1 6789 101 [CURRENT STATUS OF ATL RESEARCH: EFFORTS FOR PREVENTION AND PRECISION MEDICINE FOR ATL]. THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW AGENTS AND HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION INTO THE TREATMENT OF ATL HAS ACTIVATED ITS CLINICAL RESEARCH. HOWEVER, THE PROGNOSIS OF ATL REMAINS POOR COMPARED WITH THOSE OF OTHER LEUKEMIAS AND LYMPHOMAS. THUS, SEEMINGLY WE HAVE TO RECONSIDER A NEW STRATEGY OF ATL THERAPY BASED ON ITS UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS. HTLV-1 INFECTION OF T CELLS RESULTS IN CLONAL PROLIFERATION OF INFECTED CELLS THAT ACCUMULATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES BEFORE THE ONSET OF ATL. THEREFORE, THE TREATMENT STRATEGY SHOULD INCLUDE THE PREVENTION OF HTLV-1 INFECTION AND ATL DEVELOPMENT IN ADDITION TO PRECISION MEDICINE BASED ON THE STRATIFICATION OF ATL CASES BY BIOMARKERS THAT DISCRIMINATE CLINICAL STAGES OF ATL. I SUMMARIZE HERE THE RECENT PROGRESS IN ATL RESEARCH FOCUSING ON THE BIOMOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES THAT LEAD TO CLONAL EXPANSION AND MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HTLV-1-INFECTED T CELLS. APPARENTLY, ONE OF THE BASES FOR THE PREVENTION OF ATL IS TO ESTABLISH A DISEASE ENTITY OF "CHRONIC ACTIVE HTLV-1 INFECTION" THAT DEFINES HIGH-RISK CARRIERS FOR ATL DEVELOPMENT AND ENABLES PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2 4760  40 NOVEL TREATMENTS OF ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA. ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA (ATL) IS AN AGGRESSIVE MALIGNANCY SECONDARY TO CHRONIC INFECTION WITH THE HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE I (HTLV-I) RETROVIRUS. ATL CARRIES A DISMAL PROGNOSIS. ATL CLASSIFIES INTO FOUR SUBTYPES (ACUTE, LYMPHOMA, CHRONIC, AND SMOLDERING) WHICH DISPLAY DIFFERENT CLINICAL FEATURES, PROGNOSIS AND RESPONSE TO THERAPY, HENCE REQUIRING DIFFERENT CLINICAL MANAGEMENT. SMOLDERING AND CHRONIC SUBTYPES RESPOND WELL TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY USING THE COMBINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE (AZT) AND INTERFERON-ALPHA (IFN) WITH A SIGNIFICANT PROLONGATION OF SURVIVAL. CONVERSELY, THE WATCH AND WAIT STRATEGY OR CHEMOTHERAPY FOR THESE INDOLENT SUBTYPES ALLIES WITH A POOR LONG-TERM OUTCOME. ACUTE ATL IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHEMO-RESISTANCE AND DISMAL PROGNOSIS. LYMPHOMA SUBTYPES RESPOND BETTER TO INTENSIVE CHEMOTHERAPY BUT SURVIVAL REMAINS POOR. ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (HSCT) RESULTS IN LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IN ROUGHLY ONE THIRD OF TRANSPLANTED PATIENTS BUT ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS CAN MAKE IT TO TRANSPLANT. OVERALL, CURRENT TREATMENTS OF AGGRESSIVE ATL ARE NOT SATISFACTORY. PROGNOSIS OF REFRACTORY OR RELAPSED PATIENTS IS DISMAL WITH SOME ENCOURAGING RESULTS WHEN USING LENALIDOMIDE OR MOGAMULIZUMAB. TO OVERCOME RESISTANCE AND PREVENT RELAPSE, PRECLINICAL OR PILOT CLINICAL STUDIES USING TARGETED THERAPIES SUCH AS ARSENIC/IFN, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, EPIGENETIC THERAPIES ARE PROMISING BUT WARRANT FURTHER CLINICAL INVESTIGATION. ANTI-ATL VACCINES INCLUDING TAX PEPTIDE-PULSED DENDRITIC CELLS, INDUCED TAX-SPECIFIC CTL RESPONSES IN ATL PATIENTS. FINALLY, BASED ON THE PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATL, AND THE RISK-ADAPTED TREATMENT APPROACHES TO DIFFERENT ATL SUBTYPES, TREATMENT STRATEGIES OF ATL SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES AND THE HOST MICROENVIRONMENT INCLUDING HTLV-1 INFECTED NON-MALIGNANT CELLS. HEREIN, WE WILL PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF NOVEL TREATMENTS OF ATL IN VITRO, IN VIVO, AND IN EARLY CLINICAL TRIALS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3 6523  27 TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS AFFECTING HTLV-1 PROVIRUS. HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-1) IS A RETROVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN DISEASES, SUCH AS ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA (ATL) AND HTLV-1-ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY/TROPIC SPASTIC PARAPARESIS (HAM/TSP). AS A RETROVIRUS, ITS LIFE CYCLE INCLUDES A STEP WHERE HTLV-1 IS INTEGRATED INTO THE HOST GENOMIC DNA AND FORMS PROVIRAL DNA. IN THE CHRONIC PHASE OF THE INFECTION, HTLV?1 