1 6909 138 [TOXIC COMPONENTS OF PM(2.5) AND THEIR TOXICITY MECHANISMS-ON THE TOXICITY OF SULFATE AND CARBON COMPONENTS]. RECENTLY, THE MAIN AIR POLLUTANT HAS BEEN FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM(2.5)), WHICH IS TAKEN UP BY THE WHOLE BODY WITH SEVERE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. THE MAIN CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF PM(2.5) ARE SALTS OF SULFATE (AND NITRATE) AND CARBONS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNKNOWN WHICH COMPONENTS ARE TOXIC. HERE, THE AUTHOR REVIEWED THE LITERATURES TO DETERMINE WHICH COMPONENTS ARE TOXIC AND THE MAIN MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THEIR TOXICITY. MANY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SULFATE CONCENTRATION IS STRONGLY RELATED TO MORTALITY. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT SULFATE AT ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF PM(2.5) CAUSES CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE OR OTHER DISEASE. ON THE OTHER HAND, CARBON COMPONENTS SUCH AS ELEMENTARY CARBON (EC) PRODUCES HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) VIA ITS PHAGOCYTOSIS BY MACROPHAGES, AND ORGANIC CARBON (OC) ALSO PRODUCES HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF ROS DURING ITS METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND THE ROS CAUSE ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THEY CAUSE MANY DISEASES INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ASTHMA AND CANCER. FURTHERMORE, THERE ARE MANY LINES OF EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION OR MICRORNA EXPRESSION INDUCED BY PARTICULATE MATTERS ALSO INDUCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY DISEASES SUCH AS THOSE MENTIONED ABOVE. IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT CARBON COMPONENTS ARE INCORPORATED INTO THE BRAIN AND PRODUCE ROS, AND THAT THE ROS CAUSE DAMAGE TO BRAIN CELLS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND COGNITIVE DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY.FROM THESE LINES OF EVIDENCE, THE AUTHOR WOULD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE THAT THE MAIN TOXICITY OF PM(2.5) IS DUE TO CARBON COMPONENTS, AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE COUNTERMEASURES TO DECREASE THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON COMPONENTS IN AMBIENT AIR.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 6387  34 THE ROLE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN ARSENIC TOXICITY. ARSENIC POISONING IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASES AND HEALTH PROBLEMS IN HUMANS. ARSENIC EXPOSURE INDUCES THE GENERATION OF INTRACELLULAR REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS), WHICH MEDIATE MULTIPLE CHANGES TO CELL BEHAVIOR BY ALTERING SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, OR CAUSE DIRECT OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO MOLECULES. ANTIOXIDANTS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO REDUCE ROS LEVELS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO AMELIORATE ARSENIC-INDUCED LESIONS. HOWEVER, EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CONSTRUCTIVE ACTIVATION OF ANTIOXIDATIVE PATHWAYS AND DECREASED ROS LEVELS CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC ARSENIC TOXICITY IN SOME CASES. THIS REVIEW DETAILS THE PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN ARSENIC-INDUCED REDOX IMBALANCE, AS WELL AS CURRENT STUDIES ON PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES USING ANTIOXIDANTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3 3106  43 GENOMICS AND THE RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE. ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS FROM AIR POLLUTANTS REMAIN IMPORTANT, DESPITE IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY IN THE PAST FEW DECADES. THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF LUNG INJURY FROM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS ARE NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTOOD. STUDYING THE GENOME (E.G. SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNP) ), EPIGENOME (E.G. METHYLATION OF GENES), TRANSCRIPTOME (MRNA EXPRESSION) AND MICRORNAOME (MICRORNA EXPRESSION) HAS THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF SNP HAVE DETECTED SNP ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY PHENOTYPES; HOWEVER, TO DATE, ONLY CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES OF AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE HAVE BEEN PERFORMED. CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, SUCH DNA METHYLATION THAT LEADS TO GENE SILENCING WITHOUT ALTERING THE DNA SEQUENCE, OCCUR WITH AIR POLLUTANT EXPOSURE, ESPECIALLY GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION CHANGES. RESPIRATORY CELL LINE AND ANIMAL MODELS DEMONSTRATE DISTINCT GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME, ARISING FROM EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER OR OZONE. PARTICULATE MATTER AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS ALTER EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA, WHICH ARE SHORT NON-CODING RNA THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. WHILE IT IS CLEARLY IMPORTANT TO CONTAIN RISING LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION, STRATEGIES ALSO NEED TO BE DEVELOPED TO MINIMIZE THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANT EXPOSURE ON THE LUNG, ESPECIALLY FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE AND FOR PEOPLE AT RISK OF FUTURE LUNG DISEASE. CAREFUL STUDY OF GENOMIC RESPONSES WILL IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF LUNG INJURY FROM AIR POLLUTION AND ENABLE FUTURE CLINICAL TESTING OF INTERVENTIONS AGAINST THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 3576  50 IMPACT OF NUTRITION ON POLLUTANT TOXICITY: AN UPDATE WITH NEW INSIGHTS INTO EPIGENETIC REGULATION. EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. THERE IS A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE THAT NUTRITION CAN BOTH POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY MODULATE THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF POLLUTANT EXPOSURE. DIETS HIGH IN PROINFLAMMATORY FATS, SUCH AS LINOLEIC ACID, CAN EXACERBATE POLLUTANT TOXICITY, WHEREAS DIETS RICH IN BIOACTIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FOOD COMPONENTS, INCLUDING OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND POLYPHENOLS, CAN ATTENUATE TOXICANT-ASSOCIATED INFLAMMATION. PREVIOUSLY, RESEARCHERS HAVE ELUCIDATED DIRECT MECHANISMS OF NUTRITIONAL MODULATION, INCLUDING ALTERATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA-LIGHT-CHAIN-ENHANCER OF ACTIVATED B CELLS (NF-KAPPAB) SIGNALING, BUT RECENTLY, INCREASED FOCUS HAS BEEN GIVEN TO THE WAYS IN WHICH NUTRITION AND POLLUTANTS AFFECT EPIGENETICS. NUTRITION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO MODULATE EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT HAVE BEEN LINKED EITHER TO INCREASED DISEASE RISKS OR TO PROTECTION AGAINST DISEASES. OVERNUTRITION (I.E. OBESITY) AND UNDERNUTRITION (I.E. FAMINE) HAVE BEEN OBSERVED TO ALTER PRENATAL EPIGENETIC TAGS THAT MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF OFFSPRING DEVELOPING DISEASE LATER IN LIFE. CONVERSELY, BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS, INCLUDING CURCUMIN, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO ALTER EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT SUPPRESS THE ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB, THUS REDUCING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES. EXPOSURE TO POLLUTANTS ALSO ALTERS EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND MAY CONTRIBUTE TO INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE. IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT POLLUTANTS, VIA EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS, CAN INCREASE THE ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB AND UPREGULATE MICRORNAS ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION, CARDIAC INJURY AND OXIDATIVE DAMAGE. IMPORTANTLY, RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS, INCLUDING EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE (EGCG), CAN PROTECT AGAINST POLLUTANT-INDUCED INFLAMMATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PROINFLAMMATORY TARGET GENES OF NF-KAPPAB. FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW NUTRITION CAN MODULATE POLLUTANT TOXICITY THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO ELUCIDATE THE CURRENT EVIDENCE LINKING EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO POLLUTANT-INDUCED DISEASES AND HOW THIS REGULATION MAY BE MODULATED BY NUTRIENTS ALLOWING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE PERSONALIZED LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5  540  40 ATMOSPHERIC FINE PARTICULATE MATTER AND EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION IN PULMONARY CELLS: STATE OF THE ART AND CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE IN VITRO STUDIES. EXPOSURE TO FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM(2.5)) HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL DISEASES INCLUDING ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER. MECHANISMS SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION ARE WELL-DOCUMENTED AND ARE CONSIDERED AS THE STARTING POINT OF SOME OF THE PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSES. HOWEVER, A NUMBER OF STUDIES ALSO FOCUSED ON EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT), WHICH IS A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS INVOLVED IN FIBROTIC DISEASES AND CANCER PROGRESSION NOTABLY VIA METASTASIS INDUCTION. UP UNTIL NOW, EMT WAS WIDELY REPORTED IN VIVO AND IN VITRO IN VARIOUS CELL TYPES BUT INVESTIGATIONS DEALING WITH IN VITRO STUDIES OF PM(2.5) INDUCED EMT IN PULMONARY CELLS ARE LIMITED. FURTHER, FEW INVESTIGATIONS COMBINED THE NECESSARY ENDPOINTS FOR VALIDATION OF THE EMT STATE IN CELLS: SUCH AS EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL SURFACE, CYTOSKELETON OR EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX BIOMARKERS AND ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION MARKERS AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. STUDIES EXPLORED VARIOUS CELL TYPES, CULTURED UNDER DIFFERING CONDITIONS AND EXPOSED FOR VARIOUS DURATIONS TO DIFFERENT DOSES. SUCH UNHARMONIZED PROTOCOLS (1) MIGHT INTRODUCE BIAS, (2) MAKE DIFFICULT COMPARISON OF RESULTS AND (3) PRECLUDE REACHING A DEFINITIVE CONCLUSION REGARDING THE ABILITY OF AIRBORNE PM(2.5) TO INDUCE EMT IN PULMONARY CELLS. SOME QUESTIONS REMAIN, IN PARTICULAR THE SPECIFIC PM(2.5) COMPONENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR EMT TRIGGERING. