1  3509 115 IDENTIFYING MECHANISMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED REDUCED FECUNDITY IN A RAT MODEL: NOVEL INSIGHTS TOWARD UNDERSTANDING HUMAN INFERTILITY. THE EXISTENCE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS HAS BEEN KNOWN SINCE AT LEAST THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, YET THE LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF CAUSES OF INFERTILITY AND THEREFORE INADEQUATE TREATMENT APPROACHES IN ENDOMETRIOSIS CREATES A SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE IN REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE. WOMEN WORLDWIDE SUFFER NOT ONLY PAIN AND INFERTILITY BUT ALSO ECONOMICAL, SOCIETAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BURDENS. STUDIES OF REPRODUCTIVE EVENTS IN WOMEN ARE DIFFICULT TO CONDUCT DUE TO A HOST OF CONFOUNDING PERSONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND ETHICALLY LIMITED DUE TO THE VERY NATURE OF WORKING WITH REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES AND CELLS, ESPECIALLY EMBRYOS. ANIMAL MODELS ARE A VIABLE ADJUNCT TO STUDY MECHANISMS CAUSING HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE ANOMALIES AND INFERTILITY IN ENDOMETRIOSIS. THIS CHAPTER DISCUSSES REPRODUCTIVE ANOMALIES CAUSING INFERTILITY IN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND WELL-ESTABLISHED ANIMAL MODELS WHICH HELP DECIPHER THE PROBLEMS AND LEAD TO HERETOFORE UNKNOWN NONSURGICAL, NONHORMONAL METHODS TO MANAGE ENDOMETRIOSIS IN WOMEN. IN ADDITION, STUDIES OF EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO ENDOMETRIOSIS ARE REVEALING FOR THE FIRST TIME, IN BOTH FEMALE AND MALE OFFSPRING, TRANSGENERATIONAL SUBFERTILITY IN A RAT MODEL PROVIDING INSIGHTS INTO THE FAMILIAL NATURE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC INVOLVEMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2  3884  39 KIDNEY DISEASE IN DIABETES. PERSONS WITH DIABETES MAKE UP THE FASTEST GROWING GROUP OF KIDNEY DIALYSIS AND TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS IN THE UNITED STATES. IN 1985, WHEN THE FIRST EDITION OF DIABETES IN AMERICA WAS PUBLISHED, 20,961 PERSONS WITH DIABETES WERE RECEIVING RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY, REPRESENTING 29% OF ALL NEW CASES OF END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD). BY 2012, 239,837 PERSONS WITH DIABETES WERE ON RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY, ACCOUNTING FOR 44% OF ALL NEW ESRD CASES. THE INCREASED COUNT REFLECTS GROWTH IN DIABETES PREVALENCE AND INCREASED ACCESS TO DIALYSIS AND TRANSPLANTATION. THOSE WITH A PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES HAVE LOWER SURVIVAL RELATIVE TO OTHER CAUSES OF ESRD, PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF THE COEXISTENT MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES, PARTICULARLY CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD). WHILE SURVIVAL ON DIALYSIS HAS SLOWLY IMPROVED ACROSS MODALITIES SINCE THE 1990S, IT REMAINS REDUCED IN PERSONS WITH DIABETES, HALF OF WHOM DIE WITHIN 3 YEARS OF BEGINNING DIALYSIS IN THE UNITED STATES. SIMILAR TO PERSONS WITH ESRD IN GENERAL, THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG ADULTS WITH DIABETES WHO STARTED DIALYSIS IN 1995-2009 WERE CVD (58% OF THE DEATHS) AND INFECTIONS (13% OF THE DEATHS). KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS WITH DIABETES HAVE MUCH BETTER SURVIVAL THAN THOSE ON DIALYSIS, INDICATING A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT OF THE TYPE OF RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY (TRANSPLANT VERSUS DIALYSIS) ON LONG-TERM SURVIVAL. KIDNEY FAILURE AFFECTS ABOUT 1% OF PERSONS WITH DIABETES IN THE UNITED STATES. A CONSIDERABLY HIGHER PROPORTION, ABOUT 40%, HAVE LESS SEVERE KIDNEY DISEASE. SINCE THE SECOND EDITION OF DIABETES IN AMERICA WAS PUBLISHED IN 1995, A WEALTH OF NEW INFORMATION HAS CONTRIBUTED SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF KIDNEY DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES. IN 2002, THE NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION'S KIDNEY DISEASE OUTCOME QUALITY INITIATIVE PUBLISHED A UNIFORM DEFINITION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND CLASSIFICATION OF ITS STAGES IRRESPECTIVE OF UNDERLYING CAUSE, THUS PROVIDING A COMMON LANGUAGE FOR DEFINING BOTH THE SEVERITY AND PROGNOSIS OF KIDNEY DISEASE. THE DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CKD WERE SUBSEQUENTLY UPDATED AND REFINED BY THE KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES IN 2012. ACCORDINGLY, CKD IS CLASSIFIED BASED ON BOTH ALBUMINURIA AND GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) CATEGORIES, AND TOGETHER WITH KIDNEY FAILURE, THESE CONDITIONS ARE COLLECTIVELY REFERRED TO AS CKD, REGARDLESS OF ETIOLOGY. IN ADDITION, THE KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES RECOMMENDS USING EQUATIONS TO ESTIMATE GFR (EGFR), WHICH INCLUDE THE ROUTINELY OBTAINED VARIABLES SERUM CREATININE, AGE, SEX, AND RACE/ETHNICITY. THE USE OF SERUM CYSTATIN C, AN ENDOGENOUS FILTRATION MARKER LESS INFLUENCED THAN SERUM CREATININE BY VARIATIONS IN MUSCLE MASS, DIET, AND TUBULAR SECRETION, HAS EMERGED AS AN ALTERNATIVE OR AN ADJUNCT TO SERUM CREATININE-BASED EQUATIONS, PARTICULARLY IN PERSONS WITH DIABETES, IN WHOM EARLY KIDNEY DISEASE IS OFTEN CHARACTERIZED BY ELEVATED GFR. SINCE THE LATE 1990S, NEW MOLECULAR MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN DEFINED THAT ARE HELPING TO EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. GLOMERULAR STRUCTURAL LESIONS WERE FOUND TO EXPLAIN 95% OF THE VARIABILITY IN ALBUMIN EXCRETION AND 78% OF GFR VARIABILITY. THE LATTER PERCENTAGE INCREASED TO 92% BY ADDING INDICES OF GLOMERULAR-TUBULAR JUNCTION ABNORMALITIES AND INTERSTITIAL EXPANSION TO THE REGRESSION MODELS. PODOCYTE INJURY APPEARS TO PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. IN PERSONS WITH EITHER TYPE 1 OR TYPE 2 DIABETES, PODOCYTE CHANGES MAY OCCUR EVEN BEFORE THE INCREASE IN ALBUMINURIA, SUGGESTING THAT DIABETES ITSELF MAY INDUCE PODOCYTE ALTERATIONS. MUCH HAS ALSO BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT THE PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS OF CKD. ELEVATED ALBUMINURIA AND LOW GFR ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ESRD, FATAL AND NONFATAL CVD, AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY. A META-ANALYSIS OF 1,024,977 PARTICIPANTS (NEARLY 13% WITH DIABETES) FROM 30 GENERAL POPULATION AND HIGH-RISK CARDIOVASCULAR COHORTS AND 13 CKD COHORTS INDICATED THAT WHILE THE ABSOLUTE RISKS FOR ALL-CAUSE AND CVD MORTALITY ARE HIGHER IN THE PRESENCE OF DIABETES, THE RELATIVE RISKS OF ESRD OR DEATH BY EGFR AND ALBUMINURIA ARE SIMILAR WITH OR WITHOUT DIABETES. THESE FINDINGS UNDERSCORE THE IMPORTANCE OF KIDNEY DISEASE PER SE AS A PREDICTOR OF IMPORTANT CLINICAL OUTCOMES, REGARDLESS OF THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF KIDNEY DISEASE. NEW BIOMARKERS OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE APPEAR TO HAVE ADDITIONAL PROGNOSTIC INFORMATION BEYOND THAT PROVIDED BY ALBUMINURIA. THESE MARKERS INCLUDE KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE 1, LIVER FATTY ACID-BINDING PROTEIN, N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE, NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE-ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN, BETA-TRACE PROTEIN, BETA(2)-MICROGLOBULIN, AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS 1 AND 2. MANY CONCEPTS ABOUT RISK FACTORS FOR CKD ILLUSTRATED IN THIS CHAPTER HAVE NOT CHANGED SINCE 1995, AND WHERE THEY HAVE, THOSE CHANGES ARE DISCUSSED. IN PARTICULAR, MAJOR ADVANCES HAVE BEEN MADE IN ELUCIDATING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC COMPLEXITY OF CKD, WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO DEFINING CELLULAR METABOLIC MEMORY AND THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE LONGLASTING EFFECTS OF STRICT GLYCEMIC CONTROL OBSERVED IN PERSONS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES OR TYPE 2 DIABETES. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PERSONS WITH DIABETES AND CKD HAVE EXTENDED THE TIME COURSE FROM ONSET OF SEVERE ALBUMINURIA TO ESRD AND REDUCED THE OCCURRENCE OF CVD. IN TYPE 1 DIABETES, THE COMBINED DIABETES CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS TRIAL (DCCT) AND ITS LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP, THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETES INTERVENTIONS AND COMPLICATIONS (EDIC) OBSERVATIONAL STUDY, INDICATED THAT INTENSIVE EARLY METABOLIC CONTROL REDUCED THE RISK OF IMPAIRED GFR BY 50% AND OF CVD OUTCOMES BY 42%, WITH A SPECIFIC 57% DECREASE IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, STROKE, OR DEATH FROM CVD, EFFECTS THAT WERE PARTLY MEDIATED BY THE REDUCED INCIDENCE OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. AMONG PERSONS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES, A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS INDICATED THAT MORE INTENSIVE GLYCEMIC CONTROL (GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN [A1C] <7%) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT 10% REDUCTION IN ALBUMINURIA BUT HAD NO EFFECTS ON MORTALITY, KIDNEY FAILURE, OR OTHER VASCULAR OUTCOMES. THE ACTION TO CONTROL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN DIABETES (ACCORD) TRIAL, TARGETING AN A1C LEVEL <6.0% IN THE INTENSIVE INTERVENTION ARM, REPORTED AN INCREASED RISK OF CVD DEATH FOR INTENSIVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL GLYCEMIC CONTROL, ALTHOUGH IT REMAINS UNCLEAR WHETHER THIS EFFECT WAS RELATED TO MORE HYPOGLYCEMIC EPISODES, THE USE OF ADDITIONAL HYPOGLYCEMIC MEDICINES, OR TO THE TARGET GLYCEMIC LEVEL ITSELF. LIKEWISE, THE MODEST GAINS IN INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES IN THE INTENSIVE TREATMENT ARMS OF THE ACTION IN DIABETES AND VASCULAR DISEASE: PRETERAX AND DIAMICRON MODIFIED RELEASE CONTROLLED EVALUATION (ADVANCE) AND THE VETERANS AFFAIRS DIABETES (VADT) TRIAL WERE COUNTERBALANCED BY A TWOFOLD TO THREEFOLD HIGHER RISK OF SEVERE HYPOGLYCEMIA. TOGETHER, THESE TRIALS INDICATE THAT GLYCEMIC CONTROL IS EXTREMELY USEFUL UP TO A POINT, BUT MORE AGGRESSIVE GLYCEMIC CONTROL MAY BE HARMFUL. SIMILARLY, FOR BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL, 2014-2015 RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE GUIDELINE-WRITING GROUPS ENDORSE LESS INTENSIVE AND MORE INDIVIDUALIZED BLOOD PRESSURE TARGETS FOR DIABETES AND CKD THAN IN THE PAST. PERSONS WITH DIABETES AND CKD REQUIRE MULTIDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT INVOLVING A COMBINATION OF TREATMENTS AND BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENTS TO DELAY PROGRESSION OF CKD AND TO PREVENT THE ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS. THE STENO-2 STUDY, A LANDMARK PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED TRIAL IN DENMARK, DEMONSTRATED THAT COMPARED WITH CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT, INTENSIVE MULTIFACTORIAL INTERVENTION LED TO 46% LOWER DEATH RATE, 56% LESS SEVERE ALBUMINURIA, 43% LOWER INCIDENCE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, AND 47% LOWER INCIDENCE OF AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY DURING THE 13.3-YEAR STUDY PERIOD.	2018	

