1  6467 140 TISSUE-SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF EXERCISE AS NAD(+) -BOOSTING STRATEGY: CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD(+) ) IS AN EVOLUTIONARILY HIGHLY CONSERVED COENZYME WITH MULTI-FACETED CELL FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING ENERGY METABOLISM, MOLECULAR SIGNALING PROCESSES, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND DNA REPAIR. SINCE THE DISCOVERY THAT LOWER NAD(+) LEVELS ARE A SHARED CHARACTERISTIC OF VARIOUS DISEASES AND AGING PER SE, SEVERAL NAD(+) -BOOSTING STRATEGIES HAVE EMERGED. OTHER THAN PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL APPROACHES, EXERCISE IS THOUGHT TO RESTORE NAD(+) HOMEOSTASIS THROUGH METABOLIC ADAPTION TO CHRONICALLY RECURRING STATES OF INCREASED ENERGY DEMAND. IN THIS REVIEW WE DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF ACUTE EXERCISE AND EXERCISE TRAINING ON TISSUE-SPECIFIC NAD(+) METABOLISM OF RODENTS AND HUMANS TO HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL VALUE AS NAD(+) -BOOSTING STRATEGY. BY INTERCONNECTING RESULTS FROM DIFFERENT INVESTIGATIONS, WE AIM TO DRAW ATTENTION TO TISSUE-SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS IN NAD(+) METABOLISM AND THE ASSOCIATED IMPLICATIONS FOR WHOLE-BODY NAD(+) HOMEOSTASIS. ACUTE EXERCISE LED TO PROFOUND ALTERATIONS OF INTRACELLULAR NAD(+) METABOLISM IN VARIOUS INVESTIGATIONS, WITH THE MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF CHANGES BEING STRONGLY DEPENDENT ON THE APPLIED EXERCISE MODALITY, CELL TYPE, AND INVESTIGATED ANIMAL MODEL OR HUMAN POPULATION. EXERCISE TRAINING ELEVATED NAD(+) LEVELS AND NAD(+) METABOLISM ENZYMES IN VARIOUS TISSUES. BASED ON THESE RESULTS, WE DISCUSS MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT MIGHT CONNECT ACUTE EXERCISE-INDUCED DISRUPTIONS OF NAD(+) /NADH HOMEOSTASIS TO CHRONIC EXERCISE ADAPTIONS IN NAD(+) METABOLISM. TAKING THIS HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN APPROACH, WE HOPE TO INSPIRE FUTURE RESEARCH ON THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF EXERCISE AS NAD(+) -MODIFYING LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION, THEREBY ELUCIDATING THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC VALUE IN NAD(+) -RELATED PATHOLOGIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2  4367  33 MIRNA-BASED "FITNESS SCORE" TO ASSESS THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE TO DIET, METABOLISM, AND EXERCISE. BACKGROUND: REGULAR, ESPECIALLY SUSTAINED EXERCISE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE CHRONIC DISEASES. SOME OF THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS BEHIND THE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ARE STILL UNCLEAR, BUT RECENT FINDINGS SUGGEST A POSSIBLE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ESPECIALLY MIRNAS, IN THE PROGRESSION AND MANAGEMENT OF EXERCISE-RELATED CHANGES. DUE TO THE COMBINATION OF THE ANALYSIS OF EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS (MIRNAS), THE INTAKE OF FOOD AND SUPPLEMENTS, AND GENETIC DISPOSITIONS, A "FITNESS SCORE" WAS EVALUATED TO ASSESS THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE TO NUTRITION, EXERCISE, AND METABOLIC INFLUENCE. METHODS: IN RESPONSE TO A 12-WEEK SPORTS INTERVENTION, WE ANALYZED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS IN CAPILLARY BLOOD FROM 61 SEDENTARY, HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS (66.1% FEMALES, 33.9% MALES, MEAN AGE 33 YEARS), INCLUDING LINE-1 METHYLATION, THREE SNPS, AND TEN MIRNAS USING HRM AND QPCR ANALYSIS. THESE BIOMARKERS WERE ALSO ANALYZED IN A HEALTHY, AGE- AND SEX-MATCHED CONTROL GROUP (N, 20) WITHOUT INTERVENTION. FOOD FREQUENCY INTAKE, INCLUDING DIETARY SUPPLEMENT INTAKE, AND GENERAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRES WERE SURVEYED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF TRAINED STAFF. RESULTS: EXERCISE TRAINING DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-20A-5P, -22-5P, AND -505-3P (P < 0.02) AND IMPROVED THE "FITNESS SCORE," WHICH ESTIMATES EIGHT DIFFERENT LIFESTYLE FACTORS TO ASSESS, NUTRITION, INFLAMMATION, CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS, INJURY RISK, REGENERATION, MUSCLE AND HYDRATION STATUS, AS WELL AS STRESS LEVEL. IN ADDITION, WE WERE ABLE TO DETERMINE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL MIRNAS, MIR-20A-5P, -22-5P, AND -101-3P (P < 0.04), AND THE GENETIC PREDISPOSITION FOR ENDURANCE AND/OR STRENGTH AND OBESITY RISK (ACE, ACTN3, AND FTO), AS WELL AS BETWEEN MIRNAS AND THE BODY COMPOSITION (P < 0.05). MIR-19B-3P AND -101-3P CORRELATED WITH THE INTAKE OF B VITAMINS. FURTHER, MIR-19B-3P CORRELATED WITH MAGNESIUM AND MIR-378A-3P WITH IRON INTAKE (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: IN SUMMARY, OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT A COMBINED ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL BIOMARKERS (MIRNAS) CAN PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT AN INDIVIDUAL'S TRAINING ADAPTIONS/FITNESS, BODY COMPOSITION, NUTRITIONAL NEEDS, AND POSSIBLE RECOVERY. IN CONTRAST TO MOST STUDIES USING MUSCLE BIOPSIES, WE WERE ABLE TO SHOW THAT THESE BIOMARKERS CAN ALSO BE MEASURED USING A MINIMALLY INVASIVE METHOD.	2022	

