1 6752 131 WIDESPREAD EXONIZATION OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN CODING SEQUENCES IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (TES) HAVE LONG BEEN REGARDED AS SELFISH OR JUNK DNA HAVING LITTLE OR NO ROLE IN THE REGULATION OR FUNCTIONING OF THE HUMAN GENOME. HOWEVER, OVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS THIS VIEW CAME TO BE CHALLENGED AS SEVERAL STUDIES PROVIDED ANECDOTAL AS WELL AS GLOBAL EVIDENCE FOR THE CONTRIBUTION OF TES TO THE REGULATORY AND CODING NEEDS OF HUMAN GENES. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXPLORED THE INCORPORATION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CODING SEQUENCES DONATED BY TES USING GENE EXPRESSION AND OTHER ANCILLARY GENOMICS DATA FROM TWO HUMAN HEMATOPOIETIC CELL-LINES: GM12878 (A LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL LINE) AND K562 (A CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELL LINE). IN EACH CELL LINE, WE FOUND SEVERAL THOUSAND INSTANCES OF TES DONATING CODING SEQUENCES TO HUMAN GENES. WE COMPARED THE TRANSCRIPTOME ASSEMBLY OF THE RNA SEQUENCING (RNA-SEQ) READS WITH AND WITHOUT THE AID OF A REFERENCE TRANSCRIPTOME AND FOUND THAT THE PERCENTAGE OF GENES THAT INCORPORATE TES IN THEIR CODING SEQUENCES IS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN THAT OBTAINED FROM THE REFERENCE TRANSCRIPTOME ASSEMBLIES USING REFSEQ AND GENCODE GENE MODELS. WE ALSO USED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) DATA, CAP ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION (CAGE) DATA AND DNASEI HYPERSENSITIVITY SITE (DHS) DATA TO DEMONSTRATE THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE TE DERIVED CODING SEQUENCES. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TES FORM A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF CODING SEQUENCES THAN REPRESENTED IN GENE ANNOTATION DATABASES AND THESE TE DERIVED SEQUENCES ARE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR EXPRESSION IN THE TWO CELL TYPES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  825  46 CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT ENHANCERS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (TES) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE IMPORTANT GENE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS AND THEIR ALTERATION COULD LEAD TO DISEASE PHENOTYPES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A SERIES OF GENETIC CHANGES IN HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS, INCLUDING MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC FACTORS. HERE, WE SET OUT TO STUDY THE GENE REGULATORY ROLE OF TES IN AML. WE FIRST EXPLORED THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF TES IN AML PATIENTS USING ATAC-SEQ DATA. WE SHOW THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF TES IN GENERAL, AND MORE SPECIFICALLY MAMMALIAN-WIDE INTERSPERSED REPEATS (MIRS), ARE MORE ENRICHED IN AML CELLS THAN IN NORMAL BLOOD CELLS. WE OBTAINED A SIMILAR FINDING WHEN ANALYZING HISTONE MODIFICATION DATA IN AML PATIENTS. GENE ONTOLOGY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT GENES NEAR MIRS IN OPEN CHROMATIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN LEUKEMOGENESIS. TO FUNCTIONALLY VALIDATE THEIR REGULATORY ROLE, WE SELECTED 19 MIR REGIONS IN AML CELLS, AND TESTED THEM FOR ENHANCER ACTIVITY IN AN AML CELL LINE (KASUMI-1) AND A CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CELL LINE (K562); THE RESULTS REVEALED SEVERAL MIRS TO BE FUNCTIONAL ENHANCERS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TES ARE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MYELOID LEUKEMOGENESIS AND HIGHLIGHT THESE SEQUENCES AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES HARBORING AML-ASSOCIATED VARIATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3 6684  26 VALIDATION OF AN LC-MS BASED APPROACH FOR PROFILING HISTONES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE IN VITRO EVALUATION OF HISTONES AND THEIR PTMS HAS DRAWN SUBSTANTIAL INTEREST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC THERAPIES. THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF HISTONE ISOFORMS MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL MARKER IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AFFECTED BY CHROMATIN ABNORMALITIES. IN THIS STUDY, PROTEIN PROFILING BY LC AND MS WAS USED TO EXPLORE DIFFERENCES IN HISTONE COMPOSITION IN PRIMARY CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS. EXTENSIVE METHOD VALIDATIONS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE EXPERIMENTAL VARIANCES THAT WOULD IMPACT HISTONE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE. THE RESULTING DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY WAS SUITABLE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROFILES. IN 4 NORMAL INDIVIDUALS