1  1550 123 DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN PATIENTS LIVING WITH HIV. INTRODUCTION: PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) SUFFER FROM AGE-RELATED COMORBIDITIES SUCH AS COPD. THE PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE FOR REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION IN PLWH ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED LUNG FUNCTION IN PLWH. METHODS: USING BLOOD DNA METHYLATION PROFILES FROM 161 PLWH, WE TESTED THE EFFECT OF METHYLATION ON FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC RATIO AND FEV(1) DECLINE OVER A MEDIAN OF 5 YEARS. WE EVALUATED THE GLOBAL METHYLATION OF PLWH WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION BY TESTING THE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS ALU AND LINE-1, A WELL-DESCRIBED MARKER OF EPIGENETIC AGEING. RESULTS: AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AS DEFINED BY A FEV(1)/FVC<0.70 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 1393 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS), WHILE 4676 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION BASED ON THE FEV(1)/FVC<LOWER LIMIT OF NORMAL. THESE DMPS WERE ENRICHED FOR BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS. THE AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION GROUP WAS GLOBALLY HYPOMETHYLATED COMPARED WITH THOSE WITHOUT AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION. 103 AND 7112 DMPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH FEV(1) AND FEV(1)/FVC, RESPECTIVELY. NO POSITIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH FEV(1) DECLINE. CONCLUSION: A LARGE NUMBER OF DMPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AND LUNG FUNCTION IN A UNIQUE COHORT OF PLWH. AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN EVEN RELATIVELY YOUNG PLWH IS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION, SUGGESTING ADVANCED EPIGENETIC AGEING COMPARED WITH THOSE WITH NORMAL LUNG FUNCTION. THE DISTURBANCE OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KEY GENES NOT PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED IN NON-HIV COPD COHORTS COULD EXPLAIN THE UNIQUE RISK OF COPD IN PLWH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  6314  52 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EPIGENETIC AGING BIOMARKER "GRIMAGE" AND LUNG FUNCTION IN BOTH THE AIRWAY AND BLOOD OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV: AN OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDY. BACKGROUND: AGE-RELATED COMORBIDITIES SUCH AS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ARE COMMON IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (PLWH). WE INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COPD AND THE EPIGENETIC AGE OF THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF PLWH. METHODS: AIRWAY EPITHELIAL BRUSHINGS FROM 34 PLWH ENROLLED IN THE ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL HIV BRONCHOSCOPY COHORT AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM 378 PLWH ENROLLED IN THE STRATEGIC TIMING OF ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (START) STUDY WERE PROFILED FOR DNA METHYLATION. THE DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKER OF AGE AND HEALTHSPAN, GRIMAGE, WAS CALCULATED IN BOTH TISSUE COMPARTMENTS. WE TESTED THE ASSOCIATION OF GRIMAGE WITH COPD IN THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM AND AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AS DEFINED BY AN FEV(1)/FVC<0.70, AND FEV(1) DECLINE OVER 6 YEARS IN BLOOD. FINDINGS: THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM OF PLWH WITH COPD WAS ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER GRIMAGE RESIDUALS COMPARED TO PLWH WITHOUT COPD (BETA=3.18, 95%CI=1.06-5.31, P=0.005). IN BLOOD, FEV(1)/FVC<LLN WAS ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER GRIMAGE RESIDUALS (BETA=1.74, 95%CI=0.37-3.24, P=0.019). FEV(1) DECLINE WAS INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH GRIMAGE RESIDUALS IN BLOOD (R=-0.13, P=0.012). PLWH WHO HAD NORMAL LUNG FUNCTION BUT WHO SUBSEQUENTLY DEVELOPED AN FEV(1)/FVC<0.70 OVER THE COURSE OF 6 YEARS HAD HIGHER GRIMAGE RESIDUALS AT BASELINE (BETA=2.33, 95%CI=0.23-4.44, P=0.031). INTERPRETATION: GRIMAGE MAY REFLECT LUNG AND SYSTEMIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR WITH ADVANCED AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AND MAY HELP TO IDENTIFY PLWH WITH A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING COPD. FUNDING: CANADIAN INSTITUTES OF HEALTH RESEARCH AND THE BRITISH COLUMBIA LUNG ASSOCIATION. THE START SUBSTUDY WAS FUNDED BY NIH GRANTS: UM1-AI068641, UM1-AI120197, AND RO1HL096453.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3  2737  27 EXPOSING A DEADLY ALLIANCE: NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE BIOLOGICAL LINKS BETWEEN COPD AND LUNG CANCER. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AFFECTS MORE THAN 200 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE AND IS EXPECTED TO BECOME THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN 2020. COPD IS CHARACTERIZED BY PROGRESSIVE AIRFLOW LIMITATION, DUE TO A COMBINATION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND REMODELING OF THE SMALL AIRWAYS (BRONCHIOLITIS) AND LOSS OF ELASTIC RECOIL CAUSED BY DESTRUCTION OF THE ALVEOLAR WALLS (EMPHYSEMA). LUNG CANCER IS THE MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH IN THE WORLD. (CIGARETTE) SMOKING IS THE PRINCIPAL CULPRIT CAUSING BOTH COPD AND LUNG CANCER; IN ADDITION, EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE, BIOMASS FUEL SMOKE, COAL SMOKE AND OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF BOTH DISEASES. IMPORTANTLY, SMOKERS WITH COPD--DEFINED AS EITHER NOT FULLY REVERSIBLE AIRFLOW LIMITATION OR EMPHYSEMA--HAVE A TWO- TO FOUR-FOLD INCREASED RISK TO DEVELOP LUNG CANCER. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT SEVERAL OF THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS, WHICH LINK COPD AND CARCINOGENESIS IN THE LUNGS. ELUCIDATING THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND NETWORKS, WHICH UNDERLIE THE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LUNG CANCER IN PATIENTS WITH COPD, HAS IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR SCREENING, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THESE TWO DEVASTATING PULMONARY DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4   383  45 AN EPIGENOME-WIDE STUDY OF DNA METHYLATION PROFILES AND LUNG FUNCTION AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS IN THE STRONG HEART STUDY. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION (DNAM), ARE OFTEN RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, AND ARE INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS KEY PROCESSES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. AMERICAN INDIAN COMMUNITIES HAVE A HIGH BURDEN OF LUNG DISEASE COMPARED TO THE NATIONAL AVERAGE. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATION OF DNAM AND LUNG FUNCTION IN THE STRONG HEART STUDY (SHS). WE CONDUCTED A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF AMERICAN INDIAN ADULTS, 45-74 YEARS OF AGE WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE SHS. DNAM WAS MEASURED USING THE ILLUMINA INFINIUM HUMAN METHYLATIONEPIC PLATFORM AT BASELINE (1989-1991). LUNG FUNCTION WAS MEASURED VIA SPIROMETRY, INCLUDING FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN 1 S (FEV1) AND FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC), AT VISIT 2 (1993-1995). AIRFLOW LIMITATION WAS DEFINED AS FEV1 < 70% PREDICTED AND FEV1/FVC < 0.7, RESTRICTION WAS DEFINED AS FEV1/FVC > 0.7 AND FVC < 80% PREDICTED, AND NORMAL SPIROMETRY WAS DEFINED AS FEV1/FVC > 0.7, FEV1 > 70% PREDICTED, FVC > 80% PREDICTED. WE USED ELASTIC-NET MODELS TO SELECT RELEVANT CPGS FOR LUNG FUNCTION AND SPIROMETRY-DEFINED LUNG DISEASE. WE ALSO CONDUCTED BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES TO EVALUATE THE BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY OF THE FINDINGS. RESULTS: AMONG 1677 PARTICIPANTS, 21.2% HAD SPIROMETRY-DEFINED AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND 13.6% HAD SPIROMETRY-DEFINED RESTRICTIVE PATTERN LUNG FUNCTION. ELASTIC-NET MODELS SELECTED 1118 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS) AS PREDICTORS OF AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND 1385 FOR RESTRICTIVE PATTERN LUNG FUNCTION. A TOTAL OF 12 DMPS OVERLAPPED BETWEEN AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND RESTRICTIVE PATTERN. EGFR, MAPK1 AND PRPF8 GENES WERE THE MOST CONNECTED NODES IN THE PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORK. MANY OF THE DMPS TARGETED GENES WITH BIOLOGICAL ROLES RELATED TO LUNG FUNCTION SUCH AS PROTEIN KINASES. CONCLUSION: WE FOUND MULTIPLE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. THESE SIGNALS COULD CONTRIBUTE TO BETTER UNDERSTAND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN LUNG DISEASE, AS ASSESSED SYSTEMICALLY, AS WELL AS TO IDENTIFY PATTERNS THAT COULD BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES. FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL AND LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO ASSESS WHETHER DNA METHYLATION HAS A CAUSAL ROLE IN LUNG DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  6440  21 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) EXACERBATIONS. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A PROGRESSIVE PULMONARY DISORDER UNDERPINNED BY POORLY REVERSIBLE AIRFLOW RESULTING FROM CHRONIC BRONCHITIS OR EMPHYSEMA. THE PREVALENCE AND MORTALITY OF COPD CONTINUE TO INCREASE. PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH COPD HAS INCLUDED ANTIBIOTICS, BRONCHODILATORS, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CORTICOSTEROIDS (BUT WITH LITTLE SUCCESS). ORAL DISEASES HAVE LONG BEEN ESTABLISHED AS CLINICAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING RESPIRATORY DISEASES. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A VERY SIMILAR MICROBIOME IN THE MOUTH AND THE LUNG CONFIRMS THE ORAL-LUNG CONNECTION. THE ASPIRATION OF PATHOGENIC MICROBES FROM THE ORAL CAVITY HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN SEVERAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES, INCLUDING PNEUMONIA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON CURRENT AND FUTURE PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR COPD EXACERBATION INCLUDING ANTIMICROBIALS, MUCOREGULATORS, THE USE OF BRONCHODILATORS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS, MODIFYING EPIGENETIC MARKS, AND MODULATING DYSBIOSIS OF THE MICROBIOME.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  4744  41 NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE GENETICS OF SMOKING BEHAVIOUR, LUNG FUNCTION, AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (UK BILEVE): A GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDY IN UK BIOBANK. BACKGROUND: UNDERSTANDING THE GENETIC BASIS OF AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AND SMOKING BEHAVIOUR IS KEY TO DETERMINING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). WE USED UK BIOBANK DATA TO STUDY THE GENETIC CAUSES OF SMOKING BEHAVIOUR AND LUNG HEALTH. METHODS: WE SAMPLED INDIVIDUALS OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY FROM UK BIOBANK, FROM THE MIDDLE AND EXTREMES OF THE FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN 1 S (FEV1) DISTRIBUTION AMONG HEAVY SMOKERS (MEAN 35 PACK-YEARS) AND NEVER SMOKERS. WE DEVELOPED A CUSTOM ARRAY FOR UK BIOBANK TO PROVIDE OPTIMUM GENOME-WIDE COVERAGE OF COMMON AND LOW-FREQUENCY VARIANTS, DENSE COVERAGE OF GENOMIC REGIONS ALREADY IMPLICATED IN LUNG HEALTH AND DISEASE, AND TO ASSAY RARE CODING VARIANTS RELEVANT TO THE UK POPULATION. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER THERE WERE SHARED GENETIC CAUSES BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES DEFINED BY EXTREMES OF FEV1. WE ALSO LOOKED FOR NOVEL VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTREMES OF FEV1 AND SMOKING BEHAVIOUR AND ASSESSED REGIONS OF THE GENOME THAT HAD ALREADY SHOWN EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE IN LUNG HEALTH AND DISEASE. WE SET GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANCE AT P<5 X 10(-8). FINDINGS: UK BIOBANK PARTICIPANTS WERE RECRUITED FROM MARCH 15, 2006, TO JULY 7, 2010. SAMPLE SELECTION FOR THE UK BILEVE STUDY STARTED ON NOV 22, 2012, AND WAS COMPLETED ON DEC 20, 2012. WE SELECTED 50,008 UNIQUE SAMPLES: 10,002 INDIVIDUALS WITH LOW FEV1, 10,000 WITH AVERAGE FEV1, AND 5002 WITH HIGH FEV1 FROM EACH OF THE HEAVY SMOKER AND NEVER SMOKER GROUPS. WE NOTED A SUBSTANTIAL SHARING OF GENETIC CAUSES OF LOW FEV1 BETWEEN HEAVY SMOKERS AND NEVER SMOKERS (P=2.29 X 10(-16)) AND BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT DOCTOR-DIAGNOSED ASTHMA (P=6.06 X 10(-11)). WE DISCOVERED SIX NOVEL GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT SIGNALS OF ASSOCIATION WITH EXTREMES OF FEV1, INCLUDING SIGNALS AT FOUR NOVEL LOCI (KANSL1, TSEN54, TET2, AND RBM19/TBX5) AND INDEPENDENT SIGNALS AT TWO PREVIOUSLY REPORTED LOCI (NPNT AND HLA-DQB1/HLA-DQA2). THESE VARIANTS ALSO SHOWED ASSOCIATION WITH COPD, INCLUDING IN INDIVIDUALS WITH NO HISTORY OF SMOKING. THE NUMBER OF COPIES OF A 150 KB REGION CONTAINING THE 5' END OF KANSL1, A GENE THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION, WAS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTREMES OF FEV1. WE ALSO DISCOVERED FIVE NEW GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT SIGNALS FOR SMOKING BEHAVIOUR, INCLUDING A VARIANT IN NCAM1 (CHROMOSOME 11) AND A VARIANT ON CHROMOSOME 2 (BETWEEN TEX41 AND PABPC1P2) THAT HAS A TRANS EFFECT ON EXPRESSION OF NCAM1 IN BRAIN TISSUE. INTERPRETATION: BY SAMPLING FROM THE EXTREMES OF THE LUNG FUNCTION DISTRIBUTION IN UK BIOBANK, WE IDENTIFIED NOVEL GENETIC CAUSES OF LUNG FUNCTION AND SMOKING BEHAVIOUR. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE SPECIFIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION, COPD, AND TOBACCO ADDICTION, AND SHOW SUBSTANTIAL SHARED GENETIC ARCHITECTURE UNDERLYING AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION ACROSS INDIVIDUALS, IRRESPECTIVE OF SMOKING BEHAVIOUR AND OTHER AIRWAY DISEASE. FUNDING: MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL.	2015	

