1  5440 134 RENAL DIFFERENTIATION OF AMNIOTIC FLUID STEM CELLS: PERSPECTIVES FOR CLINICAL APPLICATION AND FOR STUDIES ON SPECIFIC HUMAN GENETIC DISEASES. BACKGROUND: OWING TO GROWING RATES OF DIABETES, HYPERTENSION AND THE AGEING POPULATION, THE PREVALENCE OF END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE, DEVELOPED FROM EARLIER STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE IS DRAMATICALLY INCREASING. DIALYSIS AND PREFERABLE RENAL TRANSPLANTATION ARE WIDELY APPLIED THERAPIES FOR THIS INCURABLE CONDITION. HOWEVER THESE OPTIONS ARE LIMITED BECAUSE OF MORBIDITY, SHORTAGE OF COMPATIBLE ORGANS AND COSTS. THEREFORE, STEM CELL-BASED APPROACHES ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY ACCEPTED AS AN ALTERNATIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. DESIGN: THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT FINDINGS ON THE NEPHROGENIC POTENTIAL OF AMNIOTIC FLUID STEM (AFS) CELLS AND THEIR PUTATIVE IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND FOR STUDIES ON SPECIFIC HUMAN GENETIC DISEASES. RESULTS: SINCE THEIR DISCOVERY IN 2003, AFS CELLS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE PLURIPOTENT WITH THE POTENTIAL TO FORM EMBRYOID BODIES. COMPARED TO ADULT STEM CELLS, INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS OR EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, AFS CELLS HARBOUR A VARIETY OF ADVANTAGES, SUCH AS THEIR HIGH DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATIVE POTENTIAL, NO NEED FOR ECTOPIC INDUCTION OF PLURIPOTENCY AND NO SOMATIC MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC MEMORY OF SOURCE CELLS, AND NO TUMOURIGENIC POTENTIAL AND ASSOCIATED ETHICAL CONTROVERSIES, RESPECTIVELY. CONCLUSIONS: RECENTLY, THE RESULTS OF DIFFERENT INDEPENDENT STUDIES PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT AFS CELLS COULD INDEED BE A POWERFUL TOOL FOR RENAL REGENERATIVE MEDICINE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2  2700  36 EXCESS IRON: CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY GROWTH. WHAT EFFECTS MIGHT ARISE FROM EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES TO HIGH IRON? THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS THE SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF HIGH IRON ON THE BRAIN, STEM CELLS, AND THE PROCESS OF ERYTHROPOIESIS AND IDENTIFIES GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF WHAT MOLECULAR DAMAGE MAY BE INCURRED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS THAT IS IMPARTED BY HIGH IRON STATUS IN EARLY LIFE. SPECIFIC AREAS TO ENHANCE RESEARCH ON THIS TOPIC INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: LONGITUDINAL BEHAVIORAL STUDIES OF CHILDREN TO TEST ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN IRON EXPOSURES AND MOOD, EMOTION, COGNITION, AND MEMORY; ANIMAL STUDIES TO DETERMINE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT REPROGRAM BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLIC CHANGES IN EARLY LIFE THAT COULD BE FOLLOWED THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE; AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HUMAN EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF IRON EXPOSURES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS THAT COULD BE MONITORED FOR EARLY ORIGINS OF ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES. IN ADDITION, EFFORTS TO UNDERSTAND HOW IRON EXPOSURE INFLUENCES STEM CELL BIOLOGY COULD BE ENHANCED BY ESTABLISHING PLATFORMS TO COLLECT BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS, INCLUDING UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD AND AMNIOTIC FLUID, TO BE MADE AVAILABLE TO THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY. AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, THERE IS A NEED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND STRESS ERYTHROPOIESIS AND CHANGES IN IRON METABOLISM DURING PREGNANCY AND DEVELOPMENT, ESPECIALLY WITH RESPECT TO REGULATORY CONTROL UNDER HIGH IRON CONDITIONS THAT MIGHT PROMOTE INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS AND IRON-LOADING ANEMIA. THESE INVESTIGATIONS SHOULD FOCUS NOT ONLY ON FACTORS SUCH AS HEPCIDIN AND ERYTHROFERRONE BUT SHOULD ALSO INCLUDE NEWLY IDENTIFIED INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR-2 AND THE ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTOR. FINALLY, DESPITE OUR UNDERSTANDING THAT SEVERAL KEY MICRONUTRIENTS (E.G., VITAMIN A, COPPER, MANGANESE, AND ZINC) SUPPORT IRON'S FUNCTION IN ERYTHROPOIESIS, HOW THESE NUTRIENTS INTERACT REMAINS, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, UNKNOWN. IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSIDER MANY FACTORS WHEN FORMULATING RECOMMENDATIONS ON IRON SUPPLEMENTATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3   621  38 BIOENERGETIC EVOLUTION EXPLAINS PREVALENCE OF LOW NEPHRON NUMBER AT BIRTH: RISK FACTOR FOR CKD. THERE IS GREATER THAN TENFOLD VARIATION IN NEPHRON NUMBER OF THE HUMAN KIDNEY AT BIRTH. ALTHOUGH LOW NEPHRON NUMBER IS A RECOGNIZED RISK FACTOR FOR CKD, ITS DETERMINANTS ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. EVOLUTIONARY MEDICINE REPRESENTS A NEW DISCIPLINE THAT SEEKS EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATIONS FOR DISEASE, BROADENING PERSPECTIVES ON RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES. EVOLUTION OF THE KIDNEY, AN ORGAN RICH IN MITOCHONDRIA, HAS BEEN DRIVEN BY NATURAL SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS CONSTRAINED BY ENERGY AVAILABILITY. OVER THE PAST 2 MILLION YEARS, RAPID GROWTH OF AN ENERGY-DEMANDING BRAIN IN HOMO SAPIENS ENABLED HOMINID ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES THROUGH SELECTION FOR MUTATIONS IN MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR DNA EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED BY ALLOCATION OF ENERGY TO DEVELOPING ORGANS. MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION OR HYPOXIA RESULTS IN INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION OR PRETERM BIRTH, RESULTING IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND LOW NEPHRON NUMBER. REGULATED THROUGH PLACENTAL TRANSFER, ENVIRONMENTAL OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS SIGNAL NEPHRON PROGENITOR CELLS TO REPROGRAM METABOLISM FROM GLYCOLYSIS TO OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. THESE PROCESSES ARE MODULATED BY COUNTERBALANCING ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC METABOLIC PATHWAYS THAT EVOLVED FROM PROKARYOTE HOMOLOGS AND BY HYPOXIA-DRIVEN AND AUTOPHAGY PATHWAYS THAT EVOLVED IN EUKARYOTES. REGULATION OF NEPHRON DIFFERENTIATION BY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES PROVIDE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF NEPHRON NUMBER IN RESPONSE TO ENERGY AVAILABLE TO THE FETUS. DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY OF NEPHROGENESIS REPRESENTS AN EVOLVED LIFE HISTORY STRATEGY THAT PRIORITIZES ENERGY TO EARLY BRAIN GROWTH WITH ADEQUATE KIDNEY FUNCTION THROUGH REPRODUCTIVE YEARS, THE TRADE-OFF BEING INCREASING PREVALENCE OF CKD DELAYED UNTIL LATER ADULTHOOD. THE RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS OF THIS EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS ARE TO IDENTIFY REGULATORY PATHWAYS OF ENERGY ALLOCATION DIRECTING NEPHROGENESIS WHILE ACCOUNTING FOR THE DIFFERENT LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES OF ANIMAL MODELS SUCH AS THE MOUSE. THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS ARE TO OPTIMIZE NUTRITION AND MINIMIZE HYPOXIC/TOXIC STRESSORS IN CHILDBEARING WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN EARLY POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  4062  30 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  5179  32 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	

6  5962  33 TELOMERES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND TIMING FOR SPONTANEOUS TERM AND PRETERM LABOR. TELOMERES ARE NUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEXES LOCATED AT THE DISTAL ENDS OF CHROMOSOMES. IN ADULTS, PROGRESSIVE TELOMERE SHORTENING OCCURS THROUGHOUT THE LIFETIME AND IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO PROGRESSIVE AGING, PHYSIOLOGICAL SENESCENCE, MULTIORGAN DYSFUNCTION, AND ULTIMATELY, DEATH. AS DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW, MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY THAT A TELOMERE-BASED CLOCK MECHANISM ALSO DETERMINES THE LENGTH OF GESTATION, LEADING TO THE ONSET OF LABOR (PARTURITION). AFTER TELOMERE EXPANSION AT THE BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY, THE TELOMERE LENGTHS IN THE GESTATIONAL TISSUES (IE, THE PLACENTA AND FETAL MEMBRANES) PROGRESSIVELY SHORTEN THROUGHOUT THE REMAINDER OF PREGNANCY. THE RATE OF TELOMERE SHORTENING CAN BE ACCELERATED BY CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE MOTHER AND RESULT IN OXIDATIVE STRESS. PRETERM BIRTHS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS THAT ARE LINKED WITH INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS (IE, VITAMINS E AND C) MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DELAY OR PREVENT TELOMERE SHORTENING. CLINICAL TRIALS WITH VITAMINS E AND C AND WITH MULTIVITAMINS STARTED DURING THE PERICONCEPTION PERIOD HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED RATES OF PRETERM BIRTHS. IN THE UNITED STATES, AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE A 2-3-FOLD HIGHER RATE OF PRETERM BIRTH. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS FOR PREMATURE BIRTH, ALL OF WHICH ARE DISTINCT AND POTENTIALLY ADDITIVE WITH REGARD TO EPIGENETIC TELOMERE SHORTENING. THE "WEATHERING EFFECT" IS THE HYPOTHESIS TO EXPLAIN THE INCREASED RATES OF CHRONIC ILLNESS, DISABILITIES, AND EARLY DEATH OBSERVED IN AFRICAN-AMERICANS. WITH REGARD TO PREGNANCY, ACCELERATED WEATHERING WITH THE ASSOCIATED TELOMERE SHORTENING IN THE GESTATIONAL TISSUES WOULD NOT ONLY EXPLAIN THE PRETERM BIRTH DISPARITY BUT COULD ALSO EXPLAIN WHY HIGHLY EDUCATED, AFFLUENT AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN CONTINUE TO HAVE AN INCREASED RATE OF PRETERM BIRTH. THESE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH ARE POTENTIALLY MEDIATED BY TELOMERE SHORTENING PRODUCED BY LIFETIME OR EVEN GENERATIONAL EXPOSURE TO THE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC RACISM AND SOCIOECONOMIC MARGINALIZATION. IN CONCLUSION, THIS REVIEW PRESENTS MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A NOVEL HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK MECHANISM THAT DETERMINES THE LENGTH OF PREGNANCY, AND IT OPENS THE POSSIBILITY OF NEW APPROACHES TO PREVENT OR REDUCE THE RATE OF SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7   307  37 ALBUMINURIA DOWNREGULATION OF THE ANTI-AGING FACTOR KLOTHO: THE MISSING LINK POTENTIALLY EXPLAINING THE ASSOCIATION OF PATHOLOGICAL ALBUMINURIA WITH PREMATURE DEATH. TEN PERCENT OF THE ADULT POPULATION HAS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), WHICH IS DIAGNOSED WHEN THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) IS BELOW 60 ML/MIN PER 1.73 M(2) OR WHEN ALBUMINURIA IS ABOVE 30 MG/DAY. THE NUMERICAL THRESHOLDS WERE CHOSEN BECAUSE THEY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF CKD PROGRESSION OR PREMATURE DEATH WITHIN A WIDER SCENARIO OF ACCELERATED AGING. INDEED, CKD IS ONE OF THE FASTEST GROWING CAUSES OF DEATH WORLDWIDE. A DECREASED GFR IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCUMULATION OF URAEMIC TOXINS THAT MAY PROMOTE TISSUE AND ORGAN DAMAGE. HOWEVER, CKD MAY BE DIAGNOSED WHEN THE GFR IS COMPLETELY NORMAL, AS LONG AS THERE IS PATHOLOGICAL ALBUMINURIA. A KEY UNANSWERED QUESTION TO STEM THE RISE OF CKD-ASSOCIATED DEATHS IS WHETHER THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ISOLATED ALBUMINURIA (WHEN THE GFR IS NORMAL) AND PREMATURE DEATH IS CAUSAL. THE RECENT DEMONSTRATION THAT ALBUMINURIA PER SE DIRECTLY SUPPRESSES THE PRODUCTION OF THE ANTI-AGING FACTOR KLOTHO BY KIDNEY TUBULAR CELLS MAY BE ONE OF THE FIRST STEPS TO ADDRESS THE CAUSALITY OF THE ALBUMINURIA-PREMATURE DEATH-ACCELERATED AGING ASSOCIATION. THIS HYPOTHESIS SHOULD BE TESTED IN INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES THAT SHOULD DRAW FROM TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE ADVANCES. THUS, THE OBSERVATION THAT ALBUMINURIA DECREASES KLOTHO PRODUCTION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IMPLIES THAT KLOTHO DOWNREGULATION MAY PERSIST AFTER THE CORRECTION OF ALBUMINURIA, AND INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE NEEDED TO RESTORE KLOTHO PRODUCTION. ON THE BASIS OF RECENT LITERATURE, THESE MAY INCLUDE MANIPULATION OF NF-KAPPAB REGULATORS SUCH AS B CELL LYMPHOMA 3 PROTEIN (BCL-3), AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORS SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLASES, OR THE REPURPOSING OF DRUGS SUCH AS PENTOXIFYLLINE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8   933  32 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THE DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) HAVE EVOLVED OVER TIME, BUT CURRENT INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES DEFINE THIS CONDITION AS DECREASED KIDNEY FUNCTION SHOWN BY GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) OF LESS THAN 60 ML/MIN PER 1.73 M(2), OR MARKERS OF KIDNEY DAMAGE, OR BOTH, OF AT LEAST 3 MONTHS DURATION, REGARDLESS OF THE UNDERLYING CAUSE. DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF CKD IN ALL HIGH-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND ALSO IN MANY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES. INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, AND PROGRESSION OF CKD ALSO VARY WITHIN COUNTRIES BY ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, POSSIBLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE. MANY PEOPLE ARE ASYMPTOMATIC OR HAVE NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS SUCH AS LETHARGY, ITCH, OR LOSS OF APPETITE. DIAGNOSIS IS COMMONLY MADE AFTER CHANCE FINDINGS FROM SCREENING TESTS (URINARY DIPSTICK OR BLOOD TESTS), OR WHEN SYMPTOMS BECOME SEVERE. THE BEST AVAILABLE INDICATOR OF OVERALL KIDNEY FUNCTION IS GFR, WHICH IS MEASURED EITHER VIA EXOGENOUS MARKERS (EG, DTPA, IOHEXOL), OR ESTIMATED USING EQUATIONS. PRESENCE OF PROTEINURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF PROGRESSION OF CKD AND DEATH. KIDNEY BIOPSY SAMPLES CAN SHOW DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE OF CKD, THROUGH COMMON CHANGES SUCH AS GLOMERULAR SCLEROSIS, TUBULAR ATROPHY, AND INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS. COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE ANAEMIA DUE TO REDUCED PRODUCTION OF ERYTHROPOIETIN BY THE KIDNEY; REDUCED RED BLOOD CELL SURVIVAL AND IRON DEFICIENCY; AND MINERAL BONE DISEASE CAUSED BY DISTURBED VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM. PEOPLE WITH CKD ARE FIVE TO TEN TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DIE PREMATURELY THAN THEY ARE TO PROGRESS TO END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE. THIS INCREASED RISK OF DEATH RISES EXPONENTIALLY AS KIDNEY FUNCTION WORSENS AND IS LARGELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEATH FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ALTHOUGH CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY ARE ALSO INCREASED. HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IS SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER FOR PEOPLE WITH CKD THAN FOR THE GENERAL POPULATION, AND FALLS AS GFR DECLINES. INTERVENTIONS TARGETING SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS, OR AIMED AT SUPPORTING EDUCATIONAL OR LIFESTYLE CONSIDERATIONS, MAKE A POSITIVE DIFFERENCE TO PEOPLE LIVING WITH CKD. INEQUITY IN ACCESS TO SERVICES FOR THIS DISEASE DISPROPORTIONALLY AFFECTS DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS, AND HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION TO INCENTIVISE EARLY INTERVENTION OVER PROVISION OF CARE ONLY FOR ADVANCED CKD IS STILL EVOLVING IN MANY COUNTRIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9  6724  30 VITAMIN D: EFFECTS ON PREGNANCY, MATERNAL, FETAL AND POSTNATAL OUTCOMES. A HIGH PREVALENCE OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR HEALTH IS IDENTIFIED AS AREA OF PRIMARY CONCERN FOR SCIENTISTS AND CLINICIANS WORLDWIDE. VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AFFECTS NOT ONLY BONE HEALTH BUT MANY SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES SUPPORT THAT PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN, CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS REPRESENT THE HIGH RISK GROUPS FOR DEVELOPING VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. CURRENT EVIDENCE HIGHLIGHTS A CRUCIAL ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN PROVIDING THE FETAL LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM AND FETUS DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING IMPLANTATION, PLACENTAL FORMATION, INTRA- AND POSTPARTUM PERIODS. HYPOVITAMINOSIS D DURING PREGNANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY, SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS AND PRETERM BIRTH, PREECLAMPSIA, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, IMPAIRED FETAL AND CHILDHOOD GROWTH, INCREASED RISK OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES FOR OFFSPRINGS. POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR THE OBSERVED ASSOCIATIONS CONTAIN METABOLIC, IMMUNOMODULATORY AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN VITAMIN D-ASSOCIATED GENES AND FETAL PROGRAMMING ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST. THE CONCEPT OF PREVENTING VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS ACTIVELY DISCUSSED, INCLUDING SUPPLEMENTATION IN DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS, REQUIRED DOSES, TIME OF INITIATION AND THERAPY DURATION, INFLUENCE ON GESTATION AND CHILDBIRTH. AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF VITAMIN D DURING PREGNANCY IMPROVES THE MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOMES, SHORT AND LONG TERM HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING. STILL CURRENT DATA ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATERNAL VITAMIN D STATUS AND PREGNANCY OUTCOMES REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL. THE LARGE OBSERVATIONAL AND INTERVENTIONAL RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS ARE REQUIRED TO CREATE EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES FOR THE SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN D IN PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10  4870  28 OSTEOPOROSIS: A LIFECOURSE APPROACH. IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY APPARENT THAT THE RISK OF DEVELOPING OSTEOPOROSIS IS ACCRUED THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE LIFECOURSE, EVEN FROM AS EARLY AS CONCEPTION. THUS EARLY GROWTH IS ASSOCIATED WITH BONE MASS AT PEAK AND IN OLDER AGE, AND RISK OF HIP FRACTURE. NOVEL FINDINGS FROM MOTHER-OFFSPRING COHORTS HAVE YIELDED GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PATTERNS OF INTRAUTERINE AND POSTNATAL GROWTH IN THE CONTEXT OF LATER BONE DEVELOPMENT. STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES FROM THESE POPULATIONS HAS HELPED CHARACTERIZE POTENTIAL MECHANISTIC UNDERPINNINGS, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. GLOBAL POLICY HAS RECOGNIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY GROWTH AND NUTRITION TO THE RISK OF DEVELOPING ADULT CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS OSTEOPOROSIS; TESTING OF PREGNANCY INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT OPTIMIZING OFFSPRING BONE HEALTH IS NOW UNDERWAY. IT IS HOPED THAT THROUGH SUCH PROGRAMS, NOVEL PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES MAY BE ESTABLISHED WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF REDUCING THE BURDEN OF OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURE IN OLDER AGE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  5216  40 PRETERM BIRTH: LONG TERM CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL CONSEQUENCES. BACKGROUND: CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES ARE A PART OF NONCOMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES, THE LEADING CAUSES OF PREMATURE DEATH WORLDWIDE. THEY ARE RECOGNIZED AS HAVING EARLY ORIGINS THROUGH ALTERED DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING, DUE TO ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING DEVELOPMENT. PRETERM BIRTH IS SUCH AN ADVERSE FACTOR. RATES OF PRETERM BIRTH INCREASED IN THE LAST DECADES, HOWEVER, WITH THE IMPROVEMENT IN PERINATAL AND NEONATAL CARE, A GROWING NUMBER OF PRETERM BORN SUBJECTS HAS NOW ENTERED ADULTHOOD. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT PRETERM BIRTH IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED OR ARRESTED STRUCTURAL OR FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF KEY ORGANS/SYSTEMS MAKING PRETERM INFANTS VULNERABLE TO CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC RENAL DISEASES AT ADULTHOOD. THIS REVIEW ANALYZES THE EVIDENCE OF SUCH CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL CHANGES, THE ROLE OF PERINATAL AND NEONATAL FACTORS SUCH AS ANTENATAL STEROIDS AND POTENTIAL PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. CONCLUSION: PRETERM BORN SUBJECTS ARE EXPOSED TO A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED RISK FOR ALTERED CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL FUNCTIONS AT YOUNG ADULTHOOD. ADEQUATE, SPECIFIC FOLLOW-UP MEASURES REMAIN TO BE DETERMINED. WHILE ANTENATAL STEROIDS HAVE CONSIDERABLY IMPROVED PRETERM BIRTH OUTCOMES, REPEATED THERAPY SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WITH CAUTION, AS ANTENATAL STEROIDS INDUCE LONG-TERM CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN ANIMALS' MODELS AND THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE ACCELERATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE OBSERVED IN HUMAN STUDIES CANNOT BE EXCLUDED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12  4166  41 MEDICAL, ETHICAL, AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR CROHN'S DISEASE IN BRAZIL. CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE THAT CAN AFFECT ANY PART OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. THE ETIOLOGY OF CD IS UNKNOWN; HOWEVER, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS COULD PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE ONSET AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DISEASE. CD RESULTS FROM IMMUNE DYSREGULATION DUE TO LOSS OF THE HEALTHY SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOST AND INTESTINAL FLORA AND OR ITS ANTIGENS. IT AFFECTS BOTH SEXES EQUALLY WITH A MALE TO FEMALE RATIO OF 1.0, AND ITS ONSET CAN OCCUR AT ANY AGE, BUT THE DIAGNOSIS IS MOST COMMONLY OBSERVED IN THE RANGE OF 20 TO 40 YEARS OF AGE. CD DIMINISHES QUALITY OF LIFE, INTERFERES WITH SOCIAL ACTIVITIES, TRAUMATIZES DUE TO THE STIGMA OF INCONTINENCE, FISTULAE, STRICTURES, AND COLOSTOMIES, AND IN SEVERE CASES, AFFECTS SURVIVAL WHEN COMPARED TO THE GENERAL POPULATION. SYMPTOMS FLUCTUATE BETWEEN PERIODS OF REMISSION AND ACTIVITY IN WHICH COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS FISTULAS, STRICTURES, AND THE NEED FOR BOWEL RESECTION, SURGERY, AND COLOSTOMY IMPLANTATION MAKE UP THE MOST SEVERE ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE. CD CAN BE PROGRESSIVE AND THE COMPLICATIONS RECURRENT DESPITE TREATMENT WITH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS, CORTICOSTEROIDS, IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS, AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS. HOWEVER, OVER TIME MANY PATIENTS BECOME REFRACTORY WITHOUT TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES, AND IN THIS SCENARIO, HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (HSCT) HAS EMERGED AS A POTENTIAL TREATMENT OPTION. THE RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF HSCT FOR CD IS ANCHORED IN ANIMAL STUDIES AND HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS WHERE HSCT COULD RESET A PATIENT'S IMMUNE SYSTEM BY ELIMINATING DISEASE-CAUSING EFFECTOR CELLS AND UPON IMMUNE RECOVERY INCREASE REGULATORY AND SUPPRESSIVE IMMUNE CELLS. AUTOLOGOUS HSCT USING A NON-MYELOABLATIVE REGIMEN OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AND ANTI-THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN WITHOUT CD34+ SELECTION HAS BEEN TO DATE THE MOST COMMON TRANSPLANT CONDITIONING REGIMEN ADOPTED. IN THIS REVIEW WE WILL ADDRESS THE CURRENT SITUATION REGARDING CD TREATMENT WITH HSCT AND EMPHASIZE THE MEDICAL, ETHICAL, AND LEGAL ASPECTS THAT PERMEATE THE PROCEDURE IN BRAZIL.