1  4931 136 PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE REDUCES ALCOHOL DRINKING AND INCREASES BEHAVIORAL SENSITIVITY TO ALCOHOL SELECTIVELY IN MALE OFFSPRING. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS HERITABLE, BUT THE GENETIC BASIS FOR THIS DISEASE REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. ALTHOUGH NUMEROUS GENE VARIANTS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AUD, THESE VARIANTS ACCOUNT FOR ONLY A SMALL FRACTION OF THE TOTAL RISK. THE IDEA OF INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS, I.E. "EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE," IS RE-EMERGING AS A PROVEN ADJUNCT TO TRADITIONAL MODES OF GENETIC INHERITANCE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ALCOHOL DRINKING AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY TO ALCOHOL ARE INFLUENCED BY ANCESTRAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE EXPOSED MALE MICE TO CHRONIC VAPOR ETHANOL OR CONTROL CONDITIONS, MATED THEM TO ETHANOL-NAIVE FEMALES, AND TESTED ADULT OFFSPRING FOR ETHANOL DRINKING, ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS, GENE EXPRESSION, AND DNA METHYLATION. WE FOUND THAT ETHANOL-SIRED MALE OFFSPRING HAD REDUCED ETHANOL PREFERENCE AND CONSUMPTION, ENHANCED SENSITIVITY TO THE ANXIOLYTIC AND MOTOR-ENHANCING EFFECTS OF ETHANOL, AND INCREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) COMPARED TO CONTROL-SIRED MALE OFFSPRING. THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES AMONG ETHANOL- AND CONTROL-SIRED FEMALE OFFSPRING ON THESE ASSAYS. ETHANOL EXPOSURE ALSO DECREASED DNA METHYLATION AT THE BDNFAEPROMOTER OF SIRE'S GERM CELLS AND HYPOMETHYLATION WAS MAINTAINED IN THE VTA OF BOTH MALE AND FEMALE ETHANOL-SIRED OFFSPRING. OUR FINDINGS SHOW THAT PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IS A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED REGULATOR OF ALCOHOL DRINKING AND BEHAVIORAL SENSITIVITY TO ALCOHOL IN MALE, BUT NOT FEMALE, OFFSPRING. PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ALSO INDUCES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS (DNA HYPOMETHYLATION) AND GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES THAT PERSIST IN THE VTA OF OFFSPRING. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE INHERITANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL DRINKING BEHAVIORS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  4943  64 PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IMPARTS INTERGENERATIONAL ALCOHOL-RELATED BEHAVIORS TO MALE OFFSPRING ON A PURE C57BL/6J BACKGROUND. WHILE ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A HIGHLY HERITABLE CONDITION, THE BASIS OF AUD IN FAMILIES WITH A HISTORY OF ALCOHOLISM IS DIFFICULT TO EXPLAIN BY GENETIC VARIATION ALONE. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT PARENTAL EXPERIENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION CAN AFFECT INHERITANCE OF COMPLEX BEHAVIORS IN OFFSPRING VIA NON-GENOMIC (EPIGENETIC) MECHANISMS. FOR INSTANCE, MALE C57BL/6J (B6) MICE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT VAPOR ETHANOL (CIE) PRIOR TO MATING WITH STRAIN 129S1/SVIMJ ETHANOL-NAIVE FEMALES PRODUCE MALE OFFSPRING WITH REDUCED ETHANOL-DRINKING PREFERENCE, INCREASED ETHANOL SENSITIVITY, AND INCREASED BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA). IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THESE INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF PATERNAL CIE ARE REPRODUCIBLE IN MALE OFFSPRING ON AN INBRED B6 BACKGROUND. TO THIS END, B6 MALES WERE EXPOSED TO 6 WEEKS OF CIE (OR ROOM AIR AS A CONTROL) BEFORE MATING WITH ETHANOL-NAIVE B6 FEMALES TO PRODUCE ETHANOL (E)-SIRED AND CONTROL (C)-SIRED MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING. WE OBSERVED A SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECT, AS E-SIRED MALES EXHIBITED DECREASED TWO-BOTTLE FREE-CHOICE ETHANOL-DRINKING PREFERENCE, INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO THE ANXIOLYTIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL, AND INCREASED VTA BDNF EXPRESSION; NO DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED IN FEMALE OFFSPRING. THESE FINDINGS CONFIRM AND EXTEND OUR PREVIOUS RESULTS BY DEMONSTRATING THAT THE EFFECTS OF PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ETHANOL ARE REPRODUCIBLE USING GENETICALLY IDENTICAL, INBRED B6 ANIMALS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  4945  47 PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION EVERY-OTHER-DAY ETHANOL DRINKING ALTERS BEHAVIOR AND ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN OFFSPRING. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING DISEASE WITH A COMPLEX ETIOLOGY. RECENT PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE REVEALED THAT PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL (ETOH) EXPOSURE VIA VAPORIZED ETOH ALTERED DRINKING BEHAVIORS AND SENSITIVITY TO ETOH SELECTIVELY IN MALE OFFSPRING. