1 6718 137 VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: CAUSALITY. VITAMIN D REGULATES BLOOD PRESSURE, CARDIAC FUNCTIONS, AND ENDOTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL FUNCTIONS, THUS, PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES REPORT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY WITH HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED DEATHS. PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS WERE EXAMINED IN SEVERAL RESEARCH DATABASES AS PER THE GUIDELINES OF THE PREFERRED REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, USING KEY WORDS THAT ADDRESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CORRELATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS WERE MADE CONSIDERING THE RISKS-BENEFITS, BROADER EVIDENCE, AND IMPLICATIONS. THIS REVIEW ANALYZED CURRENT KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. 1,25(OH)(2)D AND RELATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUBDUE CELLULAR INFLAMMATION, IMPROVE OVERALL ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTIONS, REDUCE AGE-RELATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION AND VASCULAR RIGIDITY, AND ATTENUATE THE ACTIONS OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM. MOST OBSERVATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES SUPPORT 25(OH)VITAMIN D HAVING PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IS BASED PRIMARILY ON OBSERVATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES AND THUS, IS A MATTER OF CONTROVERSY. ADEQUATELY POWERED, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL DATA ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO CONFIRM THESE ASSOCIATIONS. THUS, TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CORRECTION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PROTECTS THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, WELL-DESIGNED, STATISTICALLY POWERED, LONGER-TERM CLINICAL TRIALS ARE NEEDED IN PERSONS WITH VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. NEVERTHELESS, THE AVAILABLE DATA SUPPORT THAT ADEQUATE VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION AND/OR SENSIBLE SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL VITAMIN D STATUS ARE IMPORTANT IN THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2 6725  39 VITAMIN D: NOT JUST BONE METABOLISM BUT A KEY PLAYER IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. VITAMIN D IS THE FIRST ITEM OF DRUG EXPENDITURE FOR THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS. ITS DEFICIENCY IS A CONDITION THAT AFFECTS NOT ONLY OLDER INDIVIDUALS BUT ALSO YOUNG PEOPLE. RECENTLY, THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY HAS FOCUSED ITS ATTENTION ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO HIGHLIGHT THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES. IN PARTICULAR, HERE WE EXAMINE (1) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN DIABETES MELLITUS, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND OBESITY, AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INSULIN SECRETION; (2) ITS ROLE IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, IN WHICH CHRONIC VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, LOWER THAN 20 NG/ML (50 NMOL/L), HAS EMERGED AMONG THE NEW RISK FACTORS; (3) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION, IN WHICH LOW PLASMA LEVELS OF VITAMIN D HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION AND DIASTOLIC HYPERTENSION; (4) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIOPATHIES AND ANEURYSMAL PATHOLOGY, REPORTING THAT PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASES HAD LOWER VITAMIN D VALUES THAN NON-SUFFERING PAD CONTROLS; (5) THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ROLE OF VITAMIN D, HIGHLIGHTING ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION CAPACITY; AND (6) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIAC REMODELING AND DISEASE. DESPITE THE MANY OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND META-ANALYSES SUPPORTING THE CRITICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOPATHOLOGY, CLINICAL TRIALS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ARE SCARCE. THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN D AS A MARKER OF PATHOLOGY SHOULD REPRESENT A FUTURE RESEARCH CHALLENGE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3 1710  39 DYSFUNCTIONAL IMMUNOMETABOLIC EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, INCREASED CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK. POTENTIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ALERT IN AMERICA? VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS A SERIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE THAT AFFECTS NOT ONLY SKELETAL HEALTH, BUT ALSO A