MICROINJECTIONS OF GARCINOL (HAT INHIBITOR) INTO THE CEA. AFTER 7 DAYS OF MICROINJECTIONS, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR CHIP-QPCR ASSAYS. RESULTS: UNPREDICTABLE ELS INCREASED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY IN ADULT FEMALE RATS, BUT NOT IN MALE COUNTERPARTS. ELS INCREASED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION IN THE CEA AND H3K9 ACETYLATION LEVELS AT THE GR PROMOTER IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALE RATS. AFTER UNPREDICTABLE ELS, H3K9 ACETYLATION WAS INCREASED AND GR BINDING WAS DECREASED AT THE CRH PROMOTER. ADMINISTRATION OF GARCINOL IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALES, THAT UNDERWENT UNPREDICTABLE ELS, NORMALIZED H3K9 ACETYLATION AND RESTORED GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER. CONCLUSION: DYSREGULATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA ARE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR "MEMORIZING" ELS EVENTS MEDIATING VISCERAL PAIN IN ADULTHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  1677  27 DRUG ADDICTION: HYPERKATIFEIA/NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT AS A FRAMEWORK FOR MEDICATIONS DEVELOPMENT. COMPULSIVE DRUG SEEKING THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADDICTION IS HYPOTHESIZED TO FOLLOW A HEURISTIC FRAMEWORK THAT INVOLVES THREE STAGES (BINGE/INTOXICATION, WITHDRAWAL/NEGATIVE AFFECT, AND PREOCCUPATION/ANTICIPATION) AND THREE DOMAINS OF DYSFUNCTION (INCENTIVE SALIENCE/PATHOLOGIC HABITS, NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL STATES, AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, RESPECTIVELY) VIA CHANGES IN THE BASAL GANGLIA, EXTENDED AMYGDALA/HABENULA, AND FRONTAL CORTEX, RESPECTIVELY. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON NEUROCHEMICAL/NEUROCIRCUITRY DYSREGULATIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HYPERKATIFEIA, DEFINED AS A GREATER INTENSITY OF NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL/MOTIVATIONAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DURING WITHDRAWAL FROM DRUGS OF ABUSE IN THE WITHDRAWAL/NEGATIVE AFFECT STAGE OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE. HYPERKATIFEIA PROVIDES AN ADDITIONAL SOURCE OF MOTIVATION FOR COMPULSIVE DRUG SEEKING VIA NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT REFLECTS AN INCREASE IN THE PROBABILITY OF A RESPONSE TO REMOVE AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS OR DRUG SEEKING TO REMOVE HYPERKATIFEIA THAT IS AUGMENTED BY GENETIC/EPIGENETIC VULNERABILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL TRAUMA, AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY. NEUROBIOLOGICAL TARGETS FOR HYPERKATIFEIA IN ADDICTION INVOLVE NEUROCIRCUITRY OF THE EXTENDED AMYGDALA AND ITS CONNECTIONS VIA WITHIN-SYSTEM NEUROADAPTATIONS IN DOPAMINE, ENKEPHALIN/ENDORPHIN OPIOID PEPTIDE, AND GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID/GLUTAMATE SYSTEMS AND BETWEEN-SYSTEM NEUROADAPTATIONS IN PROSTRESS CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR, NOREPINEPHRINE, GLUCOCORTICOID, DYNORPHIN, HYPOCRETIN, AND NEUROIMMUNE SYSTEMS AND ANTISTRESS NEUROPEPTIDE Y, NOCICEPTIN, ENDOCANNABINOID, AND OXYTOCIN SYSTEMS. SUCH NEUROCHEMICAL/NEUROCIRCUITRY DYSREGULATIONS ARE HYPOTHESIZED TO MEDIATE A NEGATIVE HEDONIC SET POINT THAT GRADUALLY GAINS ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND SHIFTS FROM A HOMEOSTATIC HEDONIC STATE TO AN ALLOSTATIC HEDONIC STATE. BASED ON PRECLINICAL STUDIES AND TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES TO DATE, MEDICATIONS AND BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES THAT RESET BRAIN STRESS, ANTISTRESS, AND EMOTIONAL PAIN SYSTEMS AND RETURN THEM TO HOMEOSTASIS WOULD BE PROMISING NEW TARGETS FOR MEDICATION DEVELOPMENT. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: THE FOCUS OF THIS REVIEW IS ON NEUROCHEMICAL/NEUROCIRCUITRY DYSREGULATIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HYPERKATIFEIA, DEFINED AS A GREATER INTENSITY OF NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL/MOTIVATIONAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DURING WITHDRAWAL FROM DRUGS OF ABUSE IN THE WITHDRAWAL/NEGATIVE AFFECT STAGE OF THE DRUG ADDICTION CYCLE AND A DRIVING FORCE FOR NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT IN ADDICTION. MEDICATIONS AND BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES THAT REVERSE HYPERKATIFEIA BY RESETTING BRAIN STRESS, ANTISTRESS, AND EMOTIONAL PAIN SYSTEMS AND RETURNING THEM TO HOMEOSTASIS WOULD BE PROMISING NEW TARGETS FOR MEDICATION DEVELOPMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  1466  25 DISTINCT ACTIONS OF ANCESTRAL VINCLOZOLIN AND JUVENILE STRESS ON NEURAL GENE EXPRESSION IN THE MALE RAT. EXPOSURE TO THE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICAL VINCLOZOLIN DURING GESTATION OF AN F0 GENERATION AND/OR CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS DURING ADOLESCENCE OF THE F3 DESCENDANTS AFFECTS BEHAVIOR, PHYSIOLOGY, AND GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN. GENES RELATED TO THE NETWORKS OF GROWTH FACTORS, SIGNALING PEPTIDES, AND RECEPTORS, STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS AND ENZYMES, AND EPIGENETIC RELATED