1  2123 173 EPIGENETIC IMPACTS OF STRESS PRIMING OF THE NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO SARIN SURROGATE IN MICE: A MODEL OF GULF WAR ILLNESS. BACKGROUND: GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS AN ARCHETYPAL, MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED, CHRONIC CONDITION CHARACTERISED BY PERSISTENT SICKNESS BEHAVIOUR AND NEUROIMMUNE AND NEUROINFLAMMATORY COMPONENTS. AN ESTIMATED 25-32% OF THE OVER 900,000 VETERANS OF THE 1991 GULF WAR FULFIL THE REQUIREMENTS OF A GWI DIAGNOSIS. IT HAS BEEN HYPOTHESISED THAT THE HIGH PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS OF COMBAT MAY HAVE INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO IRREVERSIBLE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (ACHE) INHIBITORS LEADING TO A PRIMING OF THE NEUROIMMUNE SYSTEM. A NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE LINKED HIGH LEVELS OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS AND TOXICANT EXPOSURES TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. RECENT RESEARCH IN A MOUSE MODEL OF GWI HAS SHOWN THAT PRE-EXPOSURE WITH THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) CAUSES AN INCREASE IN EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC CHEMOKINES AND CYTOKINES IN RESPONSE TO DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (DFP), A SARIN SURROGATE AND IRREVERSIBLE ACHE INHIBITOR. METHODS: C57BL/6J MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CORT FOR 4 DAYS, AND EXPOSED TO DFP ON DAY 5, BEFORE SACRIFICE 6 H LATER. THE TRANSCRIPTOME WAS EXAMINED USING RNA-SEQ, AND THE EPIGENOME WAS EXAMINED USING REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND H3K27AC CHIP-SEQ. RESULTS: WE SHOW TRANSCRIPTIONAL, HISTONE MODIFICATION (H3K27AC) AND DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN GENES RELATED TO THE IMMUNE AND NEURONAL SYSTEM, POTENTIALLY RELEVANT TO NEUROINFLAMMATORY AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS OF GWI. FURTHER EVIDENCE SUGGESTS ALTERED PROPORTIONS OF MYELINATING OLIGODENDROCYTES IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX, PERHAPS CONNECTED TO WHITE MATTER DEFICITS SEEN IN GWI SUFFERERS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS MAY REFLECT THE EARLY CHANGES WHICH OCCURRED IN GWI VETERANS, AND WE OBSERVE ALTERATIONS IN SEVERAL PATHWAYS ALTERED IN GWI SUFFERERS. THESE CLOSE LINKS TO CHANGES SEEN IN VETERANS WITH GWI INDICATES THAT THIS MODEL REFLECTS THE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES RELATED TO GWI AND MAY PROVIDE A MODEL FOR BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING FUTURE TREATMENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2    90  55 A PILOT REVERSE VIRTUAL SCREENING STUDY SUGGESTS TOXIC EXPOSURES CAUSED LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS UPWARD OF 32% OF DEPLOYED VETERANS TO THE 1991 GULF WAR (GW). THE SYMPTOMS ARE MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED, RANGING ACROSS COGNITIVE DEFICITS, FATIGUE, GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS, AND MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN. RESEARCH INDICATES THAT CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF GWI. THE KHAMISIYAH AMMUNITION STORAGE THAT HOUSED CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS SUCH AS SARIN, AN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (ACHE) INHIBITOR, WAS DEMOLISHED DURING THE GW, RELEASING TOXICANTS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE AFFECTING DEPLOYED TROOPS. EXPOSURE TO OTHER CHEMICAL AGENTS SUCH AS PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE, N,N-DIETHYL-M-TOLUAMIDE, PERMETHRIN AND CHLORPYRIFOS, WERE ALSO PREVALENT DURING THE WAR. THESE ADDITIONAL CHEMICAL AGENTS HAVE ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO INHIBIT ACHE. ACHE INHIBITION INDUCES AN ACETYLCHOLINE BUILD-UP, DISRUPTING SIGNALS BETWEEN NERVES AND MUSCLES, WHICH IN HIGH DOSES LEADS TO ASPHYXIATION. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT LOW DOSE EXPOSURE. AS BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS TEND TO INTERACT WITH MULTIPLE PROTEINS WITH VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT, WE AIMED TO IDENTIFY OTHER POTENTIAL SHARED TARGETS TO UNDERSTAND THE EXTENT IN WHICH THESE CHEMICALS COULD LEAD TO GWI. WE FOLLOWED A REVERSE SCREENING APPROACH WHERE EACH CHEMICAL IS COMPUTATIONALLY DOCKED TO A LIBRARY OF PROTEIN TARGETS. THE PROGRAMS PHARMMAPPER AND TARGETNET WERE USED FOR THIS PURPOSE, AND FURTHER ANALYSES WERE CONDUCTED TO MARK SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN PARTICIPANTS WITH GWI. PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED WORK ON DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN GWI WAS REANALYZED FOCUSING SPECIFICALLY ON THE PREDICTED SHARED TARGETS INDICATING SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION OF THE ASSOCIATED GENES. OUR FINDINGS THUS SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO GWI-RELATED AGENTS MAY CONVERGE ON SIMILAR TARGETS WITH ROLES IN INFLAMMATION, NEUROTRANSMITTER AND LIPID METABOLISM, AND DETOXIFICATION WHICH MAY HAVE IMPACTS ON NEURODEGENERATIVE-LIKE DISEASE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN VETERANS WITH GWI.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  5094  34 PLASMA EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE SUBTYPES MAY BE USEFUL AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN PEOPLE WITH HIV. BACKGROUND: EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (EVS) ARE INTERCELLULAR MESSENGERS WITH EPIGENETIC POTENTIAL SINCE THEY CAN SHUTTLE MICRORNA (MIRNA). EVS AND MIRNA PLAY A ROLE IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS. CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION DURING HIV INFECTION DESPITE EFFECTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH NON-ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) COMORBIDITIES IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH). ANALYSIS OF PLASMA EVS AND THEIR MIRNA CONTENT MAY BE USEFUL AS IMMUNE ACTIVATION OR INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS IN PLWH RECEIVING ART. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE NUMBER, SIZE, AND MIRNA OF LARGE AND SMALL EVS COULD REFLECT IMMUNE ACTIVATION ASSOCIATED WITH AN ELEVATED CD8 T-CELL COUNT OR A LOW CD4/CD8 RATIO IN PLWH. METHODS: PLASMA EVS SUBTYPE PURIFIED FROM PLWH AND UNINFECTED CONTROLS WERE SIZED USING DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING AND QUANTIFIED USING FLOW CYTOMETRY AND ACETYLCHOLINE ESTERASE (ACHE) ACTIVITY. EXPRESSION OF MATURE MIRNAS MIR-92, MIR-155, MIR-223 WAS MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IN EVS AND LEUCOCYTES. RESULTS: HIV INFECTION INDUCES INCREASED PRODUCTION OF SMALL EVS IN PLASMA. EV SUBTYPES WERE DIFFERENTIALLY ENRICHED IN MIR-92, MIR-155, AND MIR-223. POSITIVE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CD8 T-CELL COUNT AND LARGE EVS ABUNDANCE AND SMALL EVS ACHE ACTIVITY WERE OBSERVED. CD4/CD8 RATIO WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH SMALL EV ACHE ACTIVITY, AND MIRNA-155 LEVEL PER SMALL EV WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH CD8 T-CELL COUNT. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT QUANTIFYING LARGE OR SMALL EVS AND PROFILING MIRNA CONTENT PER EV MIGHT PROVIDE NEW FUNCTIONAL BIOMARKERS OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND INFLAMMATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4   107  46 A REVIEW OF PRE-CLINICAL MODELS FOR GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC MULTISYMPTOMATIC DISORDER THAT AFFLICTS OVER 1/3RD OF THE 1991 GW VETERANS. IT SPANS MULTIPLE BODILY SYSTEMS AND PRESENTS ITSELF AS A SYNDROME EXHIBITING DIVERSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, MOOD, AND MEMORY AND CONCENTRATION DEFICITS, MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS IN GW VETERANS. THE ETIOLOGY OF GWI IS COMPLEX AND MANY FACTORS, INCLUDING CHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS PRESENT IN THE GW ARENA, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT. IT HAS BEEN OVER 30 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE GW BUT, GWI HAS BEEN PERSISTENT IN SUFFERING VETERANS WHO ARE ALSO DEALING WITH PAUCITY OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE MULTIFACTORIAL ASPECT OF GWI ALONG WITH GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND LACK OF AVAILABLE DATA SURROUNDING WAR-TIME EXPOSURES HAVE PROVED TO BE CHALLENGING IN DEVELOPING PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF GWI. DESPITE THIS, OVER A DOZEN GWI ANIMAL MODELS EXIST IN THE LITERATURE. IN THIS ARTICLE, FOLLOWING A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF GW HISTORY, GWI DEFINITIONS, AND PROBABLE CAUSES FOR ITS PATHOGENESIS, WE WILL EXPAND UPON VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED IN GWI LABORATORY RESEARCH. THESE ANIMAL MODELS WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR ATTEMPTS AT MIMICKING GW-RELATED EXPOSURES WITH REGARDS TO THE VARIATIONS IN CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS, DOSES, AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURES. WE WILL DISCUSS THEIR ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS IN MODELING GWI FOLLOWED BY A DISCUSSION OF BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS IN THESE MODELS. THE MECHANISTIC DATA OBTAINED FROM THESE PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE OFFERED MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIPID DISTURBANCES, CALCIUM HOMEOSTATIC ALTERATIONS, CHANGES IN GUT MICROBIOTA, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AMONGST OTHERS FOR EXPLAINING GWI DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PERSISTENCE. FINALLY, THESE FINDINGS HAVE ALSO INFORMED US ON NOVEL DRUGGABLE TARGETS IN GWI. WHILE, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE A SINGLE PRE-CLINICAL MODEL THAT COULD EXPRESS ALL THE GWI SIGNS AND EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY REFLECTIVE OF THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN GWI, ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN CRITICAL FOR IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF GWI AND EVALUATING TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR GWI.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5   336  42 ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION STATUS ASSOCIATED WITH GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) AFFECTS ABOUT 25% OF PERSIAN GULF VETERANS WITH A CLUSTER OF CHRONIC SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND NEUROLOGICAL ISSUES. RECENT STUDIES IMPLICATE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH GWI. SINCE DNA METHYLATION CAN REGULATE SUCH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, AND DISRUPTION OF DNA METHYLATION PATTERN IS IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS IMMUNE AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES, WE AIMED TO STUDY THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM GWI PATIENTS. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE SIMILAR IN GWI PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. HOWEVER, THE GENOME-WIDE MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY DETECTED 10,767 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES ACROSS GENE REGULATORY ELEMENTS AND WITHIN CODING REGIONS. APPROXIMATELY 88% OF THEM WERE HYPERMETHYLATED IN GWI PATIENTS. THE SEPARATE ANALYSIS FOUND 776 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENE PROMOTERS (DMP), WHICH WERE PREDOMINANTLY HYPERMETHYLATED. PYROSEQUENCING VALIDATION CONFIRMED MICROARRAY RESULTS. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MAJORITY OF THE DMPS BELONGED TO GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR METABOLISM AND IMMUNE SYSTEM. THIS IS THE FIRST PILOT HUMAN STUDY CHARACTERIZING GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH GWI. IT SUGGESTS A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION OF EPIGENETIC DYSFUNCTION IN GWI. MOREOVER, IT SUPPORTS THE DYSREGULATION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION IN GWI. LASTLY, IT SUGGESTS STUDIES WITH THE LARGER COHORT TO VALIDATE OUR FINDINGS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6  3980  48 LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN A RAT MODEL OF GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYMPTOM ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS 25% OF THE 700,000 US VETERANS DEPLOYED TO THE PERSIAN GULF DURING THE 1990-1991 GULF WAR. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IMPAIRMENTS ARE AMONG THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOMS REPORTED, INCLUDING MEMORY DYSFUNCTION AND DEPRESSION. AFTER 25 YEARS, THE DIAGNOSIS REMAINS ELUSIVE, USEFUL TREATMENTS ARE LACKING, AND THE CAUSE IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH EXPOSURES TO PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE (PB) AND PESTICIDES ARE CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED TO BE AMONG THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES INCLUDING ALTERED MICRORNA (MIRNA) EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING, MEMORY, AND EMOTION REGULATION AND HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED AN ESTABLISHED RAT MODEL OF GWI TO DETERMINE WHETHER 1) CHRONIC ALTERATIONS IN MIRNA EXPRESSION AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION ARE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF GWI, AND 2) PLASMA EXOSOME SMALL RNAS MAY SERVE AS POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF THIS DEBILITATING DISEASE. ONE YEAR AFTER A 28-DAY EXPOSURE REGIMEN OF PB, DEET (N,N-DIETHYL-3-METHYLBENZAMIDE), PERMETHRIN, AND MILD STRESS, EXPRESSION OF 84 MATURE MIRNAS AND GLOBAL 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) CONTENT WERE ANALYZED IN THE BRAINS OF GWI RATS AND VEHICLE CONTROLS BY PCR ARRAY AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, RESPECTIVELY. PLASMA EXOSOME RNA NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED IN POOLED SAMPLES TO DISCOVER POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS. WE FOUND THAT COMBINED EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF GW-RELATED CHEMICALS AND MILD STRESS CAUSED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE BRAIN THAT PERSISTED ONE YEAR AFTER EXPOSURE, INCLUDING INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MIR-124-3P AND MIR-29B-3P IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND REGIONAL ALTERATIONS IN GLOBAL 5MC AND 5HMC CONTENT. GW-RELEVANT EXPOSURES ALSO INDUCED THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF TWO PIWI-INTERACTING RNAS (PIRNAS) IN CIRCULATION (PIR-007899 AND PIR-019162). RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY IMPLICATE A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GWI. EVALUATION OF THE DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF PLASMA EXOSOME RNAS IN VETERANS WITH GWI IS WARRANTED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7  5451  40 REPROGRAMMING CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO NEURONS TO STUDY GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI), WHICH AFFLICTS AT LEAST 25% OF VETERANS WHO SERVED IN THE 1990-1991 WAR IN THE PERSIAN GULF, IS THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY DEPLOYMENT EXPOSURES TO VARIOUS NEUROTOXICANTS, INCLUDING PESTICIDES, ANTI-NERVE GAS PILLS, AND LOW-LEVEL NERVE AGENTS INCLUDING SARIN/CYCLOSARIN. GWI IS A MULTISYMPTOM DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY FATIGUE, JOINT PAIN, COGNITIVE PROBLEMS, AND GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLAINTS. THE MOST PROMINENT SYMPTOMS OF GWI (MEMORY PROBLEMS, POOR ATTENTION/CONCENTRATION, CHRONIC HEADACHES, MOOD ALTERATIONS, AND IMPAIRED SLEEP) SUGGEST THAT THE DISEASE PRIMARILY AFFECTS THE CNS. DEVELOPMENT OF URGENTLY NEEDED TREATMENTS DEPENDS ON EXPERIMENTAL MODELS APPROPRIATE FOR TESTING MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND FOR SCREENING THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS. RODENT MODELS HAVE BEEN USEFUL THUS FAR, BUT ARE LIMITED BY THEIR INABILITY TO ASSESS THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND TO THE DISEASE, AND BECAUSE DISEASE-VULNERABLE PROTEINS AND PATHWAYS MAY BE DIFFERENT IN HUMANS RELATIVE TO RODENTS. AS OF YET, NO POSTMORTEM TISSUE FROM THE VETERANS HAS BECOME AVAILABLE FOR RESEARCH. WE ARE MOVING FORWARD WITH A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE STUDY OF GWI, WHICH UTILIZES CONTEMPORARY STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY TO CONVERT SOMATIC CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO PLURIPOTENT CELL LINES THAT CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED INTO VARIOUS CELL TYPES, INCLUDING NEURONS, GLIA, MUSCLE, OR OTHER RELEVANT CELL TYPES. SUCH CELL LINES ARE IMMORTAL AND WILL BE A RESOURCE FOR GWI RESEARCHERS TO PURSUE MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND THERAPEUTICS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  1988  50 EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS IN A MURINE GENETIC MODEL OF GULF WAR ILLNESS. OF THE NEARLY 1 MILLION MILITARY PERSONNEL WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE 1990-1991 GULF WAR, BETWEEN 25% AND 35% BECAME ILL WITH WHAT NOW IS REFERRED TO AS GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. SYMPTOMS VARIED