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO EXAMINE THE AVAILABLE PM(2.5) INDUCED EMT IN VITRO STUDIES ON PULMONARY CELLS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE CRITICAL PARAMETERS CONSIDERED TO CARRY OUT FUTURE RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD. THIS CLARIFICATION APPEARS NECESSARY FOR PRODUCTION OF RELIABLE AND COMPARABLE RESULTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6 3837  38 IONIZING RADIATION-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY: THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA. PURPOSE: TO REVIEW THE DATA CONCERNING THE ROLE OF ENDOGENOUSLY GENERATED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) IN THE NON-TARGETED IONIZING RADIATION (IR) EFFECTS AND IN DETERMINATION OF THE CELL POPULATION'S FATE, BOTH EARLY AFTER EXPOSURE AND AFTER MANY GENERATIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THE SHORT-TERM AS WELL AS CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSES MAINLY ARE PRODUCED DUE TO ROS GENERATION BY THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) OF THE MITOCHONDRIA AND BY THE CYTOPLASMIC NADPH OXIDASES. WHETHER THE INDUCTION OF THE OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES OCCUR OR ARE HAMPERED IN A SINGLE CELL LARGELY DEPENDS ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE NUCLEUS AND THE CELLULAR POPULATION OF SEVERAL HUNDRED OR THOUSANDS OF MITOCHONDRIA THAT ARE GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS. HIGH INTRA-MITOCHONDRIAL ROS LEVEL IS DAMAGING THE MITOCHONDRIAL (MT) DNA AND ITS MUTATIONS AFFECT THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL MECHANISMS OF THE NUCLEAR (N) DNA, BY DECREASING THE ACTIVITY OF METHYLTRANSFERASES AND THUS, CAUSING GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION. THESE CHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED TO THE PROGENY OF THE IRRADIATED CELLS. THE CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE LATE POST-RADIATION EFFECTS, INCLUDING CANCER, AND THIS MAKES IT AN IMPORTANT ADVERSE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO IR AND A TARGET FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7 4119  41 MECHANISMS OF CADMIUM CARCINOGENICITY IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. CANCER, A SERIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM IN WORLDWIDE, RESULTS FROM AN EXCESSIVE AND UNCONTROLLED PROLIFERATION OF THE BODY CELLS WITHOUT OBVIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS OF ORGANS. THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, INCLUDING THE ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH AND INTESTINE, IS A UNIQUE ORGAN SYSTEM. IT HAS THE HIGHEST CANCER INCIDENCE AND CANCER- RELATED MORTALITY IN THE BODY AND IS INFLUENCEED BY BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. AMONG THE VARIOUS CHEMICAL ELEMENTS RECOGNIZED IN THE NATURE, SOME OF THEM INCLUDING ZINC, IRON, COBALT, AND COPPER HAVE ESSENTIAL ROLES IN THE VARIOUS BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, BUT ONLY AT LOW LEVELS AND OTHERS SUCH AS CADMIUM, LEAD, MERCURY, ARSENIC, AND NICKEL ARE CONSIDERED AS THREATS FOR HUMAN HEALTH ESPECIALLY WITH CHRONIC EXPOSURE AT HIGH LEVELS. CADMIUM, AN ENVIRONMENT CONTAMINANT, CANNOT BE DESTROYED IN NATURE. THROUGH IMPAIRMENT OF VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN THE KIDNEY IT CAUSES NEPHROTOXICITY AND SUBSEQUENTLY BONE METABOLISM IMPAIRMENT AND FRAGILITY. THE MAJOR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN CADMIUM CARCINOGENESIS COULD BE RELATED TO THE SUPPRESSION OF GENE EXPRESSION, INHIBITION OF DNA DAMAGE REPAIR, INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS, AND INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN ADDITION, CADMIUM MAY ACT THROUGH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. CADMIUM AFFECTS MULTIPLE CELLULAR PROCESSES, INCLUDING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS, CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND APOPTOSIS. DOWN-REGULATION OF METHYLTRANSFERASES ENZYMES AND REDUCTION OF DNA METHYLATION HAVE BEEN STATED AS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CADMIUM. FURTHERMORE, INCREASING INTRACELLULAR FREE CALCIUM ION LEVELS INDUCES NEURONAL APOPTOSIS IN ADDITION TO OTHER DELETERIOUS INFLUENCE ON THE STABILITY OF THE GENOME.