3  4185  44 METABOLIC ADAPTIONS/REPROGRAMMING IN ISLET BETA-CELLS IN RESPONSE TO PHYSIOLOGICAL STIMULATORS-WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES. IRREVERSIBLE PANCREATIC BETA-CELL DAMAGE MAY BE A RESULT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO SUPRAPHYSIOLOGICAL GLUCOSE OR LIPID CONCENTRATIONS OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO THERAPEUTIC ANTI-DIABETIC DRUGS. THE BETA-CELLS ARE ABLE TO RESPOND TO BLOOD GLUCOSE IN A NARROW CONCENTRATION RANGE AND RELEASE INSULIN IN RESPONSE, FOLLOWING ACTIVATION OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS SUCH AS GLYCOLYSIS AND THE TCA CYCLE. THE BETA-CELL CANNOT PROTECT ITSELF FROM GLUCOSE TOXICITY BY BLOCKING GLUCOSE UPTAKE, BUT INDEED RELIES ON ALTERNATIVE METABOLIC PROTECTION MECHANISMS TO AVOID DYSFUNCTION AND DEATH. ALTERATION OF NORMAL METABOLIC PATHWAY FUNCTION OCCURS AS A COUNTER REGULATORY RESPONSE TO HIGH NUTRIENT, INFLAMMATORY FACTOR, HORMONE OR THERAPEUTIC DRUG CONCENTRATIONS. METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IS A TERM WIDELY USED TO DESCRIBE A CHANGE IN REGULATION OF VARIOUS METABOLIC ENZYMES AND TRANSPORTERS, USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION AND MAY INVOLVE RESHAPING EPIGENETIC RESPONSES, IN PARTICULAR THE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONE PROTEINS AND DNA. OTHER METABOLIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS MALONYLATION, SUCCINYLATION, HYDROXYBUTYRYLATION, ADP-RIBOSYLATION, AND LACTYLATION, MAY IMPACT REGULATORY PROCESSES, MANY OF WHICH NEED TO BE INVESTIGATED IN DETAIL TO CONTRIBUTE TO CURRENT ADVANCES IN METABOLISM. BY DESCRIBING MULTIPLE MECHANISMS OF METABOLIC ADAPTION THAT ARE AVAILABLE TO THE BETA-CELL ACROSS ITS LIFESPAN, WE HOPE TO IDENTIFY SITES FOR METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING MECHANISMS, MOST OF WHICH ARE INCOMPLETELY DESCRIBED OR UNDERSTOOD. MANY OF THESE MECHANISMS ARE RELATED TO PROMINENT ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSES. HERE, WE HAVE ATTEMPTED TO DESCRIBE THE KEY BETA-CELL METABOLIC ADAPTIONS AND CHANGES WHICH ARE REQUIRED FOR SURVIVAL AND FUNCTION IN VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL, PATHOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  4786  35 NUTRITION AND HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE: SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS AND MEETING CHALLENGES FOR THE AGING POPULATION. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC (GENOME) AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (EPIGENOME) OPERATE DURING A PERSON'S ENTIRE LIFESPAN. THE AGING PROCESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL CELLULAR AND ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS THAT, AT THE END, CAUSE MULTI-ORGANIC CELL FAILURE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF AGING ARE MODIFIABLE BY APPROPRIATE PREVENTIVE ACTIONS MEDIATED BY SIRTUINS, CALORIC INPUT, DIET COMPONENTS, ADIPOSE TISSUE-RELATED INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. THE MEDITERRANEAN LIFESTYLE HAS BEEN FOR MANY MILLENNIA A DAILY HABIT FOR PEOPLE IN WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS LIVING AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA WHO WORKED INTENSIVELY AND SURVIVED WITH VERY FEW SEASONAL FOODS. A HIGH ADHERENCE TO THE TRADITIONAL MEDITERRANEAN DIET IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW MORTALITY (HIGHER LONGEVITY) AND REDUCED RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER, THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, DEPRESSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. REPORTS INDICATE THAT SOME DIETARY COMPONENTS, SUCH AS OLIVE OIL, ANTIOXIDANTS, OMEGA-3 AND -6 POLYUNSATURATED ACIDS, POLYPHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS, MEDIATE BENEFICIAL ANTI-AGING EFFECTS (ANTI-CHRONIC DISEASES AND INCREASED LONGEVITY). EQUALLY, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DISPLAYS A POSITIVE EFFECT, PRODUCING CALORIC CONSUMPTION AND REGULATION OF ADIPOSE AND PANCREATIC FUNCTION. THE PREDICTIVE STRENGTH OF SOME FOOD PATTERNS MAY BE A WAY OF DEVELOPING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOOD AND HEALTH POLICIES. THIS PAPER WILL DISCUSS SEVERAL WAYS OF IMPROVING HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE, FOCUSING ON CERTAIN GROUPS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND HEALTHY HABITS WHICH MAY REDUCE OR PREVENT AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5  6169  33 THE GUT MICROBIOTA AND HEALTHY AGING: A MINI-REVIEW. THE GUT MICROBIOTA SHOWS A WIDE INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION, BUT ITS WITHIN-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IS RELATIVELY STABLE OVER TIME. A FUNCTIONAL CORE MICROBIOME, PROVIDED BY ABUNDANT BACTERIAL TAXA, SEEMS TO BE COMMON TO VARIOUS HUMAN HOSTS REGARDLESS OF THEIR GENDER, GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, AND AGE. WITH ADVANCING CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, THE GUT MICROBIOTA BECOMES MORE DIVERSE AND VARIABLE. HOWEVER, WHEN MEASURES OF BIOLOGICAL AGE ARE USED WITH ADJUSTMENT FOR CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, OVERALL RICHNESS DECREASES, WHILE A CERTAIN GROUP OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH FRAILTY