7  1143  23 CONCISE REVIEW: CLINICAL PROSPECTS FOR TREATING CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE WITH REGENERATIVE APPROACHES. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS BECOMING A MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE. COPD IS CHARACTERIZED BY A PROGRESSIVE AND NOT FULLY REVERSIBLE AIRFLOW LIMITATION CAUSED BY CHRONIC SMALL AIRWAY DISEASE AND LUNG PARENCHYMAL DESTRUCTION. CLINICALLY AVAILABLE DRUGS IMPROVE AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AND RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS BUT CANNOT CURE THE DISEASE. SLOWING THE PROGRESSIVE LUNG DESTRUCTION OR REBUILDING THE DESTROYED LUNG STRUCTURE IS A PROMISING STRATEGY TO CURE COPD. IN CONTRAST TO SMALL ANIMAL MODELS, PHARMACOLOGICAL LUNG REGENERATION IS DIFFICULT IN HUMAN COPD. MATURATION, AGING, AND SENESCENCE IN COPD LUNG CELLS, INCLUDING ENDOGENOUS STEM CELLS, MAY AFFECT THE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY FOLLOWING PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY. THE LUNG IS A COMPLEX ORGAN COMPOSED OF MORE THAN 40 DIFFERENT CELL TYPES; THEREFORE, DETAILED ANALYSES, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ANALYSIS, IN EACH SPECIFIC CELL TYPE HAVE NOT BEEN PERFORMED IN LUNGS WITH COPD. RECENTLY, A METHOD FOR THE DIRECT ISOLATION OF INDIVIDUAL CELL TYPES FROM HUMAN LUNG HAS BEEN DEVELOPED, AND FINGERPRINTS OF EACH CELL TYPE IN COPD LUNGS CAN BE ANALYZED. RESEARCH USING THIS TECHNIQUE COMBINED WITH THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED LUNG ENDOGENOUS STEM-PROGENITOR POPULATIONS WILL GIVE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE FATE OF COPD LUNG CELLS AND PROVIDE A FUTURE FOR CELL-BASED THERAPY TO TREAT THIS INTRACTABLE DISEASE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8   178  34 ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND DECREASED LUNG FUNCTION IN TWO PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A FREQUENT DIAGNOSIS IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS AND CONTRIBUTOR TO GLOBAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. GIVEN THE LINK BETWEEN LUNG DISEASE AND AGING, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND HOW MOLECULAR INDICATORS OF AGING RELATE TO LUNG FUNCTION AND DISEASE. USING DATA FROM THE POPULATION-BASED KORA (COOPERATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH IN THE REGION OF AUGSBURG) SURVEYS, WE ASSOCIATED BASELINE EPIGENETIC (DNA METHYLATION) AGE ACCELERATION WITH INCIDENT COPD AND LUNG FUNCTION. MODELS WERE ADJUSTED FOR AGE, SEX, SMOKING, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, AND BASELINE LUNG DISEASE AS APPROPRIATE. ASSOCIATIONS WERE REPLICATED IN THE NORMATIVE AGING STUDY. OF 770 KORA PARTICIPANTS, 131 DEVELOPED INCIDENT COPD OVER 7 YEARS. BASELINE ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INCIDENT COPD. THE CHANGE IN AGE ACCELERATION (FOLLOW-UP - BASELINE) WAS MORE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH COPD THAN BASELINE AGING ALONE. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE CHANGE IN AGE ACCELERATION BETWEEN BASELINE AND FOLLOW-UP AND INCIDENT COPD REPLICATED IN THE NORMATIVE AGING STUDY. ASSOCIATIONS WITH SPIROMETRIC LUNG FUNCTION PARAMETERS WERE WEAKER THAN THOSE WITH COPD, BUT A META-ANALYSIS OF BOTH COHORTS PROVIDE SUGGESTIVE EVIDENCE OF ASSOCIATIONS. ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING, BOTH BASELINE MEASURES AND CHANGES OVER TIME, MAY BE A RISK FACTOR FOR COPD AND REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9   304  49 AIRWAY AGING AND METHYLATION DISRUPTIONS IN HIV-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. RATIONALE: AGE-RELATED DISEASES LIKE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) OCCUR AT HIGHER RATES IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (PLWH) THAN IN UNINFECTED POPULATIONS. OBJECTIVES: TO IDENTIFY WHETHER ACCELERATED AGING CAN BE OBSERVED IN THE AIRWAYS OF PLWH WITH COPD, MANIFEST BY A UNIQUE DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE. METHODS: BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL BRUSHINGS FROM PLWH WITH AND WITHOUT COPD AND HIV-UNINFECTED ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD (N = 76) WERE PROFILED FOR DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. WE EVALUATED GLOBAL ALU AND LINE-1 METHYLATION AND CALCULATED THE EPIGENETIC AGE USING THE HORVATH CLOCK AND THE METHYLATION TELOMERE LENGTH ESTIMATOR. TO IDENTIFY GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH HIV AND COPD, ROBUST LINEAR MODELS WERE USED FOLLOWED BY AN EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT METHYLATION (EQTM) ANALYSIS. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION AND SHORTER METHYLATION ESTIMATES OF TELOMERE LENGTH WERE FOUND IN PLWH WITH COPD COMPARED WITH PLWH WITHOUT COPD AND UNINFECTED PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD. GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION WAS IDENTIFIED IN PLWH. WE IDENTIFIED 7,970 CYTOSINE BASES LOCATED NEXT TO A GUANINE BASE (CPG SITES), 293 GENES, AND 9 EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT METHYLATION-GENE PAIRS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTERACTION BETWEEN HIV AND COPD. ACTIN BINDING LIM PROTEIN FAMILY MEMBER 3 (ABLIM3) WAS ONE OF THE NOVEL CANDIDATE GENES FOR HIV-ASSOCIATED COPD HIGHLIGHTED BY OUR ANALYSIS. CONCLUSIONS: METHYLATION AGE ACCELERATION IS OBSERVED IN THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM OF PLWH WITH COPD, A PROCESS THAT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HEIGHTENED RISK OF COPD IN THIS POPULATION. THEIR DISTINCT METHYLATION PROFILE, DIFFERING FROM THAT OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH COPD ALONE, SUGGESTS A UNIQUE PATHOGENESIS TO HIV-ASSOCIATED COPD. THE ASSOCIATIONS WARRANT FURTHER INVESTIGATION TO ESTABLISH CAUSALITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  1551  41 DNA METHYLATION IS GLOBALLY DISRUPTED AND ASSOCIATED WITH EXPRESSION CHANGES IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE SMALL AIRWAYS. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT IS HIGHLY DISRUPTED IN RESPONSE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE AND INVOLVED IN A WIDE SPECTRUM OF MALIGNANT AND NONMALIGNANT DISEASES, BUT SURPRISINGLY NOT PREVIOUSLY ASSESSED IN SMALL AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). SMALL AIRWAYS ARE THE PRIMARY SITES OF AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN COPD. WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ARE DISRUPTED IN SMALL AIRWAY EPITHELIA OF PATIENTS WITH COPD, AND EVALUATE WHETHER CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THESE DISRUPTIONS. GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED ON SMALL AIRWAY EPITHELIAL DNA AND RNA OBTAINED FROM THE SAME PATIENT DURING BRONCHOSCOPY, USING ILLUMINA'S INFINIUM HM27 AND AFFYMETRIX'S GENECHIP HUMAN GENE 1.0 ST ARRAYS. TO CONTROL FOR KNOWN EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON DNA METHYLATION, METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE COMPARED BETWEEN FORMER SMOKERS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD MATCHED FOR AGE, PACK-YEARS, AND YEARS OF SMOKING CESSATION. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS (1) A GENOME-WIDE PHENOMENON IN SMALL AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD, AND (2) ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION OF GENES AND PATHWAYS IMPORTANT TO COPD, SUCH AS THE NF-E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 OXIDATIVE RESPONSE PATHWAY. DNA METHYLATION IS LIKELY AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO MODULATION OF GENES IMPORTANT TO COPD PATHOLOGY. BECAUSE THESE METHYLATION EVENTS MAY UNDERLIE DISEASE-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES, THEIR CHARACTERIZATION IS A CRITICAL FIRST STEP TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND AN OPPORTUNITY FOR DEVELOPING NOVEL EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS FOR COPD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11   927  24 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND LUNG CANCER. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: SMOKING IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR LUNG CANCER, WHICH IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS BOTH IN THE USA AND WORLDWIDE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND EMPHYSEMA ARE COMORBID CONDITIONS OFTEN FOUND IN LUNG CANCER PATIENTS. THE INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS THAT LINK CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, EMPHYSEMA, AND LUNG CANCER LIKELY INVOLVE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS DUE TO CHRONIC TISSUE INJURY AND ABNORMAL TUMOR IMMUNITY IN SUSCEPTIBLE HOSTS. RECENT FINDINGS: CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO ALTERATIONS IN THE BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM AND LUNG MICROENVIRONMENT, PROVOKING A MILIEU CONDUCIVE TO PULMONARY CARCINOGENESIS. FOR EXAMPLE, INFLAMMATION-INDUCIBLE CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 IS UPREGULATED IN NONSMALL CELL LUNG CANCER AND ALSO PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PROMOTING EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. GENETIC CHANGES IN THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM OF SMOKERS MAY HELP PREDICT OR IDENTIFY INDIVIDUALS AT RISK FOR LUNG CANCER. FINALLY, RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF EMPHYSEMA HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED AS INDEPENDENT RISK FACTORS FOR LUNG CANCER. SUMMARY: THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INFLAMMATION, AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION, AND LUNG CANCER ARE COMPLEX. DEREGULATED INFLAMMATION IS COMPLICIT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND LUNG CANCER, BUT THE OVERLAP OF SIGNALING EVENTS IS NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTOOD. TOBACCO EXPOSURE IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR THAT CONFERS LONG-TERM RISK OF LUNG DISEASE. DIAGNOSTIC SENSITIVITY OF DETECTING LUNG CANCER MAY IMPROVE WITH THE UTILIZATION OF GENETIC PROFILING IN COMBINATION WITH PATHOLOGIC EVALUATION OF AIRWAY EPITHELIUM. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH IS REQUIRED TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES AND LUNG CARCINOGENESIS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12  4135  26 MECHANISMS OF LUNG DAMAGE AND DEVELOPMENT OF COPD DUE TO HOUSEHOLD BIOMASS-SMOKE EXPOSURE: INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, MICRORNAS, AND GENE POLYMORPHISMS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO INDOOR BIOMASS SMOKE FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SOLID ORGANIC FUELS IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN WORLDWIDE. ALMOST 3 BILLION PEOPLE USE SOLID FUELS SUCH AS WOOD, CHARCOAL, AND CROP RESIDUES FOR INDOOR COOKING AND HEATING, ACCOUNTING FOR APPROXIMATELY 50% OF ALL HOUSEHOLDS AND 90% OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS GLOBALLY. BIOMASS SMOKE CONTAINS MANY HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS, RESULTING IN HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION (HAP) EXPOSURE THAT OFTEN EXCEEDS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS. LONG-TERM BIOMASS-SMOKE EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IN ADULTS, A LEADING CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, AND OTHER LUNG CONDITIONS. BIOMASS SMOKE-ASSOCIATED COPD DIFFERS FROM THE BEST-KNOWN CIGARETTE SMOKE-INDUCED COPD IN SEVERAL ASPECTS, SUCH AS A SLOWER DECLINE IN LUNG FUNCTION, GREATER AIRWAY INVOLVEMENT, AND LESS EMPHYSEMA, WHICH SUGGESTS A DIFFERENT PHENOTYPE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. DESPITE THE HIGH BURDEN OF BIOMASS-ASSOCIATED COPD, THE MOLECULAR, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS PATHOGENESIS ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN LUNG DAMAGE, THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPD ASSOCIATED WITH WOOD-DERIVED SMOKE EXPOSURE, AND THE INFLUENCE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  3966  27 LONG NONCODING TRANSCRIPTOME IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION FROM RECURRING EXPOSURES TO NOXIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI RESULTS IN A PROGRESSIVE AND IRREVERSIBLE AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND THE LUNG PARENCHYMAL DAMAGE THAT CHARACTERIZES CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THE LARGE VARIABILITY OBSERVED IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF COPD IS PRIMARILY DRIVEN BY COMPLEX GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS. THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC MEMORY POTENTIAL OF LUNG EPITHELIAL AND INNATE IMMUNE CELLS DRIVE RESPONSES, SUCH AS MUCUS HYPERREACTIVITY AND AIRWAY REMODELING, THAT ARE TIGHTLY REGULATED BY VARIOUS MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, FOR WHICH SEVERAL CANDIDATE SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. HOWEVER, THE RECENTLY DESCRIBED NONCODING RNA SPECIES, IN PARTICULAR THE LONG NONCODING RNAS, MAY ALSO HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MODULATING PULMONARY RESPONSES TO CHRONIC INHALATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPD. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES THE FEATURES OF LONG NONCODING RNAS THAT HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN REGULATING THE AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES TO CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE AND THEIR POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION WITH COPD PATHOGENESIS. AS COPD CONTINUES TO DEBILITATE THE INCREASINGLY AGING POPULATION AND CONTRIBUTE TO HIGHER MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATES WORLDWIDE, THE SEARCH FOR BETTER BIOMARKERS AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS IS PIVOTAL.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  2628  35 EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND LUNG FUNCTION IN KOREANS. AIM: TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES (DMPS) AND REGIONS (DMRS) IN RELATION TO CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG FUNCTION TRAITS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF COPD AND SPIROMETRIC PARAMETERS, INCLUDING FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN 1 S (FEV1), FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC) AND FEV1/FVC, IN BLOOD DNA USING THE INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 (N = 100, A KOREAN COPD COHORT). RESULTS: WE FOUND ONE SIGNIFICANT DMP (CG03559389, DIP2C) AND 104 SIGNIFICANT DMRS AFTER MULTIPLE-TESTING CORRECTION. OF THESE, 34 DMRS MAPPED TO GENES DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSED WITH RESPECT TO THE SAME TRAIT. FIVE OF THE GENES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MORE THAN TWO TRAITS: CTU2, USP36, ZNF516, KLK10 AND CPT1B. CONCLUSION: WE IDENTIFIED NOVEL DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION LOCI RELATED TO COPD AND LUNG FUNCTION IN BLOOD DNA IN KOREANS AND CONFIRMED PREVIOUS FINDINGS IN NON-ASIANS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE ETIOLOGY OF THESE PHENOTYPES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  1552  41 DNA METHYLATION IS PREDICTIVE OF MORTALITY IN CURRENT AND FORMER SMOKERS. RATIONALE: SMOKING RESULTS IN AT LEAST A DECADE LOWER LIFE EXPECTANCY. MORTALITY AMONG CURRENT SMOKERS IS TWO TO THREE TIMES AS HIGH AS NEVER SMOKERS. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE HUMAN GENOME THAT HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH CIGARETTE SMOKING AND MORTALITY.OBJECTIVES: WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY DNA METHYLATION MARKS IN BLOOD THAT ARE PREDICTIVE OF MORTALITY IN A SUBSET OF THE COPDGENE (GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COPD) STUDY, REPRESENTING 101 DEATHS AMONG 667 CURRENT AND FORMER SMOKERS.METHODS: WE ASSAYED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION IN NON-HISPANIC WHITE SMOKERS WITH AND WITHOUT CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) USING BLOOD SAMPLES FROM THE COPDGENE ENROLLMENT VISIT. WE TESTED WHETHER DNA METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH MORTALITY IN MODELS ADJUSTED FOR COPD STATUS, AGE, SEX, CURRENT SMOKING STATUS, AND PACK-YEARS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING. REPLICATION WAS PERFORMED IN A SUBSET OF 231 INDIVIDUALS FROM THE ECLIPSE (EVALUATION OF COPD LONGITUDINALLY TO IDENTIFY PREDICTIVE SURROGATE ENDPOINTS) STUDY.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED SEVEN CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH MORTALITY (FALSE DISCOVERY RATE < 20%) THAT REPLICATED IN THE ECLIPSE COHORT (P < 0.05). NONE OF THESE MARKS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LONGITUDINAL LUNG FUNCTION DECLINE IN SURVIVORS, SMOKING HISTORY, OR CURRENT SMOKING STATUS. HOWEVER, DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF TWO REPLICATED PIK3CD (PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-4,5-BISPHOSPHATE 3-KINASE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT DELTA) SITES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG FUNCTION AT ENROLLMENT (P < 0.05). WE ALSO OBSERVED ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION FOR THE PIK3CD SITES.CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IS THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY VARIABLE DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN SMOKERS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD. EVALUATING PREDICTIVE EPIGENOMIC MARKS OF SMOKERS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MAY ALLOW FOR TARGETED RISK STRATIFICATION AND AID IN DELIVERY OF FUTURE TAILORED THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16  6330  23 THE ROLE OF CIGARETTE SMOKE-INDUCED PULMONARY VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL APOPTOSIS IN COPD. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES WITH HIGH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. IT HAS BECOME THE FIFTH MOST BURDENED AND THE THIRD MOST DEADLY DISEASE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND INCREASES YEAR BY YEAR. THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF COPD ARE URGENT. SMOKING IS THE MAIN AND MOST COMMON RISK FACTOR FOR COPD. CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS) CONTAINS A LARGE NUMBER OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES, CAN CAUSE A SERIES OF CHANGES IN THE TRACHEA, LUNG TISSUE, PULMONARY BLOOD VESSELS, AND PROMOTES THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF COPD. IN RECENT YEARS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY HAVE PROVIDED NEW GUIDANCE FOR REVEALING THE PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES. THE LATEST RESEARCH INDICATES THAT PULMONARY VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL APOPTOSIS INITIATES AND PARTICIPATES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT RESEARCH ON THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CS-INDUCED PULMONARY VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL APOPTOSIS IN COPD, PROVIDING A NEW RESEARCH DIRECTION FOR PATHOGENESIS OF COPD AND A NEW TARGET FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION OF COPD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  4690  35 NEWBORN DNA-METHYLATION, CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION, AND THE RISKS OF ASTHMA AND COPD ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE. RATIONALE: WE AIMED TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) IN CORD BLOOD DNA ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION, ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE. METHODS: WE META-ANALYSED EPIGENOME-WIDE DATA OF 1688 CHILDREN FROM FIVE COHORTS TO IDENTIFY CORD BLOOD DMRS AND THEIR ANNOTATED GENES, IN RELATION TO FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN 1 S (FEV(1)), FEV(1)/FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC) RATIO AND FORCED EXPIRATORY FLOW AT 75% OF FVC AT AGES 7-13 YEARS. IDENTIFIED DMRS WERE EXPLORED FOR ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHILDHOOD ASTHMA, ADULT LUNG FUNCTION AND COPD, GENE EXPRESSION AND INVOLVEMENT IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 