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  5439  38 RENAL CONSEQUENCES OF PRETERM BIRTH. BACKGROUND: THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE CONCEPT IDENTIFIES THE BRAIN, CARDIOVASCULAR, LIVER, AND KIDNEY SYSTEMS AS TARGETS OF FETAL ADVERSE PROGRAMMING WITH ADULT CONSEQUENCES. AS THE LIMITS OF VIABILITY IN PREMATURE INFANTS HAVE BEEN PUSHED TO LOWER GESTATIONAL AGES, THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF PREMATURITY ON KIDNEYS STILL REMAINS A SIGNIFICANT BURDEN DURING HOSPITAL STAY AND BEYOND. OBJECTIVES: THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO SUMMARIZE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE, MECHANISMS, AND SHORT- AND LONG-TERM RENAL CONSEQUENCES OF PREMATURITY AND IDENTIFY NEPHROPROTECTIVE STRATEGIES AND AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY. RESULTS: KIDNEY SIZE AND NEPHRON NUMBER ARE KNOWN TO BE REDUCED IN SURVIVING PREMATURE INFANTS DUE TO DISRUPTION OF ORGANOGENESIS AT A CRUCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL TIME POINT. INFLAMMATION, HYPEROXIA, AND ANTIANGIOGENIC FACTORS PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC CONDITIONING WITH POTENTIAL LIFE-LONG CONSEQUENCES. ADDITIONAL KIDNEY INJURY FROM HYPOPERFUSION AND NEPHROTOXICITY RESULTS IN STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES OVER TIME WHICH ARE OFTEN UNNOTICED. NEPHROPATHY OF PREMATURITY AND ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY CONFOUND GLOMERULAR AND TUBULAR MATURATION OF PRETERM KIDNEYS. KIDNEY PROTECTIVE STRATEGIES MAY AMELIORATE GROWTH FAILURE AND SUBOPTIMAL NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES IN THE SHORT TERM. IN LATER LIFE, SUBCLINICAL CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE MAY PROGRESS, EVEN IN ASYMPTOMATIC SURVIVORS. CONCLUSION: AWARENESS OF RENAL IMPLICATIONS OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AND RENAL CONSERVATION EFFORTS MAY LEAD TO A VARIETY OF SHORT AND LONG-TERM BENEFITS. ADEQUATE MONITORING AND SUPPLEMENTATION OF MICROELEMENT LOSSES, GATHERING IMPROVED DATA ON RENAL HANDLING, AND EXPLORATION OF NEW AVENUES SUCH AS RELIABLE MARKERS OF INJURY AND NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN CONTEMPORARY POPULATIONS, AS WELL AS LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF RENAL FUNCTION, IS WARRANTED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  6789  31 [CURRENT STATUS OF ATL RESEARCH: EFFORTS FOR PREVENTION AND PRECISION MEDICINE FOR ATL]. THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW AGENTS AND HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION INTO THE TREATMENT OF ATL HAS ACTIVATED ITS CLINICAL RESEARCH. HOWEVER, THE PROGNOSIS OF ATL REMAINS POOR COMPARED WITH THOSE OF OTHER LEUKEMIAS AND LYMPHOMAS. THUS, SEEMINGLY WE HAVE TO RECONSIDER A NEW STRATEGY OF ATL THERAPY BASED ON ITS UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS. HTLV-1 INFECTION OF T CELLS RESULTS IN CLONAL PROLIFERATION OF INFECTED CELLS THAT ACCUMULATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES BEFORE THE ONSET OF ATL. THEREFORE, THE TREATMENT STRATEGY SHOULD INCLUDE THE PREVENTION OF HTLV-1 INFECTION AND ATL DEVELOPMENT IN ADDITION TO PRECISION MEDICINE BASED ON THE STRATIFICATION OF ATL CASES BY BIOMARKERS THAT DISCRIMINATE CLINICAL STAGES OF ATL. I SUMMARIZE HERE THE RECENT PROGRESS IN ATL RESEARCH FOCUSING ON THE BIOMOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES THAT LEAD TO CLONAL EXPANSION AND MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HTLV-1-INFECTED T CELLS. APPARENTLY, ONE OF THE BASES FOR THE PREVENTION OF ATL IS TO ESTABLISH A DISEASE ENTITY OF "CHRONIC ACTIVE HTLV-1 INFECTION" THAT DEFINES HIGH-RISK CARRIERS FOR ATL DEVELOPMENT AND ENABLES PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15  4281  32 MICRONUTRIENTS IN PREGNANCY IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES. PREGNANCY IS ONE OF THE MORE IMPORTANT PERIODS IN LIFE WHEN INCREASED MICRONUTRIENTS, AND MACRONUTRIENTS ARE MOST NEEDED BY THE BODY; BOTH FOR THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF THE MOTHER AND FOR THE GROWING FOETUS AND NEWBORN CHILD. THIS BRIEF REVIEW AIMS TO IDENTIFY THE MICRONUTRIENTS (VITAMINS AND MINERALS) LIKELY TO BE DEFICIENT IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (LMIC), ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY, AND THE IMPACT OF SUCH DEFICIENCIES. A GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF SOME TWO BILLION PEOPLE AT RISK OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, AND MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES OF MANY PREGNANT WOMEN IN LMIC UNDERLINE THE URGENCY TO ESTABLISHING THE OPTIMAL RECOMMENDATIONS, INCLUDING FOR DELIVERY. IT HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED THAT ADEQUATE IRON IS IMPORTANT FOR BEST REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. SIMILARLY, IODINE AND CALCIUM HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR ROLES IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOETUS/NEONATE. LESS CLEAR EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCIES OF ZINC, COPPER, MAGNESIUM AND SELENIUM HAVE BEEN REPORTED. FOLATE SUFFICIENCY PERICONCEPTIONALLY IS RECOGNIZED BOTH BY THE PRACTICE OF PROVIDING FOLIC ACID IN ANTENATAL IRON/FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION AND BY INCREASING NUMBERS OF COUNTRIES FORTIFYING FLOURS WITH FOLIC ACID. OTHER VITAMINS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTANT INCLUDE VITAMINS B12, D AND A WITH THE WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS GENERALLY LESS LIKELY TO BE A PROBLEM. EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES AND THE LIKELY INFLUENCE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES ON FOETAL ORIGINS OF ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES ARE CURRENTLY BEING CLARIFIED. MICRONUTRIENTS MAY HAVE OTHER MORE SUBTLE, UNRECOGNIZED EFFECTS. THE NECESSITY FOR IMPROVED DIETS AND HEALTH AND SANITATION ARE CONSISTENTLY RECOMMENDED, ALTHOUGH THESE ARE NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE TO MANY OF THE WORLD'S PREGNANT WOMEN. CONSEQUENTLY, SUPPLEMENTATION PROGRAMMES, FORTIFICATION OF STAPLES AND CONDIMENTS, AND NUTRITION AND HEALTH SUPPORT NEED TO BE SCALED-UP, SUPPORTED BY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL MEASURES. BECAUSE OF THE LIFE-LONG INFLUENCES ON REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING INTER-GENERATIONAL ONES, BOTH CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES NEED TO ENSURE ADEQUATE MICRONUTRIENT INTAKES DURING PREGNANCY, BUT ALSO DURING ADOLESCENCE, THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF LIFE, AND DURING LACTATION. MANY ANTENATAL PROGRAMMES ARE NOT CURRENTLY ACHIEVING THIS. WE AIM TO ADDRESS THE NEED FOR MICRONUTRIENTS DURING PREGNANCY, THE IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES DURING GESTATION AND BEFORE, AND PROPOSE THE SCALING-UP OF CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACHES THAT ACHIEVE HEALTHIER PREGNANCIES AND IMPROVED PREGNANCY OUTCOMES.	2015	
                                                                                           
16  1636  22 DOES AGEING AFFECT ZINC HOMEOSTASIS AND DIETARY REQUIREMENTS? DIETARY INTAKES OF ZINC ARE LOWER IN THE ELDERLY BECAUSE OF REDUCED ENERGY REQUIREMENTS, AND IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER AGEING IMPACTS ON ADAPTIVE HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS, NAMELY ABSORPTIVE EFFICIENCY AND ENDOGENOUS LOSSES IN THE GI TRACT. PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ZINC ARE UNLIKELY TO CHANGE SIGNIFICANTLY, BUT THERE ARE SEVERAL ATTRIBUTES OF AGEING THAT MAY AFFECT ASPECTS OF ZINC METABOLISM (E.G. CHANGES IN GUT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, DISEASE STATES, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GENES THAT EXPRESS ZINC-RELATED PROTEINS AND DRUG REGIMENS) THAT ARE WORTHY OF FURTHER INVESTIGATION. THERE IS, AS YET, NO INFORMATION ON THE EFFECTS OF AGEING ON ZINC TRANSPORTERS, AND THERE ARE NO SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC MEASURES OF ZINC STATUS, THEREFORE DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZINC HAVE BEEN DERIVED FROM FACTORIAL CALCULATIONS USING INFORMATION ON ZINC ABSORPTION AND LOSS, AND ESTIMATES OF DIETARY BIOAVAILABILITY.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17  5089  29 PLACENTAL ADAPTATIONS TO MICRONUTRIENT DYSREGULATION IN THE PROGRAMMING OF CHRONIC DISEASE. POOR NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY IS KNOWN TO IMPAIR FOETAL DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASE THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE IN OFFSPRING. BOTH MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIENTS ARE REQUIRED FOR A HEALTHY PREGNANCY ALTHOUGH SIGNIFICANTLY LESS IS UNDERSTOOD ABOUT THE ROLE OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN THE PROGRAMMING OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THIS IS DESPITE THE FACT THAT MODERN CALORIE RICH DIETS ARE OFTEN ALSO DEFICIENT IN KEY MICRONUTRIENTS. THE IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN GESTATIONAL DISORDERS IS CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD BUT HOW THEY IMPACT LONG TERM DISEASE IN HUMANS REQUIRES FURTHER INVESTIGATION. IN CONTRAST, ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED HOW DIETS HIGH OR LOW IN SPECIFIC MICRONUTRIENTS INFLUENCE OFFSPRING PHYSIOLOGY. MANY OF THESE STUDIES HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PLACENTA IN DETERMINING DISEASE RISK. THIS REVIEW WILL EXPLORE THE EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUAL VITAMINS, MINERALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS ON OFFSPRING DISEASE OUTCOMES AND DISCUSS SEVERAL KEY PLACENTAL ADAPTATIONS THAT ARE AFFECTED BY MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENTS. THESE PLACENTAL ADAPTATIONS INCLUDE MICRONUTRIENT INDUCED DYSREGULATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, ALTERED METHYL DONOR AVAILABILITY AND ITS IMPACT ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS WELL AS ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION. CRITICAL GAPS IN OUR CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT MICRONUTRIENTS AT DIFFERENT GESTATIONAL AGES WILL ALSO BE HIGHLIGHTED. FINALLY, THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THE NEED FOR FURTHER STUDIES TO CHARACTERISE THE MICRONUTRIENT STATUS OF AUSTRALIAN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND CORRELATE MICRONUTRIENT STATUS TO PLACENTAL ADAPTATIONS, PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS AND OFFSPRING DISEASE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  3595  26 IMPLICATIONS OF MATERNAL CONDITIONS AND PREGNANCY COURSE ON OFFSPRING'S MEDICAL PROBLEMS IN ADULT