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE USED A VOLUNTARY ORAL ROUTE OF PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ETOH EXPOSURE, I.E., INTERMITTENT EVERY-OTHER-DAY TWO-BOTTLE CHOICE DRINKING, AND TESTED OFFSPRING FOR BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS. FIFTEEN ETOH DRINKING SIRES AND 10 CONTROL SIRES WERE MATED TO ETOH NAIVE FEMALES TO PRODUCE ETOH-SIRED AND CONTROL-SIRED OFFSPRING. THESE OFFSPRING WERE TESTED USING THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE, OPEN FIELD, DRINKING IN THE DARK, AND UNLIMITED ACCESS TWO-BOTTLE CHOICE ASSAYS. WE FOUND THAT PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION EVERY-OTHER-DAY TWO-BOTTLE CHOICE DRINKING RESULTED IN REDUCED ETOH CONSUMPTION SELECTIVELY IN MALE OFFSPRING IN THE DRINKING IN THE DARK ASSAY COMPARED TO CONTROL-SIRED OFFSPRING. NO DIFFERENCES WERE DETECTED IN EITHER SEX IN THE UNLIMITED ACCESS TWO-BOTTLE CHOICE AND ELEVATED PLUS MAZE ASSAYS. OPEN FIELD ANALYSIS REVEALED COMPLEX CHANGES IN BASAL BEHAVIOR AND ETOH-INDUCED BEHAVIORS THAT WERE SEX SPECIFIC. WE CONCLUDED THAT PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION VOLUNTARY ETOH CONSUMPTION HAS PERSISTENT EFFECTS THAT IMPACT THE NEXT GENERATION. THIS STUDY ADDS TO A GROWING APPRECIATION THAT ONE'S BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO ETOH AND ETOH DRINKING BEHAVIOR ARE IMPACTED BY ETOH EXPOSURE OF THE PRIOR GENERATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  4930  51 PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE REDUCES ACQUISITION OF OPERANT ALCOHOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND AFFECTS BDNF DNA METHYLATION IN MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING. FAMILIAL TRANSMISSION OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDER REFLECTS GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE MAY AFFECT RODENT OFFSPRING VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE MALE GERM LINE. WHILE SUCH EXPOSURE ALTERS ALCOHOL SENSITIVITY IN MOUSE OFFSPRING, NO STUDIES EXAMINED IF IT IMPACTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPERANT ALCOHOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN RATS. WE EXPOSED MALE (SIRES) WISTAR RATS TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL IN VAPOUR CHAMBERS (16 H/DAY; 5 DAYS/WEEK) OR TO AIR FOR 6 WEEKS. EIGHT WEEKS LATER, RATS WERE MATED WITH ALCOHOL-NAIVE FEMALES. ADULT ALCOHOL- AND CONTROL-SIRED F1 OFFSPRING WERE ASSESSED IN ACQUISITION OF ALCOHOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN WHICH INCREASING ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS (2.5%, 5% AND 10%, V/V) WERE DELIVERED AFTER ONE LEVER PRESS (FIXED RATIO 1 OR FR1). PRIOR TO ALCOHOL SESSIONS, RATS WERE TRAINED TO LEVER PRESS FOR FOOD DELIVERY UNDER AN FR1 SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT. DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) GENE WERE MEASURED IN SPERM, NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC) IN SIRES AND IN OFFSPRING. ALCOHOL-EXPOSED SIRES HAD LOWER BDNF DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN NAC AND GREATER METHYLATION LEVELS IN MPFC. ALTHOUGH THIS PATTERN WAS NOT RECAPITULATED IN OFFSPRING, ALCOHOL-SIRED OFFSPRING OF BOTH SEXES DID SHOW ABERRANT BDNF DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS COMPARED TO CONTROL-SIRED OFFSPRING. ALCOHOL-SIRED OFFSPRING SELF-ADMINISTERED LESS ALCOHOL (5% AND 10%) WITH NO GROUP DIFFERENCES IN FOOD RESPONDING. RESULTS INDICATE THAT PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION PROTECTS AGAINST ALCOHOL'S INITIAL REINFORCING EFFECTS BUT THE PATTERN OF DYSREGULATED BDNF METHYLATION IN REWARD-RELATED CIRCUITRY DID NOT MIMIC CHANGES SEEN IN SIRES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  2156  45 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN MICE. BACKGROUND: REPEATED ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IS KNOWN TO INCREASE SUBSEQUENT ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN MICE. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. ONE POSTULATED MECHANISM INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLATION OF RELEVANT GENES SUCH AS NR2B OR BDNF. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL DRINKING BEHAVIOR, AN ESTABLISHED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL EXPOSURE REINFORCED ETHANOL DRINKING MOUSE MODEL WITH VAPOR INHALATION OVER TWO 9-DAY TREATMENT REGIMENS WAS USED. THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, 5-AZACYTIDINE OR THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, TRICHOSTATIN A WAS ADMINISTERED (INTRAPERITONEALLY) TO C57BL/6 MICE 30 MIN BEFORE DAILY EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL. CHANGES IN ETHANOL CONSUMPTION WERE MEASURED USING THE 2-BOTTLE CHOICE TEST. RESULTS: THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF TRICHOSTATIN A (2.5 MICROG/G) FACILITATED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL-INDUCED ETHANOL DRINKING, BUT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZACYTIDINE (2 MICROG/G) DID NOT CAUSE THE SAME EFFECT. HOWEVER, WHEN 5-AZACYTIDINE WAS ADMINISTERED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION, IT FACILITATED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL-INDUCED ETHANOL DRINKING. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASED DRINKING CAUSED BY CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL WAS PREVENTED BY INJECTION OF A METHYL DONOR, S-ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE. TO PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL- OR TRICHOSTATIN A-INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OF THE NR2B PROMOTER MAY UNDERLIE THE ALTERED ETHANOL CONSUMPTION, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND NR2B EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF THESE MICE. CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL OR TRICHOSTATIN A DECREASED DNA METHYLATION AND INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE NR2B GENE PROMOTER, AS WELL AS MRNA LEVELS OF NR2B IN THESE MICE. CONCLUSIONS: TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN REGULATING ETHANOL DRINKING BEHAVIOR, PARTIALLY THROUGH ALTERING NR2B EXPRESSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6   894  36 CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING ALTERS HEPATOCYTE MEMORY WHICH IS NOT ALTERED BY ACUTE FEEDING. BACKGROUND: GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN THE LIVER AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING MAY DIFFER FROM THE CHANGES SEEN IN CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING IN THE RAT. THE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING MAY SENSITIZE THE LIVER TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE, WHICH IS NOT SEEN AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING. METHODS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, GENE MICROARRAY ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED ON THE LIVERS OF RATS (N = 3) FED AN ACUTE BINGE DOSE OF ETHANOL (6 G/KG BODY WT) AND KILLED AT 3 AND 12 HOURS AFTER ETHANOL BY GAVAGE. THE GENE MICROARRAYS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE MADE ON THE LIVER OF RATS FROM A PREVIOUS STUDY, IN WHICH THE RATS WERE FED ETHANOL BY INTRAGASTRIC TUBE FOR 1 MONTH (36% OF CALORIES DERIVED FROM ETHANOL). RESULTS: MICROARRAY ANALYSIS DATA VARIED BETWEEN THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC MODELS IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT RESPECTS. GROWTH FACTORS INCREASED MAINLY IN THE CHRONIC ALCOHOL FED RAT. CHANGES IN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE STRESS WERE NOTED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. GENE EXPRESSION OF FAT METABOLISM WAS INCREASED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. MOST IMPORTANTLY, EPIGENETIC RELATED ENZYMES AND ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES CHANGED ONLY AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUPPORT THE CONCEPT THAT CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION INDUCES ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AS A RESULT OF CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHERE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES WERE ALTERED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  3086  43 GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTOMICS OF THE AMYGDALA REVEALS SIMILAR OLIGODENDROCYTE-RELATED RESPONSES TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING IN FEMALE MICE. REPEATED EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS A RISK FACTOR FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). ALTHOUGH AUD HAS BEEN MORE COMMON IN MEN THAN WOMEN, WOMEN DEVELOP MORE SEVERE BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENTS. HOWEVER, RELATIVELY FEW NEW THERAPEUTICS TARGETING DEVELOPMENT OF AUD, PARTICULARLY IN WOMEN, HAVE BEEN VALIDATED. TO GAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ALCOHOL INTAKE, WE CONDUCTED A GENOME-WIDE RNA-SEQUENCING ANALYSIS IN FEMALE MICE EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT MODES (ACUTE VS CHRONIC) OF ETHANOL DRINKING. WE FOCUSED ON TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES IN THE AMYGDALA INCLUDING THE CENTRAL AND BASOLATERAL SUBNUCLEI, BRAIN AREAS PREVIOUSLY IMPLICATED IN ALCOHOL DRINKING AND SEEKING. SURPRISINGLY, WE FOUND THAT BOTH DRINKING MODES TRIGGERED SIMILAR CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND CANONICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING UPREGULATION OF RIBOSOME-RELATED/TRANSLATIONAL PATHWAYS AND MYELINATION PATHWAYS, AND DOWNREGULATION OF CHROMATIN BINDING AND HISTONE MODIFICATION. IN ADDITION, ANALYSES OF HUB GENES AND UPSTREAM REGULATORY PATHWAYS REVEALED THAT VOLUNTARY ETHANOL CONSUMPTION AFFECTS EPIGENETIC CHANGES VIA HISTONE DEACETYLATION PATHWAYS, OLIGODENDROCYTE AND MYELIN FUNCTION, AND THE OLIGODENDROCYTE-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, SOX17. FURTHERMORE, A VIRAL VECTOR-ASSISTED KNOCKDOWN OF SOX17 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE AMYGDALA PREVENTED A GRADUAL INCREASE IN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION DURING REPEATED ACCESSES. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EXPRESSION OF OLIGODENDROCYTE-RELATED GENES IN THE AMYGDALA IS SENSITIVE TO VOLUNTARY ALCOHOL DRINKING IN FEMALE MICE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR FUTURE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUD, DUE TO REPEATED EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, PARTICULARLY IN WOMEN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8   872  42 CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DIFFERENTIALLY ALTERS ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN RAT LIVER AND BRAIN. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM. CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE LEADS TO BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AS WELL AS DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. IN THE LIVER, IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IMPAIRS METHIONINE SYNTHASE (MS) ACTIVITY LEADING TO A DECREASE IN S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE (SAM/SAH) RATIO WHICH RESULTS IN DNA HYPOMETHYLATION; HOWEVER, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER SIMILAR ALTERATIONS OF SAM AND SAH LEVELS ARE ALSO PRODUCED IN BRAIN. METHODS: MALE ADULT SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE FED CHRONICALLY WITH LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL (ETOH) (9% V/V) OR CONTROL DIET. THE ETOH-DIET-FED RATS WERE WITHDRAWN FOR 0 AND 24 HOURS. THE CEREBELLUM AND LIVER TISSUES WERE DISSECTED AND USED TO INVESTIGATE CHANGES IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, SAM, AND SAH LEVELS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAM LEVELS, SAM/SAH RATIO, MS, METHYLENE TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE, AND BETAINE HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE (BHMT) EXPRESSION AND INCREASED METHIONINE ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE-2B (MAT2B) BUT NOT MAT2A EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER. IN CONTRAST, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAH LEVELS, INCREASED SAM/SAH RATIO AND THE EXPRESSION OF MAT2A AND S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE HYDROLASE, WHILE THE LEVELS OF SAM OR BHMT EXPRESSION IN CEREBELLUM REMAINED UNALTERED. HOWEVER, IN BOTH LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MS AND INCREASED MAT2B EXPRESSION. ALL CHRONIC ETOH-INDUCED CHANGES OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN CEREBELLUM, BUT NOT LIVER, RETURNED TO NEAR-NORMAL LEVELS DURING ETOH WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS INDICATE A DECREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN LIVER AND AN INCREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN CEREBELLUM. THE OPPOSING CHANGES OF THE "METHYLATION INDEX" SUGGEST ALTERED DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, THUS IMPLICATING ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  4944  46 PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ETHANOL EXPOSURE BLUNTS HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS RESPONSIVITY AND STRESS-INDUCED EXCESSIVE FLUID INTAKE IN MALE MICE. A GROWING NUMBER OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THAT PERSIST ACROSS GENERATIONS. FOR INSTANCE, PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES TO ETHANOL OR STRESS HAVE INDEPENDENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXERT SUCH INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. SINCE ETHANOL EXPOSURE IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESSOR THAT ACTIVATES THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE WOULD IMPACT STRESS RESPONSIVITY OF OFFSPRING. ADULT MALE MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT VAPOR ETHANOL OR CONTROL CONDITIONS FOR 5 WEEKS BEFORE BEING MATED WITH ETHANOL-NAIVE FEMALES TO PRODUCE ETHANOL (E)- AND CONTROL (C)-SIRED OFFSPRING. ADULT MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING WERE TESTED FOR PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) LEVELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS AND THE MALE OFFSPRING WERE FURTHER EXAMINED FOR STRESS-EVOKED 2-BOTTLE CHOICE ETHANOL-DRINKING. PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE BLUNTED PLASMA CORT LEVELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS SELECTIVELY IN MALE OFFSPRING; FEMALES WERE UNAFFECTED. IN A STRESS-EVOKED ETHANOL-DRINKING ASSAY, THERE WAS NO EFFECT OF STRESS ON ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. HOWEVER, C-SIRED MALES EXHIBITED INCREASED TOTAL FLUID INTAKE (POLYDIPSIA) IN RESPONSE TO STRESS WHILE E-SIRED MALES WERE RESISTANT TO THIS STRESS-INDUCED PHENOTYPE. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE IMPARTS STRESS HYPORESPONSIVITY TO MALE OFFSPRING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  6639  40 UNRAVELING THE EPIGENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC INTERPLAY DURING ALCOHOL-INDUCED ANXIOLYSIS. POSITIVE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL DRINKING SUCH AS ANXIOLYSIS AND EUPHORIA APPEAR TO BE A CRUCIAL FACTOR IN THE INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD FROM CHROMATIN REORGANIZATION TO TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES AFTER ACUTE ETHANOL EXPOSURE REMAIN UNKNOWN. HERE, WE USED ASSAY FOR TRANSPOSASE-ACCESSIBLE CHROMATIN FOLLOWED BY HIGH THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING (ATAC-SEQ) AND RNA-SEQ TO INVESTIGATE EPIGENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES THAT UNDERLIE ANXIOLYTIC EFFECTS OF ACUTE ETHANOL USING AN ANIMAL MODEL. ANALYSIS OF ATAC-SEQ DATA REVEALED AN OVERALL OPEN OR PERMISSIVE CHROMATIN STATE THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES IN THE AMYGDALA AFTER ACUTE ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE IDENTIFIED A CANDIDATE GENE, HIF3A (HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 3, ALPHA SUBUNIT), THAT HAD 'OPEN' CHROMATIN REGIONS (ATAC-SEQ PEAKS), ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED ACTIVE EPIGENETIC HISTONE ACETYLATION MARKS AND DECREASED DNA METHYLATION AT THESE REGIONS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF HIF3A WERE INCREASED BY ACUTE ETHANOL EXPOSURE, BUT DECREASED IN THE AMYGDALA DURING WITHDRAWAL AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE. KNOCKDOWN OF HIF3A EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF AMYGDALA ATTENUATED ACUTE ETHANOL-INDUCED INCREASES IN HIF3A MRNA LEVELS AND BLOCKED ANXIOLYSIS IN RATS. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC SIGNATURES IN THE AMYGDALA AFTER ACUTE ETHANOL EXPOSURE UNDERLIE ANXIOLYSIS AND POSSIBLY PRIME THE CHROMATIN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11  6177  43 THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE G9A MEDIATES STRESS-REGULATED ALCOHOL DRINKING. THE EPIGENETIC ENZYME G9A IS A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT DIMETHYLATES LYSINE 9 ON HISTONE H3 (H3K9ME2), AND IN THE ADULT NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), G9A REGULATES MULTIPLE BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER. WE SHOW HERE THAT CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL (CIE) EXPOSURE IN MALE MICE REDUCED BOTH G9A AND H3K9ME2 LEVELS IN THE ADULT NAC, BUT NOT DORSAL STRIATUM. VIRAL-MEDIATED REDUCTION OF G9A IN THE NAC HAD NO EFFECTS ON BASELINE VOLITIONAL ETHANOL DRINKING OR ESCALATED ALCOHOL DRINKING PRODUCED BY CIE EXPOSURE; HOWEVER, NAC G9A WAS REQUIRED FOR STRESS-REGULATED CHANGES IN ETHANOL DRINKING, INCLUDING POTENTIATED ALCOHOL DRINKING PRODUCED BY ACTIVATION OF THE KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR. IN ADDITION, WE OBSERVED THAT CHRONIC SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF A G9A INHIBITOR, UNC0642, ALSO BLOCKED STRESS-POTENTIATED ALCOHOL DRINKING. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE, SIMILAR TO OTHER ABUSED SUBSTANCES, PRODUCES A NAC-SELECTIVE REDUCTION IN G9A LEVELS THAT SERVES TO LIMIT STRESS-REGULATED ALCOHOL DRINKING. MOREOVER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF G9A MIGHT PROVIDE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO TREAT STRESS-INDUCED ALCOHOL DRINKING, WHICH IS A MAJOR TRIGGER OF RELAPSE IN INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM AUD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12  2120  28 EPIGENETIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN A CLINICALLY RELEVANT RAT MODEL OF CHRONIC ETHANOL-BINGE-MEDIATED LIVER INJURY. PURPOSE: ETHANOL BINGE AUGMENTS LIVER INJURY AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN HUMANS, BUT THE MECHANISM BEHIND THE ENHANCED LIVER INJURY BY ETHANOL BINGE IS NOT KNOWN. IN THIS STUDY WE USED A CLINICALLY RELEVANT RAT MODEL IN WHICH LIVER INJURY IS AMPLIFIED BY BINGE AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT AND INVESTIGATED THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. METHODS: EIGHT-WEEK-OLD SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE FED ETHANOL IN A LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS. CONTROL RATS WERE FED AN ISOCALORIC LIQUID DIET. THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY THREE BINGE ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL (INTRAGASTRIC 5 G/KG BODY WEIGHT, 12 H APART). IN THE CONTROL, ETHANOL WAS REPLACED BY WATER. FOUR HOURS AFTER THE LAST BINGE ADMINISTRATION, LIVER SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND PARAMETERS OF LIVER INJURY. RESULTS: CHRONIC ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION ALONE CAUSED AN INCREASE IN HISTONE H3 SER10 AND SER28 (H3S10 OR S28) PHOSPHORYLATION, AND BINGE ETHANOL REDUCED THEIR LEVELS. LEVELS OF DUALLY MODIFIED PHOSPHOACETYLATED HISTONE H3 (H3ACK9/PS10) INCREASED AFTER ACUTE BINGE ETHANOL AND REMAINED SAME AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE. IN CONTRAST, HISTONE H3 LYSINE-9 ACETYLATION (H3ACK9) WAS NOT INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BUT INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AFTER ACUTE BINGE AND CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE. INCREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED PHOSPHO-ERK1/2 IN THE NUCLEAR EXTRACTS. INCREASED ACETYLATION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE WAS ALSO ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED PROTEIN LEVELS OF GCN5 HISTONE ACETYL TRANSFERASE AND A MODEST INCREASE IN HDAC3 IN THE NUCLEUS. HISTONE LYSINE-9 DIMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE. CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE ALSO RESULTED IN A DECREASE IN THE SAM:SAH RATIO WITH A RELATIVE DECREASE OF SAM LEVELS AND A CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN SAH LEVELS. CONCLUSIONS: ETHANOL BINGE AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL ALTERED THE PROFILE OF SITE-SPECIFIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MAY UNDERLIE THE MECHANISM OF AUGMENTED LIVER INJURY BY CHRONIC-ETHANOL-BINGE-TREATED RATS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  5177  49 PREFRONTAL CORTEX EXPRESSION OF CHROMATIN MODIFIER GENES IN MALE WSP AND WSR MICE CHANGES ACROSS ETHANOL DEPENDENCE, WITHDRAWAL, AND ABSTINENCE. ALCOHOL-USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A RELAPSING DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESSIVE ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. RECENT STUDIES SUPPORT THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUD. STUDIES CARRIED OUT SO FAR HAVE FOCUSED ON A FEW SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE GOAL OF THIS PROJECT WAS TO INVESTIGATE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORS THAT MEDIATE A BROAD ARRAY OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AFTER CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE, CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE FOLLOWED BY 8 H WITHDRAWAL, AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE FOLLOWED BY 21 DAYS OF ABSTINENCE IN WITHDRAWAL-RESISTANT (WSR) AND WITHDRAWAL SEIZURE-PRONE (WSP) SELECTED MOUSE LINES. WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC VAPOR EXPOSURE TO HIGHLY INTOXICATING LEVELS OF ETHANOL ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL CHROMATIN REMODELING GENES MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR ARRAY ANALYSES. THE IDENTIFIED EFFECTS WERE INDEPENDENT OF SELECTED LINES, WHICH, HOWEVER, DISPLAYED BASELINE DIFFERENCES IN EPIGENETIC GENE EXPRESSION. WE REPORTED DYSREGULATION IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN HISTONE ACETYLATION, DEACETYLATION, LYSINE AND ARGININE METHYLATION AND UBIQUITINATIONHYLATION DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL, BUT NOT AFTER 21 DAYS OF ABSTINENCE. ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES ARE CONSISTENT WITH DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND WITH DECREASED DEPOSITION OF THE PERMISSIVE UBIQUITINATION MARK H2BK120UB, ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED TRANSCRIPTION. ON THE OTHER HAND, ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN HISTONE LYSINE METHYLATION ARE CONSISTENT WITH INCREASED TRANSCRIPTION. THE NET RESULT OF THESE MODIFICATIONS ON GENE EXPRESSION IS LIKELY TO DEPEND ON THE COMBINATION OF THE SPECIFIC HISTONE TAIL MODIFICATIONS PRESENT AT A GIVEN TIME ON A GIVEN PROMOTER. SINCE ALCOHOL DOES NOT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION UNIDIRECTIONALLY, IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT ALCOHOL DOES NOT UNIDIRECTIONALLY ALTER CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TOWARD A CLOSED OR OPEN STATE, AS SUGGESTED BY THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14  6175  43 THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ALLEVIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING CAN CAUSE DEPRESSION, LEADING TO AN INABILITY TO FUNCTION IN DAILY LIFE AND AN INCREASED RISK FOR RELAPSE TO HARMFUL DRINKING. UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-RELATED DEPRESSION MAY LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATMENT. EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE RECENTLY EMERGED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO BOTH DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). SPECIFICALLY, ACETYLATION OF THE N-TERMINAL TAILS OF HISTONE PROTEINS THAT PACKAGE DNA INTO NUCLEOSOMES IS ALTERED IN STRESS-INDUCED MODELS OF DEPRESSION AND DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A BRAIN REGION CRITICAL FOR MOOD REGULATION AND DEPRESSION. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL LIQUID DIET FOR 15 DAYS AND THEN UNDERWENT WITHDRAWAL. RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), DURING WITHDRAWAL AND WERE TESTED FOR DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR. IN A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS, THE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS ANALYZED FOR MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. RATS UNDERGOING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL EXHIBITED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND HAD INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED H3K9AC LEVELS IN SPECIFIC STRUCTURES OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH SAHA DURING WITHDRAWAL AMELIORATED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZED CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL HDAC2 AND H3K9AC LEVELS. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL CAUSES AN ALTERED EPIGENETIC STATE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH AN HDAC INHIBITOR CAN CORRECT THIS STATE AND ALLEVIATE DEPRESSION-LIKE SYMPTOMS DEVELOPED DURING WITHDRAWAL. TARGETING HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY BE A NOVEL STRATEGY TO REDUCE ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED DEPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  4257  34 METHYLOMIC PROFILING AND REPLICATION IMPLICATES DEREGULATION OF PCSK9 IN ALCOHOL USE DISORDER. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A COMMON AND CHRONIC DISORDER WITH SUBSTANTIAL EFFECTS ON PERSONAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH. THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD BUT STRONG EVIDENCE SUGGESTS SIGNIFICANT ROLES OF BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC COMPONENTS. GIVEN THAT ALCOHOL AFFECTS MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS, WE PERFORMED A CROSS-TISSUE AND CROSS-PHENOTYPIC ANALYSIS OF GENOME-WIDE METHYLOMIC VARIATION IN AUD USING SAMPLES FROM 3 DISCOVERY, 4 REPLICATION, AND 2 TRANSLATIONAL COHORTS. WE IDENTIFIED A DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION IN THE PROMOTER OF THE PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE SUBTILISIN/KEXIN 9 (PCSK9) GENE THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PHENOTYPES. BIOLOGICAL VALIDATION SHOWED THAT PCSK9 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS CONSERVED ACROSS TISSUES AND POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH EXPRESSION. REPLICATION IN AUD DATASETS CONFIRMED PCSK9 HYPOMETHYLATION AND A TRANSLATIONAL MOUSE MODEL OF AUD SHOWED THAT ALCOHOL EXPOSURE LEADS TO PCSK9 DOWNREGULATION. PCSK9 IS PRIMARILY EXPRESSED IN THE LIVER AND REGULATES LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL (LDL-C). OUR FINDING OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PCSK9 REPRESENTS ONE OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BETWEEN THE WELL-KNOWN EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON LIPID METABOLISM AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK, WITH LIGHT ALCOHOL USE GENERALLY BEING PROTECTIVE WHILE CHRONIC HEAVY USE HAS DETRIMENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  1875  48 EMERGING ROLE OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND DNA METHYLATION ENRICHMENT ON DELTA-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE CEREBELLUM OF SUBJECTS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS (AUD). BACKGROUND: CEREBELLUM IS AN AREA OF THE BRAIN PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DECREASES CEREBELLAR PURKINJE CELL OUTPUT BY INCREASING GABA RELEASE FROM GOLGI CELLS ONTO EXTRASYNAPTIC ALPHA6/DELTA-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTORS LOCATED ON GLUTAMATERGIC GRANULE CELLS. HERE, WE STUDIED WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION INDUCES CHANGES IN GABAA RECEPTOR SUBUNIT EXPRESSION AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS VIA DNA METHYLATION. METHODS: WE USED A COHORT OF POSTMORTEM CEREBELLUM FROM CONTROL AND CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS, HERE DEFINED AS ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS SUBJECTS (N=25/GROUP). S-ADENOSYL-METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL-HOMOCYSTEINE WERE MEASURED BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. MRNA LEVELS OF VARIOUS