59 DMRS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION, OF WHICH 18 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AND NINE WITH COPD IN ADULTHOOD. GENES ANNOTATED TO THE TOP 10 IDENTIFIED DMRS WERE HOXA5, PAOX, LINC00602, ABCA7, PER3, CLCA1, VENTX, NUDT12, PTPRN2 AND TCL1A. DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION IN BLOOD WAS OBSERVED FOR 32 DMRS IN CHILDHOOD AND 18 IN ADULTHOOD. GENES RELATED WITH 16 IDENTIFIED DMRS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY DEVELOPMENTAL OR PATHOGENIC PATHWAYS. INTERPRETATION: OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE EPIGENETIC STATUS OF THE NEWBORN AFFECTS RESPIRATORY HEALTH AND DISEASE ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  6281  29 THE POTENTIAL FOR TARGETED REWRITING OF EPIGENETIC MARKS IN COPD AS A NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACH. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS AN AGE AND SMOKING RELATED PROGRESSIVE, PULMONARY DISORDER PRESENTING WITH POORLY REVERSIBLE AIRFLOW LIMITATION AS A RESULT OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND EMPHYSEMA. THE PREVALENCE, DISEASE BURDEN FOR THE INDIVIDUAL, AND MORTALITY OF COPD CONTINUES TO INCREASE, WHEREAS NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT STRATEGIES ARE AVAILABLE. FOR MANY YEARS NOW, A COMBINATION OF BRONCHODILATORS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CORTICOSTEROIDS HAS BEEN MOST WIDELY USED FOR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH PERSISTENT COPD. HOWEVER, THIS APPROACH HAS HAD DISAPPOINTING RESULTS AS A LARGE NUMBER OF COPD PATIENTS ARE CORTICOSTEROID RESISTANT. IN PATIENTS WITH COPD, THERE IS EMERGING EVIDENCE SHOWING ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MARKS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MICRORNAS IN BLOOD, SPUTUM AND LUNG TISSUE. THEREFORE, NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES MAY EXIST USING EPIGENETIC THERAPY. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO DESCRIBE AND SUMMARIZE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MARKS IN COPD. IN ADDITION, TOOLS AVAILABLE FOR RESTORATION OF EPIGENETIC MARKS ARE DESCRIBED, AS WELL AS DELIVERY MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC EDITORS TO CELLS. TARGETING EPIGENETIC MARKS MIGHT BE A VERY PROMISING TOOL FOR TREATMENT AND LUNG REGENERATION IN COPD IN THE FUTURE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  1188  26 COPD: A MULTIFACTORIAL SYSTEMIC DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN CONSIDERED A DISEASE OF THE LUNGS SECONDARY TO CIGARETTE SMOKING AND CHARACTERIZED BY AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION DUE TO ABNORMALITIES OF BOTH AIRWAY (BRONCHITIS) AND LUNG PARENCHYMA (EMPHYSEMA). IT IS NOW WELL KNOWN THAT COPD IS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT SYSTEMIC ABNORMALITIES, SUCH AS RENAL AND HORMONAL ABNORMALITIES, MALNUTRITION, MUSCLE WASTING, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND ANEMIA. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL UNCLEAR WHETHER THEY REPRESENT CONSEQUENCES OF THE PULMONARY DISORDER, OR WHETHER COPD SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A SYSTEMIC DISEASE. THESE SYSTEMIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO AN INCREASED LEVEL OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, HOWEVER, MAY NOT BE THE ONLY CAUSE OF THE SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF COPD. RECENT DATA FROM HUMANS AND ANIMAL MODELS SUPPORT THE VIEW THAT EMPHYSEMA MAY BE A VASCULAR DISEASE. OTHER STUDIES HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE ROLE OF REPAIR FAILURE, BONE MARROW ABNORMALITY, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND INFECTIONS AS POTENTIAL CAUSES OF COPD SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS. BASED ON THIS NEW EVIDENCE, IT IS REASONABLE TO CONSIDER COPD, AND EMPHYSEMA IN PARTICULAR, AS 'A DISEASE WITH A SIGNIFICANT SYSTEMIC COMPONENT' IF NOT A 'SYSTEMIC DISEASE' PER SE. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF THE MOST RELEVANT AND INNOVATIVE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE EXTRAPULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF COPD.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  6915  18 [VULNERABILITY OF WOMEN TO TOBACCO: THE BRONCHO-PULMONARY CONSEQUENCES (ASTHMA, COPD)]. SMOKING REMAINS COMMON, WITH AN EXPOSURE THAT BEGINS EARLY DURING PREGNANCY. IT INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WITH A TRANS-GENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION. SMOKING INCREASES THE RISK OF UNCONTROLLED ASTHMA DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADULT LIFE. ASTHMA IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF A DECLINE OF LUNG FUNCTION AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). WOMEN ARE MORE AT RISK OF DEVELOPING EARLY AND SEVERE COPD. THE MECHANISMS ARE CURRENTLY POORLY KNOWN.	2019