LIFE. IN THE LAST DECADE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA SHOW THAT PERICONCEPTIONAL, PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES THE OFFSPRING'S RISK FOR LATER-LIFE CHRONIC DISEASE. FOR THIS PHENOMENON, THE TERM "FETAL" OR "PERINATAL PROGRAMMING" IS USED. IN EXPOSED OFFSPRING ALREADY IN CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADULTHOOD, METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES CAN BE OBSERVED, LEADING TO OBESITY, DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION. NOWADAYS, THE MODE OF CONCEPTION (E.G., IN VITRO FERTILIZATION), MATERNAL METABOLIC CONDITIONS (E.G., UNDERNUTRITION, OVERNUTRITION, DIABETES) AND COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY (E.G., PREECLAMPSIA, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION) ARE SUSPECTED TO BE NEGATIVE PREDICTORS FOR OFFSPRING'S LONG-TERM HEALTH. MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THESE EFFECTS STILL REMAIN MAINLY UNCLEAR, BUT INCLUDE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. THIS REVIEW PRESENTS A PIECE OF THE PUZZLE WITH REGARDS TO PERICONCEPTIONAL AND EARLY PERINATAL CONDITIONS DETERMINING LATER-LIFE RISK FOR CHRONIC ADULT DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19  2444  38 EPIGENETIC STATES OF NEPHRON PROGENITORS AND EPITHELIAL DIFFERENTIATION. IN MAMMALS, FORMATION OF NEW NEPHRONS ENDS PERINATALLY DUE TO CONSUMPTION OF MESENCHYMAL PROGENITOR CELLS. PREMATURE DEPLETION OF PROGENITORS DUE TO PREMATURITY OR POSTNATAL LOSS OF NEPHRONS DUE TO INJURY CAUSES CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND HYPERTENSION. INTENSIVE EFFORTS ARE CURRENTLY INVESTED IN DESIGNING REGENERATIVE STRATEGIES TO FORM NEW NEPHRON PROGENITORS FROM PLURIPOTENT CELLS, WHICH UPON FURTHER DIFFERENTIATION PROVIDE A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF NEW NEPHRONS. TO KNOW IF REPROGRAMED RENAL CELLS CAN MAINTAIN THEIR IDENTITY AND FATE REQUIRES KNOWLEDGE OF THE EPIGENETIC STATES OF NATIVE NEPHRON PROGENITORS AND THEIR PROGENY. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE SUMMARIZE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND GAPS IN THE EPIGENOMIC LANDSCAPE OF THE DEVELOPING KIDNEY. WE NOW KNOW THAT PAX2/PTIP/H3K4 METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY PROVIDES THE INITIAL EPIGENETIC SPECIFICATION SIGNAL TO THE METANEPHRIC MESENCHYME. DURING NEPHROGENESIS, THE CAP MESENCHYME HOUSING NEPHRON PROGENITORS IS ENRICHED IN BIVALENT CHROMATIN MARKS; AS TUBULOGENESIS PROCEEDS, THE TUBULAR EPITHELIUM ACQUIRES H3K79ME2. THE LATTER MARK IS UNIQUELY INDUCED DURING EPITHELIAL DIFFERENTIATION. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE LANDSCAPES IN CLONAL METANEPHRIC MESENCHYME CELL LINES AND IN WILMS TUMOR AND NORMAL FETAL KIDNEY HAS REVEALED THAT PROMOTERS OF POISED NEPHROGENESIS GENES CARRY BIVALENT HISTONE SIGNATURES IN PROGENITORS. DIFFERENTIATION OR STIMULATION OF WNT SIGNALING PROMOTES RESOLUTION OF BIVALENCY; THIS DOES NOT OCCUR IN WILMS TUMOR CELLS CONSISTENT WITH THEIR DEVELOPMENTAL ARREST. THE USE OF SMALL CELL NUMBER CHIP-SEQ SHOULD FACILITATE THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE OF THE METANEPHRIC MESENCHYME AND VARIOUS NEPHRON COMPARTMENTS DURING NEPHROGENESIS. ONLY THEN WE WILL KNOW IF STEM AND SOMATIC CELL REPROGRAMMING INTO KIDNEY PROGENITORS RECAPITULATES NORMAL DEVELOPMENT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20  4797  26 NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE BRAIN OUTCOMES IN PRETERM INFANTS. THE LAST 20 YEARS HAVE SEEN DRAMATIC IMPROVEMENTS IN SURVIVAL FOR PRETERM INFANTS IN BOTH HIGH- AND LOW-INCOME SETTINGS. SURVIVAL RATES OF OVER 50% IN INFANTS BORN 16 WEEKS EARLY (24 WEEKS' GESTATION) ARE NOW COMMONPLACE IN WELL-RESOURCED NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS. HOWEVER, ENSURING ADEQUATE NUTRIENT INTAKES ESPECIALLY IN THE FIRST FEW DAYS AND WEEKS IS CHALLENGING, AND MANY INFANTS SHOW POOR GROWTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS. GOOD NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE SEEN AS THE CORNERSTONE OF GOOD NEONATAL CARE AND IS KEY TO IMPROVING A RANGE OF IMPORTANT OUTCOMES INCLUDING REDUCED RATES OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY, CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE, NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC), AND SEPSIS. EQUALLY IMPORTANTLY, IS THAT GOOD NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS ESSENTIAL TO OPTIMIZE BRAIN GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION. THERE ARE MULTIPLE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS THAT LINK NUTRITION TO BRAIN OUTCOMES IN PRETERM INFANTS INCLUDING NEEDS FOR TISSUE ACCRETION, ENERGY SUPPLY, SIGNALING ROLES, FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS IN HUMAN MILK, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, PREVENTION OF NEC AND DISEASE, AND IMPACTS ON THE GUT BRAIN AXES. THIS ARTICLE WILL REVIEW DATA IN SUPPORT OF DIFFERENT MECHANISTIC LINKS FOR THE IMPACT OF NUTRITION ON BRAIN OUTCOMES IN PRETERM INFANTS.	2021