FACTORS WERE MEASURED USING QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION VIA TAQMAN LOW DENSITY ARRAYS TARGETING 48 GENES IN THE CENTRAL AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS, MEDIAL AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS, MEDIAL PREOPTIC AREA (MPOA), LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH), AND THE VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS. WE FOUND THAT GROWTH FACTORS ARE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO ANCESTRAL EXPOSURE IN THE CENTRAL AND MEDIAL AMYGDALA; RESTRAINT STRESS DURING ADOLESCENCE AFFECTED NEURAL GROWTH FACTORS IN THE MEDIAL AMYGDALA. SIGNALING PEPTIDES WERE AFFECTED BY BOTH ANCESTRAL EXPOSURE AND STRESS DURING ADOLESCENCE PRIMARILY IN HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI. STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS AND ENZYMES WERE STRONGLY AFFECTED BY RESTRAINT STRESS IN THE MPOA. EPIGENETIC RELATED GENES WERE AFFECTED BY STRESS IN THE VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS AND BY BOTH ANCESTRAL EXPOSURE AND STRESS DURING ADOLESCENCE INDEPENDENTLY IN THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA. IT IS NOTEWORTHY THAT THE LH SHOWED NO EFFECTS OF EITHER MANIPULATION. GENE EXPRESSION IS DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6  6108  37 THE ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT AMELIORATES CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MIR-134 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HUMANS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BY ENHANCING BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE BDNF MODULATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT OCCURS AFTER EE TREATMENT FOR THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS ELICITED BY CUMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EE. METHODS: ALL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO THE 5-WEEK CUMS PROCEDURE EXCEPT THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER CUMS PROCEDURE, SOME RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH SIRT1 PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITOR EX527 OR SIRT1 KNOCKING DOWN LENTIVIRUS (SH-SIRT1) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWED BY EE TREATMENT FOR 3 WEEKS. OTHER RATS WERE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO EE TREATMENT WITHOUT STEREOTAXIC INJECTION. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION AFTER EE TREATMENT. THEN EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCHES, AND SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INCLUDING DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE RATIO, PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND REDUCED LOCOMOTOR AND EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY; COGNITIVE DEFICITS INCLUDING SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; REDUCED DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES; THINNED POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; DOWNREGULATED SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, DECREASED BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, THE CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCH NUMBER REDUCTION, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY THINNING, SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY DOWNREGULATION, BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS REDUCTION, INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95), WERE REVERSED BY EE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS WERE OBSERVED AGAIN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO STEREOTAXIC INJECTION WITH EX527 OR SH-SIRT1. FURTHERMORE, THIS STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 REGULATES THE DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES BDNF, AND THE SYNAPTIC PROTEINS SYN AND PSD95 IN PRIMARY CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF EE ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INCLUDING BDNF, PSD95 AND SYN, DENDRITIC REMODELING AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF SYNAPSES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                              
7  2187  38 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN: RESILIENCE VERSUS VULNERABILITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF EARLY LIFE STRESS AND CHRONIC ADULT STRESS. BACKGROUND: WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). IN ADDITION, CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD CAN EXACERBATE IBS SYMPTOMS SUCH AS ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT SEX AND THE PREDICTABILITY OF ELS DETERMINE WHETHER RATS DEVELOP VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. IN FEMALE RATS, UNPREDICTABLE ELS CONFERS VULNERABILITY AND RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS PREDICTABLE ELS INDUCES RESILIENCE AND DOES NOT INDUCE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THIS RESILIENCE IS LOST AFTER EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD LEADING TO AN EXACERBATION OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) UNDERLIE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. HERE, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE CEA ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS. RATS WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS, 1 H/DAY FOR 7 DAYS) OR SHAM STRESS AND RECEIVED INFUSIONS OF VEHICLE, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) OR THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR GARCINOL (GAR) AFTER EACH WAS SESSION. 