INCREASES. THIS HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING BIOLOGICAL OR FUNCTIONAL MEASURES OF AGING. STUDIES USING MODEL ORGANISMS INDICATE THAT AGE-RELATED GUT DYSBIOSIS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO UNHEALTHY AGING AND REDUCED LONGEVITY. THE GUT MICROBIOME DEPENDS ON THE HOST NUTRIENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR ITS BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON HOST HEALTH AND LIFESPAN, AND GUT DYSBIOSIS DISRUPTING THE INTERDEPENDENCE MAY DIMINISH THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OR EVEN HAVE REVERSE EFFECTS. GUT DYSBIOSIS CAN TRIGGER THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, LEADING TO MANY AGE-RELATED DEGENERATIVE PATHOLOGIES AND UNHEALTHY AGING. THE GUT MICROBIOTA COMMUNICATES WITH THE HOST THROUGH VARIOUS BIOMOLECULES, NUTRIENT SIGNALING-INDEPENDENT PATHWAYS, AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. DISTURBANCE OF THESE COMMUNICATIONS BY AGE-RELATED GUT DYSBIOSIS CAN AFFECT THE HOST HEALTH AND LIFESPAN. THIS MAY EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF THE GUT MICROBIOME ON HEALTH AND AGING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  5416  25 REGULATION OF CELLULAR METABOLISM: PROGRAMMING AND MAINTAINING METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS. MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IS PROGRAMMED TO SET AND MAINTAIN METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH AN INTRINSIC PROGRAM THAT DETERMINES THE METABOLIC [ATP]/[ADP]/[PI], WHERE [PI] IS THE CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATE (ENERGY STATE) AND MAINTAINS IT THROUGH A BIDIRECTIONAL SENSORY/SIGNALING CONTROL NETWORK THAT REACHES EVERY ASPECT OF CELLULAR METABOLISM. THE PROGRAM SETS THE ENERGY STATE WITH HIGH PRECISION (TO BETTER THAN ONE PART IN 10(9)) AND CAN RESPOND TO TRANSIENT CHANGES IN ENERGY DEMAND (ATP USE) TO MORE THAN 100 TIMES THE RESTING RATE. EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE ABLE TO "FINE TUNE" THE PROGRAMMED SET POINT OVER A NARROW RANGE TO MEET THE SPECIAL NEEDS ASSOCIATED WITH CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND CHRONIC CHANGES IN METABOLIC REQUIREMENTS. THE RESULT IS ROBUST, ACROSS PLATFORM CONTROL OF METABOLISM, ESSENTIAL TO CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF COMPLEX ORGANISMS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  5986  38 TFEB IS A CENTRAL REGULATOR OF THE AGING PROCESS AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES. OLD AGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A GREATER BURDEN OF DISEASE, INCLUDING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS SUCH AS ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE, AS WELL AS OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. COINCIDENTALLY, POPULAR LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS, SUCH AS CALORIC RESTRICTION, INTERMITTENT FASTING, AND REGULAR EXERCISE, IN ADDITION TO PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS INTENDED TO PROTECT AGAINST AGE-RELATED DISEASES, INDUCE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EB (TFEB) AND AUTOPHAGY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE EMERGING DISCOVERIES THAT POINT TO TFEB ACTIVITY AFFECTING THE HALLMARKS OF AGING, INCLUDING INHIBITING DNA DAMAGE AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INDUCING AUTOPHAGY AND CELL CLEARANCE TO PROMOTE PROTEOSTASIS, REGULATING MITOCHONDRIAL QUALITY CONTROL, LINKING NUTRIENT-SENSING TO ENERGY METABOLISM, REGULATING PRO- AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS, INHIBITING SENESCENCE AND PROMOTING CELL REGENERATIVE CAPACITY. FURTHERMORE, THE THERAPEUTIC IMPACT OF TFEB ACTIVATION ON NORMAL AGING AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IS ASSESSED IN THE CONTEXTS OF NEURODEGENERATION AND NEUROPLASTICITY, STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION, IMMUNE RESPONSES, MUSCLE ENERGY ADAPTATION, ADIPOSE TISSUE BROWNING, HEPATIC FUNCTIONS, BONE REMODELING, AND CANCER. SAFE AND EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES OF ACTIVATING TFEB HOLD PROMISE AS A THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR MULTIPLE AGE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES AND FOR EXTENDING LIFESPAN.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  2869  40 FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND HEALTH EFFECTS: A NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVE. BACKGROUND: INCREASED CONSUMER S INTEREST IN HEALTH HAS DRIVEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOODS THAT OFFER SPECIFIC BENEFICIAL EFFECTS. THE LIST OF FOODS AND INGREDIENTS INCLUDES ESSENTIAL AND NON-ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, PLANT AND MARINE COMPONENTS, WHOLE FOODS, MICROORGANISMS, MICROALGAE AND TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES. TRADITIONALLY, HEALTH OUTCOMES FOCUSSED ON THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES BUT HEALTH TARGETS HAVE EXPANDED TO COVER AREAS SUCH AS BRAIN HEALTH, INFLAMMATION, EYE HEALTH, WOMEN S HEALTH, HEALTHY AGEING AND BEAUTY. OBJECTIVE: THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS, FROM A NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVE, DIFFERENTIAL