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8 6183  39 THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN INFLUENCING EPIGENETICS RELATED TO OXIDATIVE STATES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. OXIDATIVE STATES EXERT A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON A WIDE RANGE OF BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS. WHEN THEIR BALANCE IS SHIFTED TOWARDS ENHANCED AMOUNTS OF FREE RADICALS, PATHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA CAN OCCUR, AS THE GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) IN TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT OR IN THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION CAN BE DETRIMENTAL. EPIDEMIC CHRONIC DISEASES OF WESTERN SOCIETIES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OBESITY, AND DIABETES CORRELATE WITH THE IMBALANCE OF REDOX HOMEOSTASIS. CURRENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETICS HAVE REVEALED A PARALLEL SCENARIO SHOWING THE INFLUENCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A MAJOR REGULATOR OF EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION VIA MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION, HISTONES, AND MICRORNAS. THIS HAS PROVIDED BOTH THE BIOLOGICAL LINK AND A POTENTIAL MOLECULAR EXPLANATION BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR/METABOLIC PHENOMENA. ACCORDINGLY, IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL PROVIDE CURRENT INSIGHTS ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CHANGES IN OXIDATIVE STATES ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS, BY SPECIFICALLY FOCUSING ON THE INFLUENCE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. A SPECIAL EMPHASIS WILL HIGHLIGHT THE EFFECT ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN'S CURRENT LIFE HABITS, EXTERNAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING FOOD INTAKE, TOBACCO, AIR POLLUTION, AND ANTIOXIDANT-BASED APPROACHES. ADDITIONALLY, THE STRATEGY TO QUANTIFY OXIDATIVE STATES IN HUMANS IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHICH BIOLOGICAL MARKER COULD BEST MATCH A SUBJECT'S PROFILE WILL BE DISCUSSED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9 6781  55 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

10  301  48 AIR POLLUTION ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS: TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE AND UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. AIR POLLUTION IS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATHS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES INCLUDING INDIA. EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS AFFECTS VITAL CELLULAR MECHANISMS AND IS INTIMATELY LINKED WITH THE ETIOLOGY OF A NUMBER OF CHRONIC DISEASES. EARLIER WORK FROM OUR LABORATORY HAS SHOWN THAT AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER DISTURBS THE MITOCHONDRIAL MACHINERY AND CAUSES SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO THE EPIGENOME. MITOCHONDRIAL REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES POSSESS THE ABILITY TO TRIGGER REDOX-SENSITIVE SIGNALING MECHANISMS AND INDUCE IRREVERSIBLE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES. THE ELECTROPHILIC NATURE OF REACTIVE METABOLITES CAN DIRECTLY RESULT IN DEPROTONATION OF CYTOSINE AT C-5 POSITION OR INTERFERE WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES ACTIVITY TO CAUSE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. IN ADDITION, IT ALSO PERTURBS LEVEL OF CELLULAR METABOLITES CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES LIKE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONE CODE AND DNA HYPO OR HYPERMETHYLATION. INTERESTINGLY, THESE MODIFICATIONS MAY PERSIST THROUGH DOWNSTREAM GENERATIONS AND RESULT IN THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENOMIC INHERITANCE. THIS PHENOMENON OF SUBSEQUENT TRANSFER OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IS MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE GERM CELLS AND RELIES ON THE GERMLINE STABILITY OF THE EPIGENETIC STATES. OVERALL, THE RECENT LITERATURE SUPPORTS, AND ARGUABLY STRENGTHENS, THE CONTENTION THAT AIR POLLUTION MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO TRANSMISSION OF EPIMUTATIONS FROM GAMETES TO ZYGOTES BY INVOLVING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, PARENTAL ALLELE IMPRINTING, HISTONE WITHHOLDING AND NON-CODING RNAS. HOWEVER, LARGER PROSPECTIVE STUDIES USING INNOVATIVE, INTEGRATED EPIGENOME-WIDE METABOLOMIC STRATEGY ARE HIGHLY WARRANTED TO ASSESS THE AIR POLLUTION INDUCED TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE AND ASSOCIATED HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11 3210  33 HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PRE- AND PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED HUMAN CARCINOGEN, ABLE TO INDUCE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. MORE THAN 200 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE ARE EXPOSED TO ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS IN DRINKING WATER EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED WHO THRESHOLD (10MUG/L). ADDITIONALLY, CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LEVELS