3  3820  32 INTRODUCTION TO PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE FROM ANIMAL MODELS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS, THE PRESENCE AND GROWTH OF UTERINE ENDOMETRIAL GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL AND STROMA CELLS OUTSIDE THE UTERINE CAVITY, CAUSES PAIN AND INFERTILITY IN WOMEN AND GIRLS OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE. AS RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLINDED, CONTROLLED STUDIES OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IN WOMEN ARE IMPRACTICAL AND AT TIMES ETHICALLY PROHIBITIVE, ANIMAL MODELS FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS AROSE AS AN IMPORTANT ADJUNCT TO GAIN MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO THE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF THIS PERPLEXING DISORDER. A MORE THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IN WOMEN MAY HELP DEVELOP NOVEL NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTICS, CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS, THERAPEUTIC REGIMES, AND EVEN PREVENTATIVE METHODS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. THIS CHAPTER IS INTENDED TO INTRODUCE A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, BIOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS, THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS, AND AN EXAMPLE OF AN EPIGENETIC FACTOR OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IN WOMEN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4  5350  22 RATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADJUNCT IMMUNE-BASED THERAPIES FOR DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS: HYPOTHESES AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS. THE POOR TREATMENT OUTCOMES FOR EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT AND MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS AND THE SLOW PROGRESS IN DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NEW TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS GAVE RISE TO DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL POTENTIAL IMMUNE-BASED THERAPIES FOR ADJUNCT USE WITH DRUG TREATMENT. HOWEVER, NONE OF THESE THERAPIES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE OF BENEFIT IN CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS IN HUMANS. THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO RETHINK THE IMMUNOLOGY OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION AND TO ASCERTAIN PROTECTIVE IMMUNE MECHANISMS THAT COULD BE EXPLOITED TO DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE ADJUNCT IMMUNE THERAPIES. T CELLS OBTAINED FROM THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD CIRCULATION MAY NOT REFLECT THE BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT RECOGNITION OF ANTI-M. TUBERCULOSIS T-CELL RESPONSES IN SITU. THUS, T CELLS THAT MEDIATE PROTECTIVE ANTI-M. TUBERCULOSIS IMMUNE RESPONSES RECOGNIZE AN AS-YET UNDISCOVERED SET OF M. TUBERCULOSIS ANTIGENS THAT REQUIRE DEFINITION. THE BIOLOGICALLY AND CLINICALLY RELEVANT M. TUBERCULOSIS TARGETS THAT ELICIT PROTECTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES MAY HAVE YET TO BE DISCOVERED. THE ENTIRE M. TUBERCULOSIS PROTEOME IS NOW ACCESSIBLE FOR SCREENING BY ANTIBODY RECOGNITION AND CAN THEREFORE BE USED TO IDENTIFY SPECIFIC T-CELL M. TUBERCULOSIS TARGET ANTIGENS. INHIBITORY CYTOKINES AND LYMPHOCYTOSIS PRESENT IN CHRONIC TUBERCULOSIS INFLAMMATION MAY BE DELETERIOUS IN MOUNTING AN EFFECTIVE M. TUBERCULOSIS T-CELL RESPONSE. CONSEQUENTLY, ABERRANT AND NONEFFECTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES COULD BE REFOCUSED WITH ANTICYTOKINE OR CELLULAR THERAPY. EPIGENETIC CHANGES DUE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MAY BE RESPONSIBLE, IN PART, FOR IMPAIRED IMMUNE RESPONSES IN TUBERCULOSIS AND THESE CHANGES COULD BE REVERSED. WE PRESENT FEASIBLE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS TO TEST THESE HYPOTHESES; THE RESULTS OF WHICH MAY GUIDE AND REFOCUS DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL IMMUNE-BASED THERAPIES FOR ADJUNCT TREATMENT OF DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS. INSIGHTS FROM CANCER IMMUNOLOGY WILL CROSS-FERTILIZE TUBERCULOSIS IMMUNOLOGY AND HELP TO DEVISE MORE EFFECTIVE ADJUNCT TREATMENT AND VACCINATION STRATEGIES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5   734  26 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6  4062  21 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  1237  29 CURCUMIN AND COLORECTAL CANCER: AN UPDATE AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVE ON THIS NATURAL MEDICINE. COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) IS ONE OF MOST COMMON MALIGNANCIES WORLDWIDE AND ITS INCIDENCE IS STILL GROWING. IN SPITE OF RECENT ADVANCES IN TARGETED THERAPIES, THEIR CLINICAL EFFICACY HAS BEEN LIMITED, NON-CURATIVE AND UNAFFORDABLE. A GROWING BODY OF LITERATURE INDICATES THAT CRC IS A MULTI-MODAL DISEASE, WHERE A VARIETY OF FACTORS WITHIN THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN ITS PATHOGENESIS. FOR INSTANCE, IMBALANCE IN GUT MICROBIAL PROFILES AND IMPAIRED INTESTINAL BARRIER FUNCTION CONTRIBUTE TO THE OVERALL INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION AND INITIATION OF CRC. MOREOVER, PERSISTENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATION FAVORS A TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT FOR THE GROWTH OF CANCER. IN ADDITION, AUTOPHAGY OR 'SELF-EATING' IS A SURVEILLANCE MECHANISM INVOLVED IN THE DEGRADATION OF CELLULAR CONSTITUENTS THAT ARE GENERATED UNDER STRESSFUL CONDITIONS. CANCER STEM CELLS (CSCS), ON THE OTHER HAND, ENGAGE IN THE ONSET OF CRC AND ARE ABLE TO ENDOW CANCER CELLS WITH CHEMO-RESISTANCE. FURTHERMORE, THE ABERRANT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS PROMOTE CRC. THESE EVIDENCES HIGHLIGHT THE NEED FOR MULTI-TARGETED APPROACHES THAT ARE NOT ONLY SAFE AND INEXPENSIVE BUT OFFER A MORE EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE TO CURRENT GENERATION OF TARGETED DRUGS. CURCUMIN, DERIVED FROM THE PLANT CURCUMA LONGA, REPRESENTS ONE SUCH OPTION THAT HAS A LONG HISTORY OF ITS USE FOR A VARIETY OF CHRONIC DISEASE INCLUDING CANCER, IN INDIAN AYURVEDIC AND TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE. SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES HAVE OVERWHELMINGLY SHOWN THAT CURCUMIN EXHIBITS A MULTITUDE OF ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITIES ORCHESTRATED THROUGH KEY SIGNALING PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WILL PRESENT A CURRENT UPDATE AND PERSPECTIVE ON THIS NATURAL MEDICINE - INCORPORATING THE BASIC CELLULAR MECHANISMS IT EFFECTS AND THE CURRENT STATE OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE, CHALLENGES AND PROMISE FOR ITS USE AS A CANCER PREVENTATIVE AND POTENTIAL ADJUNCT TOGETHER WITH MODERN THERAPIES FOR CRC PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  1888  22 ENDOMETRIOSIS AND IN VITRO FERTILISATION. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW WAS TO DISCUSS A MATTER OF CONCERN IN THE CLINICAL FIELD OF OBSTETRICS/GYNECOLOGY, NAMELY THE POTENCY OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED INFERTILITY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A MEDICAL CONDITION AFFECTING ONE TENTH OF WOMEN IN THEIR FERTILE YEARS, AND ACCOUNTS FOR UP TO 50% OF INFERTILE WOMEN. THUS, SUCH HIGH PREVALENCE HAS ESTABLISHED THE NECESSITY FOR INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES IN ERADICATING THE DISEASE AND CONSTRAINING INFERTILITY AS WELL AS THE ACCOMPANYING PAIN SYMPTOMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS CONNECTING ENDOMETRIOSIS WITH LOW FECUNDITY HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED, BOTH IN TERMS OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE MANIFESTATION OF AN INFERTILITY PHENOTYPE IN WOMEN WITH THE DISEASE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE DEALT WITH THE IMPACT OF IVF IN PREGNANCY RATES (PRS) ON PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS, PARTICULARLY REGARDING WOMEN WHO WISH TO CONCEIVE. RESULTS RETRIEVED FROM STUDIES AND META-ANALYSES DEPICT A DIVERSE PATTERN OF IVF SUCCESS, UNDERLINING THE INVOLVEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL PARAMETERS IN THE CONFIGURATION OF THE FINAL OUTCOME. THE ULTIMATE DECISION ON UNDERGOING IVF TREATMENT SHOULD BE BASED ON OBJECTIVE CRITERIA AND CLINICIANS' EXPERIENCE, CUSTOMIZED ACCORDING TO PATIENTS' INDIVIDUAL NEEDS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  1887  36 ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY IN WOMEN OF ADVANCED AGE: AN UNDERRATED FACTOR IN INFERTILITY. BACKGROUND: MODERN LIFESTYLE HAS LED TO AN INCREASE IN THE AGE AT CONCEPTION. ADVANCED AGE IS ONE OF THE CRITICAL RISK FACTORS FOR FEMALE-RELATED INFERTILITY. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT MATERNAL AGE POSITIVELY CORRELATES WITH THE DETERIORATION OF OOCYTE QUALITY AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN OOCYTES AND EMBRYOS. THE EFFECT OF AGE ON ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTION MAY BE AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT FACTOR INFLUENCING IMPLANTATION RATE, PREGNANCY RATE, AND OVERALL FEMALE FERTILITY. HOWEVER, THERE ARE ONLY A FEW PUBLISHED STUDIES ON THIS TOPIC, SUGGESTING THAT THIS AREA HAS BEEN UNDER-EXPLORED. IMPROVING OUR KNOWLEDGE OF ENDOMETRIAL AGING FROM THE BIOLOGICAL (CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, HISTOLOGICAL) AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES WOULD BROADEN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE RISKS OF AGE-RELATED FEMALE INFERTILITY. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW IS TO CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE EXISTING LITERATURE ON ENDOMETRIAL AGING WITH A FOCUS ON SYNTHESIZING THE EVIDENCE FOR THE IMPACT OF ENDOMETRIAL AGING ON CONCEPTION AND PREGNANCY SUCCESS. THIS WOULD PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO EXISTING GAPS IN THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS AND PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TREATMENT OPTIONS IN THIS FIELD. SEARCH METHODS: THE REVIEW WAS PREPARED USING PUBMED (MEDLINE) UNTIL FEBRUARY 2023 WITH THE KEYWORDS SUCH AS 'ENDOMETRIAL AGING', 'RECEPTIVITY', 'DECIDUALIZATION', 'HORMONE', 'SENESCENCE', 'CELLULAR', 'MOLECULAR', 'METHYLATION', 'BIOLOGICAL AGE', 'EPIGENETIC', 'OOCYTE RECIPIENT', 'OOCYTE DONATION', 'EMBRYO TRANSFER', AND 'PREGNANCY RATE'. ARTICLES IN A LANGUAGE OTHER THAN ENGLISH WERE EXCLUDED. OUTCOMES: IN THE AGING ENDOMETRIUM, ALTERATIONS OCCUR AT THE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND HISTOLOGICAL LEVELS SUGGESTING THAT AGING HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON ENDOMETRIAL BIOLOGY AND MAY IMPAIR ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY. ADDITIONALLY, ADVANCED AGE INFLUENCES CELLULAR SENESCENCE, WHICH PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE DURING THE INITIAL PHASE OF IMPLANTATION AND IS A MAJOR OBSTACLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE SENOLYTIC AGENTS FOR ENDOMETRIAL AGING. AGING IS ALSO ACCOUNTABLE FOR CHRONIC CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMAGING, WHICH EVENTUALLY CAN LEAD TO INCREASED PRO-INFLAMMATION AND TISSUE FIBROSIS. FURTHERMORE, ADVANCED AGE INFLUENCES EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE ENDOMETRIUM, THUS ALTERING THE RELATION BETWEEN ITS EPIGENETIC AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. THE STUDIES IN OOCYTE DONATION CYCLES TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF AGE ON ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY WITH RESPECT TO THE RATES OF IMPLANTATION, CLINICAL PREGNANCY, MISCARRIAGE, AND LIVE BIRTH HAVE REVEALED CONTRADICTORY INFERENCES INDICATING THE NEED FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ON THE MECHANISMS AND CORRESPONDING CAUSAL EFFECTS OF WOMEN'S AGE ON ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY. WIDER IMPLICATIONS: INCREASING AGE CAN BE