ASPECTS ON DESIGNING AND INTERPRETING HUMAN STUDIES TO SUPPORT THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS. RESULTS: DESPITE THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE FROM IN VITRO, ANIMAL AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES, WELLDESIGNED HUMAN STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO SUPPORT THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS. INTERVENTION TRIALS WITH FOODS ARE COMPLEX AS THEY IMPLY LIMITATIONS DUE TO METHODOLOGICAL, FOOD-RELATED AND HOST-RELATED FACTORS. THE USE OF RESPONSIVE, VALIDATED AND CLINICALLY RELEVANT MARKERS BECOMES ESSENTIAL EVEN THOUGH THERE IS A LACK OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE FOR MANY BIOACTIVES. FURTHERMORE, THE EFFECT OF MODULATING FACTORS SUCH AS SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATION, GUT MICROBIOTA AND GENETIC VARIABILITY SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. MULTIPLE INDICATORS MAY PROVIDE A MORE RELIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO ASSESS PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES WHILE EMERGING BIOMARKERS (MICRORNAS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES) CONSTITUTE A PROMISING APPROACH. ADDITIONALLY, THE MAGNITUDE OF THE CHANGE IS CRITICAL TO SUPPORT ANY HEALTH EFFECT ALTHOUGH INTERVENTIONS MAY HAVE A LIMITED CLINICAL IMPACT BUT BE EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT. ALSO, BASED ON THE AVAILABLE DATA, THE PREMISE THAT BIOACTIVESCONTAINING FOODS ARE SAFE MAY BE QUESTIONABLE. CONCLUSION: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH INCLUDING MULTIPLE BIOMARKERS, GENETIC VARIABILITY, EFFECT OF GUT MICROBIOTA AND RISK/BENEFIT ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE USED TO SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  2153  22 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ACTIVATED BY CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY. ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACE) IMPAIR HEALTH AND LIFE EXPECTANCY AND MAY RESULT IN AN EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE THAT DRIVES INCREASED MORBIDITY PRIMED DURING EARLY STAGES OF LIFE. THIS LITERATURE REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE CURRENT EVIDENCE FOR EPIGENETIC-MEDIATED PROGRAMMING OF BRAIN AND IMMUNE FUNCTION RESULTING FROM ACE. TO ADDRESS THIS AIM, A TOTAL OF 88 ARTICLES INDEXED IN PUBMED BEFORE AUGUST 2019 CONCERNING ACE AND EPIGENETICS WERE SURVEYED. CURRENT EVIDENCE PARTIALLY SUPPORTS EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, BUT CONVINCINGLY SHOWS THAT ACE IMPAIRS IMMUNE FUNCTION. ADDITIONALLY, THE NEEDS AND CHALLENGES THAT FACE THIS AREA ARE DISCUSSED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK THAT MAY HELP TO CLARIFY THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF ACE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  3397  37 HOW ADVANCED ARE WE ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF ORAL EXPOSURE TO FOOD CONTAMINANTS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CHRONIC NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES? THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL DURING FETAL LIFE AND CHILDHOOD IS CHARACTERIZED BY RAPID GROWTH AS WELL AS GRADUAL MATURATION OF ORGANS AND SYSTEMS. BEYOND THE NUTRITIONAL INTAKE IN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, FOOD CONTAMINANTS CAN PERMANENTLY INFLUENCE THE WAY ORGANS MATURE AND FUNCTION. THESE PROCESSES ARE CALLED "PROGRAMMING" AND PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE OCCURRENCE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN. POPULATIONS AS PREGNANT WOMEN, FETUSES AND YOUNG CHILDREN ARE VULNERABLE AND PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO FOOD CONTAMINANTS WHICH CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS TRANSMISSIBLE TO FUTURE GENERATIONS. AMONG THESE CONTAMINANTS, PESTICIDES ARE FOUND IN MOST FOOD MATRICES EXPOSING HUMANS TO COCKTAILS OF MOLECULES THROUGH VARIABLE CONCENTRATIONS AND DURATION OF EXPOSURE. THE MAILLARD REACTION PRODUCTS (MRPS) REPRESENT OTHER FOOD CONTAMINANTS RESULTING FROM HEAT TREATMENT OF FOOD. MODERN DIET, RICH IN FATS AND SUGARS, IS ALSO RICH IN NEOFORMED PATHOGENIC COMPOUNDS, ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES), THE LEVELS OF WHICH DEPEND ON THE HEAT TREATMENT OF FOODS AND EATING HABITS AND WHOSE EFFECTS ON HEALTH ARE CONTROVERSIAL. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE CHOSEN TO PRESENT THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE IMPACTS OF SELECTED PESTICIDES AND MRPS, ON THE RISK OF DEVELOPING DURING LIFE NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS IBD, METABOLIC DISORDERS OR ALLERGIES. A LARGE REVIEW OF LITERATURE WAS PERFORMED VIA PUBMED, AND THE MOST APPROPRIATE STUDIES WERE SUMMARISED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  2699  32 EXCESS BODY WEIGHT: NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO ITS ROLES IN OBESITY COMORBIDITIES. EXCESS BODY WEIGHT IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE AND UNHEALTHY DIET, AFFECTING 2 BILLION POPULATION WORLDWIDE. OBESITY IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR METABOLIC DISEASES. NOTABLY, THE METABOLIC RISK OF OBESITY LARGELY DEPENDS ON