BELOW THIS THRESHOLD IS KNOWN TO RESULT IN LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS. THE ARSENIC-RELATED HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION PROCESS, WHEREBY THE RESULTING METABOLITES CAN INDUCE MOLECULAR DAMAGE THAT ACCUMULATES OVER TIME. THE EFFECTS DERIVED FROM THESE ALTERATIONS INCLUDE GENOMIC INSTABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, ALTERATION OF GENE EXPRESSION (INCLUDING CODING AND NON-CODING RNAS), GLOBAL AND LOCALIZED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, AND HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. THESE ALTERATIONS DIRECTLY AFFECT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF MANY CONDITIONS THAT CAN ARISE EVEN DECADES AFTER THE EXPOSURE OCCURS. IMPORTANTLY, ARSENIC METABOLITES GENERATED DURING ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION CAN ALSO PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTAL BARRIER, RESULTING IN FETAL EXPOSURE TO THIS CARCINOGEN AT SIMILAR LEVELS TO THOSE OF THE MOTHER. AS SUCH, MORE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE ARSENIC-INDUCED MOLECULAR DAMAGE CAN BE OBSERVED AS DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT, PREGNANCY, AND BIRTH OUTCOMES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DAMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF ARSENIC, PARTICULARLY THOSE AFFECTING EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES. WE ALSO PRESENT HOW THESE ALTERATIONS OCCURRING DURING EARLY LIFE CAN IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN DISEASES IN ADULT LIFE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12 6715  35 VITAMIN A AND THE EPIGENOME. THE EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA REFER TO HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION OTHER THAN THOSE IN THE DNA SEQUENCE, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. MAJOR RESEARCH PROGRESS IN THE LAST FEW YEARS HAS PROVIDED FURTHER PROOF THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING DIET AND NUTRITION, CAN INFLUENCE PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, WHICH IN TURN INFLUENCE GENE EXPRESSION. THIS INFLUENCE IS TERMED NUTRITIONAL EPIGENETICS, AND ONE PROMINENT EXAMPLE IS THE REGULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION BY VITAMIN A THROUGH INTERACTION TO ITS NUCLEAR RECEPTOR. VITAMIN A IS CRITICAL THROUGHOUT LIFE. TOGETHER WITH ITS DERIVATIVES, IT REGULATES DIVERSE PROCESSES INCLUDING REPRODUCTION, EMBRYOGENESIS, VISION, GROWTH, CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION, MAINTENANCE OF EPITHELIAL CELLULAR INTEGRITY AND IMMUNE FUNCTION. HERE WE REVIEW THE EPIGENETIC ROLE OF VITAMIN A IN CANCER, STEM CELLS DIFFERENTIATION, PROLIFERATION, AND IMMUNITY. THE DATA PRESENTED HERE SHOW THAT RETINOIC ACID IS A POTENT AGENT CAPABLE OF INDUCING ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT PRODUCE VARIOUS EFFECTS ON THE PHENOTYPE. MEDICAL BENEFITS OF VITAMIN A AS AN EPIGENETIC MODULATOR, ESPECIALLY WITH RESPECT TO ITS CHRONIC USE AS NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT, SHOULD RELY ON OUR FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF ITS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS DURING HEALTH AND DISEASE, AS WELL AS THROUGH DIFFERENT GENERATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13 5119  39 POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE INDUCTION OF CANCER IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES. SEVERAL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES INVOLVING DIFFERENT ORGANS AND TISSUES HAVE BEEN FOUND AT RISK OF PROGRESSION TO CANCER. A WIDE ARRAY OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, PROSTAGLANDINS, NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTS, AND MATRICELLULAR PROTEINS ARE CLOSELY INVOLVED IN PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT TRANSITION OF CELLS ALMOST ALWAYS IN A BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. INTERESTINGLY, EPIGENETIC PERTURBATIONS (I.E. MIRNA ABERRATIONS, ALTERED DNA METHYLATION) TOGETHER WITH IMPORTANT STEROID HORMONE METABOLIC CHANGES (I.E. OESTROGENS), OR THE ALTERED VITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS THAT MAY UNBALANCE THE IMMUNE / INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, HAVE BEEN FOUND LINKED TO THE RISK AND SEVERITY IN SEVERAL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, AS WELL AS IN CANCER. IN PARTICULAR, IT IS EVIDENT, THAT NOT ONLY THE PARENT OESTROGEN BUT ALSO OESTROGEN METABOLITES SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN THIS PROCESS IS EVALUATED, SPECIALLY THE FORMATION OF CATECHOLOESTROGEN METABOLITES, THAT ARE CAPABLE OF FORMING EITHER STABLE OR DEPURINATING DNA ADDUCTS, WHICH CAN CAUSE EXTENSIVE DNA DAMAGE. IT IS INTERESTING THAT TODAY THE SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF SEVERAL CHRONIC IMMUNE/INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATIC DISEASES IS OBTAINED ALSO BY USING MEDICATIONS INITIALLY DEVELOPED FOR THEIR USE IN ONCOLOGY. THE CIRCADIAN INCREASE OF GROWTH FACTORS, SPECIALLY