1 6685 128 VALIDATION OF DIFFERENTIAL GDAP1 DNA METHYLATION IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND ITS POTENTIAL FUNCTION AS A BIOMARKER FOR DISEASE SEVERITY AND THERAPY OUTCOME. ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE IS A SEVERE DISORDER CONTRIBUTING SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE. DESPITE THE DETRIMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE, EFFECTIVE PREVENTION STRATEGIES AS WELL AS TREATMENT OPTIONS ARE LARGELY MISSING TO DATE. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, PLAY A ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE. A RECENT EPIGENOME-WIDE STUDY REPORTED WIDESPREAD ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE VALIDATE AND REPLICATE ONE OF THE TOP FINDINGS FROM THIS PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT: THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF GDAP1 IN PATIENTS. TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST INDEPENDENT REPLICATION OF AN EPIGENOME-WIDE FINDING IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE. FURTHERMORE, THE AUDIT AS WELL AS THE GSI SCORE WERE NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH GDAP1 METHYLATION AND WE FOUND A TREND TOWARD A NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GDAP1 METHYLATION AND THE YEARS OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCY, POINTING TOWARD A POTENTIAL ROLE OF GDAP1 HYPOMETHYLATION AS BIOMARKER FOR DISEASE SEVERITY. IN ADDITION, WE SHOW THAT THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF GDAP1 IN PATIENTS REVERSES DURING A SHORT-TERM ALCOHOL TREATMENT PROGRAM, SUGGESTING THAT GDAP1 DNA METHYLATION COULD ALSO SERVE AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR TREATMENT OUTCOME. OUR DATA ADD TO THE GROWING BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON EPIGENETIC EFFECTS IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND SUPPORT GDAP1 AS A NOVEL CANDIDATE GENE IMPLICATED IN THIS DISORDER. AS THE ROLE OF GDAP1 IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE IS UNKNOWN, THIS NOVEL CANDIDATE GENE SHOULD BE FOLLOWED UP IN FUTURE STUDIES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2 5498  38 REVIEW: DNA METHYLATION AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: RISK FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS (AUDS) IS INFLUENCED BY GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES THE FINDINGS REGARDING THE ASSOCIATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND AUDS. METHODS: WE SEARCHED PUBMED (BY APRIL 2016) AND IDENTIFIED 29 STUDIES THAT EXAMINED THE ASSOCIATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND AUDS. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE METHODS USED IN THESE STUDIES. RESULTS: TWO STUDIES DEMONSTRATED ELEVATED GLOBAL (REPETITIVE ELEMENT) DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN AUD SUBJECTS. FIFTEEN CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION OF PROMOTER REGIONS OF SIX GENES (AVP, DNMT3B, HERP, HTR3A, OPRM1, AND SNCA) OR HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE GDAP1 PROMOTER REGION IN AUD SUBJECTS. FIVE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STUDIES DEMONSTRATED WIDESPREAD DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ACROSS THE GENOME IN AUD SUBJECTS. SIX STUDIES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN AUD SUBJECTS. THREE STUDIES REVEALED INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIATION AND DNA METHYLATION ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AUDS. MOST STUDIES ANALYZED AUD-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD; A FEW STUDIES EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN POSTMORTEM BRAINS OF AUD SUBJECTS. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION MAY RESULT IN DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, LEADING TO NEUROADAPTATIONS THAT MAY UNDERLIE SOME OF THE MECHANISMS OF AUD RISK AND PERSISTENCE. FUTURE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO CONFIRM THE FEW EXISTING RESULTS, AND THEN TO ELUCIDATE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ARE THE CAUSE OR CONSEQUENCE OF AUDS. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: DNA METHYLATION PROFILES MAY BE USED TO ASSESS AUD STATUS OR MONITOR AUD TREATMENT RESPONSE. (AM J ADDICT 2017;26:502-515).