BODY WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION, OF WHICH VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUES BUT NOT SUBCUTANEOUS FATS ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING TYPE 2 DIABETES, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. LATEST MULTI-OMICS AND MECHANISTICAL STUDIES REPORTED THE CRUCIAL INVOLVEMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ADIPOKINES DYSREGULATION, IMMUNITY CHANGES, IMBALANCE OF WHITE AND BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUES, AND GUT MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS IN MEDIATING THE PATHOGENIC ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUES AND COMORBIDITIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXPLORE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND THE UP-TO-DATE MECHANISM OF HOW EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND OBESITY LEAD TO CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS. WE ALSO EXAMINE THE UTILIZATION OF VISCERAL FAT MEASUREMENT AS AN ACCURATE CLINICAL PARAMETER FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME PREDICTION IN OBESE SUBJECTS. IN ADDITION, CURRENT APPROACHES FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND ITS RELATED METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES ARE FURTHER DISCUSSED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12  6672  36 USE OF A MOUSE IN VITRO FERTILIZATION MODEL TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE HYPOTHESIS. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE HYPOTHESIS HOLDS THAT ALTERATIONS TO HOMEOSTASIS DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT CAN PREDISPOSE INDIVIDUALS TO ADULT-ONSET CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS DIABETES AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. IT REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL WHETHER PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYO MANIPULATION, CLINICALLY USED TO TREAT PATIENTS WITH INFERTILITY, DISTURBS HOMEOSTASIS AND AFFECTS LONG-TERM GROWTH AND METABOLISM. TO ADDRESS THIS CONTROVERSY, WE HAVE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) ON POSTNATAL PHYSIOLOGY IN MICE. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT IVF AND EMBRYO CULTURE, EVEN UNDER CONDITIONS CONSIDERED OPTIMAL FOR MOUSE EMBRYO CULTURE, ALTER POSTNATAL GROWTH TRAJECTORY, FAT ACCUMULATION, AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN ADULT MICE. UNBIASED METABOLIC PROFILING IN SERUM AND MICROARRAY ANALYSIS OF PANCREATIC ISLETS AND INSULIN SENSITIVE TISSUES (LIVER, SKELETAL MUSCLE, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE) REVEALED BROAD CHANGES IN METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS, CHARACTERIZED BY SYSTEMIC OXIDATIVE STRESS AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION. ADOPTING A CANDIDATE APPROACH, WE IDENTIFY THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP), A KEY MOLECULE INVOLVED IN INTEGRATING CELLULAR NUTRITIONAL AND OXIDATIVE STATES WITH METABOLIC RESPONSE, AS A MARKER FOR PREIMPLANTATION STRESS AND DEMONSTRATE TISSUE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL TXNIP MISREGULATION IN SELECTED ADULT TISSUES. IMPORTANTLY, DYSREGULATION OF TXNIP EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ENRICHMENT FOR H4 ACETYLATION AT THE TXNIP PROMOTER THAT PERSISTS FROM THE BLASTOCYST STAGE THROUGH ADULTHOOD IN ADIPOSE TISSUE. OUR DATA SUPPORT THE VULNERABILITY OF PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS TO ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE AND DEMONSTRATE THAT CONCEPTION BY IVF CAN REPROGRAM METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS THROUGH METABOLIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WITH LASTING EFFECTS FOR ADULT GROWTH AND FITNESS. THIS STUDY HAS WIDE CLINICAL RELEVANCE AND UNDERSCORES THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUED FOLLOW-UP OF IVF-CONCEIVED OFFSPRING.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  4205  39 METABOLO-EPIGENETIC INTERPLAY PROVIDES TARGETED NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN CHRONIC DISEASES AND AGEING. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS THAT AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING DNA SEQUENCES. IN PARTICULAR, EPIGENETIC CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS CAN OCCUR ON HISTONE PROTEINS -MAINLY ACETYLATION, METHYLATION-, AND ON DNA AND RNA MOLECULES -MAINLY METHYLATION-. ADDITIONAL MECHANISMS, SUCH AS RNA-MEDIATED REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AND DETERMINANTS OF THE GENOMIC ARCHITECTURE CAN ALSO AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION. IMPORTANTLY, DEPENDING ON THE CELLULAR CONTEXT AND ENVIRONMENT, EPIGENETIC PROCESSES CAN DRIVE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMS AS WELL AS FUNCTIONAL PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, MISBALANCED EPIGENETIC REGULATION CAN RESULT IN DISEASE, PARTICULARLY IN THE CONTEXT OF METABOLIC DISEASES, CANCER, AND AGEING. NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES (NCCD) AND AGEING SHARE COMMON FEATURES INCLUDING ALTERED METABOLISM, SYSTEMIC META-INFLAMMATION, DYSFUNCTIONAL IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSES, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, AMONG