24 H AFTER THE FINAL INFUSION, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED AND THE CEA WAS REMOVED FOR MOLECULAR EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS: IN THE TWO-HIT MODEL (ELS + WAS), FEMALE RATS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO PREDICTABLE ELS, SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN H3K9 ACETYLATION AT THE CRF PROMOTER. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GR AND CRF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND AN EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN FEMALE ANIMALS. TSA INFUSIONS IN THE CEA ATTENUATED THE EXACERBATED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS GAR INFUSIONS ONLY PARTIALLY AMELIORATED ELS+WAS INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: THE TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY WAS IN ADULTHOOD REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OCCURS AFTER EXPOSURE TO STRESS IN TWO IMPORTANT PERIODS OF LIFE AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE ABERRANT UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY EXPLAIN THE EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBS PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  5749  36 SOCIAL DEFEAT INDUCES CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN THE VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND DORSAL RAPHE NUCLEUS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A NUMBER OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THE STRESS RESPONSE OR RESILIENCE TO CHRONIC STRESS. WE INVESTIGATED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SEVEN DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS OF RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS: THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS (DHPC), VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS (VHPC), MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC), BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA (BLA), LOCUS COERULEUS (LC), PARAVENTRICULAR THALAMUS (PVT), AND DORSAL RAPHE (DR) NUCLEUS. THIS STRESS PARADIGM WAS UNIQUE IN THAT IT ALLOWED RATS TO DISPLAY RESILIENCE IN THE FORM OF AN ACTIVE COPING MECHANISM. WE FOUND THAT THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN ACETYLATION OF H3K9/14 (H3K9/14AC) AND BULK ACETYLATION OF H4K5,8,12,16 (H4K5,8,12,16AC) IN THE DR NUCLEUS OF RATS THAT WERE LESS RESILIENT. LESS RESILIENT RATS ALSO DISPLAYED INCREASED LEVELS OF H3K18 ACETYLATION (H3K18AC) IN THE MPFC WHEN COMPARED TO NON-STRESSED CONTROLS. IN THE VHPC, THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN H3K18AC AND H4K12 (H4K12AC) IN RATS THAT WERE LESS RESILIENT WHEN COMPARED TO NON-STRESSED CONTROL RATS. IN ADDITION, THERE WAS A DECREASE IN LEVELS OF H4K8 ACETYLATION (H4K8AC) IN BOTH RESILIENT AND NON-RESILIENT RATS AS COMPARED TO CONTROLS. WE ASSESSED EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN THE VHPC AND THE MPFC USING QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AND FOUND CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF TARGETS. THESE INCLUDED CHANGES IN SIRT1 AND SIRT2 IN THE VHPC AND CHANGES IN KAT5 IN THE MPFC. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN THESE REGIONS CORRELATE WITH THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO STRESS IN SOCIALLY DEFEATED RATS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  3177  34 H3K9ME2 REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IS INVOLVED IN THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE INDUCED BY MATERNAL SEPARATION IN MALE RATS. BACKGROUND: EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) INDUCES A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND INCREASES THE RISK OF DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN CONFIRMED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ELS ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF AND CHANGES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION HAS NOT BEEN FULLY CLARIFIED. METHODS: THE PRESENT STUDY USED MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) AND CHRONIC UNPREDICTED MILD STRESS (CUMS) TO ESTABLISH AN MS ANIMAL MODEL AND A DEPRESSIVE ANIMAL MODEL. WE ASSESSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS, INCLUDING ANHEDONIA, LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR, AND SPATIAL MEMORY, USING THE SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST, THE OPEN FIELD TEST, THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, AND THE MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. WE ALSO INVESTIGATED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC) BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, WESTERN BLOTTING, AND QPCR ANALYSIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE USED UNC0642, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (G9A), AS AN INTERVENTION. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS IN RATS AND RESULTED IN INCREASED H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. MORE IMPORTANTLY, ADULT MS RATS EXPERIENCING CUMS HAD MORE SEVERE DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOURS, HAD HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K9ME2 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC, AND HAD LOWER EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. IN ADDITION, ADMINISTRATION OF THE G9A INHIBITOR REVERSED MOST OF THE CHANGES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT ELS CHANGED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE RAT BRAIN, RESULTING IN A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  6388  36 THE ROLE OF SIRT1 IN THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA IN DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN MICE. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS HAVE IMPLICATED THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA (BLA) EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. SIRT1 IS A NAD+-DEPENDENT CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE, WIDELY EXPRESSES IN BLA. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE BLA UNDER THE REGULATION OF SIRT1 IN THE DEPRESSION ARE LARGELY UNCHARACTERIZED. UNDER THE CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE CHRONIC MILD STRESS (CUMS) MOUSE MODEL, WE USED ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRAL VECTORS (AAV) THAT ENCODED SIRT1-SHRNA OR SIRT1 TO SPECIFICALLY KNOCKDOWN OR OVEREXPRESS SIRT1 IN BLA NEURONS, RESPECTIVELY. CUMS PROCEDURE INDUCED SIGNIFICANT DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS INCLUDING THE DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE, THE LESS BODYWEIGHT GAINED, THE DECREASED IMMOBILE LATENCY AND THE INCREASED IMMOBILE TIME BOTH IN FORCED SWIM TEST (FST) AND TAIL SUSPENSION TEST (TST). KNOCKDOWN OF SIRT1 IN BLA GLUTAMATERGIC NEURONS REVERSED THESE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND RESTORED THE SYNAPTIC ABNORMALITIES. OVEREXPRESSION OF SIRT1 IN BLA GLUTAMATERGIC NEURONS INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN NON-STRESSED CONTROL MICE. THE RESULT OF PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES WERE CONSISTENT WITH THE BEHAVIORAL RESULTS. OUR STUDY SUGGESTED THAT DOWNREGULATION OF SIRT1 IN BLA HAS CERTAIN BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS SUCH AS ANOREXIA, ANHEDONIA, HOPELESSNESS AND DESPAIR. IN ADDITION, THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 MAY BE THE IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF DEPRESSIVE-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THE ABNORMAL EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 MAY AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION MECHANISM AND SIGNALING PROTEIN ACETYLATION, AFFECTING NEUROPLASTICITY AND ULTIMATELY CONTRIBUTE TO MDD. IN THE STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE, THESE TWO MECHANISMS MAY CO-EXIST, BUT THE SPECIFIC MECHANISM NEEDS FURTHER RESEARCH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  3331  35 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT REVERSES HYPOSENSITIVITY TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. BACKGROUND: THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) IS IMPORTANT FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED REWARD AND REINFORCEMENT. MOUSE VTA NEURONS ARE HYPOSENSITIVE TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) DURING ETHANOL (ETOH) WITHDRAWAL, AND GABA RESPONSIVENESS IS NORMALIZED BY IN VITRO TREATMENT WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI). THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF A SYSTEMICALLY ADMINISTERED HDACI, SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ON GABA SENSITIVITY, AND RELATED MOLECULAR CHANGES IN VTA NEURONS DURING WITHDRAWAL AFTER CHRONIC ETOH INTAKE IN RATS. METHODS: SPRAGUE DAWLEY MALE ADULT RATS WERE FED WITH LIEBER-DECARLI DIET (9% ETOH OR CONTROL DIET) FOR 16 DAYS. EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS INCLUDED CONTROL DIET-FED AND ETOH DIET-FED (0- OR 24-HOUR WITHDRAWAL) RATS TREATED WITH EITHER SAHA OR VEHICLE INJECTION. SINGLE-UNIT RECORDINGS WERE USED TO MEASURE THE RESPONSE OF VTA NEURONS TO GABA. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE LEVELS OF HDAC2, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 (ACH3K9), AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR ALPHA1 AND ALPHA5 SUBUNITS IN THE VTA; QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE THE MRNA LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. RESULTS: VTA NEURONS FROM THE WITHDRAWAL GROUP EXHIBITED GABA HYPOSENSITIVITY. IN VIVO SAHA TREATMENT 2 HOURS BEFORE SACRIFICE NORMALIZED THE SENSITIVITY OF VTA NEURONS TO GABA. ETOH WITHDRAWAL WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED ACH3K9 PROTEIN LEVELS; SAHA TREATMENT NORMALIZED ACH3K9 LEVELS. INTERESTINGLY, NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE WAS OBSERVED IN THE MRNA LEVELS OF HDAC2. THE MRNA LEVELS, BUT NOT PROTEIN LEVELS, OF GABA(A) RECEPTOR ALPHA1 AND ALPHA5 SUBUNITS WERE INCREASED DURING WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE RESULTS IN A DECREASE IN GABA-MEDIATED INHIBITION, AND THIS GABA HYPOSENSITIVITY IS NORMALIZED BY IN VIVO SAHA TREATMENT. DISRUPTION OF SIGNALING IN THE VTA PRODUCED BY ALTERATION OF GABA NEUROTRANSMISSION COULD BE 1 NEUROADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS LEADING TO CRAVING AND RELAPSE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDACI PHARMACOTHERAPY WITH AGENTS LIKE SAHA MIGHT BE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOLISM.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12   869  34 CHRONIC AGOMELATINE TREATMENT CORRECTS BEHAVIORAL, CELLULAR, AND BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY PRENATAL STRESS IN RATS. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: THE RAT MODEL OF PRENATAL RESTRAINT STRESS (PRS) REPLICATES FACTORS THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. WE USED THIS MODEL TO TEST THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF AGOMELATINE, A NOVEL ANTIDEPRESSANT THAT BEHAVES AS A MIXED MT1/MT2 MELATONIN RECEPTOR AGONIST/5-HT(2C) SEROTONIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. RESULTS: ADULT PRS RATS SHOWED BEHAVIORAL, CELLULAR, AND BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES THAT WERE CONSISTENT WITH AN ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE PHENOTYPE. THESE INCLUDED AN INCREASED IMMOBILITY IN THE FORCED SWIM TEST, AN ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE, REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL LEVELS OF PHOSPHORYLATED CAMP-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (P-CREB), REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL LEVELS OF MGLU2/3 AND MGLU5 METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS, AND REDUCED NEUROGENESIS IN THE VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS, THE SPECIFIC PORTION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS THAT ENCODES MEMORIES RELATED TO STRESS AND EMOTIONS. ALL OF THESE CHANGES WERE REVERSED BY A 3- OR 6-WEEK TREATMENT WITH AGOMELATINE (40-50 MG/KG, I.P., ONCE A DAY). REMARKABLY, AGOMELATINE HAD NO EFFECT IN AGE-MATCHED CONTROL RATS, THEREBY BEHAVING AS A "DISEASE-DEPENDENT" DRUG. CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA INDICATE THAT AGOMELATINE DID NOT ACT ON INDIVIDUAL SYMPTOMS BUT CORRECTED ALL ASPECTS OF THE PATHOLOGICAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING TRIGGERED BY PRS. OUR FINDINGS STRONGLY SUPPORT THE ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF AGOMELATINE AND SUGGEST THAT THE DRUG IMPACTS MECHANISMS THAT LIE AT THE CORE OF ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13  2827  33 FLUOXETINE INCREASES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC FACTORS BUT DOES NOT IMPROVE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR FLUOXETINE INDUCES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, STIMULATES MATURATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY OF ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS, AND REDUCES MOTOR/SENSORY AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN SEVERAL CNS DISORDERS. IN THE SETTING OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI), ITS EFFECTS ON NEUROPLASTICITY AND FUNCTION HAVE YET TO BE THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFICACY OF FLUOXETINE AFTER A MODERATE TO SEVERE TBI, PRODUCED BY A CONTROLLED CORTICAL IMPACT. THREE DAYS AFTER TBI OR SHAM SURGERY, MICE WERE TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE (10 MG/KG/D) OR VEHICLE FOR 4 WEEKS. TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF FLUOXETINE ON NEUROPLASTICITY, HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WERE STUDIED. STEREOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DOUBLECORTIN-POSITIVE CELLS IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE RELATIVE TO CONTROLS, A FINDING CONSISTENT WITH ENHANCED HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING AN INCREASE IN HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION AND INDUCTION OF METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN, A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION, WERE LIKEWISE SEEN BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND QUANTITATIVE WESTERN IMMUNOBLOTS, RESPECTIVELY, IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE. TO DETERMINE IF FLUOXETINE IMPROVES NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOMES AFTER TBI, GAIT FUNCTION AND SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY WERE ASSESSED BY THE CATWALK-ASSISTED GAIT TEST AND BARNES MAZE TEST, RESPECTIVELY. NO DIFFERENCES IN THESE PARAMETERS WERE SEEN BETWEEN FLUOXETINE- AND VEHICLE-TREATED ANIMALS. THUS WHILE FLUOXETINE ENHANCED NEUROPLASTICITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER TBI, ITS CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION DID NOT RESTORE LOCOMOTOR FUNCTION OR AMELIORATE MEMORY DEFICITS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14  5834  30 STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN IN FEMALE RATS IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA. STRESS AND ANXIETY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A FEMALE-PREDOMINANT DISORDER OF THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS, CHARACTERIZED BY ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO HEIGHTENED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE IN FEMALE RATS WHETHER EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN THE LIMBIC BRAIN, SPECIFICALLY IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA), IS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR IN STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT 1 H EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) FOR 7 CONSECUTIVE DAYS DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION WERE MEDIATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) SIRT-6 AND THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE CBP, RESPECTIVELY. ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) INTO THE CEA PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THROUGH BLOCKADE OF SIRT-6 MEDIATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER. IN ADDITION, HDAC INHIBITION WITHIN THE CEA PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION OF THE CRH PROMOTER. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, IN FEMALES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE LIMBIC BRAIN REGULATING GR AND CRH EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND OFFER A POTENTIAL EXPLANATION OF HOW STRESS CAN TRIGGER SYMPTOMS IN IBS PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15  3600  35 IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN VISCERAL PAIN INDUCED BY CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS. EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, WHICH INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION, ARE IMPLICATED IN THE DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. PREVIOUSLY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT REPEATED WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS), A VALIDATED MODEL OF CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, INDUCES HEIGHTENED VISCERAL PAIN BEHAVIORS IN RODENTS THAT RESEMBLE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) SEQUELAE. HOWEVER, THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN HAS NOT BEEN EXPLORED. OUR HYPOTHESIS IS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) ARE IMPORTANT TO CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. ADULT MALE F-344 RATS WITH INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR (I.C.V.) CANNULAE WERE EXPOSED TO 7 DAYS OF REPEATED WAS. CONTROLS RECEIVED A SHAM STRESS. FOLLOWING THE DAILY 1H STRESSOR, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA; 100 NG/ML), A POTENT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, OR VEHICLE (VEH; 0.1% DMSO/SALINE,) AS CONTROL WAS ADMINISTERED VIA THE I.C.V. CANNULA. VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED 24H AFTER THE FINAL WAS AND QUANTIFIED THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) BY RECORDING THE NUMBER OF ABDOMINAL CONTRACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO GRADED PRESSURES (20-60 MMHG) OF COLORECTAL DISTENSIONS (CRD). FROM A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS THAT WERE EXPOSED TO REPEATED WAS OR SHAM STRESS, THE AMYGDALA WAS ISOLATED TO ASSESS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF) GENES VIA BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND VERIFIED BY PYROSEQUENCING. GR AND CRF GENE EXPRESSION WAS QUANTIFIED VIA QRT-PCR. STRESSED RATS EXHIBITED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY TSA. COMPARED TO SHAM CONTROLS, METHYLATION OF THE GR GENE WAS INCREASED FOLLOWING WAS WHILE EXPRESSION OF THE GR GENE WAS DECREASED. METHYLATION OF THE CRF PROMOTER WAS DECREASED WITH WAS WITH A CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN CRF EXPRESSION. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE INVOLVEMENT OF CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND PROVIDES A FOUNDATION FOR EXPLORING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO IBS-LIKE SYMPTOMATOLOGY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16  4944  29 PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ETHANOL EXPOSURE BLUNTS HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS RESPONSIVITY AND STRESS-INDUCED EXCESSIVE FLUID INTAKE IN MALE MICE. A GROWING NUMBER OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THAT PERSIST ACROSS GENERATIONS. FOR INSTANCE, PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES TO ETHANOL OR STRESS HAVE INDEPENDENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXERT SUCH INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. SINCE ETHANOL EXPOSURE IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESSOR THAT ACTIVATES THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE WOULD IMPACT STRESS RESPONSIVITY OF OFFSPRING. ADULT MALE MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT VAPOR ETHANOL OR CONTROL CONDITIONS FOR 5 WEEKS BEFORE BEING MATED WITH ETHANOL-NAIVE FEMALES TO PRODUCE ETHANOL (E)- AND CONTROL (C)-SIRED OFFSPRING. ADULT MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING WERE TESTED FOR PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) LEVELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS AND THE MALE OFFSPRING WERE FURTHER EXAMINED FOR STRESS-EVOKED 2-BOTTLE CHOICE ETHANOL-DRINKING. PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE BLUNTED PLASMA CORT LEVELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS SELECTIVELY IN MALE OFFSPRING; FEMALES WERE UNAFFECTED. IN A STRESS-EVOKED ETHANOL-DRINKING ASSAY, THERE WAS NO EFFECT OF STRESS ON ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. HOWEVER, C-SIRED MALES EXHIBITED INCREASED TOTAL FLUID INTAKE (POLYDIPSIA) IN RESPONSE TO STRESS WHILE E-SIRED MALES WERE RESISTANT TO THIS STRESS-INDUCED PHENOTYPE. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE IMPARTS STRESS HYPORESPONSIVITY TO MALE OFFSPRING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  1920  40 ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT PREVENTS STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA TO INHIBIT VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRODUCTION: STRESS IS A KNOWN TRIGGER FOR THE SYMPTOMS OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) DISORDER THAT PRESENTS WITH ABNORMAL BOWEL HABITS AND ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WHILE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES HAVE BEEN USED TO ATTENUATE IBS SYMPTOMS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE THERAPIES INTERACT WITH STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGY REMAINS TO BE DELINEATED. HERE WE USE A RAT MODEL TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT (EE) INHIBITS STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES WITHIN THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY AND COLONIC HYPERPERMEABILITY. METHODS: FEMALE RATS (N = 8/GROUP) WERE HOUSED IN EE ONE WEEK BEFORE AND ONE WEEK DURING EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) WHILE CONTROLS WERE HOUSED IN STANDARD CAGES (SH). ONE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE, COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE ASSESSED BY THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) TO COLORECTAL DISTENSION (CRD) AND WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD ELICITED BY AN ELECTRONIC VON FREY ON THE HIND PAW OF THE RATS RESPECTIVELY. ALL RATS WERE RETURNED TO SH FOR 3 WEEKS BEFORE COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE REASSESSED ON DAY 28. THE RATS WERE THEN IMMEDIATELY EUTHANIZED AND THE SPINAL CORD WAS COLLECTED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN NEURONAL ACTIVATION (ASSESSED VIA ERK PHOSPHORYLATION) IN RESPONSE TO NOXIOUS CRD. A SEPARATE COHORT OF ANIMALS (N = 8/GROUP) THAT DID NOT UNDERGO BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS WAS EUTHANIZED THE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE AND THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) WAS COLLECTED TO INVESTIGATE WAS AND EE INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) PROMOTER. THE COLON FROM THESE RATS WAS ALSO COLLECTED TO ASSESS COLONIC PERMEABILITY VIA CHANGES IN TRANSEPITHELIAL ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (TEER) IN VITRO. RESULTS: EXPOSURE TO STRESS PERSISTENTLY INCREASED VMR TO CRD (P < 0.01) AND DECREASED THE HIND PAW WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD (P < 0.001) IN FEMALE RATS. WAS ALSO DECREASED TEER IN THE COLON TISSUE OF FEMALE RATS (P = 0.05). IN THE CEA, WAS INDUCED A DECREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER BUT INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER AND REDUCED GR-CRH INTERACTIONS IN THE CEA. ANALYSIS OF THE SPINAL CORD SHOWED THAT WAS INCREASED CRD-EVOKED ERK PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN. EXPOSURE TO EE PREVENTED WAS-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CEA, DORSAL HORN AND COLON RESPECTIVELY TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA REVEALS THAT BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES CAN PRODUCE LONG LASTING MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN PREVENT STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGIES EVEN AFTER COMPLETION OF THE THERAPY. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES MAY AMELIORATE VISCERAL PAIN ASSOCIATED STRESS-RELATED PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS THE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME.	2021	

18  6175  35 THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ALLEVIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING CAN CAUSE DEPRESSION, LEADING TO AN INABILITY TO FUNCTION IN DAILY LIFE AND AN INCREASED RISK FOR RELAPSE TO HARMFUL DRINKING. UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-RELATED DEPRESSION MAY LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATMENT. EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE RECENTLY EMERGED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO BOTH DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). SPECIFICALLY, ACETYLATION OF THE N-TERMINAL TAILS OF HISTONE PROTEINS THAT PACKAGE DNA INTO NUCLEOSOMES IS ALTERED IN STRESS-INDUCED MODELS OF DEPRESSION AND DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A BRAIN REGION CRITICAL FOR MOOD REGULATION AND DEPRESSION. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL LIQUID DIET FOR 15 DAYS AND THEN UNDERWENT WITHDRAWAL. RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), DURING WITHDRAWAL AND WERE TESTED FOR DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR. IN A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS, THE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS ANALYZED FOR MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. RATS UNDERGOING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL EXHIBITED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND HAD INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED H3K9AC LEVELS IN SPECIFIC STRUCTURES OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH SAHA DURING WITHDRAWAL AMELIORATED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZED CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL HDAC2 AND H3K9AC LEVELS. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL CAUSES AN ALTERED EPIGENETIC STATE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH AN HDAC INHIBITOR CAN CORRECT THIS STATE AND ALLEVIATE DEPRESSION-LIKE SYMPTOMS DEVELOPED DURING WITHDRAWAL. TARGETING HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY BE A NOVEL STRATEGY TO REDUCE ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED DEPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19  5020  41 PERSISTENT OVEREXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 ATTENUATING GABAERGIC INHIBITION IN BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA ACCOUNTS FOR ANXIETY IN RAT OFFSPRING EXPOSED PERINATALLY TO LOW-DOSE BISPHENOL A. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES CAN BE ACQUIRED DURING EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE ONSET OF MANY PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. WE HAVE SHOWN THAT PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOL A (BPA) AT ENVIRONMENTAL DOSE LEVEL CAUSES LONG-TERM ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN RATS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING EFFECT OF BPA ON ANXIETY-RELATED NEUROBEHAVIOR IN THE RAT OFFSPRING. THE RESULTS OF REAL-TIME RT-PCR DISPLAYED THAT THE OVEREXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1) MRNA WAS ACCOMPANIED BY THE REDUCTION OF GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE 67 (GAD67) MRNA LEVEL IN THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA (BLA) OF POSTNATAL DAY 45 BPA-EXPOSED FEMALE RATS. CHRONIC INTRO-BLA INJECTION WITH 5-ADA-CDR COULD RECTIFY THE GAD67 MRNA EXPRESSION. BEHAVIORAL DATA SHOWED THAT THE ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN BPA-EXPOSED RATS WERE REVERSED BY INTRO-BLA TREATMENT WITH 5-ADA-CDR WHICH COULD BE FURTHER BLOCKED BY PTX. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY REVEALED BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCREASE OF POSTSYNAPTIC NEURONAL EXCITABILITY IN THE CORTICAL-BLA PATHWAY WHICH APPEARED AS MULTISPIKE RESPONSES, PAIRED-PULSE FACILITATION INSTEAD OF PAIRED-PULSE INHIBITION AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND 5-AZA-CDR TREATMENT RESTORED THE INCREASED SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THE BLA VIA IMPROVING GABAERGIC SYSTEM. THE ABOVE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT1 IN THE BLA IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ETIOLOGY OF ANXIETY ASSOCIATED WITH BPA EXPOSURE VIA GABAERGIC DISINHIBITION. IN ADDITION, WE ALSO FIND THESE LONG-TERM NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL BPA EXPOSURE ARE REVERSIBLE IN ADOLESCENT PERIOD.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20  2672  36 ETHANOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS AT THE BDNF GENE IN C57BL/6J MICE. HIGH ETHANOL INTAKE IS WELL KNOWN TO INDUCE BOTH ANXIOLYTIC AND ANXIOGENIC EFFECTS, IN CORRELATION WITH CHROMATIN REMODELING IN THE AMYGDALOID BRAIN REGION AND DEFICITS IN CELL PROLIFERATION AND SURVIVAL IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF RODENTS. WHETHER ONLY MODERATE BUT CHRONIC ETHANOL INTAKE IN C57BL/6J MICE COULD ALSO HAVE AN IMPACT ON CHROMATIN REMODELING AND NEUROPLASTICITY WAS ADDRESSED HERE. CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN A FREE CHOICE PARADIGM WAS FOUND TO INDUCE MARKED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES IMPLICATED IN NEURAL DEVELOPMENT AND HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN THE MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS. TRANSCRIPTS ENCODING NEURAL BHLH ACTIVATORS AND THOSE FROM BDNF EXONS II, III AND VI WERE UPREGULATED, WHEREAS THOSE FROM BDNF EXON VIII AND HDACS WERE DOWNREGULATED BY ETHANOL COMPARED WITH WATER CONSUMPTION. THESE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ENRICHMENT IN BOTH ACETYLATED H3 AT BDNF PROMOTER PVI AND TRIMETHYLATED H3 AT PII AND PIII. CONVERSELY, ACETYLATED H3 AT PIII AND PVIII AND TRIMETHYLATED H3 AT PVIII WERE DECREASED IN ETHANOL-EXPOSED MICE. IN PARALLEL, HIPPOCAMPAL BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) LEVELS AND TRKB-MEDIATED NEUROGENESIS IN THE DENTATE GYRUS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCED BY ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, IN C57BL/6J MICE, CHRONIC AND MODERATE ETHANOL INTAKE PRODUCES MARKED EPIGENETIC CHANGES UNDERLYING BDNF OVEREXPRESSION AND DOWNSTREAM HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS.	2015