ACCOUNTABLE FOR FEMALE INFERTILITY AND IVF FAILURES. BASED ON THE COMPLIED OBSERVATIONS AND SYNTHESIZED CONCLUSIONS IN THIS REVIEW, ADVANCED AGE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTIONING. THIS INFORMATION CAN PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH FOCUSING ON MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AGE-RELATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CELLULAR COMPOSITION, AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES IN RELATION TO ENDOMETRIAL AGING. ADDITIONALLY, FURTHER PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO EXPLORE NEWLY EMERGING THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS, SUCH AS THE SENOLYTIC AGENTS THAT CAN TARGET ENDOMETRIAL AGING WITHOUT AFFECTING DECIDUALIZATION. MOREOVER, CLINICAL TRIAL PROTOCOLS, FOCUSING ON OOCYTE DONATION CYCLES, WOULD BE BENEFICIAL IN UNDERSTANDING THE DIRECT CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ENDOMETRIAL AGING ON PREGNANCY OUTCOMES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10   103  29 A REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK FOR PERSONALIZED AND TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES: PERSPECTIVES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPINAL CORD INJURY. DESPITE MANY PEOPLE HAVING SIMILAR CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, AND CLINICAL CARE, OUTCOME CAN DIFFER FOR THOSE SUSTAINING SIGNIFICANT INJURY SUCH AS SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI). IN ADDITION TO TRADITIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL, AND CLINICAL FACTORS, VARIABILITY ALSO MAY BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO INNATE (INCLUDING GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROTEOMIC, EPIGENETIC) BIOLOGICAL VARIATION THAT INDIVIDUALS BRING TO RECOVERY AND THEIR UNIQUE RESPONSE TO THEIR CARE AND ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES COLLECTIVELY CALLED "-OMICS" ENABLE SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF AN ENORMOUS NUMBER OF BIOMOLECULES THAT CAN CAPTURE MANY POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTORS TO HETEROGENEITY OF INJURY/DISEASE COURSE AND OUTCOME. DUE TO THE NATURE OF INJURY AND COMPLEX DISEASE, AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS WITH IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY, AND RECOVERY, REHABILITATION DOES NOT LEND ITSELF TO A SINGULAR "PROTOCOLIZED" PLAN OF THERAPY. YET, BY NATURE AND BY NECESSITY, REHABILITATION MEDICINE OPERATES AS A FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF "PERSONALIZED CARE". THUS, THE CHALLENGE FOR SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS OF TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION CARE AND RESEARCH IS TO IDENTIFY VIABLE APPROACHES TO EXAMINE BROAD POPULATIONS, WITH VARIED IMPAIRMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS, AND TO IDENTIFY EFFECTIVE TREATMENT RESPONSES THAT INCORPORATE PERSONALIZED PROTOCOLS TO OPTIMIZE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY. THE REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK IS A TRANSLATIONAL MODEL THAT PROVIDES AN "-OMICS" OVERLAY TO THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF REHABILITATION PROCESSES AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL OUTCOMES. REHABILOMICS RESEARCH PROVIDES NOVEL OPPORTUNITIES TO EVALUATE THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF COMPLEX INJURY OR CHRONIC DISEASE AND CAN BE USED TO EXAMINE METHODS AND TREATMENTS FOR PERSON-CENTERED CARE AMONG POPULATIONS WITH DISABILITIES. EXEMPLARS FOR APPLICATION IN SCI AND OTHER NEUROREHABILITATION POPULATIONS ARE DISCUSSED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11   367  23 AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES IN CHILDREN: TREATMENT AND NEW INSIGHTS INTO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: ALTHOUGH MANY DIAGNOSTIC TERMS ARE USED FOR PEDIATRIC CHRONIC PAIN, EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A COMMON THREAD OF SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION, LEADING TO THE UNIFYING TERM 'AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES'. ONGOING RESEARCH PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONTRIBUTORS AND TREATMENTS FOR PEDIATRIC AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES. RECENT FINDINGS: BASIC SCIENCE INDICATES A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, NEUROCHEMICAL, ENDOCRINE, AND INFLAMMATORY CONTRIBUTORS, ALONG WITH ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS. ALTHOUGH MEDICATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS REMAIN COMMON APPROACHES TO CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC PAIN, THEIR EVIDENCE IS LIMITED. PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR MINDFULNESS-BASED THERAPIES, YOGA, AND OTHER COMPLEMENTARY/ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE APPROACHES. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE IS FOR EXERCISE-BASED AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENTS, IN PARTICULAR, WHEN COMBINED IN A MULTIDISCIPLINARY FORMAT. INTENSIVE APPROACHES (PAIN REHABILITATION) HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY TREAT THOSE MOST DISABLED BY AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES, AND LEAD TO SUSTAINED IMPROVEMENT IN PAIN, FUNCTIONING, AND MEDICAL UTILIZATION. SUMMARY: ALTHOUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PEDIATRIC AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES EVOLVES, STANDARD OF CARE IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY EMPHASIZING EXERCISE THERAPY, COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT, AND SELF-REGULATION. TREATMENT SHOULD TARGET FULL RETURN TO PHYSICAL FUNCTION, WHICH LEADS TO SUBSEQUENT IMPROVEMENT OR RESOLUTION OF PAIN. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE CAN BE COORDINATED BY A RHEUMATOLOGIST OR OTHER PHYSICIAN WITH APPROPRIATE REFERRALS, OR THROUGH A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12   107  36 A REVIEW OF PRE-CLINICAL MODELS FOR GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC MULTISYMPTOMATIC DISORDER THAT AFFLICTS OVER 1/3RD OF THE 1991 GW VETERANS. IT SPANS MULTIPLE BODILY SYSTEMS AND PRESENTS ITSELF AS A SYNDROME EXHIBITING DIVERSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, MOOD, AND MEMORY AND CONCENTRATION DEFICITS, MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS IN GW VETERANS. THE ETIOLOGY OF GWI IS COMPLEX AND MANY FACTORS, INCLUDING CHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS PRESENT IN THE GW ARENA, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT. IT HAS BEEN OVER 30 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE GW BUT, GWI HAS BEEN PERSISTENT IN SUFFERING VETERANS WHO ARE ALSO DEALING WITH PAUCITY OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE MULTIFACTORIAL ASPECT OF GWI ALONG WITH GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND LACK OF AVAILABLE DATA SURROUNDING WAR-TIME EXPOSURES HAVE PROVED TO BE CHALLENGING IN DEVELOPING PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF GWI. DESPITE THIS, OVER A DOZEN GWI ANIMAL MODELS EXIST IN THE LITERATURE. IN THIS ARTICLE, FOLLOWING A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF GW HISTORY, GWI DEFINITIONS, AND PROBABLE CAUSES FOR ITS PATHOGENESIS, WE WILL EXPAND UPON VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED IN GWI LABORATORY RESEARCH. THESE ANIMAL MODELS WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR ATTEMPTS AT MIMICKING GW-RELATED EXPOSURES WITH REGARDS TO THE VARIATIONS IN CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS, DOSES, AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURES. WE WILL DISCUSS THEIR ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS IN MODELING GWI FOLLOWED BY A DISCUSSION OF BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS IN THESE MODELS. THE MECHANISTIC DATA OBTAINED FROM THESE PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE OFFERED MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIPID DISTURBANCES, CALCIUM HOMEOSTATIC ALTERATIONS, CHANGES IN GUT MICROBIOTA, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AMONGST OTHERS FOR EXPLAINING GWI DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PERSISTENCE. FINALLY, THESE FINDINGS HAVE ALSO INFORMED US ON NOVEL DRUGGABLE TARGETS IN GWI. WHILE, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE A SINGLE PRE-CLINICAL MODEL THAT COULD EXPRESS ALL THE GWI SIGNS AND EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY REFLECTIVE OF THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN GWI, ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN CRITICAL FOR IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF GWI AND EVALUATING TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR GWI.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  5025  20 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14   264  19 ADVANCING ASTHMA CARE: THE GLASS IS ONLY HALF FULL! OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A CONCERTED EFFORT IN THE UNITED STATES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING ASTHMA. ATTENTION WAS INITIALLY DIRECTED TOWARD ASTHMA IN RESPONSE TO THE RECOGNITION THAT ASTHMA MORTALITY WAS INCREASING AND THAT THE BURDEN OF DISEASE WAS SIGNIFICANT. THESE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ASTHMA MORTALITY LED TO MANY NEW INITIATIVES TO DEVELOP CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES, IMPLEMENT THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, CONDUCT RESEARCH TO FILL THE GAPS IN THE GUIDELINES, AND CONTINUOUSLY REVISE THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES AS MORE INFORMATION BECAME AVAILABLE. AN ASSESSMENT OF OUR PROGRESS SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN RELATION TO REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND HOSPITALIZATIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, WE ARE NOW AT A CROSSROADS IN ASTHMA CARE. ALTHOUGH WE HAVE RECOGNIZED SOME REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW TOOLS TO MONITOR DISEASE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING BIOMARKERS AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS, ALONG WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS TO MONITOR ASTHMA CONTROL HOLD SOME PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING GAPS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THESE ADVANCES SHOULD PROMPT THE EVOLUTION OF NEW STRATEGIES AND NEW TREATMENTS TO FURTHER REDUCE DISEASE BURDEN. IT NOW BECOMES IMPERATIVE TO CONTINUE A FOCUS ON WAYS TO FURTHER REDUCE THE BURDEN OF ASTHMA AND PREVENT ITS ONSET.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15  3035  23 GENETICS/GENOMICS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE--TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE? THE PROGRESSION RATE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) TO ITS TERMINAL STAGE, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD), AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND SEVERITY OF VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS, ARE AT LEAST INDIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY GENETIC--AND EPIGENETIC--FACTORS. FOR YEARS, SCIENTISTS HAVE HELD OUT HOPE THAT THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETICS COULD TRANSFORM MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, MOVING BEYOND A TRIAL-AND-ERROR APPROACH TOWARDS "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE." INDEED, THERE ARE NOW SIGNS THAT THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND THE PURSUIT OF "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE" IN MEDICAL CARE WILL BE A PRIORITY FOR GOVERNMENTS DURING YEARS TO COME. BUT THE VISION OF INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT BASED ON A PATIENT'S GENETIC MAKEUP AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAS YET TO MATERIALIZE IN THE FIELD OF CKD AND ESRD. AS THE TOXIC UREMIC ENVIRONMENT MAY RENDER CKD PATIENTS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIANTS, IT IS LIKELY THAT GENETIC FACTORS COULD BE OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IN THIS HIGH-RISK POPULATION. THEREFORE, OUTCOME IN THE CKD POPULATION MAY BE IMPROVED BY ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES, THUS ENABLING PHYSICIANS TO DESIGN AN INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE BASED ON A MORE INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY COULD BE APPLIED IN, FOR EXAMPLE, PHARMACOTHERAPY (CYP GENES), DIALYSIS THERAPY, AND NUTRITIONAL AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16  4344  19 MINIREVIEW: TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES. INCREASING IMPORTANCE IS PLACED ON THE TRANSLATIONAL VALIDITY OF ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE TO DISCERN RISK VS. BENEFIT FOR PREDICTION OF OUTCOMES AFTER THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AND TO DEVELOP NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTH. BASIC DISCOVERY RESEARCH CONDUCTED OVER MANY DECADES HAS BUILT AN EXTENSIVE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING REPRODUCTIVE SENESCENCE ACROSS MAMMALIAN SPECIES UPON WHICH TO ADVANCE ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE. MODIFICATIONS TO EXISTING ANIMAL MODELS COULD RAPIDLY ADDRESS TRANSLATIONAL GAPS RELEVANT TO CLINICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN MENOPAUSAL HEALTH, WHICH INCLUDE THE IMPACT OF 1) CHRONIC OVARIAN HORMONE DEPRIVATION AND HORMONE THERAPY, 2) CLINICALLY RELEVANT HORMONE THERAPY REGIMENS (CYCLIC VS. CONTINUOUS COMBINED), 3) CLINICALLY RELEVANT HORMONE THERAPY FORMULATIONS, AND 4) WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY AND OPTIMAL DURATION OF INTERVENTIONS. MODIFICATIONS IN EXISTING ANIMAL MODELS TO MORE ACCURATELY REPRESENT HUMAN MENOPAUSE AND CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS COULD RAPIDLY PROVIDE PRECLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL DATA TO PREDICT OUTCOMES REGARDING UNRESOLVED CLINICAL ISSUES RELEVANT TO WOMEN'S MENOPAUSAL HEALTH. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEXT GENERATION OF ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE COULD LEVERAGE ADVANCES IN IDENTIFYING GENOTYPIC VARIATIONS IN ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS TO DEVELOP PERSONALIZED MENOPAUSAL CARE AND TO PREDICT OUTCOMES OF INTERVENTIONS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST OR VULNERABILITY TO DISEASE. KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF THESE MODELS IS THE CLOSE COUPLING BETWEEN THE TRANSLATIONAL TARGET AND THE RANGE OF PREDICTIVE VALIDITY. PRECLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE NEED TO KEEP PACE WITH CHANGES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. WITH FOCUS ON PREDICTIVE VALIDITY AND STRATEGIC USE OF ADVANCES IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SCIENCE, NEW ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO SET NEW DIRECTIONS FOR MENOPAUSAL CLINICAL CARE FOR WOMEN WORLDWIDE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
17  1737  24 EARLY DETECTION OF ACCELERATED AGING AND CELLULAR DECLINE (AACD): A CONSENSUS STATEMENT. THE CELLULAR HALLMARKS OF ACCELERATED AGING AND THEIR CLINICAL EXPRESSION MAY BE GROUPED USING THE TERMS 'ACCELERATED AGING AND CELLULAR DECLINE' (AACD) AND/OR 'AGE-ASSOCIATED CELLULAR DECLINE'. THIS CONSTRUCT IS DESIGNED TO CAPTURE THE BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND PREDISPOSING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGE-RELATED CONDITIONS. BY CLASSIFYING RISK FACTORS, EARLY INDICATORS, AND CLINICAL DIFFERENTIATORS OF AACD THROUGH EXPERT CONSENSUS, THIS STUDY AIMED TO IDENTIFY THE SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, AND MARKERS INDICATIVE OF AACD. IN DOING SO, THIS WORK PAVES THE WAY FOR FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AACD CONCEPT IN THE CLINICAL AND RESEARCH SETTINGS. AN INTERDISCIPLINARY PANEL OF EXPERTS WITH CLINICAL AND RESEARCH EXPERTISE WAS SELECTED TO PARTICIPATE IN A VIRTUAL WORKSHOP TO DISCUSS AACD. A MODIFIED NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO ESTABLISH CONSENSUS AMONG THE GROUP. AN EXTENDED GROUP OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS CRITICALLY REVIEWED AN EARLY DRAFT OF THE MANUSCRIPT, AND THEIR FEEDBACK WAS THEN INCORPORATED INTO THE MODEL. EXPERTS IDENTIFIED 13 FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO OR CLINICALLY MANIFESTING AACD. AMONG THESE, CHRONIC DISEASES, OBESITY, AND UNFAVORABLE GENETIC BACKGROUND WERE CONSIDERED AS THE MOST IMPORTANT. THERE WAS A CONSENSUS THAT A GRADUAL AND NONSPECIFIC DEVELOPMENT OFTEN CHARACTERIZES AACD, MAKING ITS CLINICAL DETECTION POTENTIALLY CHALLENGING. IN ADDITION, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS MIGHT HAVE MULTIFACTORIAL CAUSES AND OVERLAPPING ORIGINS, SUCH AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AS A RESULT, AN INITIAL CHECKLIST WAS OUTLINED, LISTING CLINICAL FACTORS OF SPECIAL RELEVANCE (E.G., FATIGUE, LOW QUALITY OF SLEEP, AND LOW MOOD) TO REPRESENT EARLY MANIFESTATIONS OF THE ORGANISM'S EXHAUSTION, WHICH ARE ALSO FREQUENTLY NEGLECTED IN THE CLINICAL SETTING. DIFFERENTIATING AACD FROM OTHER CONDITIONS IS ESSENTIAL. THE USE OF A COMBINATION OF BIOMARKERS WAS PROPOSED AS A VIABLE METHOD IN A TWO-STEP PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION: 1) IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY AACD CLINICAL INDICATORS, FOLLOWED BY 2) SYMPTOM AND BIOMARKER CONFIRMATION WITH A FOCUS ON SYSTEM DOMAINS (TO BE POTENTIALLY TARGETED BY FUTURE SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS). ALTHOUGH THE AACD CONSTRUCT IS NOT YET READY FOR ROUTINE USE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, ITS OPERATIONALIZATION MAY SUPPORT THE EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF AGE-RELATED CONDITIONS (WHEN THIS MIGHT STILL BE AMENABLE TO REVERSION) AND ALSO ENCOURAGE PREVENTATIVE INTERVENTIONS. FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED TO ESTABLISH SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS THAT CONFIRM INDEPENDENT RISK FACTORS FOR AACD AND PROVIDE A MORE DEFINITIVE STRUCTURE TO THE CONCEPT OF AACD (AND AGE-ASSOCIATED CELLULAR DECLINE).	