OTHERS. IN THIS SCENARIO, UNBALANCED DIETS, SUCH AS HIGH SUGAR AND HIGH SATURATED FATTY ACIDS CONSUMPTION, TOGETHER WITH SEDENTARY HABITS, ARE RISK FACTORS IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NCCD AND PREMATURE AGEING. THE NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC STATUS OF INDIVIDUALS INTERACT WITH EPIGENETICS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS. THUS, IT IS CRUCIAL TO UNDERSTAND HOW WE CAN MODULATE EPIGENETIC MARKS THROUGH BOTH LIFESTYLE HABITS AND TARGETED CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS -INCLUDING FASTING MIMICKING DIETS, NUTRACEUTICALS, AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS- WHICH WILL CONTRIBUTE TO RESTORE THE METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS IN NCCD. HERE, WE FIRST DESCRIBE KEY METABOLITES FROM CELLULAR METABOLIC PATHWAYS USED AS SUBSTRATES TO "WRITE" THE EPIGENETIC MARKS; AND COFACTORS THAT MODULATE THE ACTIVITY OF THE EPIGENETIC ENZYMES; THEN, WE BRIEFLY SHOW HOW METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC IMBALANCES MAY RESULT IN DISEASE; AND, FINALLY, WE SHOW SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS - DIET BASED INTERVENTIONS, BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS, AND NUTRACEUTICALS- AND EXERCISE TO COUNTERACT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14  4015  35 LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOLS A, F AND S OF HUMAN PRIMARY ADIPOCYTE IMPACTS CODING AND NON-CODING RNA PROFILES. BISPHENOL A (BPA) EXPOSURE HAS BEEN SUSPECTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ON HEALTH INCLUDING OBESITY AND METABOLICALLY-LINKED DISEASES. ALTHOUGH BISPHENOLS F (BPF) AND S (BPS) ARE BPA STRUCTURAL ANALOGS COMMONLY USED IN MANY MARKETED PRODUCTS AS A REPLACEMENT FOR BPA, ONLY SPARSE TOXICOLOGICAL DATA ARE AVAILABLE YET. OUR OBJECTIVE WAS TO COMPREHENSIVELY CHARACTERIZE BISPHENOLS GENE TARGETS IN A HUMAN PRIMARY ADIPOCYTE MODEL, IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER THEY MAY INDUCE CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION, USING CHRONIC EXPOSURE AT TWO CONCENTRATIONS: A "LOW-DOSE" SIMILAR TO THE DOSE USUALLY ENCOUNTERED IN HUMAN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS AND A HIGHER DOSE. THEREFORE, BPA, BPF AND BPS HAVE BEEN ADDED AT 10 NM OR 10 MUM DURING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN PRIMARY ADIPOCYTES FROM SUBCUTANEOUS FAT OF THREE NON-DIABETIC CAUCASIAN FEMALE PATIENTS. GENE EXPRESSION (MRNA/LNCRNA) ARRAYS AND MICRORNA ARRAYS, HAVE BEEN USED TO ASSESS CODING AND NON-CODING RNA CHANGES. WE DETECTED SIGNIFICANTLY DEREGULATED MRNA/LNCRNA AND MIRNA AT LOW AND HIGH DOSES. ENRICHMENT IN "CANCER" AND "ORGANISMAL INJURY AND ABNORMALITIES" RELATED PATHWAYS WAS FOUND IN RESPONSE TO THE THREE PRODUCTS. SOME LONG INTERGENIC NON-CODING RNAS AND SMALL NUCLEOLAR RNAS WERE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED SUGGESTING THAT BISPHENOLS MAY ALSO ACTIVATE MULTIPLE CELLULAR PROCESSES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE ANALYSIS OF UPSTREAM REGULATORS OF DEREGULATED GENES HIGHLIGHTED HORMONES OR HORMONE-LIKE CHEMICALS SUGGESTING THAT BPS AND BPF CAN BE SUSPECTED TO INTERFERE, JUST LIKE BPA, WITH HORMONAL REGULATION AND HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS. ALL THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT AS BPA, ITS SUBSTITUTES BPS AND BPF SHOULD BE USED WITH THE SAME RESTRICTIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  2711  23 EXERCISE TRAINING ALTERS THE GENOMIC RESPONSE TO ACUTE EXERCISE IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE. AIM: TO DETERMINE THE GENOMIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH ADIPOSE TISSUE RESPONDS TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXERCISE. METHODS: WE PROFILED THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO ACUTE EXERCISE IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE COLLECTED BEFORE AND AFTER ENDURANCE TRAINING. RESULTS: ALTHOUGH ACUTE EXERCISES WERE PERFORMED AT SAME RELATIVE INTENSITIES, THE MAGNITUDE OF TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES AFTER ACUTE EXERCISE WAS REDUCED BY ENDURANCE TRAINING. DNA METHYLATION REMODELING INDUCED BY ACUTE EXERCISE WAS MORE PROMINENT IN TRAINED VERSUS UNTRAINED STATE. WE FOUND AN OVERLAP BETWEEN GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AFTER ACUTE EXERCISE FOR 32 GENES PRE-TRAINING AND SIX POST-TRAINING, NOTABLY AT ADIPOCYTE-SPECIFIC GENES. CONCLUSION: TRAINING STATUS DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTS THE EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESPONSE TO ACUTE EXERCISE IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16  2702  31 EXCITOTOXICITY AND OVERNUTRITION ADDITIVELY IMPAIR METABOLIC FUNCTION AND IDENTITY OF PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS. A SUSTAINED INCREASE IN INTRACELLULAR CA(2+) CONCENTRATION (REFERRED TO HEREAFTER AS EXCITOTOXICITY), BROUGHT ON BY CHRONIC METABOLIC STRESS, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PANCREATIC BETA-CELL FAILURE. TO DETERMINE THE ADDITIVE EFFECTS OF EXCITOTOXICITY AND OVERNUTRITION ON BETA-CELL FUNCTION AND GENE EXPRESSION, WE ANALYZED THE IMPACT OF A HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) ON ABCC8 KNOCKOUT MICE. EXCITOTOXICITY CAUSED BETA-CELLS TO BE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO HFD-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT OF GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS, AND THESE EFFECTS WERE MITIGATED BY VERAPAMIL, A CA(2+) CHANNEL BLOCKER. EXCITOTOXICITY, OVERNUTRITION, AND THE COMBINATION OF BOTH STRESSES CAUSED SIMILAR BUT DISTINCT ALTERATIONS IN THE BETA-CELL TRANSCRIPTOME, INCLUDING ADDITIVE INCREASES IN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGY METABOLISM, FATTY ACID BETA-OXIDATION, AND MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND THEIR KEY REGULATOR PPARGC1A OVERNUTRITION WORSENED EXCITOTOXICITY-INDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, INCREASING METABOLIC INFLEXIBILITY AND MITOCHONDRIAL DAMAGE. IN ADDITION, EXCITOTOXICITY AND OVERNUTRITION, INDIVIDUALLY AND TOGETHER, IMPAIRED BOTH BETA-CELL FUNCTION AND IDENTITY BY REDUCING EXPRESSION OF GENES IMPORTANT FOR INSULIN SECRETION, CELL POLARITY, CELL JUNCTION, CILIA, CYTOSKELETON, VESICULAR TRAFFICKING, AND REGULATION OF BETA-CELL EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM. SEX HAD AN IMPACT ON ALL BETA-CELL RESPONSES, WITH MALE ANIMALS EXHIBITING GREATER METABOLIC STRESS-INDUCED IMPAIRMENTS THAN FEMALES. TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT A SUSTAINED INCREASE IN INTRACELLULAR CA(2+), BY ALTERING MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION AND IMPAIRING BETA-CELL IDENTITY, AUGMENTS OVERNUTRITION-INDUCED BETA-CELL FAILURE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17  4711  24 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN OBESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A ROLE FOR NUTRITION? NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BECOME THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN CHILDREN, PARALLELING THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY WORLDWIDE. THE PATHOGENESIS OF PAEDIATRIC NAFLD IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, BUT IT IS KNOWN THAT OBESITY, NUTRITION, LIFESTYLE VARIABLES, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY BE CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS COMMON METABOLIC LIVER DISEASE. IN PARTICULAR, OBESITY AND NUTRITION ARE AMONG THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD, WHICH MAY EXERT THEIR ADVERSE HEPATIC EFFECTS ALREADY BEFORE BIRTH. EXCESS ENERGY INTAKE INDUCES HYPERTROPHY AND HYPERPLASIA OF ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMIC INSULIN RESISTANCE, WHICH IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR NAFLD. DIET COMPOSITION AND IN PARTICULAR SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE (ESPECIALLY HIGH FRUCTOSE INTAKE) MAY PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, WHEREAS NON-DIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATES (DIETARY FIBER), BY AFFECTING GUT MICROBIOTA, MAY FAVOUR THE INTEGRITY OF GUT WALL AND REDUCE INFLAMMATION, OPPOSING THIS PROCESS. SATURATED FAT INTAKE MAY ALSO PROMOTE NAFLD DEVELOPMENT, WHEREAS UNSATURATED FAT INTAKE HAS SOME BENEFICIAL EFFECTS. PROTEIN INTAKE DOES NOT SEEM TO AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, BUT FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED. IN CONCLUSION, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS TO INDUCE WEIGHT LOSS, THROUGH DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, REMAIN THE MAINSTAY OF TREATMENT FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD. THE USE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS, SUCH AS OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND PROBIOTICS, NEEDS FURTHER STUDY BEFORE RECOMMENDATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  4805  27 OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES: ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES? OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES REPRESENT INCREASING HEALTH PROBLEMS. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS (EDCS) ARE EXOGENOUS AGENTS THAT CHANGE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AND CAUSE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. MOST EDCS ARE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS; SOME ARE NATURAL FOOD COMPONENTS AS PHYTOESTROGENS. PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO COMPLEX MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. EDCS IMPACT HORMONE-DEPENDENT METABOLIC SYSTEMS AND BRAIN FUNCTION. LABORATORY AND HUMAN STUDIES PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT HUMAN CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION CAN PLAY A ROLE IN OBESITY EPIDEMIC. CHEMICAL EXPOSURES MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF OBESITY BY ALTERING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOCYTES. EDCS CAN ALTER METHYLATION PATTERNS AND NORMAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN CELLS. OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE INDUCED BY MANY OF THESE CHEMICALS, AND ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT IT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY TO CHEMICALS IS VARIABLE, DEPENDING ON ENVIRONMENT AND ABILITY TO