WIDE RANGE OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES. HOWEVER, THERE IS STILL SKEPTICISM BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIALS TO SUPPORT ASSOCIATION STUDIES ON THE BENEFITS OF VITAMIN D FOR NON-SKELETAL HEALTH. THIS REVIEW WAS BASED ON ARTICLES PUBLISHED DURING THE 1980-2015 OBTAINED FROM THE COCHRANE CENTRAL REGISTER OF CONTROLLED TRIALS, MEDLINE AND PUBMED, AND FOCUSES ON RECENT CHALLENGES WITH REGARD TO THE DEFINITION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND HOW TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D LEVELS FROM DIETARY SOURCES, SUPPLEMENTS, AND SUN EXPOSURE. THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN D ON EPIGENETIC FETAL PROGRAMMING AND REGULATION OF GENES THAT MAY POTENTIALLY EXPLAIN WHY VITAMIN D COULD HAVE SUCH LIFELONG COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH BENEFITS IS REVIEWED. OPTIMIZATION OF VITAMIN D LEVELS IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS AROUND THE WORLD HAS POTENTIAL BENEFITS TO IMPROVE SKELETAL HEALTH AND TO REDUCE THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING SOME TYPES OF CANCER, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND SEVERE CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS SUCH AS ATHEROTHROMBOSIS, NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS, AND MORTALITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
4 4855  27 OPTIMIZE DIETARY INTAKE OF VITAMIN D: AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: VITAMIN D HAS RECEIVED GLOBAL ATTENTION BECAUSE OF ITS MANY HEALTH BENEFITS. ALTHOUGH THERE IS GENERAL AGREEMENT ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN D FOR BONE HEALTH, THERE REMAINS SKEPTICISM ABOUT THE NONSKELETAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF VITAMIN D. THIS REVIEW WILL NOT ONLY FOCUS ON THE VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PANDEMIC AND WAYS TO TREAT AND PREVENT VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY BUT WILL ALSO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF VITAMIN D THAT COULD HELP EXPLAIN MANY OF THE NONSKELETAL BENEFITS OF ENHANCING VITAMIN D STATUS. RECENT FINDINGS: THE INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE AND THE ENDOCRINE SOCIETY HAVE MADE NEW RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VITAMIN D INTAKE TO PREVENT VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS DEFINED AS A 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D LEVEL BELOW 20 NG/ML AND VITAMIN D INSUFFICIENCY IS DEFINED AS 21-29 NG/ML. RECENT OBSERVATIONS HAVE SUGGESTED THAT VITAMIN D CAN INFLUENCE EPIGENETICS WHICH MAY HELP EXPLAIN THE NONSKELETAL HEALTH BENEFITS THAT HAVE BEEN REPORTED FOR VITAMIN D. SUMMARY: THERE IS GENERAL AGREEMENT THAT VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS A WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM. THIS IS DUE IN PART TO THE LACK OF APPRECIATION THAT SUNLIGHT IS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF VITAMIN D. THERE IS NO DOWNSIDE TO INCREASING VITAMIN D INTAKE AND RECENT OBSERVATIONS SUGGESTING THAT VITAMIN D INFLUENCES EPIGENETICS PROVIDE A NEW INSIGHT FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN D IN UTERO IN REDUCING RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES LATER IN LIFE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 3577  41 IMPACT OF NUTRITION ON TELOMERE HEALTH: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES, BUT ALSO IN A LOWER TOTAL MORTALITY AND LONGER LIFE EXPECTANCY. ONE OF THE MECHANISMS IN WHICH DIET CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF DISEASE IS WITH REGARD TO ITS IMPACT ON TELOMERES. TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IS HIGHLY CORRELATED TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND METABOLIC STATUS. INDIVIDUALS WITH SHORTER TELOMERES ARE AT HIGHER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND MORTALITY. DIET MAY INFLUENCE TL BY SEVERAL MECHANISMS SUCH AS REGULATING OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION OR MODULATING EPIGENETIC REACTIONS. THE PRESENT SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AIMS TO EXAMINE THE RESULTS FROM EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND CLINICAL TRIALS CONDUCTED IN HUMANS EVALUATING THE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS, FOOD GROUPS, AND DIETARY PATTERNS ON TL. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION THAT INFLUENCE THIS PROCESS, WITH THE PERSPECTIVE THAT TL COULD BE A NOVEL BIOMARKER INDICATING THE RISK OF METABOLIC DISTURBANCES AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES. THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SOME ANTIOXIDANT NUTRIENTS, THE CONSUMPTION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, AND MEDITERRANEAN DIET ARE MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH LONGER TELOMERES. HOWEVER, MOST OF THE EVIDENCE IS BASED ON HIGH HETEROGENIC OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND VERY FEW RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS (RCTS). THEREFORE, THE ASSOCIATIONS SUMMARIZED IN THE PRESENT REVIEW NEED TO BE CONFIRMED WITH LARGER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES AND BETTER-DESIGNED RCTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 2715  29 EXERCISE-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND THEIR POTENTIAL INFLUENCE ON CANCER: A SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. AIM: TO REVIEW AND DISCUSS THE AVAILABLE INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE REGARDING THE INDIRECT AND DIRECT BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS THAT OCCUR AFTER EXERCISE, WHICH COULD POSITIVELY, OR NEGATIVELY, INFLUENCE ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS. METHODS: THE PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE AND COCHRANE LIBRARIES WERE SEARCHED FOR PAPERS UP TO JULY 2016 ADDRESSING BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AFTER EXERCISE WITH A PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANCER. THE THREE AUTHORS INDEPENDENTLY ASSESSED THEIR APPROPRIATENESS FOR INCLUSION IN THIS REVIEW BASED ON THEIR SCIENTIFIC QUALITY AND RELEVANCE. RESULTS: 168 PAPERS WERE SELECTED AND CATEGORISED INTO INDIRECT AND DIRECT BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS. THE INDIRECT EFFECTS INCLUDED CHANGES IN VITAMIN D, WEIGHT REDUCTION, SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE AND IMPROVED MOOD. THE DIRECT EFFECTS INCLUDED INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA REPAIR, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT PATHWAYS, HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS, TESTOSTERONE, IRISIN, IMMUNITY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND PROSTAGLANDINS, ENERGY METABOLISM AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. SUMMARY: EXERCISE IS ONE OF SEVERAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS KNOWN TO LOWER THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER RELAPSE RATES AND BETTER SURVIVAL. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE NUMEROUS BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES, WHICH EXPLAIN THESE POTENTIAL ANTICANCER BENEFITS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7 1388  23 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE PREVALENCE AND BURDEN OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ON GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS ALREADY HEAVY AND STILL RISING. DIABETES MELLITUS BY ITSELF IS LINKED TO ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND THE PRESENCE OF CONCOMITANT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE FURTHER AMPLIFIES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE CULMINATION OF TRADITIONAL (MALE GENDER, SMOKING, ADVANCED AGE, OBESITY, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA) AND NON-TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS (ANEMIA, INFLAMMATION, PROTEINURIA, VOLUME OVERLOAD, MINERAL METABOLISM ABNORMALITIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ETC.) CONTRIBUTES TO ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. TO DECREASE THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THESE PATIENTS DUE TO CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES, TIMELY AND EFFICIENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT CAN BE BASED ON LABORATORY PARAMETERS, IMAGING TECHNIQUES, ARTERIAL STIFFNESS PARAMETERS, ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX AND 24 H BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS. NEWER METHODS INCLUDE EPIGENETIC MARKERS, SOLUBLE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES AND MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PRESENT SEVERAL NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8 5605  33 ROUTINE ASSESSMENT AND PROMOTION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS: A SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION. PHYSICAL INACTIVITY IS ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT MAJOR HEALTH RISK FACTORS, WITH 8 IN 10 US ADULTS NOT MEETING AEROBIC AND MUSCLE-STRENGTHENING GUIDELINES, AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. IMPROVING AND MAINTAINING RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEADS TO REDUCTIONS IN METABOLIC, HEMODYNAMIC, FUNCTIONAL, BODY COMPOSITION, AND EPIGENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ALSO HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE, IN MANY CASES COMPARABLE OR SUPERIOR TO DRUG INTERVENTIONS, IN THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF >40 CONDITIONS SUCH AS DIABETES MELLITUS, CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OBESITY, DEPRESSION, ALZHEIMER DISEASE, AND ARTHRITIS. WHEREAS MOST OF THE MODIFIABLE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS INCLUDED IN THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION'S MY LIFE CHECK - LIFE'S SIMPLE 7 ARE EVALUATED ROUTINELY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE (GLUCOSE AND LIPID PROFILES, BLOOD PRESSURE, OBESITY, AND SMOKING), PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS TYPICALLY NOT ASSESSED. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STATEMENT IS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE ON THE FEASIBILITY, VALIDITY, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ASSESSING AND PROMOTING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS FOR ADULT PATIENTS. IT ALSO ADDS CONCRETE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS, CLINICAL AND COMMUNITY CARE PROVIDERS, FITNESS PROFESSIONALS, THE TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY, AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS IN ORDER TO CATALYZE INCREASED ADOPTION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT AND PROMOTION IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO MEETING THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION'S 2020 IMPACT GOALS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9 6259  28 THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH VITAMIN D PREVENTS INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ASSOCIATED DISORDERS. NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS VERY COMMON IN MODERN SOCIETIES AND IS PERCEIVED AS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2DM). WHILE IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT VITAMIN D IS A REGULATOR OF BONE HOMEOSTASIS, ITS ABILITY TO COUNTERACT INSULIN RESISTANCE IS SUBJECT TO DEBATE. THE GOAL OF THIS COMMUNICATION IS TO REVIEW THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM BY WHICH VITAMIN D REDUCES INSULIN RESISTANCE AND RELATED COMPLICATIONS. THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, PUBMED, AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR WERE SEARCHED TO FIND RELEVANT STUDIES TO BE SUMMARIZED IN THIS REVIEW ARTICLE. INSULIN RESISTANCE IS ACCOMPANIED BY CHRONIC HYPERGLYCAEMIA AND INFLAMMATION. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT VITAMIN D EXHIBITS INDIRECT ANTIOXIDATIVE PROPERTIES AND PARTICIPATES IN THE MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL RESTING ROS LEVEL. APPEALINGLY, VITAMIN D REDUCES INFLAMMATION AND REGULATES CA(2+) LEVEL IN MANY CELL TYPES. THEREFORE, THE BENEFICIAL ACTIONS OF VITAMIN D INCLUDE DIMINISHED INSULIN RESISTANCE WHICH IS OBSERVED AS AN IMPROVEMENT OF GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM IN INSULIN-SENSITIVE TISSUES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10 5569  34 ROLE OF MATERNAL VITAMINS IN PROGRAMMING HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISEASE. VITAMIN CONSUMPTION PRIOR TO AND DURING PREGNANCY HAS INCREASED AS A RESULT OF PROACTIVE RECOMMENDATIONS BY HEALTH PROFESSIONALS, WIDE AVAILABILITY OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS, AND LIBERAL FOOD-FORTIFICATION POLICIES. FOLIC ACID, ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER B VITAMINS, IS THE MOST RECOMMENDED VITAMIN CONSUMED DURING PREGNANCY BECAUSE DEFICIENCY OF THIS VITAMIN LEADS TO BIRTH DEFECTS IN THE INFANT. FOLIC ACID AND OTHER B VITAMINS ARE ALSO INTEGRAL COMPONENTS OF BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES THAT ARE ESSENTIAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY SYSTEMS THAT CONTROL THE ABILITY OF THE OFFSPRING TO ADAPT TO THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. ALTHOUGH FEW HUMAN STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED THE LASTING EFFECTS OF HIGH VITAMIN INTAKES DURING PREGNANCY, ANIMAL MODELS HAVE SHOWN THAT EXCESS VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION DURING GESTATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH NEGATIVE METABOLIC EFFECTS IN BOTH THE MOTHERS AND THEIR OFFSPRING. THIS RESEARCH FROM ANIMAL MODELS, COMBINED WITH THE RECOGNITION THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS PLASTIC, PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THESE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE LATER LIFE OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11 2213  43 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS OUTCOMES OF EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO SPECIFIC METABOLIC ALTERATIONS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC DISEASES ARISE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF AN UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE PRIMARILY CHARACTERIZED BY PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND UNBALANCED DIETS. REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN IMPROVE HEALTH, AND THERE IS CONSISTENT EVIDENCE THAT THESE IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE THE RESULT OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. OBJECTIVE: TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONSAS OUTCOMES OF EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO SPECIFIC METABOLIC ALTERATIONS. METHODS: THE PREFERRED REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES PROTOCOLS (PRISMA-P) METHODOLOGY FOR MANUSCRIPT RESEARCH AND PREPARATION WAS FOLLOWED USING PUBMED AND EBSCO DATABASES FOR LITERATURE REVIEW. OUT OF 2,638 ARTICLES IDENTIFIED, ONLY 34 ARTICLES MET THE INCLUSION CRITERIA. RESULTS: THE SECTIONS OF THE REVIEW WERE ORGANIZED BY METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN WHICH STUDIES WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO HEALTHY, DISEASED, AND TRAINED INDIVIDUALS. RESISTANCE EXERCISE IN HUMANS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH ENERGY METABOLISM AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY, CONTRIBUTING TO HEALTHY SKELETAL MUSCLE. ENDURANCE EXERCISE ALSO CAUSED MODIFICATIONS IN BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED TO METABOLIC ALTERATIONS THROUGH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC MIRNAS. HOWEVER, BOTH RESISTANCE AND ENDURANCE EXERCISE ARE NECESSARY TO OBTAIN A BETTER PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION AND A COMBINATION OF BOTH SEEMS TO BE NEEDED TO PROPERLY TACKLE THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE PATHOLOGIES. CONCLUSION: GIVEN THE HETEROGENEITY AND COMPLEXITY OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE, IT IS CURRENTLY NOT POSSIBLE TO PROPOSE A SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATION ABOUT THE TYPE, INTENSITY, OR DURATION OF EXERCISE THAT COULD BE BENEFICIAL FOR DIFFERENT SUBSETS OF THE POPULATION (HEALTHY, DISEASED, AND/OR TRAINED). NEVERTHELESS, THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF EXERCISE FOR HEALTH AND SHOWS THE NEED TO PERFORM MORE RESEARCH IN THIS EMERGING AREA TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS THAT COULD SERVE AS INDICATORS OF EXERCISE ADAPTATIONS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12  625  25 BIOLOGICAL AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEMENTIA AND STROKE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. SINCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND VACCINATION, AS WELL AS MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC HYGIENE, THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE AGE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, BOTH OF WHICH CAN INTERACT WITH GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AS THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE POPULATION INCREASES, THE PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF CHRONIC DISEASES, ESPECIALLY NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING. THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, DEVELOP CHRONICALLY OVER RELATIVELY LONG PERIODS OF TIME, IN CONTRAST TO THE RELATIVELY RAPID DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR ACCIDENTS. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE MEDIATED BY ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE. THIS HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE THAT DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH UNIVERSALLY DELAYS AGE-RELATED DISEASES, ALSO AMELIORATES DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. CONVERSELY, BOTH AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCUMULATION OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN MITOTIC CELLS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE A MEASURE OF "BIOLOGICAL AGE", A BETTER PREDICTOR OF AGE-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. HERE WE REVIEW EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS SUCH AS SMOKING AND AIR POLLUTION MAY ALSO DRIVE NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, BY THE ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE, MEDIATED BY CUMULATIVE AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AS WELL AS SOMATIC MUTATIONS. ELUCIDATION OF SUCH MECHANISMS COULD PLAUSIBLY ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS WHICH DELAY DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF BOTH AGING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13 6781  46 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