FROM GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS TO LETHARGY, MEMORY LOSS, INABILITY TO CONCENTRATE, DEPRESSION, RESPIRATORY, AND REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS. THE SYMPTOMS HAVE PERSISTED FOR 30 YEARS IN THOSE AFFLICTED BUT THE BASIS OF THE ILLNESS REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. NERVE AGENTS AND OTHER CHEMICAL EXPOSURES IN THE WAR ZONE HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED BUT THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THESE ACUTE EXPOSURES HAVE LEFT FEW IF ANY IDENTIFIABLE SIGNATURES. THE MAJOR AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO ELUCIDATE THE POSSIBLE GENOMIC BASIS FOR THE PERSISTENCE OF SYMPTOMS, ESPECIALLY OF THE NEUROLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS. TO ADDRESS THIS, WE PERFORMED A WHOLE GENOME EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED CAUSE OF GWI, VIZ., EXPOSURE TO ORGANOPHOSPHATE NEUROTOXICANTS COMBINED WITH HIGH CIRCULATING GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN TWO INBRED MOUSE STRAINS, C57BL/6J AND DBA/2J. THE ANIMALS RECEIVED CORTICOSTERONE IN THEIR DRINKING WATER FOR 7 DAYS FOLLOWED BY INJECTION OF DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE, A NERVE AGENT SURROGATE. SIX WEEKS AFTER DFP INJECTION, THE ANIMALS WERE EUTHANIZED AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX HARVESTED FOR GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING. WE OBSERVED 67 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES, NOTABLY AMONG THEM, TTLL7, AKR1C14, SLC44A4, AND RUSC2, ALL RELATED TO DIFFERENT SYMPTOMS OF GWI. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT PROOF OF PRINCIPLE OF GENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE CHRONIC EFFECTS OF GWI-RELATED EXPOSURES AND MAY REVEAL WHY THE DISEASE HAS PERSISTED IN MANY OF THE NOW AGING GULF WAR VETERANS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9   325  41 ALLELE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF FKBP5 IS ASSOCIATED WITH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER. BACKGROUND: FK506-BINDING PROTEIN 5 (FKBP5) BINDS TO GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS AND MODULATES GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY. THE FKBP5 GENE HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE DYSREGULATION OF HUMAN STRESS RESPONSES, CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISK AND TREATMENT RESPONSE OF STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS. THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED WHETHER EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN FKBP5 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) STATUS IN THE CONTEXT OF FKBP5 GENETIC VARIATION (RS1360780 POLYMORPHISM) AMONG MALE VETERANS EXPOSED TO COMBAT TRAUMA. METHODS: KOREAN MALE VETERANS WHO SERVED ON ACTIVE DUTY DURING THE VIETNAM WAR WERE CATEGORIZED INTO 2 GROUPS: WITH PTSD (N = 123) AND WITHOUT PTSD (N = 116). THE GENOTYPE OF FKBP5 RS1360780 AND DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF TWO CPG SITES AT THE FKBP5 INTRON 7 REGION WERE ASSESSED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD. ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE MAIN AND INTERACTION EFFECTS OF PTSD STATUS AND FKBP5 GENOTYPE ON FKBP5 DNA METHYLATION LEVEL, WITH AGE, TRAUMA LEVELS, AND ALCOHOL USE AS COVARIATES. RESULTS: A SIGNIFICANT MAIN EFFECT OF FKBP5 RS1360780 AND PTSD AND AN INTERACTION EFFECT BETWEEN GENOTYPE AND PTSD STATUS WERE FOUND ON MEAN FKBP5 DNA METHYLATION LEVEL. THE T ALLELE OF RS1360780 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER FKBP5 METHYLATION LEVEL. IN ADDITION, THE PTSD GROUP SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION THAN DID THE NON-PTSD GROUP AMONG VETERANS CARRYING THE RISK T ALLELE (N = 96), WHILE NO GROUP DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED ON METHYLATION LEVELS AMONG VETERANS WITH THE CC GENOTYPE (N = 143). AMONG VETERANS CARRYING THE T ALLELE, FKBP5 METHYLATION LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE SEVERITY OF PTSD SYMPTOMS. CONCLUSIONS: THE PRESENT STUDY DEMONSTRATED DIFFERENT FKBP5 METHYLATION LEVELS IN PTSD DEPENDING ON FKBP5 GENETIC VARIATION AMONG VETERANS EXPOSED TO COMBAT TRAUMA. THE PRESENT FINDING SUGGESTS THAT THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF FKBP5 IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PTSD. FURTHER LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH INVOLVING PEOPLE EXPOSED TO TRAUMA IS REQUIRED TO UNDERSTAND CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS OF FKBP5 IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND RECOVERY OF PTSD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10  4989  44 PCSK9 IS INCREASED IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER. BACKGROUND: RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ALCOHOL USE AFFECTS THE REGULATION AND EXPRESSION OF PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE SUBTILISIN/KEXIN 9 (PCSK9). WHILE A MAJOR ROLE OF PCSK9 IN HEPATIC FUNCTION AND LIPID REGULATION HAS BEEN CLEARLY ESTABLISHED, OTHER PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. EXISTING RESEARCH SUGGESTS A POSITIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF PCSK9 IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF PCSK9 ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE WOULD INCREASE PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN CSF. METHODS: PCSK9 LEVELS IN CSF WERE MEASURED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD (N = 42) ADMITTED TO AN INPATIENT REHABILITATION PROGRAM AND CONTROLS (N = 25). CSF SAMPLES IN AUD WERE ASSESSED AT 2 TIME POINTS, AT DAY 5 AND DAY 21 AFTER ADMISSION. FURTHERMORE, PLASMA SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AND MEASURED FROM THE INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD. RESULTS: PCSK9 IN CSF WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE AUD GROUP AT DAY 5 AND DAY 21 COMPARED TO THE CONTROLS (P < 0.0001). PLASMA PCSK9 LEVELS WERE CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH CSF PCSK9 LEVELS IN AUD (P = 0.0493). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT PCSK9 IS ELEVATED IN THE CSF OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD, WHICH MAY INDICATE A POTENTIAL ROLE OF PCSK9 IN AUD. ADDITIONAL STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO FURTHER ELUCIDATE THE FUNCTIONS OF PCSK9 IN THE BRAIN.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11   886  46 CHRONIC CORTICOSTERONE EXPOSURE INCREASES EXPRESSION AND DECREASES DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID METHYLATION OF FKBP5 IN MICE. THERE IS EVIDENCE FOR HYPERCORTISOLEMIA PLAYING A ROLE IN THE GENERATION OF PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS AND FOR EPIGENETIC VARIATION WITHIN HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS GENES MEDIATING BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EXPRESSION CHANGES WOULD BE INDUCED IN FKBP5 AND OTHER HPA AXIS GENES BY CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CORTICOSTERONE AND THAT THESE CHANGES WOULD OCCUR THROUGH THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF LOSS OR GAIN OF DNA METHYLATION (DNAM). WE ADMINISTERED CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) TO C57BL/6J MICE VIA THEIR DRINKING WATER FOR 4 WK AND TESTED FOR BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS USING RNA EXTRACTED FROM HIPPOCAMPUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, AND BLOOD FOR THE FOLLOWING HPA GENES: FKBP5, NR3C1, HSP90, CRH, AND CRHR1. THE CORT MICE EXHIBITED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CORT ALSO CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL AND BLOOD MRNA LEVELS OF NR3C1 AND A DECREASE IN HSP90 IN BLOOD AND CAUSED AN INCREASE IN FKBP5 FOR ALL TISSUES. DIFFERENCES WERE SEEN IN FKBP5 METHYLATION IN HIPPOCAMPUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS. TO ISOLATE A SINGLE-CELL TYPE, WE FOLLOWED UP WITH AN HT-22 MOUSE HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONAL CELL LINE EXPOSED TO CORT. AFTER 7 D, WE OBSERVED A 2.4-FOLD INCREASE IN FKBP5 EXPRESSION AND A DECREASE IN DNAM. IN THE CORT-TREATED MICE, WE ALSO OBSERVED CHANGES IN BLOOD DNAM IN FKBP5. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST DNAM PLAYS A ROLE IN MEDIATING EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE ON FKBP5 FUNCTION, WITH POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES FOR BEHAVIOR.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  6108  40 THE ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT AMELIORATES CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MIR-134 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HUMANS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BY ENHANCING BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE BDNF MODULATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT OCCURS AFTER EE TREATMENT FOR THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS ELICITED BY CUMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EE. METHODS: ALL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO THE 5-WEEK CUMS PROCEDURE EXCEPT THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER CUMS PROCEDURE, SOME RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH SIRT1 PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITOR EX527 OR SIRT1 KNOCKING DOWN LENTIVIRUS (SH-SIRT1) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWED BY EE TREATMENT FOR 3 WEEKS. OTHER RATS WERE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO EE TREATMENT WITHOUT STEREOTAXIC INJECTION. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION AFTER EE TREATMENT. THEN EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCHES, AND SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INCLUDING DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE RATIO, PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND REDUCED LOCOMOTOR AND EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY; COGNITIVE DEFICITS INCLUDING SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; REDUCED DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES; THINNED POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; DOWNREGULATED SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, DECREASED BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, THE CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCH NUMBER REDUCTION, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY THINNING, SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY DOWNREGULATION, BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS REDUCTION, INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95), WERE REVERSED BY EE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS WERE OBSERVED AGAIN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO STEREOTAXIC INJECTION WITH EX527 OR SH-SIRT1. FURTHERMORE, THIS STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 REGULATES THE DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES BDNF, AND THE SYNAPTIC PROTEINS SYN AND PSD95 IN PRIMARY CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF EE ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INCLUDING BDNF, PSD95 AND SYN, DENDRITIC REMODELING AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF SYNAPSES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2019	