METABOLIZE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS. A NUMBER OF GENES, ESPECIALLY THOSE REPRESENTING ANTIOXIDANT AND DETOXIFICATION PATHWAYS, HAVE POTENTIAL APPLICATION AS BIOMARKERS OF RISK ASSESSMENT. THE POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMBINED EXPOSURES MAKE THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS MORE COMPLEX COMPARED TO THE ASSESSMENT OF SINGLE CHEMICALS. TECHNIQUES AND METHODS NEED TO BE FURTHER DEVELOPED TO FILL DATA GAPS AND INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE ON HARMFUL EXPOSURE COMBINATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  4796  33 NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION AS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TREATMENT? MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. IN ADDITION TO THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPONENTS, VARIOUS OTHER FACTORS, E.G. UNHEALTHY DIETARY HABITS, PLAY A ROLE IN THE MS PATHOGENESIS. DIETARY INTERVENTION IS A HIGHLY APPEALING APPROACH, AS IT PRESENTS A SIMPLE AND RELATIVELY LOW RISK METHOD TO POTENTIALLY IMPROVE OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH BRAIN DISORDERS IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE REMISSION AND IMPROVEMENT OF CLINICAL STATUS, WELL-BEING AND LIFE EXPECTANCY OF PATIENTS WITH MS. THE IMPORTANCE OF SATURATED FAT INTAKE RESTRICTION FOR THE CLINICAL STATUS IMPROVEMENT OF MS PATIENTS WAS POINTED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 1950S. RECENTLY, DECREASED RISK OF FIRST CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF CNS DEMYELINATION ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER INTAKE OF OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS PARTICULARLY ORIGINATING FROM FISH WAS REPORTED. ONLY FEW CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO ADDRESS THE QUESTION OF THE ROLE OF DIETARY INTERVENTION, SUCH IS E.G. LOW SATURATED FAT DIET IN MS TREATMENT. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY APPROACHES (DIETS LOW IN SATURATED FAT AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS SUCH AS FISH OIL, LIPOIC ACID, OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, SEEDS OILS, HIGH FIBER DIET, VITAMIN D, ETC.) ON NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS, PATIENT'S WELL-BEING, PHYSICAL AND INFLAMMATORY STATUS. SO FAR THE RESULTS ARE NOT CONCLUSIVE, THEREFORE MUCH MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO CONFIRM AND TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE DIETARY INTERVENTIONS IN THE LONG TERM AND WELL DEFINED STUDIES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20  1398  36 DIET, GUT MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS: EMERGING LINKS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) REPRESENT A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN DUE TO INCREASING INCIDENCE WORLDWIDE. THE CURRENT NOTION ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD IS THAT GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP INTOLERANCE TO DYSREGULATED GUT MICROFLORA (DYSBIOSIS) AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DEVELOPS AS A RESULT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS. AMONG THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH IBD, DIET PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MODULATING THE GUT MICROBIOME, INFLUENCING EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND, THEREFORE, COULD BE APPLIED AS A THERAPEUTIC TOOL TO IMPROVE THE DISEASE COURSE. NEVERTHELESS, THE CURRENT DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT ARE SCARCE AND HAVE WEAK EVIDENCE. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIET, MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS IN IBD. WHEREAS AN OVERABUNDANCE OF CALORIES AND SOME MACRONUTRIENTS INCREASE GUT INFLAMMATION, SEVERAL MICRONUTRIENTS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE IT. IMMUNONUTRITION HAS EMERGED AS A NEW CONCEPT PUTTING FORWARD THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS SUCH AS VITAMINS A, C, E, AND D, FOLIC ACID, BETA CAROTENE AND TRACE ELEMENTS SUCH AS ZINC, SELENIUM, MANGANESE AND IRON. HOWEVER, WHEN ASSESSED IN CLINICAL TRIALS, SPECIFIC MICRONUTRIENTS EXERTED A LIMITED BENEFIT. BEYOND NUTRIENTS, AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DIETARY PATTERN AS A COMPLEX INTERVENTION APPROACH HAS BECOME POPULAR IN RECENT YEARS. HENCE, EXCLUSIVE ENTERAL NUTRITION IN PAEDIATRIC CROHN'S DISEASE IS THE ONLY NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED AS A FIRST-LINE THERAPY. OTHER NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS OR SPECIFIC DIETS INCLUDING THE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE DIET (SCD), THE LOW FERMENTABLE OLIGOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, MONOSACCHARIDES, AND POLYOL (FODMAP) DIET AND, MOST RECENTLY, THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET HAVE SHOWN STRONG ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES AND SHOW PROMISE FOR IMPROVING DISEASE SYMPTOMS. MORE WORK IS REQUIRED TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL FOOD COMPOUNDS AND COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DECREASE INFLAMMATION AS A MEANS OF PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF IBD.	2017