14 3676  33 INFLAMMATION AND NEUTROPHIL IMMUNOSENESCENCE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: TARGETED TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN THE ELDERLY. DESPITE INCREASING LONGEVITY, MANY OLD PEOPLE ARE NOT IN GOOD HEALTH. THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF AGE-ASSOCIATED MULTI-MORBIDITY (TWO OR MORE CHRONIC CONDITIONS IN THE SAME PERSON). ALSO, SEVERE INFECTIONS, SUCH AS PNEUMONIA, REMAIN SIGNIFICANT CAUSES OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY IN THIS AGING GROUP. MANY CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS SHARE RISK FACTORS SUCH AS INCREASING AGE, SMOKING, A SEDENTARY LIFE STYLE AND BEING PART OF A LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC GROUP. HOWEVER, DESPITE THIS, MULTI-MORBIDITIES OFTEN CO-OCCUR MORE COMMONLY THAN WOULD BE PREDICTED. THIS HAS LED TO THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THEY SHARE COMMON UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT, FOR IF IT WERE TRUE, TREATMENTS COULD BE DEVISED WHICH TARGET THESE COMMON PATHWAYS AND IMPROVE A NUMBER OF AGE-ASSOCIATED HEALTH CONDITIONS. MANY CHRONIC ILLNESSES ASSOCIATED WITH MULTI-MORBIDITY AND SEVERE INFECTIONS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABNORMAL AND SUSTAINED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, WITH NEUTROPHILS BEING KEY EFFECTOR CELLS IN THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS. STUDIES HAVE DESCRIBED ABERRANT NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS ACROSS THESE CONDITIONS, AND SOME HAVE HIGHLIGHTED POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR ALTERED CELL BEHAVIOURS WHICH APPEAR SHARED ACROSS DISEASE STATES. IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT ALTERED FUNCTIONS MAY REPRESENT NEUTROPHIL "SENESCENCE". THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS HOW AND WHY NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS CHANGE AS THE CELL AGES, AND HOW AND WHY NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS CHANGE AS THE HOST AGES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE AND DISCUSSES WHETHER NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS COULD BE TARGETED TO IMPROVE HEALTH OUTCOMES IN OLDER ADULTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15 3915  35 LINE-1 IN OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES, BY ACTIVATING OR SILENCING THE RELATED-GENES. SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THAT LINE-1 METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH BODY COMPOSITION AND OBESITY-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD). IT ALSO HAS BEEN EVALUATED AS PREDICTOR OF WEIGHT LOSS. THE STUDIES' RESULTS ARE STILL CONFLICTING, AND POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASSOCIATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO LINE-1 METHYLATION REGARDING ADIPOSITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC MARKERS. OVERALL, THIS REVIEW PRESENTS OBSERVATIONAL (CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL) STUDIES AND INTERVENTIONS (DIET, EXERCISES, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY) THAT EVALUATED THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE LINE-1 METHYLATION WITH OBESITY, WEIGHT LOSS, DYSLIPIDEMIAS, HYPERTENSION, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CVD, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. TEACHING POINTS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. MANY STUDIES HAVE RELATED METHYLATION OF LINE-1 WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES; HOWEVER, THE RESULTS ARE STILL CONTROVERSIAL. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND THE METHYLATION OF LINE-1 IS NOT FULLY ELUCIDATED. WITH ADVANCES IN EPIGENETIC STUDIES, RELATED MECHANISMS MAY BE EARLY BIOMARKERS IN WEIGHT CHANGE AND CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16 4662  29 NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION. OBESITY IS A DISORDER THAT DEVELOPS FROM THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT INVOLVING SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, CULTURAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS. OBESITY INCREASES THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, HYPERTENSION, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CANCER, MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS, CHRONIC KIDNEY AND PULMONARY DISEASE. ALTHOUGH OBESITY IS CLEARLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION, MANY OBESE INDIVIDUALS MAY NOT DEVELOP HYPERTENSION. PROTECTING FACTORS MAY EXIST AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND WHY OBESITY IS NOT ALWAYS RELATED TO HYPERTENSION. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO HIGHLIGHT THE KNOWLEDGE GAP FOR THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OBESITY, HYPERTENSION, AND POTENTIAL GENETIC AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT MAY PROTECT OBESE PATIENTS AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTENSION AND OTHER CO-MORBIDITIES. SPECIFIC MUTATIONS IN THE LEPTIN AND THE MELANINOCORTIN RECEPTOR GENES IN ANIMAL MODELS OF OBESITY WITHOUT HYPERTENSION, THE ACTIONS OF ALPHA-MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE, AND SNS ACTIVITY IN OBESITY-RELATED HYPERTENSION MAY PROMOTE RECOGNITION OF PROTECTIVE AND PROMOTING FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION IN OBESITY. FURTHERMORE, GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS MAY HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODIFY GENE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS COULD ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE HERITABILITY OF OBESITY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION. FINALLY, DIFFERENCES IN NUTRITION, GUT MICROBIOTA, EXPOSURE TO SUN LIGHT AND EXERCISE MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN OBESITY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
17 2424  37 EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES UNDERLYING INFLAMMATION: AN INTERPLAY OF NUTRITION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, METABOLIC DISEASES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR PERSONALIZED NUTRITION. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: EMERGING TRANSLATIONAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS (DNA METHYLATION, MIRNA EXPRESSION, AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS) OCCUR AFTER EXTERNAL STIMULI AND MAY CONTRIBUTE TO EXACERBATED INFLAMMATION AND THE RISK OF SUFFERING SEVERAL DISEASES INCLUDING DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CANCER, AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF HIGH-FAT/HIGH-SUGAR DIETS, MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES (FOLATE, MANGANESE, AND CAROTENOIDS), OBESITY AND ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS, BACTERIAL/VIRAL INFECTIONS, SMOKING, EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, SLEEP DEPRIVATION, CHRONIC STRESS, AIR POLLUTION, AND CHEMICAL EXPOSURE ON INFLAMMATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. ADDITIONALLY, THE EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA UNDERLYING THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF CALORIC RESTRICTION, N-3 PUFA, MEDITERRANEAN DIET, VITAMIN D, ZINC, POLYPHENOLS (I.E., RESVERATROL, GALLIC ACID, EPICATECHIN, LUTEOLIN, CURCUMIN), AND THE ROLE OF SYSTEMATIC EXERCISE ARE DISCUSSED. METHODS: ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES ENCOMPASSING EPIGENETICS AND INFLAMMATION WERE SCREENED FROM MAJOR DATABASES (INCLUDING PUBMED, MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT, SCOPUS, ETC.) AND ANALYZED FOR THE WRITING OF THE REVIEW PAPER. CONCLUSION: ALTHOUGH CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED, RESEARCH ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IS CONTRIBUTING TO UNDERSTAND PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES INVOLVING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, THE PREDICTION OF DISEASE RISK BASED ON THE EPIGENOTYPE, AS WELL AS THE PUTATIVE DESIGN OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS TARGETING THE EPIGENOME.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 6109  31 THE EPIGENETIC AGING, OBESITY, AND LIFESTYLE. THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED WORLDWIDE OVER THE PAST DECADES. AGING-RELATED CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ARE MORE PREVALENT IN INDIVIDUALS WITH OBESITY, THUS REDUCING THEIR LIFESPAN. EPIGENETIC CLOCKS, THE NEW METRICS OF BIOLOGICAL AGE BASED ON DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, COULD BE CONSIDERED A REFLECTION OF THE STATE OF ONE'S HEALTH. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC AGING ACCELERATIONS, INCLUDING OBESITY, THUS LEADING TO AN INCREASED RISK OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES. THE INSIGHT INTO THE COMPLEX LINK BETWEEN OBESITY AND AGING MIGHT HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH AND THE MITIGATION OF FUTURE DISEASE RISK. THE PRESENT NARRATIVE REVIEW TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AGING AND OBESITY, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENOME MAY BE AN INTRIGUING TARGET FOR AGE-RELATED PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND THAT ITS MODIFICATION COULD INFLUENCE AGING AND PROLONG A HEALTHY LIFESPAN. THEREFORE, WE HAVE FOCUSED ON DNA METHYLATION AGE AS A CLINICAL BIOMARKER, AS WELL AS ON THE POTENTIAL REVERSAL OF EPIGENETIC AGE USING A PERSONALIZED DIET- AND LIFESTYLE-BASED INTERVENTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19 1936  34 