GENES WERE ASSESSED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. PROMOTER METHYLATION ENRICHMENT WAS ASSESSED USING METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND HYDROXY-METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: MRNAS ENCODING KEY ENZYMES OF 1-CARBON METABOLISM THAT DETERMINE THE S-ADENOSYL-METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL-HOMOCYSTEINE RATIO WERE INCREASED, INDICATING HIGHER "METHYLATION INDEX" IN ALCOHOL USE DISORDER SUBJECTS. WE FOUND THAT INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER OF THE DELTA SUBUNIT GABAA RECEPTOR WAS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE CEREBELLUM OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDER SUBJECTS. NO CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN ALPHA1- OR ALPHA6-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. THE EXPRESSION OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES (1, 3A, AND 3B) WAS UNALTERED, WHEREAS THE MRNA LEVEL OF TET1, WHICH PARTICIPATES IN THE DNA DEMETHYLATION PATHWAY, WAS DECREASED. HENCE, INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE DELTA SUBUNIT GABAA RECEPTOR PROMOTER MAY RESULT FROM ALCOHOL-INDUCED REDUCTION OF DNA DEMETHYLATION. CONCLUSION: TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN CEREBELLAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM. FURTHERMORE, THIS WORK PROVIDES NOVEL EVIDENCE FOR A CENTRAL ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION MECHANISMS IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES OF HUMAN CEREBELLAR GABAA RECEPTOR FUNCTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17  2013  38 EPIGENETIC BASIS OF THE DARK SIDE OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION. ALCOHOLISM IS A COMPLEX BRAIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THREE DISTINCT STAGES OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE THAT MANIFEST AS NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. ONE SUCH STAGE OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE IS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND THE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES THAT PROMOTE DRINKING AND MAINTAIN ADDICTION. REPEATED ALCOHOL USE, GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO ALCOHOLISM AND ANXIETY, AND ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DURING CRUCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL PERIODS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED WITHDRAWAL AND NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WITHIN THE AMYGDALA HAVE PROVIDED A MOLECULAR BASIS OF THESE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS, ALSO KNOWN AS THE DARK SIDE OF ADDICTION. HERE, WE PROPOSE THAT ALLOSTATIC CHANGE WITHIN THE EPIGENOME IN THE AMYGDALA IS A PRIME MECHANISM OF THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES RESULTING FROM, AND CONTRIBUTING TO, ALCOHOLISM. ACUTE ALCOHOL EXPOSURE PRODUCES AN ANXIOLYTIC RESPONSE WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPENING OF CHROMATIN DUE TO INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, INCREASED CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) LEVELS, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITION. AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, THESE CHANGES RETURN TO BASELINE ALONG WITH ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. HOWEVER, DURING WITHDRAWAL, HISTONE ACETYLATION DECREASES DUE TO INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY AND DECREASED CBP LEVELS IN THE AMYGDALA CIRCUITRY LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. ADDITIONALLY, INNATELY HIGHER EXPRESSION OF THE HDAC2 ISOFORM LEADS TO A DEFICIT IN GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY-ASSOCIATED GENES AND MAINTAINING HEIGHTENED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL INTAKE. ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ALSO LEADS TO HIGHER EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND A DEFICIT IN HISTONE ACETYLATION LEADING TO DECREASED EXPRESSION OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY-ASSOCIATED GENES AND HIGH ANXIETY AND DRINKING BEHAVIOR IN ADULTHOOD. ALL THESE STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENOME CAN UNDERGO ALLOSTATIC REPROGRAMMING IN THE AMYGDALOID CIRCUITRY DURING VARIOUS STAGES OF ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. FURTHERMORE, OPENING THE CHROMATIN BY INHIBITING HDACS USING PHARMACOLOGICAL OR GENETIC MANIPULATIONS CAN LEAD TO THE ATTENUATION OF ANXIETY AS WELL AS ALCOHOL INTAKE. CHROMATIN REMODELING PROVIDES A CLEAR BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES SEEN DURING ALCOHOL ADDICTION AND PRESENTS OPPORTUNITIES FOR NOVEL DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED "ALCOHOLISM".	2017	

18  3841  40 IRON SUPPLEMENTATION REVERSES THE REDUCTION OF HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE IN HEPATIC DNA ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN RATS. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL IS KNOWN TO AFFECT TWO EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, DNA METHYLATION AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, AND IRON IS A COFACTOR OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ENZYMES THAT CATALYZE THE CONVERSION FROM METHYLCYTOSINE TO HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND FURTHER EFFECTS OF IRON ON ALCOHOL ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES. METHODS: TWENTY-FOUR MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE FED EITHER LIEBER-DECARLI ALCOHOL DIET (36% CALORIES FROM ETHANOL) OR LIEBER-DECARLI CONTROL DIET ALONG WITH OR WITHOUT IRON SUPPLEMENTATION (0.6% CARBONYL IRON) FOR 8 WEEKS. HEPATIC NON-HEME IRON CONCENTRATIONS WERE MEASURED BY COLORIMETRIC ASSAYS. PROTEIN LEVELS OF HEPATIC FERRITIN AND TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING. METHYLCYTOSINE, HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE AND UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE IN DNA WERE SIMULTANEOUSLY MEASURED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD. RESULTS: IRON SUPPLEMENTATION SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED HEPATIC NON-HEME IRON CONTENTS (P < 0.05) BUT ALCOHOL ALONE DID NOT. HOWEVER, BOTH ALCOHOL AND IRON SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED HEPATIC FERRITIN LEVELS AND DECREASED HEPATIC TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR LEVELS (P < 0.05). ALCOHOL REDUCED HEPATIC DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (0.21% +/- 0.04% VS. 0.33% +/- 0.04%, P = 0.01) COMPARED TO CONTROL, WHILE IRON SUPPLEMENTATION TO ALCOHOL DIET DID NOT CHANGE DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN METHYLCYTOSINE LEVELS, WHILE UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN ALCOHOL-FED GROUPS COMPARED TO CONTROL (95.61% +/- 0.08% VS. 95.26% +/- 0.12%, P = 0.03), SUGGESTING THAT ALCOHOL FURTHER INCREASES THE CONVERSION FROM HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE TO UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE. CONCLUSIONS: CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ALTERS GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN THE LIVER BUT IRON SUPPLEMENTATION REVERSES THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  5498  38 REVIEW: DNA METHYLATION AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: RISK FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS (AUDS) IS INFLUENCED BY GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES THE FINDINGS REGARDING THE ASSOCIATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND AUDS. METHODS: WE SEARCHED PUBMED (BY APRIL 2016) AND IDENTIFIED 29 STUDIES THAT EXAMINED THE ASSOCIATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND AUDS. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE METHODS USED IN THESE STUDIES. RESULTS: TWO STUDIES DEMONSTRATED ELEVATED GLOBAL (REPETITIVE ELEMENT) DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN AUD SUBJECTS. FIFTEEN CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION OF PROMOTER REGIONS OF SIX GENES (AVP, DNMT3B, HERP, HTR3A, OPRM1, AND SNCA) OR HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE GDAP1 PROMOTER REGION IN AUD SUBJECTS. FIVE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STUDIES DEMONSTRATED WIDESPREAD DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ACROSS THE GENOME IN AUD SUBJECTS. SIX STUDIES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN AUD SUBJECTS. THREE STUDIES REVEALED INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIATION AND DNA METHYLATION ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AUDS. MOST STUDIES ANALYZED AUD-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD; A FEW STUDIES EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN POSTMORTEM BRAINS OF AUD SUBJECTS. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION MAY RESULT IN DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, LEADING TO NEUROADAPTATIONS THAT MAY UNDERLIE SOME OF THE MECHANISMS OF AUD RISK AND PERSISTENCE. FUTURE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO CONFIRM THE FEW EXISTING RESULTS, AND THEN TO ELUCIDATE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ARE THE CAUSE OR CONSEQUENCE OF AUDS. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: DNA METHYLATION PROFILES MAY BE USED TO ASSESS AUD STATUS OR MONITOR AUD TREATMENT RESPONSE. (AM J ADDICT 2017;26:502-515).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20  4161  36 MECP2 REGULATES ETHANOL SENSITIVITY AND INTAKE. WE HAVE INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION OF CHROMATIN-REGULATING GENES IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND IN THE SHELL SUBDIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS DURING PROTRACTED WITHDRAWAL IN MICE WITH INCREASED ETHANOL DRINKING AFTER CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL (CIE) VAPOR EXPOSURE AND IN MICE WITH A HISTORY OF NON-DEPENDENT DRINKING. WE OBSERVED THAT THE METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) WAS ONE OF THE FEW CHROMATIN-REGULATING GENES TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED BY A HISTORY OF DEPENDENCE. AS MECP2 HAS THE POTENTIAL OF ACTING AS A BROAD GENE REGULATOR, WE INVESTIGATED SENSITIVITY TO ETHANOL AND ETHANOL DRINKING IN MECP2(308/) (Y) MICE, WHICH HARBOR A TRUNCATED MECP2 ALLELE BUT HAVE A MILDER PHENOTYPE THAN MECP2 NULL MICE. WE OBSERVED THAT MECP2(308/) (Y) MICE WERE MORE SENSITIVE TO ETHANOL'S STIMULATORY AND SEDATIVE EFFECTS THAN WILD-TYPE (WT) MICE, DRANK LESS ETHANOL IN A LIMITED ACCESS 2 BOTTLE CHOICE PARADIGM AND DID NOT SHOW INCREASED DRINKING AFTER INDUCTION OF DEPENDENCE WITH EXPOSURE TO CIE VAPORS. ALCOHOL METABOLISM DID NOT DIFFER IN MECP2(308/) (Y) AND WT MICE. ADDITIONALLY, MECP2(308/) (Y) MICE DID NOT DIFFER FROM WT MICE IN ETHANOL PREFERENCE IN A 24-HOUR PARADIGM NOR IN THEIR INTAKE OF GRADED SOLUTIONS OF SACCHARIN OR QUININE, SUGGESTING THAT THE MECP2(308/) (Y) MUTATION DID NOT ALTER TASTE FUNCTION. LASTLY, USING THE GENE SET ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS ALGORITHM, WE FOUND A SIGNIFICANT OVERLAP IN THE GENES REGULATED BY ALCOHOL AND BY MECP2. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MECP2 CONTRIBUTES TO THE REGULATION OF ETHANOL SENSITIVITY AND DRINKING.	2014