AND 40 CLL PATIENTS, A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF HISTONE H2A VARIANTS (H2AFL AND H2AFA/M*) WAS OBSERVED IN PRIMARY CLL CELLS AS COMPARED TO NORMAL B CELLS. PROTEIN IDENTITIES WERE DETERMINED USING HIGH MASS ACCURACY MS AND SHOTGUN PROTEOMICS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4  851  31 CHIP-SEQ ANALYSIS OF HUMAN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS. MANY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, CHROMATIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS AND REGULATORY DNA ELEMENTS ARE GENETICALLY AND/OR EPIGENETICALLY ALTERED IN CANCER, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). THIS LEADS TO DEREGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION THAT IS OFTEN CAUSALLY LINKED TO THE TUMORIGENIC STATE. CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION COUPLED WITH MASSIVELY PARALLEL DNA SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) IS THE KEY TECHNOLOGY TO STUDY TRANSCRIPTION AS IT ALLOWS IN VIVO WHOLE-GENOME MAPPING OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND INTERACTIONS OF PROTEINS WITH DNA OR CHROMATIN. HOWEVER, NUMEROUS DNA/CHROMATIN-BINDING PROTEINS, INCLUDING EZH2, REMAIN DIFFICULT TO "CHIP," THUS YIELDING GENOME-WIDE BINDING MAPS OF ONLY SUBOPTIMAL QUALITY. HERE, WE DESCRIBE A CHIP-SEQ PROTOCOL OPTIMIZED FOR HIGH-QUALITY PROTEIN-GENOME BINDING MAPS THAT HAVE PROVEN ESPECIALLY USEFUL FOR STUDYING DIFFICULT TO 'CHIP' TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORY FACTORS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) AND RELATED MALIGNANCIES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5 6570  39 TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS AND THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE IN COMPLEX LUNG DISORDER. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (TES) ARE A CLASS OF MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS (MGES) THAT WERE LONG REGARDED AS JUNK DNA, WHICH MAKE UP APPROXIMATELY 45% OF THE GENOME. ALTHOUGH MOST OF THESE ELEMENTS ARE RENDERED INACTIVE BY MUTATIONS AND OTHER GENE SILENCING MECHANISMS, TES SUCH AS LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENTS (LINES) ARE STILL ACTIVE AND TRANSLOCATE WITHIN THE GENOME. DURING TRANSPOSITION, THEY MAY CREATE LESIONS IN THE GENOME, THEREBY ACTING AS EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. APPROXIMATELY 65 DISEASE-CAUSING LINE INSERTION EVENTS HAVE BEEN REPORTED THUS FAR; HOWEVER, ANY POSSIBLE ROLE OF TES IN COMPLEX DISORDERS IS NOT WELL ESTABLISHED. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS ONE SUCH COMPLEX DISEASE THAT IS PRIMARILY CAUSED BY CIGARETTE SMOKING. ALTHOUGH THE EXACT MOLECULAR MECHANISM UNDERLYING COPD REMAINS UNCLEAR, OXIDATIVE STRESS IS THOUGHT TO BE THE MAIN FACTOR IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF TES SUCH AS LINES AND THE SUBSEQUENT CASCADE OF MOLECULAR DAMAGE. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN SEQUENCING AND COMPUTATION HAVE EASED THE IDENTIFICATION OF MOBILE ELEMENTS. THEREFORE, A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE ACTIVITY OF THESE ELEMENTS AND MARKERS FOR GENOME INSTABILITY WOULD GIVE MORE INSIGHT ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MGES AND COMPLEX DISORDER SUCH AS COPD.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6 6468  32 TISSUE-SPECIFIC ENRICHMENT OF LYMPHOMA RISK LOCI IN REGULATORY ELEMENTS. THOUGH NUMEROUS POLYMORPHISMS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH RISK OF DEVELOPING LYMPHOMA, HOW THESE VARIANTS FUNCTION TO PROMOTE TUMORIGENESIS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE, WE REPORT THAT LYMPHOMA RISK SNPS, ESPECIALLY IN THE NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA SUBTYPE CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED FOR CO-LOCALIZATION WITH EPIGENETIC MARKS OF ACTIVE GENE REGULATION. THESE ENRICHMENTS WERE SEEN IN A LYMPHOID-SPECIFIC MANNER FOR NUMEROUS ENCODE DATASETS, INCLUDING DNASE-HYPERSENSITIVITY AS WELL AS MULTIPLE SEGMENTATION-DEFINED ENHANCER REGIONS. FURTHERMORE, WE IDENTIFY PUTATIVELY FUNCTIONAL SNPS THAT ARE BOTH IN REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN LYMPHOCYTES AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN BLOOD. WE DEVELOPED AN ALGORITHM, UES, THAT USES A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION APPROACH TO CALCULATE THE ENRICHMENT OF PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED RISK SNPS IN VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS. THIS MULTISCALE APPROACH INTEGRATING MULTIPLE DATASETS HELPS DISENTANGLE THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGY OF LYMPHOMA, AND MORE BROADLY, IS GENERALLY APPLICABLE TO GWAS RESULTS FROM OTHER DISEASES AS WELL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7  416  34 ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMIC ABERRANT LANDSCAPE OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DURING ARSENIC-INDUCED CELL TRANSFORMATION. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A WELL-KNOWN CARCINOGEN ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL TYPES OF CANCER, BUT THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ARSENIC-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT EVIDENCE POINTS TO EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM IN THIS PROCESS; HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION HAVE NOT BEEN EXPLORED IN DEPTH. USING MICROARRAY DATA AND APPLYING A MULTIVARIATE CLUSTERING ANALYSIS IN A GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODEL, WE DESCRIBE THE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION AROUND THE PROMOTER REGION AND THE IMPACT ON GENE EXPRESSION IN HACAT CELLS DURING THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS CAUSED BY CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. USING THIS CLUSTERING APPROACH, THE GENES WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION STATUS IN THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE, AND THE CHANGES THAT OCCURRED DURING THE CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION WERE IDENTIFIED ADEQUATELY. THUS, WE PRESENT A VALUABLE METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING EPIGENOMIC DYSREGULATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8 1545  36 DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER TUMORIGENESIS IN FISH FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, ALTERATION IN DNA METHYLATION AND CANCER HAS BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED IN HUMANS; YET, IT IS UNDER-STUDIED IN UNSEQUENCED NON-MODEL ORGANISMS. THE OCCURRENCE OF LIVER TUMORS IN THE FLATFISH DAB COLLECTED AT CERTAIN UK SAMPLING SITES EXCEEDS 20%, YET THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TUMOR FORMATION ARE NOT KNOWN, ESPECIALLY REGARDING THE BALANCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC FACTORS. METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) COMBINED WITH DE NOVO HIGH-THROUGHPUT DNA SEQUENCING WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DAB HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA TUMORS FOR THE FIRST TIME IN AN UNSEQUENCED SPECIES. NOVEL CUSTOM-MADE DAB GENE EXPRESSION ARRAYS WERE DESIGNED AND USED TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, THE CONFIRMATORY TECHNIQUES OF BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR (BSP) AND RT-PCR WERE APPLIED. GENES INVOLVED IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CANCER, INCLUDING APOPTOSIS, WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING AND GENOMIC AND NON-GENOMIC ESTROGEN RESPONSES, WERE ALTERED BOTH IN METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION. GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY 1.8-FOLD REDUCED IN HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA AND NON-CANCEROUS SURROUNDING TISSUES COMPARED WITH LIVER FROM NON-CANCER BEARING DAB. BASED ON THE IDENTIFIED CHANGES AND CHEMICAL EXPOSURE DATA, OUR STUDY SUPPORTS THE EPIGENETIC MODEL OF CANCER. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO A MIXTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS CONTRIBUTES TO A GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION FOLLOWED BY FURTHER EPIGENETIC AND GENOMIC CHANGES. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, EPIGENETICS AND CANCER IN FISH TUMORS IN THE WILD AND SHOW THE UTILITY OF THIS METHODOLOGY FOR STUDIES IN NON-MODEL ORGANISMS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9 3740  34 INSIGHT INTO GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA FROM INTEGRATIVE EPIGENOMICS. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE PROVIDED EVIDENCE FOR INHERITED GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING CLL RISK WE ANALYZE CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY, ACTIVE REGULATORY ELEMENTS MARKED BY H3K27AC, AND DNA METHYLATION AT 42 RISK LOCI IN UP TO 486 PRIMARY CLLS. WE IDENTIFY THAT RISK LOCI ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED FOR ACTIVE CHROMATIN IN CLL WITH EVIDENCE OF BEING CLL-SPECIFIC OR DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED IN NORMAL B-CELL DEVELOPMENT. WE THEN USE IN SITU PROMOTER CAPTURE HI-C, IN CONJUNCTION WITH GENE EXPRESSION DATA TO REVEAL LIKELY TARGET GENES OF THE RISK LOCI. CANDIDATE TARGET GENES ARE ENRICHED FOR PATHWAYS RELATED TO B-CELL DEVELOPMENT SUCH AS MYC AND BCL2 SIGNALLING. AT 14 LOCI THE ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTS 63 VARIANTS AS THE PROBABLE FUNCTIONAL BASIS OF CLL RISK. BY INTEGRATING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFORMATION OUR ANALYSIS REVEALS NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INHERITED PREDISPOSITION AND THE REGULATORY CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE OF CLL.