DURING THE LATE NIGHT, IN BOTH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND IN CANCER PATIENTS, AS WELL AS THE PRESENCE OF OESTROGEN-REGULATED CIRCADIAN MECHANISMS, SUGGESTS FURTHER IMPORTANT LINKS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14 6287  42 THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN MODULATING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA EPIGENETIC MARKS. MANY STUDIES IMPLICATE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES. MITOCHONDRIA ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST CELLULAR ENERGY PRODUCTION, AND UNLIKE OTHER CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES, MITOCHONDRIA CONTAIN THEIR OWN GENOME. MOST RESEARCH TO DATE, THROUGH INVESTIGATING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER, HAS FOCUSED ON LARGER STRUCTURAL CHANGES OR ALTERATIONS TO THE ENTIRE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME AND THEIR ROLE IN HUMAN DISEASE. USING THESE METHODS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN LINKED TO CANCERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND METABOLIC HEALTH. HOWEVER, LIKE THE NUCLEAR GENOME, THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME MAY EXPERIENCE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION THAT MAY PARTIALLY EXPLAIN SOME OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF VARIOUS EXPOSURES. RECENTLY, THERE HAS BEEN A MOVEMENT TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE EXPOSOME, WHICH AIMS TO DESCRIBE AND QUANTIFY THE ENTIRETY OF ALL EXPOSURES PEOPLE ENCOUNTER THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. THESE INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES, HEAVY METALS, AND LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT RESEARCH ON MITOCHONDRIA AND HUMAN HEALTH, PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS, AND DESCRIBE THE EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES THAT HAVE INVESTIGATED PARTICULAR EXPOSURES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. WE CONCLUDE THE CHAPTER WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH THAT IS NEEDED TO ADVANCE THE GROWING FIELD OF MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15 4266  33 MICRO-RNAS: CROSSROADS BETWEEN THE EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL PARTICULATE POLLUTION AND THE OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION HAS REACHED A GLOBAL ECHO AND REPRESENTS A SERIOUS PROBLEM FOR HUMAN HEALTH. AIR POLLUTION ENCOMPASSES A SET OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS PARTICULATE MATTER AND HEAVY METALS (E.G., CADMIUM, LEAD, AND ARSENIC), AND HAS A STRONG IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT BY AFFECTING GROUNDWATER, SOIL, AND AIR. AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CUES IS ESSENTIAL FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF ADAPTIVE PHENOTYPES. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING THE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF SEVERAL GENES ARE PROMISING CANDIDATES TO PROVIDE MECHANISTIC AND PROGNOSTIC INSIGHTS INTO THIS. MICRO-RNAS (MIRNAS) FULFIL THESE FEATURES GIVEN THEIR ABILITY TO RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR CRITICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING PHENOTYPES. THESE MOLECULES ARE PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS, AND THEIR EXPRESSION PATTERNS ARE ORGAN-, TISSUE-, OR CELL-SPECIFIC. MOREOVER, THE EXPERIMENTAL SETTINGS FOR THEIR QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ARE ROBUST, STANDARDIZED, AND INEXPENSIVE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE AN UPDATE ON THE ROLE OF MIRNAS AS SUITABLE TOOLS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS BEHIND THE PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO TOXICANTS AND THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF THEIR EXPRESSION PATTERN ASSOCIABLE WITH SPECIFIC EXPOSURES. WE LOOK AT THE MECHANISTIC EVIDENCE ASSOCIABLE TO THE ROLE OF MIRNAS IN THE PROCESSES LEADING TO ENVIRONMENTAL-INDUCED PULMONARY DISEASE (I.E., CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE).	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16 2687  43 EVIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THROMBOSIS AND COAGULATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. THROMBOSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AFFECTS MAINLY THE BLOOD VESSELS SUPPLYING THE HEART, BRAIN AND PERIPHERIES AND IT IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL THROMBOTIC MECHANISMS ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. HERITABILITY CONTRIBUTES TO A 30% OF THE INCIDENCE OF CVD. THE REMAINING VARIATION CAN BE EXPLAINED BY LIFE STYLE FACTORS SUCH AS SMOKING, DIETARY AND EXERCISE HABITS, ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE TO TOXINS, AND DRUG USAGE AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES. EPIGENETIC VARIATION CAN BE ACQUIRED OR INHERITED AND CONSTITUTES AN INTERACTION BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT. EPIGENETICS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION DAMAGE AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA. EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION ARE MAINLY THE METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS, HISTONE POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS) AND MICRORNAS (MIRNAS). THESE EPIGENETIC REGULATORS CONTROL GENE EXPRESSION EITHER THROUGH ACTIVATION OR SILENCING. EPIGENETIC CONTROL IS MOSTLY DYNAMIC AND CAN POTENTIALLY BE MANIPULATED TO PREVENT OR REVERSE THE UNCONTROLLED EXPRESSION OF GENES, A TRAIT THAT RENDERS THEM PUTATIVE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW, WE SYSTEMATICALLY STUDIED AND PRESENT AVAILABLE DATA ON EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IMPLICATED IN THROMBOSIS DERIVED FROM HUMAN STUDIES. EVIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS OBSERVED IN SEVERAL THROMBOTIC DISEASES SUCH AS CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE, PREECLAMPSIA AND ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME. DIFFERENTIAL CPG METHYLATION AND SPECIFIC HISTONE PTMS THAT CONTROL TRANSCRIPTION OF PROTHROMBOTIC AND PROINFLAMMATORY GENES HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PREDISPOSING FACTORS OF THROMBOSIS AND CVD, SUCH US SMOKING, AIR POLLUTION, HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER AND COMORBIDITIES INCLUDING CANCER, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THESE CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ARE FURTHER SUPPORTED BY IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS AND INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION AFFECTS THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THROMBOTIC DISORDERS WITH POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC UTILITY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17 1371  37 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE: NEW INSIGHTS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES SHOW THAT SMALL CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENT CAN INDUCE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES AFFECTING AN INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSES TO THEIR LATER ENVIRONMENT. THESE MAY ALTER THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME OR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS THAT ANIMALS EXPOSED TO SUCH A MISMATCH BETWEEN PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT DEVELOP OBESITY, REDUCED ACTIVITY, LEPTIN AND INSULIN RESISTANCE, ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE INVOLVED IN SUCH EFFECTS, TARGETED TO PROMOTER REGIONS OF SPECIFIC GENES IN SPECIFIC TISSUES. SUCH FINE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION SUGGESTS THAT THE MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN RETAINED THROUGH EVOLUTION THROUGH THEIR ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE, RATHER THAN REPRESENTING EXTREME EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISRUPTION AKIN TO TERATOGENESIS. THERE MAY BE ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE IN A DEVELOPMENTAL CUE INDUCING A PHENOTYPIC CHANGE IN GENERATIONS BEYOND THE IMMEDIATE PREGNANCY, AND A RANGE OF DATA THAT SUPPORT THIS CONCEPT. IN ANIMALS, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION CAN BE PASSED TO SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, INCLUDING ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, MAY INDUCE GREATER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE, EVEN AT LOW EXPOSURE LEVELS, IF THEY AFFECT SUCH NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS MAY HAVE LONG-TERM MULTIGENERATIONAL EFFECTS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18 1324  40 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS DEVELOPMENT. AIR POLLUTION IS A SUBSTANTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO CHILDREN AND ACTS AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK FACTORS ALIKE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONCERNING ITS EXPOSURE ACROSS VARIOUS LIFE STAGES. HOWEVER, FINDINGS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS THE CONSEQUENCES OF AIR POLLUTION DURING CHILDHOOD ARE RATHER MINIMAL. THIS REVIEW EVALUATED HIGHLY RELEVANT STUDIES IN THE FIELD TO ANALYZE THE EXISTING LITERATURE REGARDING EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, WITH A FOCUS ON EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING CHILDHOOD AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS. THE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED USING READILY AVAILABLE ELECTRONIC DATABASES (PUBMED AND SCIENCEDIRECT) TO SCREEN FOR CHILDREN'S STUDIES ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOLLOWING EITHER PRE- OR POST-NATAL EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS. STUDIES RELEVANT ENOUGH AND MATCHED THE PREDETERMINED CRITERIA WERE CHOSEN TO BE REVIEWED. NON-ENGLISH ARTICLES AND STUDIES THAT DID NOT REPORT BOTH AIR MONITORING AND EPIGENETIC OUTCOMES IN THE SAME ARTICLE WERE EXCLUDED. THE REVIEW FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS DURING EARLY LIFE