IS KNOWN TO PROLIFERATE AS A PROVIRUS VIA THE MITOTIC DIVISION OF THE INFECTED HOST CELLS. THERE ARE GENERALLY TENS OF THOUSANDS OF INFECTED CLONES WITHIN AN INFECTED INDIVIDUAL. THEY EXIST NOT ONLY IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, BUT ALSO IN VARIOUS LYMPHOID ORGANS. VIRAL PROTEINS ENCODED IN HTLV-1 GENOME PLAY A ROLE IN THE PROLIFERATION AND SURVIVAL OF THE INFECTED CELLS. AS IS THE CASE WITH OTHER CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS, HTLV-1 GENE EXPRESSION INDUCES THE ACTIVATION OF THE HOST IMMUNITY AGAINST THE VIRUS. THUS, THE TRANSCRIPTION FROM HTLV-1 PROVIRUS NEEDS TO BE CONTROLLED IN ORDER TO EVADE THE HOST IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE. THERE SHOULD BE A DYNAMIC AND COMPLEX REGULATION IN VIVO, WHERE AN EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN VIRAL ANTIGEN EXPRESSION AND HOST IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE IS ACHIEVED. THE MECHANISMS REGULATING VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION FROM THE PROVIRUS ARE A KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE PERSISTENT/LATENT INFECTION WITH HTLV-1 AND ITS PATHOGENESIS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WOULD LIKE TO REVIEW OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING ON THIS TOPIC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 5913  28 TARGETED THERAPY IN LEUKEMIA. RESEARCH CONDUCTED OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES HAS YIELDED A DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR LESIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS AND COMMITTED PROGENITORS INTO THE VARIOUS FORMS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA. ALTHOUGH OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF LEUKEMIA REMAINS INCOMPLETE, THE INFORMATION GAINED TO DATE HAS HAD A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE WAY THESE MALIGNANCIES ARE BOTH DIAGNOSED AND MONITORED DURING THERAPY. MORE RECENTLY, TARGETED THERAPIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AGAINST SOME OF THE IDENTIFIED GENETIC LESIONS. THESE THERAPIES HAVE LED TO SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS IN PATIENT OUTCOMES WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY DECREASING THERAPY-RELATED TOXICITY. WITH THE ADVENT OF GENOME-WIDE METHODS TO DEFINE THE TOTAL COMPLEMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LESIONS INVOLVED IN LEUKEMOGENESIS, NEW TARGETED THERAPIES CAN BE ANTICIPATED. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS SOME OF THE TARGETED THERAPIES THAT ARE PRESENTLY BEING USED TO TREAT HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES AND DESCRIBES SOME OF THE RECENT ADVANCES THAT SHOULD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE TARGET THERAPIES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 6573  33 TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA IN THE ERA OF GENOMICS-ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERSISTING CHALLENGES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) REPRESENTS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM THAT IS MAINLY CHARACTERIZED BY RAPID PROLIFERATION, DYSREGULATED APOPTOSIS, AND IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION OF LEUKEMIC BLASTS. FOR SEVERAL DECADES, THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH IN AML WAS LARGELY BASED ON HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS WITH LITTLE IMPACT ON THE TREATMENT DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. THIS PERSPECTIVE HAS DRASTICALLY CHANGED WITHIN THE PAST YEARS DUE TO THE ADVENT OF NOVEL MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES, SUCH AS WHOLE GENOME NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), AND THE RESULTING KNOWLEDGE GAIN IN AML BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS. AFTER MORE THAN FOUR DECADES OF INTENSIVE CHEMOTHERAPY AS A "ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL" CONCEPT, SEVERAL TARGETED AGENTS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF AML, EITHER AS SINGLE AGENTS OR AS PART OF COMBINED TREATMENT REGIMENS. SEVERAL OTHER COMPOUNDS, DIRECTED AGAINST REGULATORS OF APOPTOTIC, EPIGENETIC, OR MICROENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAYS, AS WELL AS MODULATORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, ARE CURRENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT AND BEING INVESTIGATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS. THE CONSTANT PROGRESS IN AML RESEARCH HAS STARTED TO PRODUCE IMPROVED SURVIVAL RATES AND FUELED HOPES THAT A ONCE RAPIDLY FATAL DISEASE CAN BE TRANSFORMED INTO A CHRONIC CONDITION. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED AML THERAPIES AND DISCUSS PERSISTENT CHALLENGES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6 2652  32 EPIGENOMICS OF LEUKEMIA: FROM MECHANISMS TO THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. LEUKEMOGENESIS IS A MULTISTEP PROCESS IN WHICH SUCCESSIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL EVENTS ENHANCE THE ABILITY OF A CLONAL POPULATION ARISING FROM HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS TO PROLIFERATE, DIFFERENTIATE AND SURVIVE. CLINICALLY AND PATHOLOGICALLY, LEUKEMIA IS SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. LEUKEMIA HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY CONSIDERED ONLY AS A GENETIC DISEASE. HOWEVER, IN RECENT YEARS, SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE ELUCIDATION OF THE LEUKEMOGENESIS-ASSOCIATED PROCESSES. THUS, WE HAVE COME TO UNDERSTAND THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MIRNA ARE INVOLVED IN THE PERMANENT CHANGES OF GENE EXPRESSION CONTROLLING THE LEUKEMIA PHENOTYPE. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WILL FOCUS ON THE EPIGENETIC DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKEMIA AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS AS BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  944  26 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: FROM MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS A WELL-DEFINED LYMPHOID NEOPLASM WITH VERY HETEROGENEOUS BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL BEHAVIOR. THE LAST DECADE HAS BEEN REMARKABLY FRUITFUL IN NOVEL FINDINGS ELUCIDATING MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE INCLUDING MECHANISMS OF GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, INSIGHTS INTO THE RELEVANCE OF IMMUNOGENETIC FACTORS DRIVING THE DISEASE, PROFILING OF GENOMIC ALTERATIONS, EPIGENETIC SUBTYPES, GLOBAL EPIGENOMIC TUMOR CELL REPROGRAMMING, MODULATION OF TUMOR CELL AND MICROENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, AND DYNAMICS OF CLONAL EVOLUTION FROM EARLY STEPS IN MONOCLONAL B CELL LYMPHOCYTOSIS TO PROGRESSION AND TRANSFORMATION INTO DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA. ALL THIS KNOWLEDGE HAS OFFERED NEW PERSPECTIVES THAT ARE BEING EXPLOITED THERAPEUTICALLY WITH NOVEL TARGET AGENTS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. IN THIS REVIEW WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THESE NOVEL ADVANCES AND HIGHLIGHT QUESTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES THAT NEED FURTHER PROGRESS TO TRANSLATE INTO THE CLINICS THE BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND IMPROVE THE OUTCOME OF THE PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8  963  33 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: INSIGHTS INTO BIOLOGY, PROGNOSTIC FACTORS, AND TREATMENT. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY CHARACTERIZED BY BOTH DYSPLASTIC AND PROLIFERATIVE FEATURES, WITH AN INHERENT RISK FOR LEUKEMIC TRANSFORMATION. WITH THE HELP OF THIS REVIEW, WE AIM TO SUMMARIZE KEY CONCEPTS WITH REGARDS TO CMML BIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, RISK STRATIFICATION, AND THERAPEUTICS. RECENT FINDINGS: BASED ON RECENT STUDIES, CMML IS HALLMARKED BY A RELATIVELY LOW GENETIC COMPLEXITY, WHICH CONTRASTS WITH A COMPELLING PHENOTYPICAL HETEROGENEITY, LARGELY DRIVEN BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF CMML BIOLOGY HAS LED TO AN IMPROVEMENT IN RISK-STRATIFICATION, BY MEANS OF INCORPORATING PROGNOSTICALLY RELEVANT GENE MUTATIONS. THIS, HOWEVER, HAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACTED AVAILABLE THERAPIES AND OUTCOMES CONTINUE TO REMAIN POOR. ADVANCES IN CMML BIOLOGY HAVE BETTER EXPLAINED THE PHENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY, WHILE CONTINUING TO DEFINE THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE. IN SPITE OF RECENT ADVANCES, LIMITED EFFECTIVE THERAPIES EXIST AND DEVELOPING RATIONALLY DERIVED THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IS MUCH