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3 1623  35 DNA MODIFICATIONS IN MODELS OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS. CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE RESULT IN WIDESPREAD CHANGES TO GENE EXPRESSION, SOME OF WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL-USE DISORDERS (AUD). GENE EXPRESSION IS CONTROLLED, IN PART, BY A GROUP OF REGULATORY SYSTEMS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS EPIGENETIC FACTORS, WHICH INCLUDES, AMONG OTHER MECHANISMS, CHEMICAL MARKS MADE ON THE HISTONE PROTEINS AROUND WHICH GENOMIC DNA IS WOUND TO FORM CHROMATIN, AND ON NUCLEOTIDES OF THE DNA ITSELF. IN PARTICULAR, ALCOHOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO PERTURB THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY, LEADING TO CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF AUD AND, ULTIMATELY, TO ALTERED BEHAVIOR. DNA MODIFICATIONS IN PARTICULAR ARE SEEING INCREASING RESEARCH IN THE CONTEXT OF ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE. TO DATE, STUDIES OF DNA MODIFICATIONS IN AUD HAVE PRIMARILY LOOKED AT GLOBAL METHYLATION PROFILES IN HUMAN BRAIN AND BLOOD, GENE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION PROFILES IN ANIMAL MODELS, METHYLATION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PRENATAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE, AND THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC ABILITIES OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS. FUTURE STUDIES MAY BE AIMED AT IDENTIFYING CHANGES TO MORE RECENTLY DISCOVERED DNA MODIFICATIONS, UTILIZING NEW METHODS TO DISCRIMINATE METHYLATION PROFILES BETWEEN CELL TYPES, THUS CLARIFYING HOW ALCOHOL INFLUENCES THE METHYLOMES OF CELL-TYPE POPULATIONS AND HOW THIS MAY AFFECT DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES. THESE STUDIES AND MORE IN-DEPTH PROBING OF DNA METHYLATION WILL BE KEY TO DETERMINING WHETHER DNA-LEVEL EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A CAUSATIVE ROLE IN AUD AND CAN THUS BE TARGETED FOR TREATMENT OF THE DISORDER.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4 2483  33 EPIGENETIC VARIATION AND HUMAN DISEASE. CYTOSINE GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDE (CPG) ISLAND METHYLATION IS A KNOWN MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE IN POSTMEIOTIC CELLS. THROUGH ASSOCIATED CHROMATIN CHANGES AND SILENCING, SUCH EPIGENETIC STATES CAN INFLUENCE CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND AFFECT DISEASE RISK AND SEVERITY. OUR STUDIES OF CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN NORMAL COLORECTAL MUCOSA REVEALED PROGRESSIVE AGE-RELATED INCREASES AT MULTIPLE GENE LOCI, SUGGESTING GENOME-WIDE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS WITH POTENTIAL TO SILENCE GENE EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF COMPARABLE AGES. SUCH VARIATION COULD BE RELATED TO GENETIC FACTORS, LIFESTYLE, OR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. STUDIES IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CIRRHOSIS AND NEOPLASIA REVEALED THAT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATES ARE ACCOMPANIED BY MARKED INCREASES IN CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, CONFIRMING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PROINFLAMMATORY EXPOSURES COULD ACCOUNT FOR PART OF THE EPIGENETIC VARIATION IN HUMAN POPULATIONS. PRELIMINARY DATA ALSO SUGGEST POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF LIFESTYLE AND EXPOSURE FACTORS ON CPG ISLAND METHYLATION. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT EPIGENETIC VARIATION RELATED TO AGING, LIFESTYLE, EXPOSURES AND POSSIBLY GENETIC FACTORS, IS ONE OF THE MODULATORS OF ACQUIRED, AGE-RELATED HUMAN DISEASES, INCLUDING NEOPLASIA.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  315  36 ALCOHOL, DNA METHYLATION, AND CANCER. CANCER IS ONE OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, AND CHRONIC DRINKING IS A STRONG RISK FACTOR FOR CANCER, PARTICULARLY OF THE UPPER AERODIGESTIVE TRACT, LIVER, COLORECTUM, AND BREAST. SEVERAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED CANCER DEVELOPMENT (I.E., CARCINOGENESIS), INCLUDING THE ACTIONS OF ACETALDEHYDE, THE FIRST AND PRIMARY METABOLITE OF ETHANOL, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. HOWEVER, INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ABERRANT PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION, AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL, ALSO COULD BE PART OF THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED CANCER DEVELOPMENT. THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON GLOBAL AND LOCAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS LIKELY ARE MEDIATED BY ITS ABILITY TO INTERFERE WITH THE AVAILABILITY OF THE PRINCIPAL BIOLOGICAL METHYL DONOR, S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME), AS WELL AS PATHWAYS RELATED TO IT. SEVERAL MECHANISMS MAY MEDIATE THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING REDUCED FOLATE LEVELS AND INHIBITION OF KEY ENZYMES IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM THAT ULTIMATELY LEAD TO LOWER SAME LEVELS, AS WELL AS INHIBITION OF ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION (I.E., DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES). FINALLY, VARIATIONS (I.E., POLYMORPHISMS) OF SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM ALSO MODULATE THE RISK OF ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6 6790  35 [DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CANCER RESEARCH]. THE PRESENT PAPER REVIEWS RECENT LABORATORY METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE CONCERNING EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS INVOLVED IN CARCINOGENESIS MECHANISMS. WE INTRODUCE DNA METHYLATION AND ITS ROLE IN GENE EXPRESSION CONTROL. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS MAY ALLOW TO IDENTIFY EARLY CHANGES LEADING TO CANCER AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. WE DESCRIBE HERE STRATEGIES FOR LABORATORY ANALYSES AND THEIR POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS. WE EXAMINE RESULTS FROM RECENT EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGESTING THAT THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN OCCUPATIONAL AGENTS ARE MEDIATED BY ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. PLANNING AND CONDUCTING INVESTIGATIONS ON EXPOSED HUMAN SUBJECTS WILL ALLOW TO VERIFY WHETHER DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IDENTIFIED IN ANIMAL AND IN-VITRO STUDIES MAY BE USED AS EARLY-EFFECT AND SUSCEPTIBILITY BIOMARKERS. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS HAS THE POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE APPLICATIONS IN RISK ASSESSMENT AND PREVENTION PROGRAMS CONDUCTED ON SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO HUMAN CARCINOGENS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7 1870  35 EMERGING ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN ALCOHOL ADDICTION. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A COMPLEX BRAIN DISORDER WITH AN ARRAY OF PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROCHEMICAL MANIFESTATIONS. BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUD, AND RECENT STUDIES ON ALCOHOL EXPOSURE AND SUBSEQUENT CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION SUGGEST THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. IN PARTICULAR, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLATION HAVE EMERGED AS IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED PHENOTYPES OF AUD. GIVEN THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF EPIGENETIC TARGETS, THIS REVIEW AIMS TO SUMMARIZE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF AUD BY EVALUATING KNOWN EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES OF BRAIN REGIONS CRITICAL TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS IN BOTH ANIMAL AND HUMAN STUDIES THROUGHOUT VARIOUS STAGES OF AUD. MORE SPECIFICALLY, THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE, TOLERANCE, AND POSTEXPOSURE WITHDRAWAL ON EPIGENETICALLY INDUCED CHANGES TO GENE EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY WITHIN KEY BRAIN REGIONS AND THE ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPES HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED. UNDERSTANDING THE CONTRIBUTION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION TO CRUCIAL SIGNALING PATHWAYS MAY PROVE VITAL FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL BIOMARKERS AND TREATMENT AGENTS IN AMELIORATING OR PREVENTING AUD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8 2507  39 EPIGENETICS AND OBESITY: THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS. OBESITY IS A COMPLEX DISEASE WITH MULTIPLE WELL-DEFINED RISK FACTORS. NEVERTHELESS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OBESITY AND ITS SEQUELAE WITHIN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS VARIES GREATLY FROM ONE PERSON TO THE NEXT, SUGGESTING A ROLE FOR GENE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF THE DISORDER. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE HUMAN GENOME PROVIDES A PUTATIVE MECHANISM BY WHICH SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES CONVEY RISK FOR OBESITY AND OTHER HUMAN DISEASES AND IS ONE POSSIBLE MECHANISM THAT UNDERLIES THE GENE X ENVIRONMENT/TREATMENT INTERACTIONS OBSERVED IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS. A STUDY PUBLISHED IN BMC MEDICINE THIS MONTH BY WANG ET AL. REPORTS ON AN EXAMINATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES OF LEAN AND OBESE ADOLESCENTS, COMPARING METHYLATION PATTERNS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS. THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED TWO GENES THAT WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED, BOTH OF WHICH HAVE ROLES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION. HERE WE OVERVIEW THE FINDINGS FROM THIS STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF THOSE EMERGING FROM OTHER RECENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES, DISCUSS THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDY AND SPECULATE ON THE FUTURE OF EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC DISEASE RESEARCH.