13  2734  41 EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AGE MEASURES AND PSYCHONEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN WITH EARLY-STAGE BREAST CANCER. PURPOSE: THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK HAS BEEN ACKNOWLEDGED AS AN INDICATOR FOR MOLECULAR AGING, BUT FEW STUDIES HAVE EXAMINED POSSIBLE ASSOCIATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) AGE OR AGE ACCELERATION (AA) WITH SYMPTOM BURDEN IN INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE TREATED FOR CANCER. THIS STUDY EXPLORED THE ASSOCIATION OF DNAM AGE OR AA WITH PSYCHONEUROLOGICAL (PN) SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, FATIGUE, SLEEP DISTURBANCES, PAIN, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS, IN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS OVER A 2-YEAR PERIOD. METHODS: WE MEASURED PN SYMPTOMS USING RELIABLE INSTRUMENTS AND DNAM LEVELS BY INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450K BEADCHIP (N = 72). DNAM AGE WAS CALCULATED BY THE HORVATH, GRIM, AND HANNUM-BASED INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC AGE ESTIMATIONS. AA WAS DEFINED BY THE RESIDUAL REGRESSING ESTIMATED EPIGENETIC AGE ON CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. MIXED REGRESSION MODELS WERE FITTED FOR AA AND CHANGES IN AA TO STUDY THE ASSOCIATION OVER TIME. SEPARATE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS AND A MIXED-EFFECTS MODEL WERE FITTED FOR AA AT EACH TIME POINT. RESULTS: HORVATH-AA, GRIM-AA, AND EXTRINSIC EPIGENETIC AA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGED OVER TIME, WHILE INTRINSIC EPIGENETIC AA DID NOT EXHIBIT ANY TEMPORAL CHANGES. INCREASED AA WAS ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER ANXIETY AND FATIGUE, AS WELL AS WORSE COGNITIVE MEMORY, ADJUSTING FOR RACE, BMI, INCOME, CHEMOTHERAPY, RADIATION THERAPY, AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. INCREASED DNAM AGE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER ANXIETY OVER 2 YEARS. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST DNAM AGE AND AA MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH PN SYMPTOMS OVER THE COURSE OF CANCER TREATMENT AND SURVIVORSHIP. SOME PN SYMPTOMS MAY BE AMENABLE TO PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS TARGETED TO EPIGENETIC CLOCKS THAT INFLUENCE AGING-ASSOCIATED PROCESSES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14  2630  43 EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IDENTIFIES NOVEL LOCI IN U.S. MILITARY VETERANS. POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) IS A CHRONIC AND DISABLING PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER PREVALENT IN MILITARY VETERANS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE ETIOLOGY OF PTSD, WITH DNA METHYLATION BEING THE MOST STUDIED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISORDER. WE PERFORMED ONE OF THE LARGEST SINGLE-SAMPLE EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) OF PTSD TO DATE. OUR SAMPLE INCLUDED 1135 MALE EUROPEAN-AMERICAN U.S. VETERANS WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE NATIONAL HEALTH AND RESILIENCE IN VETERANS STUDY (NHRVS). DNA WAS COLLECTED FROM SALIVA SAMPLES AND THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION EPIC BEADCHIP WAS USED FOR THE METHYLATION ANALYSIS. PTSD WAS ASSESSED USING THE PTSD CHECKLIST. AN EWAS WAS CONDUCTED USING LINEAR REGRESSION ADJUSTED FOR AGE, CELL-TYPE PROPORTIONS, FIRST 10 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS, AND SMOKING STATUS. AFTER BONFERRONI CORRECTION, WE IDENTIFIED SIX GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT (GWS) CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH PAST-MONTH PTSD AND THREE CPGS WITH LIFETIME PTSD (P(RANGE) = 10(-10)-10(-8)). THESE CPG SITES MAP TO GENES INVOLVED IN IMMUNE FUNCTION, TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION, AXONAL GUIDANCE, CELL SIGNALING, AND PROTEIN BINDING. AMONG THESE, SENP7, WHICH IS INVOLVED IN TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION AND HAS BEEN LINKED TO RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOR AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, REPLICATED IN AN INDEPENDENT VETERAN COHORT AND WAS DOWNREGULATED IN MEDIAL ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX OF PTSD POSTMORTEM BRAIN TISSUE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS OF PTSD THAT MAY HELP INFORM THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THIS DISORDER IN VETERANS AND OTHER TRAUMA-AFFECTED POPULATIONS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15  5957  38 TELOMERE LENGTH AND EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDERS. EVIDENCE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENETICS AND MENTAL HEALTH ARE FLOURISHING. HOWEVER, FEW STUDIES ARE EVALUATING EARLY BIOMARKERS THAT MIGHT LINK GENES, ENVIRONMENT, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. WE AIMED TO STUDY TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) AND EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION (AA) IN A COHORT OF ADOLESCENTS WITH AND WITHOUT ANXIETY DISORDERS (N = 234). WE EVALUATED A REPRESENTATIVE SUBSAMPLE OF PARTICIPANTS AT BASELINE AND AFTER 5 YEARS (N = 76) AND CATEGORIZED THEM ACCORDING TO THEIR ANXIETY DISORDER DIAGNOSIS AT BOTH TIME POINTS: (1) CONTROL GROUP (NO ANXIETY DISORDER, N = 18), (2) VARIABLE GROUP (ANXIETY DISORDER IN ONE EVALUATION, N = 38), AND (3) PERSISTENT GROUP (ANXIETY DISORDER AT BOTH TIME POINTS, N = 20). WE ASSESSED RELATIVE MEAN TL BY REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR AND DNA METHYLATION BY INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP. WE CALCULATED AA USING THE HORVATH AGE ESTIMATION ALGORITHM AND ANALYZED DIFFERENCES AMONG GROUPS USING GENERALIZED LINEAR MIXED MODELS. THE PERSISTENT GROUP OF ANXIETY DISORDER DID NOT CHANGE TL OVER TIME (P = 0.495). THE VARIABLE GROUP HAD HIGHER BASELINE TL (P = 0.003) BUT NO ACCELERATED TL EROSION IN COMPARISON TO THE NON-ANXIETY CONTROL GROUP (P = 0.053). FURTHERMORE, THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES IN AA AMONG GROUPS OVER TIME. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ADOLESCENTS WITH CHRONIC ANXIETY DID NOT CHANGE TELOMERE LENGTH OVER TIME, WHICH COULD BE RELATED TO A DELAY IN NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THIS PERIOD OF LIFE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16  5200  33 PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS PREDICTS METHYLATION OF GENES REGULATING THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL SYSTEM IN MOTHERS AND NEWBORNS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. EXPOSURE TO STRESS EARLY IN LIFE PERMANENTLY SHAPES ACTIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL (HPA) AXIS AND THE BRAIN. PRENATALLY, GLUCOCORTICOIDS PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTA TO THE FETUS WITH POSTNATAL IMPACTS ON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, BIRTH WEIGHT (BW), AND HPA AXIS FUNCTIONING. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH PRENATAL STRESS AFFECTS POSTNATAL FUNCTIONING. THIS STUDY ADDRESSES THIS GAP BY EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC STRESS AND TRAUMATIC WAR-RELATED STRESS ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN FOUR KEY GENES REGULATING THE HPA AXIS IN NEONATAL CORD BLOOD, PLACENTA, AND MATERNAL BLOOD: CRH, CRHBP, NR3C1, AND FKBP5. PARTICIPANTS WERE 24 MOTHER-NEWBORN DYADS IN THE CONFLICT-RIDDEN REGION OF THE EASTERN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. BW DATA WERE COLLECTED AT DELIVERY AND MATERNAL INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED TO ASSESS CULTURALLY RELEVANT CHRONIC AND WAR-RELATED STRESSORS. CHRONIC STRESS AND WAR TRAUMA HAD WIDESPREAD EFFECTS ON HPA AXIS GENE METHYLATION, WITH SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OBSERVED AT TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING (TFB) SITES IN ALL TARGET GENES TESTED. SOME CHANGES IN METHYLATION WERE UNIQUE TO CHRONIC OR WAR STRESS, WHEREAS OTHERS WERE OBSERVED ACROSS BOTH STRESSOR TYPES. MOREOVER, STRESS EXPOSURES IMPACTED MATERNAL AND FETAL TISSUES DIFFERENTLY, SUPPORTING THEORETICAL MODELS THAT STRESS IMPACTS VARY ACCORDING TO LIFE PHASE. METHYLATION IN SEVERAL NR3C1 AND CRH CPG SITES, ALL LOCATED AT TFB SITES, WAS ASSOCIATED WITH BW. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PRENATAL STRESS EXPOSURE IMPACTS DEVELOPMENT VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HPA AXIS GENES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17   219  38 ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOLLOWING CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING REDUCES FEAR MEMORY: TIMING IS ESSENTIAL. BACKGROUND: HISTONE ACETYLATION IS REGULATED IN RESPONSE TO STRESS AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING AND MEMORY. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO DETERIORATE COGNITION, WHEREAS ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION. HOWEVER, WHETHER ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION WHEN IT IS APPLIED AFTER FEAR STIMULATION IS NOT YET KNOWN. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF ACUTE STRESS APPLIED AFTER FEAR TRAINING ON MEMORY FORMATION, MRNA EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION, AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL IN MICE IN VIVO. METHODS: MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 OR 90 MIN AFTER CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING, AND ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 14 (H3K14) AND LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE WERE MEASURED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. A FREEZING BEHAVIOR TEST WAS PERFORMED 24 H AFTER TRAINING, AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF BDNF WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS. DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MICE WERE USED FOR EACH TEST. RESULTS: FREEZING BEHAVIOR SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION CAUSED BY ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING OWING TO THE REDUCTION OF H3K14 ACETYLATION. HOWEVER, BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION WERE NOT REDUCED IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 90 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. FURTHER, THE CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGH IN MICE SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. CONCLUSION: ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING IMPAIRED MEMORY FORMATION AND REDUCED BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF MICE OWING TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18  2207  50 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY IN MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (ME/CFS). BACKGROUND: MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (ME/CFS) IS A DEBILITATING IDIOPATHIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY UNEXPLAINED FATIGUE THAT FAILS TO RESOLVE WITH SUFFICIENT REST. DIAGNOSIS IS BASED ON A LIST OF SYMPTOMS AND EXCLUSION OF OTHER FATIGUE-RELATED HEALTH CONDITIONS. DESPITE A HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION, IMMUNE AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS FUNCTION DIFFERENCES, SUCH AS ENHANCED NEGATIVE FEEDBACK TO GLUCOCORTICOIDS, ARE RECURRING FINDINGS IN ME/CFS STUDIES. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS CPG METHYLATION, ARE KNOWN TO REGULATE LONG-TERM PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES AND PREVIOUS WORK BY OUR GROUP FOUND DNA METHYLOME DIFFERENCES IN ME/CFS, HOWEVER THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLOME MODIFICATIONS, CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH ME/CFS HAS NOT BEEN EXAMINED. METHODS: WE EXAMINED THE DNA METHYLOME IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF A LARGER COHORT OF FEMALE ME/CFS PATIENTS USING THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP ARRAY. IN PARALLEL TO THE DNA METHYLOME ANALYSIS, WE INVESTIGATED IN VITRO GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY DIFFERENCES BY STIMULATING PBMCS WITH PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ AND SUPPRESSED GROWTH WITH DEXAMETHASONE. WE EXPLORED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING AND STATISTICAL PERMUTATION. LINEAR REGRESSION WAS IMPLEMENTED TO DISCOVER EPIGENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-REPORTED QUALITY OF LIFE AND NETWORK ANALYSIS OF GENE ONTOLOGY TERMS TO BIOLOGICALLY CONTEXTUALIZE RESULTS. RESULTS: WE DETECTED 12,608 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES BETWEEN ME/CFS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS PREDOMINANTLY LOCALIZED TO CELLULAR METABOLISM GENES, SOME OF WHICH WERE ALSO RELATED TO SELF-REPORTED QUALITY OF LIFE HEALTH SCORES. AMONG ME/CFS PATIENTS, GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AT 13 LOCI. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS INDICATE DNA METHYLATION MODIFICATIONS IN CELLULAR METABOLISM IN ME/CFS DESPITE A HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION, IMPLICATING THESE PROCESSES IN IMMUNE AND HPA AXIS DYSFUNCTION IN ME/CFS. MODIFICATIONS TO EPIGENETIC LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENCES IN GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY MAY BE IMPORTANT AS BIOMARKERS FOR FUTURE CLINICAL TESTING. OVERALL, THESE FINDINGS ALIGN WITH RECENT ME/CFS WORK THAT POINT TOWARDS IMPAIRMENT IN CELLULAR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THIS PATIENT POPULATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19  5395  34 REDUCED EPIGENETIC AGE IN OLDER ADULTS WITH HIGH SENSE OF PURPOSE IN LIFE. PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT WHETHER PSYCHOSOCIAL RESILIENCE FACTORS (EG, SENSE OF PURPOSE IN LIFE) MIGHT REDUCE EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED IF OLDER ADULTS WHO EXPERIENCE HIGH LEVELS OF PURPOSE MIGHT SHOW REDUCED EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION. WE EVALUATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PURPOSE AND EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION AS MEASURED BY 13 DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) "EPIGENETIC CLOCKS" ASSESSED IN 1 572 OLDER ADULTS FROM THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY (MEAN AGE 70 YEARS). WE QUANTIFIED THE TOTAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PURPOSE AND DNAM AGE ACCELERATION AS WELL AS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THAT TOTAL ASSOCIATION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, CHRONIC DISEASE, OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL VARIABLES (EG, POSITIVE AFFECT), AND HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS (HEAVY DRINKING, SMOKING, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND BODY MASS INDEX [BMI]). PURPOSE IN LIFE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION ACROSS 4 "SECOND-GENERATION" DNAM CLOCKS OPTIMIZED FOR PREDICTING HEALTH AND LONGEVITY (FALSE DISCOVERY RATE [FDR] Q < 0.0001: PHENOAGE, GRIMAGE, ZHANG EPIGENETIC MORTALITY INDEX; FDR Q < 0.05: DUNEDINPOAM). THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE INDEPENDENT OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, BUT SUBSTANTIALLY ATTENUATED AFTER ADJUSTING FOR HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS (DRINKING, SMOKING, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND BMI). PURPOSE SHOWED NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH 9 "FIRST-GENERATION" DNAM EPIGENETIC CLOCKS TRAINED ON CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. OLDER ADULTS WITH GREATER PURPOSE IN LIFE SHOW "YOUNGER" DNAM EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION. THESE RESULTS MAY BE DUE IN PART TO ASSOCIATED DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS. RESULTS SUGGEST NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE BIOLOGICAL AGE ACCELERATION BY ENHANCING PURPOSE AND ITS BEHAVIORAL SEQUELAE IN LATE ADULTHOOD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20  5728  30 SLEEP QUALITY AND METHYLATION STATUS OF SELECTED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AMONG NURSES AND MIDWIVES. CHRONIC SLEEP RESTRICTION MAY AFFECT METABOLISM, HORMONE SECRETION PATTERNS AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES. LIMITED REPORTS SUGGEST ALSO EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, SUCH AS CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PROFILES. THE STUDY AIMS TO ASSESS THE POTENTIAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POOR SLEEP QUALITY OR SLEEP DURATION AND THE LEVELS OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF SELECTED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY WAS CONDUCTED ON 710 NURSES AND MIDWIVES AGED 40-60 YEARS. DATA FROM INTERVIEWS REGARDING SLEEP HABITS AND POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS WERE USED. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES WAS DETERMINED VIA QMSP REACTIONS USING DNA SAMPLES DERIVED FROM LEUCOCYTES. NO SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS WERE OBSERVED IN THE TOTAL STUDY POPULATION OR IN THE TWO SUBGROUPS OF WOMEN STRATIFIED BY THE CURRENT SYSTEM OF WORK. A BORDERLINE SIGNIFICANCE ASSOCIATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN A SHORTER DURATION OF SLEEP AND AN INCREASED METHYLATION LEVEL IN CDKN2A AMONG DAY WORKING NURSES AND MIDWIVES. FURTHER STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO EXPLORE THIS UNDER-INVESTIGATED TOPIC.	2018