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  6742  26 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  4515  23 MULTI-OMICS APPROACHES FOR PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT : POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF OMICS IN PRECISION PREVENTION, TREATMENT AND RISK REDUCTION OF OBESITY. INTRODUCTION: OBESITY IS A MULTIFACTORIAL CHRONIC DISEASE THAT CANNOT BE ADDRESSED BY SIMPLY PROMOTING BETTER DIETS AND MORE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. TO DATE, NOT A SINGLE COUNTRY HAS SUCCESSFULLY BEEN ABLE TO CURB THE ACCUMULATING BURDEN OF OBESITY. ONE EXPLANATION FOR THE LACK OF PROGRESS IS THAT LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION PROGRAMS ARE TRADITIONALLY IMPLEMENTED WITHOUT A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS. EVIDENCE FROM GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND HOW THEY IN TURN AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTOME, METABOLITES, MICROBIOMES, AND PROTEOMES. OBJECTIVE: THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OMICS DATA: GENOMICS, EPIGENOMICS, TRANSCRIPTOMICS, PROTEOMICS, METABOLOMICS AND ILLUSTRATE HOW A MULTI-OMICS APPROACH CAN BE FUNDAMENTAL FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT. RESULTS: THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OMICS DESIGNS ARE GROUPED INTO TWO CATEGORIES, THE GENOTYPE APPROACH AND THE PHENOTYPE APPROACH. WHEN APPLIED TO OBESITY PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT, EACH OMICS TYPE COULD POTENTIALLY HELP TO DETECT SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS IN PEOPLE WITH RISK PROFILES AND GUIDE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AND DECISION MAKERS IN DEVELOPING INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT PLANS ACCORDING TO THE NEEDS OF THE INDIVIDUAL BEFORE THE ONSET OF OBESITY. CONCLUSION: INTEGRATING MULTI-OMICS APPROACHES WILL ENABLE A PARADIGM SHIFT FROM THE ONE SIZE FITS ALL APPROACH TOWARDS PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT, I.E. (1) PRECISION PREVENTION OF THE ONSET OF OBESITY, (2) PRECISION MEDICINE AND TAILORED TREATMENT OF OBESITY, AND (3) PRECISION RISK REDUCTION AND PREVENTION OF SECONDARY DISEASES RELATED TO OBESITY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20    30  30 A BRIEF LOOK AT HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE, ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMAS, OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE-COULD ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS BE THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SAME COIN? HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE (HD) IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. THE EXACT PATHOMECHANISM BEHIND IT HAS NOT BEEN CLEARLY ESTABLISHED; HOWEVER, AN INTERPLAY OF GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS (INCLUDING DIET) AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS SEEMS TO BE INVOLVED. AMONG THE LATTER, INCREASINGLY MORE ATTENTION HAS BEEN PAID TO SOME HORMONALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, KNOWN AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, WHICH ARE COMMONLY USED WORLDWIDE. HD HAS BECOME A CONDITION WIDELY REPORTED IN THE MEDIA, ACTING AS A CULPRIT FOR INEXPLICABLE WEIGHT GAIN, CHRONIC FATIGUE OR WEAKNESS. NEVERTHELESS, THE RECOGNITION OF HD IS UNDENIABLY INCREASING AND REPRESENTS A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH BURDEN. AT THE SAME TIME, IMPROVING ACCESS TO IMAGING TESTS HAS INCREASED THE NUMBER OF INCIDENTALLY DIAGNOSED ADRENAL TUMORS. ABOVE ALL, THE WIDESPREAD USE OF CHEST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) DUE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC HAS CONTRIBUTED TO FREQUENT INCIDENTAL DETECTION OF ADRENAL LESIONS. FORTUNATELY, A VAST MAJORITY OF THESE FINDINGS ARE ASYMPTOMATIC BENIGN TUMORS WITH NO EXCESSIVE HORMONAL ACTIVITY, AND THEREFORE, THEY ARE DEFINED AS ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMAS (AIS). INTERESTINGLY, RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT PATIENTS WITH AIS ARE MORE PRONE TO OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. ALTHOUGH MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE THYROID AND THE ADRENAL GLANDS HAVE BEEN STUDIED WIDELY, STILL, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE POSSIBLE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THYROID AUTOIMMUNITY AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMAS. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE COMMON ENDOCRINE DISORDERS WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE FREQUENTLY COEXISTING INSULIN RESISTANCE AND/OR OBESITY. FURTHERMORE, IN RESPONSE TO THE RECENT GROWING INTEREST IN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, WITH THEIR TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THAT INFLUENCE HORMONAL SYSTEM FUNCTION, A CONCISE OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC HAS ALSO BEEN INCLUDED.	2023