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9 2625  41 EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY AND MULTI-TISSUE REPLICATION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER: EVIDENCE FOR ABNORMAL GLUCOCORTICOID SIGNALING PATHWAY GENE REGULATION. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A CHRONIC DEBILITATING DISORDER WITH LIMITED TREATMENT OPTIONS AND POORLY DEFINED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. THERE ARE SUBSTANTIAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC COMPONENTS; HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO AUD REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE CONDUCTED THE LARGEST DNA METHYLATION EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (EWAS) ANALYSES CURRENTLY AVAILABLE FOR AUD (TOTAL N = 625) AND EMPLOYED A TOP HIT REPLICATION (N = 4798) USING A CROSS-TISSUE/CROSS-PHENOTYPIC APPROACH WITH THE GOAL OF IDENTIFYING NOVEL EPIGENETIC TARGETS RELEVANT TO AUD. RESULTS SHOW THAT A NETWORK OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN GLUCOCORTICOID SIGNALING AND INFLAMMATION-RELATED GENES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL USE BEHAVIORS. A TOP PROBE CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED ACROSS ALL COHORTS WAS LOCATED IN THE LONG NON-CODING RNA GROWTH ARREST SPECIFIC FIVE GENE (GAS5) (P < 10(-24)). GAS5 HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN REGULATING TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND HAS MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS RELATED TO APOPTOSIS, IMMUNE FUNCTION AND VARIOUS CANCERS. ENDOPHENOTYPIC ANALYSES USING PERIPHERAL CORTISOL LEVELS AND NEUROIMAGING PARADIGMS SHOWED THAT METHYLOMIC VARIATION IN GAS5 NETWORK-RELATED PROBES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS PHENOTYPES. POSTMORTEM BRAIN ANALYSES DOCUMENTED INCREASED GAS5 EXPRESSION IN THE AMYGDALA OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ALCOHOL USE IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN THE GLUCOCORTICOID SYSTEM THAT MIGHT INFLUENCE STRESS AND INFLAMMATORY REACTIVITY AND SUBSEQUENTLY RISK FOR AUD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10 1583  38 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF BLOOD CELLS ARE DISTINCT BETWEEN EARLY-ONSET OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. OBESITY IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT, CHRONIC DISORDER THAT HAS BEEN INCREASING IN INCIDENCE IN YOUNG PATIENTS. BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ABERRATIONS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY. THEREFORE, IN-DEPTH EPIGENOMIC AND GENOMIC ANALYSES WILL ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DETAILED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING OBESITY AND AID IN THE SELECTION OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR OBESITY IN YOUTH. HERE, WE PERFORMED MICROARRAY-BASED DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF PERIPHERAL WHITE BLOOD CELLS OBTAINED FROM SIX YOUNG, OBESE INDIVIDUALS AND SIX HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE OBSERVED THAT THE HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT NOT GENE EXPRESSION, CLEARLY SEGREGATES THE OBESE INDIVIDUALS FROM THE CONTROLS, SUGGESTING THAT THE METABOLIC DISTURBANCE THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF OBESITY AT A YOUNG AGE MAY AFFECT THE DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS WITHOUT ACCOMPANYING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES. TO EXAMINE THE GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENCES IN THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF YOUNG OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS, WE IDENTIFIED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES AND INVESTIGATED THEIR GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC CONTEXTS. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS RELATIVE GAINS AND LOSSES OF DNA METHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS AND GENE BODIES, RESPECTIVELY. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT THE CPG ISLANDS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DNA METHYLATION COMPARED TO CONTROLS. OUR PILOT STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE GENOME-WIDE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS MAY ADVANCE NOT ONLY OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENOMIC PATHOGENESIS BUT ALSO EARLY SCREENING OF OBESITY IN YOUTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11 6771  33 [ACQUIRED DISORDERS AND EPIGENETICS]. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INVOLVING DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, ARE MAINTAINED UPON SOMATIC CELL REPLICATION, AND ARE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS FOR CELLULAR MEMORY. DNA METHYLATION OF PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES CAN SILENCE THEIR DOWNSTREAM GENES, AND CAN BE CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. SINCE THIS EFFECT IS THE SAME WITH THAT OF INACTIVATING MUTATIONS, THE NATURES OF DNA METHYLATION WERE ONCE CONSIDERED TO BE SIMILAR TO MUTATIONS. HOWEVER, RECENTLY, IT WAS REVEALED THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE PRESENT IN A SINGLE CANCER CELL, THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF CELLS HAVE AN EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF A SPECIFIC GENE IN NON-CANCEROUS, THUS POLYCLONAL, TISSUES, THAT GENE SPECIFICITY IN METHYLATION INDUCTION IS PRESENT ACCORDING TO TISSUE TYPES AND INDUCERS, AND THAT CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS DEEPLY INVOLVED IN METHYLATION INDUCTION. THESE FACTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF KEY GENES INVOLVED IN ACQUIRED CHRONIC DISORDERS CAN BE PRESENT IN A SIGNIFICANT FRACTION OF CELLS IN A TISSUE, AND THUS CAN IMPAIR THE FUNCTION OF THE TISSUE. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND BEHAVIOR, MEMORY, MENTAL DISORDERS, NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, METABOLIC DISORDERS, ALLERGY, AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS, AND OTHER DISORDERS HAVE BEEN REPORTED. FURTHER RESEARCH IN THE FIELD IS NECESSARY TO CLARIFY THE CAUSAL ROLES OF THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, AND TO APPLY THE FINDINGS TO NEW STRATEGIES OF DISEASE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12 6013  38 THE APPLICATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION IMPROVES PATIENT SURVIVAL AND QUALITY OF LIFE, LONG-TERM RESULTS ARE HAMPERED BY BOTH IMMUNE- AND NON-IMMUNE-MEDIATED COMPLICATIONS. CURRENT BIOMARKERS OF POST-TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS, SUCH AS ALLOGRAFT REJECTION, CHRONIC RENAL ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION, AND CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, HAVE A SUBOPTIMAL PREDICTIVE VALUE. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT DIRECTLY AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PROCESSES SUCH AS ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY, FIBROSIS, AND ALLOREACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE. NOVEL TECHNIQUES CAN QUICKLY ASSESS THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF MULTIPLE LOCI IN DIFFERENT CELL TYPES, ALLOWING A DEEP AND INTERESTING STUDY OF CELLS' ACTIVITY AND FUNCTION. THEREFORE, DNA METHYLATION HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME AN IMPORTANT BIOMARKER FOR PREDICTION AND MONITORING IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER OF GRAFT SURVIVAL AND COMPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SEVERAL DATABASES HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. THE NEWCASTLE-OTTAWA SCALE AND THE JADAD SCALE HAVE BEEN USED TO ASSESS THE RISK OF BIAS FOR OBSERVATIONAL AND RANDOMIZED STUDIES, RESPECTIVELY. RESULTS: TWENTY ARTICLES REPORTING ON DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION WERE INCLUDED, ALL USING DNA METHYLATION FOR PREDICTION AND MONITORING. DNA METHYLATION PATTERN ALTERATIONS IN CELLS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT TISSUES, SUCH AS KIDNEY BIOPSIES, URINE, AND BLOOD, HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY AND CHRONIC RENAL ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION. THESE ALTERATIONS OCCURRED IN DIFFERENT AND SPECIFIC LOCI. DNA METHYLATION STATUS HAS ALSO PROVED TO BE IMPORTANT FOR IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATION, HAVING A CRUCIAL ROLE IN REGULATORY T CELL DEFINITION AND ACTIVITY. RESEARCH ALSO FOCUSED ON A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF THIS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ASSESSMENT FOR REGULATORY T CELLS ISOLATION AND EXPANSION FOR FUTURE TOLERANCE INDUCTION-ORIENTED THERAPIES. CONCLUSIONS: STUDIES INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW ARE HETEROGENEOUS IN STUDY DESIGN, BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES, AND OUTCOME. MORE COORDINATED INVESTIGATIONS ARE NEEDED TO AFFIRM DNA METHYLATION AS A CLINICALLY RELEVANT BIOMARKER IMPORTANT FOR PREVENTION, MONITORING, AND INTERVENTION.	2022	