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 3455  39 HYPOMETHYLATION COORDINATES ANTAGONISTICALLY WITH HYPERMETHYLATION IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: METHYLATION CHANGES ARE FREQUENT IN CANCERS, BUT UNDERSTANDING HOW HYPER- AND HYPOMETHYLATED REGION CHANGES COORDINATE, ASSOCIATE WITH GENOMIC FEATURES, AND AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION IS NEEDED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THEIR BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE. THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HYPERMETHYLATION IS WELL STUDIED, BUT THAT OF HYPOMETHYLATION REMAINS LIMITED. HERE, WITH PAIRED EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION SAMPLES GATHERED FROM A PATIENT/CONTROL COHORT, WE ATTEMPT TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE GENE EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE IN CANCER FROM B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTE LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) SAMPLES. RESULTS: ACROSS THE DATASET, WE FOUND THAT CONSISTENT DIFFERENTIALLY HYPOMETHYLATED REGIONS (C-DMRS) ACROSS SAMPLES WERE RELATIVELY FEW COMPARED TO THE MANY POORLY CONSISTENT HYPO- AND HIGHLY CONSERVED HYPER-DMRS. HOWEVER, GENES IN THE HYPO-C-DMRS TENDED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH FUNCTIONS ANTAGONISTIC TO THOSE IN THE HYPER-C-DMRS, LIKE DIFFERENTIATION, CELL-CYCLE REGULATION AND PROLIFERATION, SUGGESTING COORDINATED REGULATION OF METHYLATION CHANGES. HYPO-C-DMRS IN B-CLL WERE FOUND ENRICHED IN KEY SIGNALING PATHWAYS LIKE B CELL RECEPTOR AND P53 PATHWAYS AND GENES/MOTIFS ESSENTIAL FOR B LYMPHOPOIESIS. HYPO-C-DMRS TENDED TO BE PROXIMAL TO GENES WITH ELEVATED EXPRESSION IN CONTRAST TO THE TRANSCRIPTION SILENCING-MECHANISM IMPOSED BY HYPERMETHYLATION. HYPO-C-DMRS TENDED TO BE ENRICHED IN THE REGIONS OF ACTIVATING H4K4ME1/2/3, H3K79ME2, AND H3K27AC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. IN COMPARISON, THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2) SIGNATURE, MARKED BY EZH2, SUZ12, CTCF BINDING-SITES, REPRESSIVE H3K27ME3 MARKS, AND "REPRESSED/POISED PROMOTER" STATES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPER-C-DMRS. MOST HYPO-C-DMRS WERE FOUND IN INTRONS (36 %), 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (29 %), AND INTERGENIC REGIONS (24 %). MANY OF THESE GENIC REGIONS ALSO OVERLAPPED WITH ENHANCERS. THE METHYLATION OF CPGS FROM 3'UTR EXONS WAS FOUND TO HAVE WEAK BUT POSITIVE CORRELATION WITH GENE EXPRESSION. IN CONTRAST, METHYLATION IN THE 5'UTR WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH EXPRESSION. TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE OVERLAP BETWEEN METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION CHANGES, WE IDENTIFIED CORRELATION MODULES THAT ASSOCIATE WITH "APOPTOSIS" AND "LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION". CONCLUSIONS: DESPITE CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY IN DISEASE PRESENTATION, A NUMBER OF METHYLATION CHANGES, BOTH HYPO AND HYPER, APPEAR TO BE COMMON IN B-CLL. HYPOMETHYLATION APPEARS TO PLAY AN ACTIVE, TARGETED, AND COMPLEMENTARY ROLE IN CANCER PROGRESSION, AND IT INTERPLAYS WITH HYPERMETHYLATION IN A COORDINATED FASHION IN THE CANCER PROCESS.	2016	

11 2025  28 EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN A MURINE MODEL OF HUMAN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING GAIN OR LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION, ARE A HALLMARK OF NEARLY EVERY MALIGNANCY. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION CAN IMPACT EXPRESSION OF CANCER-RELATED GENES INCLUDING APOPTOSIS REGULATORS AND TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. BECAUSE SUCH EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE, THEY ARE BEING AGGRESSIVELY INVESTIGATED AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. HERE WE USE THE EMU-TCL1 TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) TO DETERMINE THE TIMING AND PATTERNS OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, AND TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. WE SHOW THAT CLL CELLS FROM EMU-TCL1 MICE AT VARIOUS STAGES RECAPITULATE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS SEEN IN HUMAN CLL. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PROMOTER SEQUENCES IS OBSERVED AS EARLY AS 3 MONTHS OF AGE IN THESE ANIMALS, WELL BEFORE DISEASE ONSET. ABNORMALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS INCLUDE BINDING SITES FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXD3. WE SHOW THAT LOSS OF FOXD3 EXPRESSION DUE TO AN NF-KAPPAB P50/P50:HDAC1 REPRESSOR COMPLEX OCCURS IN TCL1-POSITIVE B CELLS BEFORE METHYLATION. THEREFORE, SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IS AN EARLY EVENT LEADING TO EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TARGET GENES IN MURINE AND HUMAN CLL. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE STRONG RATIONALE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES TO TARGET NF-KAPPAB COMPONENTS IN CLL AND POTENTIALLY OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12 2747  44 EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE EPIGENETIC METHYLTRANSFERASES AND METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN FAMILIES IN THE NORMAL B-CELL AND B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY FOR SOME TIME. THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT THAT CHANGES IN GENOMIC HYPERMETHYLATION CONTRIBUTE TO THE SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. FURTHERMORE, RECENT STUDIES HAVE ALSO IDENTIFIED THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GENOMIC HYPOMETHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AND TUMORIGENESIS. ONE OF THE MOST PERPLEXING QUESTIONS REGARDING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND LEUKEMOGENESIS IS THE RELATIONSHIP WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT'S). THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE DNMT ENZYMES IS TO METHYLATE GENOMIC DNA, WHEREAS THE METHYL-CPG BINDING DOMAIN PROTEINS (MBD) INTERPRET THIS METHYLATION SIGNAL AND REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN BEHAVIOR. IN THIS STUDY WE ANALYSE THESE GENE FAMILIES BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EXPRESSION LEVELS AND THE B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) PHENOTYPE ARE ASSOCIATED. FURTHERMORE, GIVEN THE EPIGENETIC CROSSTALK BETWEEN GENOME STABILITY AND THE HISTONE CHROMATIN CODE WE HAVE ANALYSED EUKARYOTIC HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (EU-HMTASEI). SURPRISINGLY, WE DID NOT OBSERVE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN B-CLL CASES WHEN COMPARED TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER WE NORMALISE AGAINST GAPDH OR PCNA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS. INDEED, EXPRESSION OF THE MAINTENANCE AND DE NOVO METHYLASES WERE INDEPENDENTLY REGULATED. OF PARTICULAR NOTE WAS THE SIGNIFICANT DOWN REGULATION OF DNMT3B. FURTHERMORE, WE OBSERVED A POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN HMTASEI EXPRESSION LEVELS AND STAGE OF LEUKEMIA SUGGESTING THAT CHANGES IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS IN B-CLL MAY REPRESENT DEREGULATION OF THE EPIGENETIC REPERTOIRE THAT ALSO INCLUDE THE METHYLATION DEPENDENT BINDING PROTEINS, MBD2 AND MECP2. WE ENVISAGE CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAM ARE MULTIFACTORIAL IN NATURE AND POSTULATE THAT THE PREVALENT GENOMIC METHYLASES JUST ONE COMPONENT OF A LARGER EPIGENETIC REPERTOIRE.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13 1584  29 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF SELECTED PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE. BY MEANS OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS ANALYSIS, WE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE MRNA EXPRESSION PROFILES OF VARIOUS GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE BRAINS OF SUBJECTS WITH LATE-ONSET ALZHEIMER DISEASE (LOAD). SOME OF THESE GENES, NAMELY INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6, SHOWED DISTINCT EXPRESSION PROFILES WITH PEAK EXPRESSION DURING THE FIRST STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND CONTROL-LIKE LEVELS AT LATER STAGES. IL-1BETA AND IL-6 GENES ARE MODULATED BY DNA METHYLATION IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; IT IS ALSO WELL KNOWN THAT LOAD MAY HAVE AN EPIGENETIC BASIS. INDEED, WE AND OTHERS HAVE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED GENE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN LOAD AND IN RELATED ANIMAL MODELS. BASED ON THESE DATA, WE STUDIED THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES, AT SINGLE CYTOSINE RESOLUTION, OF IL-1BETA AND IL-6 5'-FLANKING REGION BY BISULPHITE MODIFICATION IN THE CORTEX OF HEALTHY CONTROLS AND LOAD PATIENTS AT 2 DIFFERENT DISEASE STAGES: BRAAK I-II/A AND BRAAK V-VI/C. OUR ANALYSIS PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT NEUROINFLAMMATION IN LOAD IS ASSOCIATED WITH (AND POSSIBLY MEDIATED BY) EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14 1117  35 COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE GENES ALTERED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN HUMAN BRAIN MICROENDOTHELIAL CELLS. BACKGROUND : HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 ALPHA (HIF1A) IS A MASTER REGULATOR OF ACUTE HYPOXIA; HOWEVER, WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA, HIF1A