WITH EVIDENCE AND REPORTS OF HOW THEY MAY DEREGULATE THE EPIGENOME BALANCE, THUS INDUCING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN THE FUTURE. EPIGENETIC STUDIES EVOLVE AS A PROMISING NEW APPROACH IN DECIPHERING THE UNDERLYING IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) DUE TO LINKS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ILLNESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  712  43 CADMIUM AND ITS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. CADMIUM (CD) IS A TOXIC, NONESSENTIAL TRANSITION METAL AND CONTRIBUTES A HEALTH RISK TO HUMANS, INCLUDING VARIOUS CANCERS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HOWEVER, UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. CELLS TRANSMIT INFORMATION TO THE NEXT GENERATION VIA TWO DISTINCT WAYS: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC. CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS TO DNA OR HISTONE THAT ALTERS THE STRUCTURE OF CHROMATIN WITHOUT CHANGE OF DNA NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE ARE KNOWN AS EPIGENETICS. THESE HERITABLE EPIGENETIC CHANGES INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONE TAILS (ACETYLATION, METHYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION, ETC), AND HIGHER ORDER PACKAGING OF DNA AROUND NUCLEOSOMES. APART FROM DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE MODIFICATION ENZYMES SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AND METHYLTRANSFERASE, AND MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ALL INVOLVE IN THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. RECENT STUDIES INDICATE THAT CD IS ABLE TO INDUCE VARIOUS EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PLANT AND MAMMALIAN CELLS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. SINCE ABERRANT EPIGENETICS PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS CANCERS AND CHRONIC DISEASES, CD MAY CAUSE THE ABOVE-MENTIONED PATHOGENIC RISKS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. HERE WE REVIEW THE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CD. THE AVAILABLE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETICS OCCURRED IN ASSOCIATION WITH CD INDUCTION OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF CELLS AND PATHOLOGICAL PROLIFERATION OF TISSUES, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN CD TOXIC, PARTICULARLY CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS. THE FUTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENOMIC RESEARCH ON CD SHOULD INCLUDE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN DETERMINING LONG-TERM AND LATE-ONSET HEALTH EFFECTS FOLLOWING CD EXPOSURE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20  754  34 CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO PARTICLE INHALATION EXPOSURE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE TOXICOLOGY. AMBIENT AIR, OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS, AND THE USE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS ALL SERVE AS CONDUITS FOR TOXICANT EXPOSURE THROUGH INHALATION. WHILE THE PULMONARY SYSTEM REMAINS A PRIMARY TARGET FOLLOWING INHALATION EXPOSURE, CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLICATIONS ARE EXCEPTIONALLY CULPABLE FOR INCREASED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION RESULTING FROM ACUTE OR CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER HAS BEEN WELL DOCUMENTED, BUT THE MECHANISMS DRIVING THE RESULTING DISTURBANCES REMAIN ELUSIVE. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW, WE AIM TO SUMMARIZE THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT ARE DIRECTLY LINKED TO CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO A VARIETY OF INHALED TOXICANTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FOLLOWING PARTICLE INHALATION EXPOSURE AND TO HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS THAT EXIST ACROSS MULTIPLE EXPOSURE PARADIGMS. WE ATTEMPT TO INTEGRATE THESE MOLECULAR SIGNATURES IN AN EFFORT TO PROVIDE DIRECTION FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS. THIS REVIEW ALSO CHARACTERIZES HOW MOLECULAR RESPONSES ARE MODIFIED IN AT-RISK POPULATIONS, SPECIFICALLY THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL WINDOWS OF DEVELOPMENT. MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER DURING GESTATION CAN LEAD TO FETAL EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, RESULTING IN LONG-TERM DEFICITS TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. IN BOTH DIRECT AND INDIRECT (GESTATIONAL) EXPOSURES, CONNECTING THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS WITH FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS OUTLINES PATHWAYS THAT CAN BE TARGETED FOR FUTURE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. ULTIMATELY, FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS INTEGRATING "OMICS"-BASED APPROACHES WILL BETTER ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISMS THAT ARE ALTERED BY XENOBIOTIC INHALATION EXPOSURE, IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS, AND GUIDE IN CLINICAL DECISION MAKING.	2020