NEEDED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9 3565  35 IMPACT OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND BIOMARKERS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS AND TOXICITY OF TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. MOST MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES ARE GENERALLY A CONSEQUENCE OF ACQUIRED MUTATIONS OR REARRANGEMENTS IN CELL REPLICATION PROCESSES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) IS A CLINICALLY AND MOLECULARLY HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE THAT RESULTS FROM ACQUIRED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS. DESPITE THE ADVANCES MADE IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS DISEASE, THE OVERALL SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS REMAINS VERY LOW DUE TO THE HIGH RELAPSE RATE. PHARMACOGENETICS AND MASSIVE SEQUENCING STUDIES HAVE ALLOWED THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEW RECURRENT MUTATIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT PROGNOSTIC IMPACT IN AML; FURTHERMORE, IT SEEMS LIKELY THAT WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING WILL SOON BECOME A STANDARD DIAGNOSTIC TEST, WHICH WILL ALLOW THE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF PATIENTS. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT OPEN NEW THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES AND ALLOW INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH THIS AGGRESSIVE DISEASE. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS THE FIRST NEOPLASTIC DISEASE FOR WHICH A CHARACTERISTIC GENETIC ALTERATION WAS DESCRIBED. IT HAS, BY DEFINITION, A GENETIC MARKER, THE BCR::ABL1 REARRANGEMENT, AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE T9;22(Q34;Q11) TRANSLOCATION. ITS STUDY IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF THIS ENTITY AND ALSO FOR MONITORING THE RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. DRUGS KNOWN AS TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) THAT TARGET THE BCR::ABL1 PROTEIN (ORAL TARGETED THERAPY) ARE THE CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OF CML, REPRESENTING A CHANGE OF PARADIGM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ONCOHEMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10 6320  40 THE ROCKY ROAD TO PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE MYELOID BLOOD LINEAGE CHARACTERIZED BY IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION AND INCREASED PROLIFERATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS. RECENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE LED TO AN IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF AML BIOLOGY BUT ALSO UNCOVERED THE ENORMOUS CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF THE DISEASE. DESPITE THIS HETEROGENEITY, AML IS MOSTLY MANAGED BY A 'ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL' APPROACH CONSISTING OF INTENSIVE, HIGHLY TOXIC INDUCTION AND CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY. THESE TREATMENT PROTOCOLS HAVE REMAINED LARGELY UNCHANGED FOR THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES AND ONLY LEAD TO A CURE IN APPROXIMATELY 30-35% OF CASES. THE ADVENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND OTHER MALIGNANCIES HAS SPARKED HOPE TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOME IN AML. HOWEVER, THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TARGETED AGENTS IN AML THERAPY HAS BEEN UNEXPECTEDLY CUMBERSOME AND REMAINS A DIFFICULT TASK DUE TO A VARIETY OF DISEASE- AND PATIENT-SPECIFIC FACTORS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE CURRENT STANDARD AND INVESTIGATIONAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES WITH A FOCUS ON TARGETED AGENTS AND HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL TOOLS THAT MIGHT FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THIS FATAL DISEASE. THE CLASSES OF AGENTS DESCRIBED IN THIS REVIEW INCLUDE CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED SIGNALLING PATHWAY INHIBITORS, SURFACE RECEPTOR TARGETS, EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, DRUGS TARGETING THE INTERACTION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELL WITH THE STROMA AND DRUGS THAT TARGET THE APOPTOTIC MACHINERY. THE CLINICAL CONTEXT AND OUTCOME WITH THESE AGENTS WILL BE EXAMINED TO GAIN INSIGHT ABOUT THEIR OPTIMAL UTILIZATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  467  32 ARE WE FINALLY GETTING PERSONAL? MOVING TOWARDS A PERSONALIZED APPROACH IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. WITH ITS HETEROGENEOUS BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND CLINICAL COURSE, CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), THE MOST FREQUENT ADULT LEUKEMIA IN THE WESTERN WORLD, IS A PARADIGMATIC CONDITION REQUIRING A TAILORED APPROACH AND A PRECISE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BIOLOGY BEHIND EACH INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. THIS PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT IS BECOMING EVEN MORE CRUCIAL, SINCE, AFTER DECADES OF PRECLINICAL WORK UNRAVELLING THE KEY ROLE OF THE B-CELL RECEPTOR (BCR) SIGNALLING PATHWAYS AND THE ANTI-APOPTOTIC MECHANISMS IN CLL CELL SURVIVAL AND PROLIFERATION, WE HAVE NOW BCR AND BCL2 INHIBITORS AVAILABLE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. THANKS TO THIS, WE ARE NOW ABLE TO EXPLOIT SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS TO TAILOR OUR TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND IMPROVE LONG-TERM DISEASE CONTROL, PATIENT OUTCOME AND QUALITY OF LIFE. THAT NOTWITHSTANDING, AS THE DISEASE ITSELF REMAINS INCURABLE, NOVEL CHALLENGES AND UNMET CLINICAL NEEDS HAVE RISEN FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF NOVEL TARGETED AGENTS, INCLUDING MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE AT BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENTLY ESTABLISHED PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS (I.E. IGHV MUTATION STATUS AND TP53 GENE DISRUPTION) THAT SHOULD BE APPLIED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE TO INFORM TREATMENT DECISION IN 2021 BUT ALSO DISCUSS THE MOST PROMISING PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS (B-CELL RECEPTOR STEREOTYPY, COMPLEX KARYOTYPE, SOMATIC GENE MUTATIONS, MEASURABLE RESIDUAL DISEASE - MRD) THAT MIGHT BECOME KEY TO DEFINE THE MANAGEMENT OF OUR PATIENTS IN A NEAR FUTURE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12 4429  30 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER. CANCER IS A GENETIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY UNCONTROLLED CELL GROWTH AND METASTASIS. CANCER CAN HAVE A NUMBER OF CAUSES, SUCH THE ACTIVATION OF ONCOGENES, THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSING GENES, MUTAGENESIS PROVOKED BY EXTERNAL FACTORS, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS AND TREATMENTS USING A MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL APPROACH PERMITS THE USE OF SENSITIVE, LOW-COST, NONINVASIVE TESTS FOR CANCER PATIENTS. BIOMARKERS CAN BE USED TO PROVIDE RAPID, PERSONALIZED ONCOLOGY, IN PARTICULAR THE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, AND GASTRIC, COLON, AND BREAST CANCERS. MOLECULAR TESTS BASED ON DNA METHYLATION CAN ALSO BE USED TO DIRECT TREATMENTS OR EVALUATE THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY. THE ADEQUATE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND PREDICTION OF THE RESPONSE OF CANCER PATIENTS TO TREATMENT ARE ESSENTIAL TO ENSURE THE MOST EFFECTIVE THERAPY, REDUCE THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF TREATMENT, AND DIRECT THE THERAPY TO SPECIFIC TARGETS, AND IN THIS CONTEXT, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT IN ONCOLOGY. IN THIS BRIEF REVIEW, WE WILL DEMONSTRATE THE FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF THREE TYPES OF CANCER-CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, HEREDITARY DIFFUSE GASTRIC CANCER, AND ASTROCYTOMAS (SPORADIC TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM). IN EACH OF THESE THREE MODELS, DISTINCT BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CELLS, BUT IN ALL CASES, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED ANALYSES FOR EACH PATIENT AND EACH TYPE OF NEOPLASIA, AND TO GUARANTEE THE SUCCESS OF THE TREATMENT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 2992  29 GENETIC LANDSCAPE AND DEREGULATED PATHWAYS IN B-CELL LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES. WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING, THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE OF THE COMPLEX GROUP OF B-CELL LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES HAS RAPIDLY BEEN UNRAVELLED IN RECENT YEARS. THIS HAS PROVIDED IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT RECURRENT GENETIC EVENTS AND IDENTIFIED KEY PATHWAYS DEREGULATED IN EACH LYMPHOMA SUBTYPE. IN PARALLEL, THERE HAS BEEN INTENSE SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL TYPES OF TARGETED THERAPY THAT 'HIT' CENTRAL MECHANISMS IN LYMPHOMA PATHOBIOLOGY, SUCH AS BTK, PI3K OR BCL2 INHIBITORS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL OUTLINE THE CURRENT VIEW OF THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE OF SELECTED ENTITIES: FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA, DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA, MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA, CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA AND MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA. WE WILL DETAIL RECURRENT ALTERATIONS AFFECTING IMPORTANT SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, THAT IS THE B-CELL RECEPTOR/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, NOTCH SIGNALLING, JAK-STAT SIGNALLING, P53/DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE, APOPTOSIS AND CELL CYCLE REGULATION, AS WELL AS OTHER PERHAPS UNEXPECTED CELLULAR PROCESSES, SUCH AS IMMUNE REGULATION, CELL MIGRATION, EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND RNA PROCESSING. WHILST MANY OF THESE PATHWAYS/PROCESSES ARE COMMONLY ALTERED IN DIFFERENT LYMPHOID TUMORS, ALBEIT AT VARYING FREQUENCIES, OTHERS ARE PREFERENTIALLY TARGETED IN SELECTED B-CELL MALIGNANCIES. SOME OF THESE GENETIC LESIONS ARE EITHER INVOLVED IN DISEASE ONTOGENY OR LINKED TO THE EVOLUTION OF EACH DISEASE AND/OR SPECIFIC CLINICOBIOLOGICAL FEATURES, AND SOME OF THEM HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO HAVE PROGNOSTIC AND EVEN PREDICTIVE IMPACT. FUTURE WORK IS ESPECIALLY NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND THE THERAPY-RESISTANT DISEASE, PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH TARGETED THERAPY, AND TO IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN ORDER TO REALIZE TRUE PRECISION MEDICINE IN THIS CLINICALLY HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT GROUP.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14 6675  26 USING EPIGENETIC THERAPY TO OVERCOME CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE. IT HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR DECADES THAT AS CANCER PROGRESSES, TUMORS DEVELOP GENETIC ALTERATIONS, MAKING THEM HIGHLY PRONE TO DEVELOPING RESISTANCE TO THERAPIES. CLASSICALLY, IT HAS BEEN THOUGHT THAT THESE ACQUIRED GENETIC CHANGES ARE FIXED. THIS HAS LED TO THE PARADIGM OF MOVING FROM ONE CANCER THERAPY TO THE NEXT WHILE AVOIDING PAST THERAPIES. HOWEVER, EMERGING DATA ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING TUMOR PROGRESSION AND USE OF EPIGENETIC THERAPIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BE REVERSIBLE WITH EPIGENETIC THERAPY. IN FACT, PROMISING CLINICAL DATA EXIST THAT TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS CAN DIMINISH CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE IN A NUMBER OF TUMOR TYPES INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA, COLORECTAL, OVARIAN, LUNG AND BREAST CANCER. THE POTENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC-MODIFYING DRUGS TO ALLOW FOR TREATMENT OF RESISTANT DISEASE IS EXCITING AND CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE JUST BEGUN TO EVALUATE THIS AREA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 4481  24 MOLECULAR PROFILING OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA: GENETICS MEETS EPIGENETICS TO IDENTIFY PREDISPOSING GENES. MOLECULAR PROFILING MAY LEAD TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF A DISEASE. THIS KNOWLEDGE IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN MALIGNANCIES, WHERE MULTIPLE ALTERATIONS ARE REQUIRED DURING THE PROGRESSION FROM PREMALIGNANT TO MALIGNANT STAGES. SUCH INFORMATION CAN BE USEFUL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL BIOMARKERS THAT ALLOW THE PREDICTION OF A CLINICAL COURSE, RESPONSE TO TREATMENT OR EARLY DETECTION. MOLECULAR DATA IS ALSO UTILIZED TO DEVELOP TARGETED THERAPIES. MOREOVER, GENE DEFECTS IDENTIFIED IN PROFILING STUDIES WILL HELP TO UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS DISRUPTED IN THE DISEASE. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF MOLECULAR PROFILING APPROACHES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL). WE WILL DESCRIBE OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CLL, THE USE OF FAMILIAL CLL FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF PREDISPOSING MUTATIONS, AND THE SEARCH FOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CLL.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16 6857  33 [NOVEL CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES IN ONCO-HEMATHOLOGY]. CYTOGENETIC, MOLECULAR AND PHENOTYPING FEATURES OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES SUCCEEDED IN IMPROVING THEIR MANAGEMENT BY A MORE ACCURATE STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS ACCORDING TO SEVERAL GROUPS OF RISK AND BY PROVIDING A RATIONAL FOR TARGETED THERAPY. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF TREATMENT (EXCLUDING CELLULAR THERAPY) ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN ONCO-HEMATOLOGY: CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY, SMALL MOLECULES FOR TARGETED THERAPY AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES. CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY WITH OPTIMIZATION OF DOSES AND MULTIDRUG-BASED REGIMENS ALLOWED TO SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS AND KEEPS A PLACE OF CHOICE IN TREATMENT OF THESE DISEASES. TARGETED TREATMENTS CAME FROM THE CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HEMOPATHIES. THUS, THE KINASE BCR-ABL, AS A RESULT OF THE TRANSLOCATION T(9;22)(Q34;Q11), HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY TARGETED BY TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND PH+ ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA. MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES LIKE INTERNAL-TANDEM DUPLICATION/POINT ACTIVATING MUTATIONS IN FLT3 IN SOME ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA OR EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATIONS IN SOME BLOOD MALIGNANCIES CAN ALSO BE TARGETED BY SMALL MOLECULES. HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANT CELLS ARE PHENOTYPICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY EXPRESSION OF CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION (CD) ON THEIR SURFACE. THESE CD ARE DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY USING SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TARGETING DIFFERENT CD HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT. RITUXIMAB, AN ANTI-CD20 ANTIBODY, WAS THE FIRST MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES. SINCE RITUXIMAB, MANY OTHER MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ARE BEING DEVELOPED. TRENDS IN MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES PRESENTED HERE WILL INCLUDE TREATMENTS, WHICH HAVE AT LEAST ENTERED PHASE I/II CLINICAL TRIALS IN ADULT OR CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA. THEY INCLUDE SOME NOVEL DRUGS OF CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY LIKE SECOND-GENERATION NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES. WE WILL GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF THE SMALL MOLECULES TARGETING THE DIFFERENT CELLULAR PATHWAYS AND WE WILL HIGHLIGHT THOSE APPEARING AS THE MOST PROMISING LIKE NOVEL TKIS. THE LARGE FIELD OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WILL BE ALSO APPROACHED FOCUSING ON ANTIBODIES DEVELOPED IN LEUKEMIAS.	2011	

17 1882  21 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18 4473  31 MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CLL AND ITS EVOLUTION. IN SPITE OF BEING THE MOST PREVALENT ADULT LEUKEMIA IN WESTERN COUNTRIES, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS DRIVING THE ESTABLISHMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN RECENT YEARS, THE USE OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES HAS UNCOVERED NEW AND, IN SOME CASES, UNEXPECTED DRIVER GENES WITH PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC VALUE. THE MUTATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF CLL IS CHARACTERIZED BY HIGH-GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY, LOW MUTATION RECURRENCE AND A LONG TAIL OF CASES WITH UNDEFINED DRIVER GENES. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE USE OF DEEP SEQUENCING HAS ALSO REVEALED HIGH INTRA-TUMOR HETEROGENEITY AND PROVIDED A DETAILED PICTURE OF CLONAL EVOLUTION PROCESSES. THIS PHENOMENON, IN WHICH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN ALSO PARTICIPATE, APPEARS TO BE TIGHTLY ASSOCIATED TO POOR OUTCOMES AND CHEMO-REFRACTORINESS, THUS PROVIDING A NEW SUBJECT FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. HENCE, AND HAVING IN MIND THE LIMITATIONS DERIVED FROM THE CLL COMPLEXITY THUS DESCRIBED, THE APPLICATION OF MASSIVELY PARALLEL SEQUENCING STUDIES HAS UNVEILED A WEALTH OF INFORMATION THAT IS EXPECTED TO SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE PATIENT STAGING SCHEMES AND CLL CLINICAL MANAGEMENT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19 3089  25 GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC ALTERATIONS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS A COMMON DISEASE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES AND HAS HETEROGENEOUS CLINICAL BEHAVIOR. THE RELEVANCE OF THE GENETIC BASIS OF THE DISEASE HAS COME TO THE FOREFRONT RECENTLY, WITH GENOME-WIDE STUDIES THAT HAVE PROVIDED A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF STRUCTURAL VARIANTS, SOMATIC MUTATIONS, AND DIFFERENT LAYERS OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THE MUTATIONAL LANDSCAPE IS CHARACTERIZED BY RELATIVELY COMMON COPY NUMBER ALTERATIONS, A FEW MUTATED GENES OCCURRING IN 10-15% OF CASES, AND A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES MUTATED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF CASES. THE EPIGENOMIC PROFILE HAS REVEALED A MARKED REPROGRAMMING OF REGULATORY REGIONS IN TUMOR CELLS COMPARED WITH NORMAL B CELLS. ALL OF THESE ALTERATIONS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY DISTRIBUTED IN CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SUBSETS OF THE DISEASE, INDICATING THAT THEY MAY UNDERLIE THE HETEROGENEOUS EVOLUTION OF THE DISEASE. THESE GLOBAL STUDIES ARE REVEALING THE MOLECULAR COMPLEXITY OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND PROVIDE NEW PERSPECTIVES THAT HAVE HELPED TO UNDERSTAND ITS PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND IMPROVE THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20  358  34 ALTERNATIVE SPLICING IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML): A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET? ALTHOUGH THE IMATINIB BASED THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REPRESENTS A TRIUMPH OF MEDICINE, NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CML BENEFIT FROM THIS DRUG DUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE AND INTOLERANCE. THE INTERRUPTION OF IMATINIB TREATMENT IS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY CLINICAL RELAPSE, SUGGESTING A FAILURE IN THE KILLING OF RESIDUAL LEUKAEMIC STEM CELLS. THERE IS NEED TO IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE SELECTIVE MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THIS DISEASE AND DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. ALTERNATIVE PRE-MRNA SPLICING (AS) IS AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT GREATLY DIVERSIFIES THE REPERTOIRE OF THE TRANSCRIPTOME. AS ORCHESTRATES INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS TYPES OF PROTEINS AND BETWEEN PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. CHANGES CAUSED BY INDIVIDUAL SPLICING EVENTS IN THE CELLS ARE SMALL, HOWEVER, "SPLICING PROGRAMS" TYPICALLY REACT TO THESE INDIVIDUAL CHANGES WITH CONSIDERABLE EFFECTS IN CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL SURVIVAL, AND APOPTOSIS. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A PIVOTAL ROLE OF AS IN LEUKEMIAS, PARTICULARLY IN MYELODISPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTE LEUKEMIA (CLL). FROM THESE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN OTHER MALIGNANCES, IT IS CLEAR THAT SPLICING ABNORMALITIES PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. EVALUATION OF AS EVENTS IN CML CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL DISEASE MARKERS AND DRUGSENSITIVE TARGETS TO OVERCOME THE LIMITS OF THE SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS CURRENTLY USED FOR TREATING PATIENTS WITH CML. THE USE OF ABERRANT SPLICE VARIANTS AS DISEASE MARKERS HAS BEEN REPORTED, HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE USE OF SPLICING ABNORMALITIES AS DRUG TARGETS IN CML. HEREIN WE DISCUSS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES THAT CAN BE USED TO TARGET SPLICING ABNORMALITIES IN CML.	2013