LEVELS RETURN TO THE NORMOXIC LEVELS. IMPORTANTLY, THE GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE CELL SURVIVAL AND VIABILITY UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA ARE NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA LEADS TO THE UPREGULATION OF A CORE GROUP OF GENES WITH ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT MEDIATES THE CELL SURVIVAL UNDER HYPOXIA. RESULTS : WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA (3 DAYS; 0.5% OXYGEN) ON HUMAN BRAIN MICRO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (HBMEC) VIABILITY AND APOPTOSIS. HYPOXIA CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN CELL VIABILITY AND AN INCREASE IN APOPTOSIS. NEXT, WE EXAMINED CHRONIC HYPOXIA ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTOME AND GENOME-WIDE PROMOTER METHYLATION. THE DATA OBTAINED WAS COMPARED WITH 16 OTHER MICROARRAY STUDIES ON CHRONIC HYPOXIA. NINE GENES WERE ALTERED IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ALL 17 STUDIES. INTERESTINGLY, HIF1A WAS NOT ALTERED WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ANY OF THE STUDIES. FURTHERMORE, WE COMPARED OUR DATA TO THREE OTHER STUDIES THAT IDENTIFIED HIF-RESPONSIVE GENES BY VARIOUS APPROACHES. ONLY TWO GENES WERE FOUND TO BE HIF DEPENDENT. WE SILENCED EACH OF THESE 9 GENES USING CRISPR/CAS9 SYSTEM. DOWNREGULATION OF EGLN3 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE CELL DEATH UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA, WHEREAS DOWNREGULATION OF ERO1L, ENO2, ADRENOMEDULLIN, AND SPAG4 REDUCED THE CELL DEATH UNDER HYPOXIA. CONCLUSIONS : WE PROVIDE A CORE GROUP OF GENES THAT REGULATES CELLULAR ACCLIMATIZATION UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS, AND MOST OF THEM ARE HIF INDEPENDENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15 1508  43 DNA METHYLATION AND MRNA AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION OF SLE CD4+ T CELLS CORRELATE WITH DISEASE PHENOTYPE. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WELL KNOWN FOR ITS CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY, AND ITS ETIOLOGY SECONDARY TO A CROSS-TALK INVOLVING GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI. ALTHOUGH GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS HAS CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE GENETIC BASIS OF SLE, THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. INDEED, RECENT DATA HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT IN PATIENTS WITH SLE, THERE ARE STRIKING ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND DEREGULATED MICRORNA EXPRESSION, THE SUM OF WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO OVER-EXPRESSION OF SELECT AUTOIMMUNE-RELATED GENES AND LOSS OF TOLERANCE. TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE AT THE LEVEL OF CLINICAL PHENOTYPE, WE PERFORMED DNA METHYLATION, MRNA AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION SCREENING USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING OF PURIFIED CD4+ T CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH SLE, COMPARED TO AGE AND SEX MATCHED CONTROLS. IN PARTICULAR, WE STUDIED 42 PATIENTS WITH SLE AND DIVIDED THIS GROUP INTO THREE CLINICAL PHENOTYPES: A) THE PRESENCE OF SKIN LESIONS WITHOUT SIGNS OF SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY; B) SKIN LESIONS BUT ALSO CHRONIC RENAL PATHOLOGY; AND C) SKIN LESIONS, CHRONIC RENAL PATHOLOGY AND POLYARTICULAR DISEASE. INTERESTINGLY, AND AS EXPECTED, SEQUENCING DATA REVEALED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN SLE COMPARED TO CONTROLS. HOWEVER, AND MORE IMPORTANTLY, ALTHOUGH THERE WERE COMMON METHYLATION CHANGES FOUND IN ALL GROUPS OF SLE COMPARED TO CONTROLS, THERE WAS SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION CHANGES THAT CORRELATED WITH CLINICAL PHENOTYPE. THESE INCLUDED CHANGES IN THE NOVEL KEY TARGET GENES NLRP2, CD300LB AND S1PR3, AS WELL AS CHANGES IN THE CRITICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING THE ADHERENS JUNCTION AND LEUKOCYTE TRANSENDOTHELIAL MIGRATION. WE ALSO NOTED THAT A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF GENES UNDERGOING DNA METHYLATION CHANGES WERE INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION AND THAT MIRNA SCREENING REVEALED THE EXISTENCE OF SUBSETS WITH CHANGES IN EXPRESSION. INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF THIS DATA HIGHLIGHTS SPECIFIC SETS OF MIRNAS CONTROLLED BY DNA METHYLATION, AND GENES THAT ARE ALTERED BY METHYLATION AND TARGETED BY MIRNAS. IN CONCLUSION, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST SELECT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CLINICAL PHENOTYPES AND FURTHER SHED LIGHT ON A NEW VENUE FOR BASIC SLE RESEARCH.