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES-AN EXPOSOME APPROACH. TYPE 2 DIABETES IS ONE OF THE MAJOR CHRONIC DISEASES ACCOUNTING FOR A SUBSTANTIAL PROPORTION OF DISEASE BURDEN IN WESTERN COUNTRIES. THE MAJORITY OF THE BURDEN OF TYPE 2 DIABETES IS ATTRIBUTED TO ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS SUCH AS LIFESTYLE. THE ENVIRONMENT WE LIVE IN, AND CHANGES TO IT, CAN THUS CONTRIBUTE SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AT A POPULATION LEVEL. THE 'EXPOSOME' REPRESENTS THE (MEASURABLE) TOTALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL, I.E. NONGENETIC, DRIVERS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. THE EXTERNAL EXPOSOME COMPRISES ASPECTS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE LIFESTYLE/FOOD ENVIRONMENT. THE INTERNAL EXPOSOME COMPRISES MEASUREMENTS AT THE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPT, PROTEOME, MICROBIOME OR METABOLOME LEVEL TO STUDY EITHER THE EXPOSURES DIRECTLY, THE IMPRINTS THESE EXPOSURES LEAVE IN THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM, THE POTENTIAL OF THE BODY TO COMBAT ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS AND/OR THE BIOLOGY ITSELF. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE EVIDENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES, FOCUSING ON BOTH THE GENERAL EXTERNAL EXPOSOME AND IMPRINTS OF THIS ON THE INTERNAL EXPOSOME. STUDIES PROVIDED ESTABLISHED ASSOCIATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION, RESIDENTIAL NOISE AND AREA-LEVEL SOCIOECONOMIC DEPRIVATION WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES, WHILE NEIGHBOURHOOD WALKABILITY AND GREEN SPACE ARE CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES. THERE IS LITTLE OR INCONSISTENT EVIDENCE ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE FOOD ENVIRONMENT, OTHER ASPECTS OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE. THESE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE THOUGHT TO AFFECT TYPE 2 DIABETES RISK MAINLY THROUGH MECHANISMS INCORPORATING LIFESTYLE FACTORS SUCH AS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OR DIET, THE MICROBIOME, INFLAMMATION OR CHRONIC STRESS. TO FURTHER ASSESS CAUSALITY OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS, FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD FOCUS ON INVESTIGATING THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS OF OUR ENVIRONMENT (AND CHANGES TO IT) IN RELATION TO TYPE 2 DIABETES RISK AND WHETHER THESE ASSOCIATIONS ARE EXPLAINED BY THESE PROPOSED MECHANISMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20 6346  31 THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND AGEING: A FOCUS ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND NUTRITION. THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSPORT OF BLOOD AND NUTRIENTS TO TISSUES, AND IS PIVOTAL TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL HEALTH AND LONGEVITY. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IS A NATURAL, AGE-ASSOCIATED PROCESS RESULTING IN HIGHLY CONTEXTUALISED GENE EXPRESSION WITH CLEAR IMPLICATIONS FOR CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND DISEASE ONSET. BIOLOGICAL/EPIGENETIC AGE IS INDEPENDENT OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, CONSTITUTING A HIGHLY REFLECTIVE SNAPSHOT OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S OVERALL HEALTH. ACCELERATED VASCULAR AGEING IS OF MAJOR CONCERN, EFFECTIVELY LOWERING DISEASE THRESHOLD. AGE-RELATED CHRONIC ILLNESS INVOLVES A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN MANY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND IS MODULATED BY NON-MODIFIABLE AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS. THESE ALTER THE STATIC GENOME BY A NUMBER OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHICH CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION IN AN AGE AND LIFESTYLE DEPENDENT MANNER. THIS 'EPIGENETIC DRIFT' IMPACTS HEALTH AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC ILLNESS. LIFESTYLE FACTORS MAY CAUSE ACCELERATION OF THIS EPIGENETIC "CLOCK", PRE-DISPOSING INDIVIDUALS TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ARE MODIFIABLE LIFESTYLE CHOICES, SYNERGISTICALLY CONTRIBUTING TO CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. THEY REPRESENT A POWERFUL POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC INTERVENTION POINT FOR EFFECTIVE CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTIVE AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. THUS, TOGETHER WITH TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS, MONITORING THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF AGEING MAY PROVE BENEFICIAL FOR TAILORING LIFESTYLE TO FIT BIOLOGY - SUPPORTING THE INCREASINGLY POPULAR CONCEPT OF "AGEING WELL".	2018