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16   59  33 A GENOME-WIDE SCREEN IDENTIFIES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED GENES IN HAEMATOLOGICAL AND EPITHELIAL CANCERS. BACKGROUND: GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF BOTH EPITHELIAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENS ARE REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT CAN BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC PURPOSES ACROSS MALIGNANCIES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE USE OF THE MIRA ASSAY (METHYLATED CPG ISLAND RECOVERY ASSAY) IN COMBINATION WITH GENOME-WIDE CPG ISLAND ARRAYS TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MARKERS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. WE IDENTIFIED 30 GENES DEMONSTRATING METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF > OR =25% IN CHILDHOOD ALL, NINE GENES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN B VS T-ALL. FOR MAJORITY OF THE GENES EXPRESSION COULD BE RESTORED IN METHYLATED LEUKEMIA LINES AFTER TREATMENT WITH 5-AZADC. FORTY-FOUR PERCENT OF THE GENES REPRESENT TARGETS OF THE POLYCOMB COMPLEX. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) TWO OF THE GENES, (TFAP2A AND EBF2), DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BLAST CRISIS COMPARED TO CHRONIC PHASE (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE HYPERMETHYLATION OF AN AUTOPHAGY RELATED GENE ATG16L2 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB TREATMENT. LASTLY WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TEN OF THESE GENES WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS. CONCLUSION: IN SUMMARY WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES SHOWING FREQUENT METHYLATION IN CHILDHOOD ALL, METHYLATION STATUS OF TWO OF THESE GENES IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE IN CML AND METHYLATION STATUS OF ANOTHER GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGNOSIS. IN ADDITION A SUBSET OF THESE GENES MAY ACT AS EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AS WELL AS COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17 1594  38 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING REVEALS DIFFERENCES IN THE 3 HUMAN MONOCYTE SUBSETS AND IDENTIFIES UREMIA TO INDUCE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING DIFFERENTIATION. HUMAN MONOCYTES ARE A HETEROGENEOUS CELL POPULATION CONSISTING OF 3 SUBSETS: CLASSICAL CD14++CD16-, INTERMEDIATE CD14++CD16+ AND NONCLASSICAL CD14+CD16++ MONOCYTES. VIA POORLY CHARACTERIZED MECHANISMS, INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTE COUNTS RISE IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, AMONG WHICH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS OF PARTICULAR EPIDEMIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE. DNA METHYLATION IS A CENTRAL EPIGENETIC FEATURE THAT CONTROLS HEMATOPOIESIS. BY APPLYING NEXT-GENERATION METHYL-SEQUENCING WE NOW TESTED HOW FAR THE 3 MONOCYTE SUBSETS DIFFER IN THEIR DNA METHYLOME AND WHETHER UREMIA INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DIFFERENTIATING MONOCYTES. WE FOUND THAT EACH MONOCYTE SUBSET DISPLAYS A UNIQUE PHENOTYPE WITH REGARDS TO DNA METHYLATION. GENES WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS IN INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES WERE LINKED TO DISTINCT IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCESSES, WHICH IS IN LINE WITH RESULTS FROM RECENT GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSES. IN VITRO, UREMIA INDUCED DYSREGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN DIFFERENTIATING MONOCYTES, WHICH AFFECTED SEVERAL TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORS IMPORTANT FOR MONOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION (E.G., FLT3, HDAC1, MNT) AND LED TO ENHANCED GENERATION OF INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES. AS POTENTIAL MEDIATOR, THE UREMIC TOXIN AND METHYLATION INHIBITOR S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE INDUCED SHIFTS IN MONOCYTE SUBSETS IN VITRO, AND ASSOCIATED WITH MONOCYTE SUBSET COUNTS IN VIVO. OUR DATA SUPPORT THE CONCEPT OF MONOCYTE TRICHOTOMY AND THE DISTINCT ROLE OF INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES IN HUMAN IMMUNITY. THE SHIFT IN MONOCYTE SUBSETS THAT OCCURS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, A PROINFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF SUBSTANTIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPACT, MAY BE INDUCED BY ACCUMULATION OF UREMIC TOXINS THAT MEDIATE EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 1567  36 DNA METHYLATION OF THE KLF14 GENE REGION IN WHOLE BLOOD CELLS PROVIDES PREDICTION FOR THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE. KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR 14 (KLF14) GENE, WHICH APPEARS TO BE A MASTER REGULATOR OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BMI AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D) BY LARGE GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES. IN ORDER TO FIND PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D, IT IS NECESSARY TO TAKE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INTO ACCOUNT. THIS STUDY FOCUSES ON AGEING AND OBESITY, WHICH ARE T2D RISK FACTORS, AND EXAMINES EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND INFLAMMATORY CHANGES. WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE KLF14 PROMOTER REGION IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF MICE FOR COMPARING AGING AND WEIGHT. WE FOUND THAT METHYLATION LEVELS OF THESE SITES WERE INCREASED WITH AGING AND WEIGHT IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE, THE KIDNEY, THE LUNG, THE COLON AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. IN ADDITION, IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD, THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATORY LEVELS. MOREOVER, NOT ONLY KLF14, BUT ALSO EXPRESSION LEVELS OF SOME DOWNSTREAM GENES WERE DECREASED WITH METHYLATION IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT METHYLATION CHANGES OF KLF14 IN THOSE TISSUES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND INFLAMMATION ON THE ADIPOSE TISSUE OF OBESITY AND T2D. IN ADDITION, THE METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS MAY SERVE AS A PREDICTIVE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19 2375  34 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING MOTIFS PROMOTES TH1 RESPONSE IN CHAGAS DISEASE CARDIOMYOPATHY. CHAGAS DISEASE, CAUSED BY THE PROTOZOAN TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, IS AN ENDEMIC PARASITIC DISEASE OF LATIN AMERICA, AFFECTING 7 MILLION PEOPLE. ALTHOUGH MOST PATIENTS ARE ASYMPTOMATIC, 30% DEVELOP COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING THE OFTEN-FATAL CHRONIC CHAGASIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (CCC). ALTHOUGH PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED SOME GENETIC DEREGULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CCCS, THE CAUSES OF THEIR DEREGULATIONS REMAIN POORLY DESCRIBED. BASED ON BULK RNA-SEQ AND WHOLE GENOME DNA METHYLATION DATA, WE INVESTIGATED THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DEREGULATIONS PRESENT IN THE MODERATE AND SEVERE STAGES OF CCC. ANALYSIS OF HEART TISSUE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY 1407 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED TRANSCRIPTS (DEGS) SPECIFIC FROM CCC PATIENTS. A TISSUE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS DONE ON THE SAME TISSUE HAS PERMITTED THE IDENTIFICATION OF 92 REGULATORY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMR) LOCALIZED IN THE PROMOTER OF DEGS. AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS BINDING SITES (TFBS) IN THE DMRS CORROBORATED THE IMPORTANCE OF TFBS'S DNA METHYLATION FOR GENE EXPRESSION IN CCC MYOCARDIUM. TBX21, RUNX3 AND EBF1 ARE THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WHOSE BINDING MOTIF APPEARS TO BE AFFECTED BY DNA METHYLATION IN THE LARGEST NUMBER OF GENES. BY COMBINING BOTH TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND METHYLOMIC ANALYSIS ON HEART TISSUE, AND METHYLOMIC ANALYSIS ON BLOOD, 4 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AFFECTED BY SEVERE CCC HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING IMMUNE RESPONSE, ION TRANSPORT, CARDIAC MUSCLE PROCESSES AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. AN ADDITIONAL STUDY ON BLOOD METHYLATION OF MODERATE CCC SAMPLES PUT FORWARD THE IMPORTANCE OF ION TRANSPORT AND NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20 1568  29 DNA METHYLATION OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR MIRNA GENES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF THE GENOME INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF NUMEROUS CELLULAR PROCESSES THROUGH GENE SILENCING WITHOUT ALTERING DNA SEQUENCES. MIRNAS, A CLASS OF SINGLE-STRANDED NONCODING RNAS OF 19-25 NUCLEOTIDES IN LENGTH, FUNCTION AS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION LEADING TO MRNA CLEAVAGE OR TRANSLATIONAL REPRESSION OF THEIR CORRESPONDING TARGET PROTEIN-CODING GENES. RECENTLY, DYSREGULATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIRNAS MEDIATED BY PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS IMPLICATED IN HUMAN CANCERS, INCLUDING B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). MOREOVER, IT APPEARS THAT METHYLATED MIRNA GENES COULD BE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR CLL DIAGNOSIS OR THERAPY. THIS REVIEW WILL HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MIRNA GENES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLL.	2015