13 1518  31 DNA METHYLATION AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION ARE A GROUP OF THE KEY CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PATHWAYS THAT LEAD TO INHERITED ALTERATIONS IN GENES' ACTIVITY WITHOUT CHANGING THEIR CODING SEQUENCE. DNA METHYLATION AT THE C5 POSITION OF CYTOSINE IN CPG DINUCLEOTIDES IS AMONGST THE CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. CURRENTLY, THE NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT ARE DEVOTED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF METHYLATION PATTERNS SPECIFIC TO MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS), A SEVERE CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, IS ON A RAPID RISE. HOWEVER, THE ISSUE OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF DNA METHYLATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIFFERENT CLINICAL PHENOTYPES OF THIS HIGHLY HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE HAS ONLY BEGUN TO ATTRACT THE ATTENTION OF RESEARCHERS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE DATA ON THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DNA METHYLATION AND THE MS RISK FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AND, THEREBY, MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF THE GENES INVOLVED IN THE DISEASE'S PATHOGENESIS. THE FOCUS OF OUR ATTENTION IS CENTERED ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE PUBLISHED DATA ON THE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF DNA FROM VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES OF MS PATIENTS OBTAINED USING BOTH THE CANDIDATE GENE APPROACH AND HIGH-THROUGHPUT METHODS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14 2523  36 EPIGENETICS AND THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN. OBJECTIVE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO REVIEW THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN AND TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL, INDIVIDUALIZED PAIN THERAPEUTICS. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETICS IS THE STUDY OF HERITABLE MODIFICATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION AND PHENOTYPE THAT DO NOT REQUIRE A CHANGE IN GENETIC SEQUENCE TO MANIFEST THEIR EFFECTS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, MEDICATIONS, DIET, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSES CAN ALTER EPIGENETIC PROCESSES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION, AND RNA INTERFERENCE. AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS POTENTIALLY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE METABOLISM, STEROID RESPONSIVENESS, AND OPIOID SENSITIVITY, THEY ARE LIKELY KEY FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. ALTHOUGH OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE HUMAN GENETIC CODE AND DISEASE-ASSOCIATED POLYMORPHISMS HAS GROWN SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE PAST DECADE, WE HAVE NOT YET BEEN ABLE TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT PAIN AFTER NERVE INJURY OR SURGERY. DESIGN: THIS IS A FOCUSED LITERATURE REVIEW OF EPIGENETIC SCIENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CHRONIC PAIN. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANT LABORATORY AND CLINICAL DATA SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE AFFECTED BY THE ENVIRONMENT AND LEAD TO DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION. SIMILAR TO MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS, THE LITERATURE ENDORSES AN IMPORTANT POTENTIAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC PAIN. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS MAY IDENTIFY MECHANISMS CRITICAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN AFTER INJURY, AND MAY PROVIDE NEW PATHWAYS AND TARGET MECHANISMS FOR FUTURE DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15  311  35 ALCOHOL AND THE METHYLOME: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS CONSIDERATIONS FOR RESEARCH USING HUMAN SAMPLES. BACKGROUND: A GROWING NUMBER OF STUDIES IN HUMAN SAMPLES HAVE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS (AUDS) MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC FACTORS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. WE REVIEW THE EXTANT LITERATURE IN LIGHT OF SOME OF THE CHALLENGES THAT CURRENTLY AFFECT THE DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF EPIGENETIC RESEARCH IN HUMAN SAMPLES. METHOD: A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS USED TO IDENTIFY STUDIES THAT HAVE EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION IN RELATION TO ALCOHOL USE OR AUDS IN HUMAN SAMPLES (THROUGH JULY 2013). A TOTAL OF 22 STUDIES WERE IDENTIFIED. RESULTS: ASSOCIATIONS WITH QUANTITATIVE OR DIAGNOSTIC PHENOTYPES OF ALCOHOL USE OR AUDS HAVE BEEN REPORTED FOR SEVERAL GENES. HOWEVER, ALL STUDIES TO DATE HAVE RELIED ON RELATIVELY SMALL SAMPLES AND CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY DESIGNS. ADDITIONALLY, ATTEMPTS TO REPLICATE RESULTS HAVE BEEN RARE. MORE GENERALLY, RESEARCH PROGRESS IS HAMPERED BY SEVERAL ISSUES, INCLUDING LIMITATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGIES USED TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION, TISSUE- AND CELL-SPECIFICITY OF METHYLATION PATTERNS, THE DIFFICULTIES OF RELATING OBSERVED METHYLATION DIFFERENCES AT A GIVEN LOCUS TO A FUNCTIONAL EFFECT, AND LIMITED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DNA METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: ALTHOUGH WE SHARE THE OPTIMISM THAT EPIGENETICS MAY LEAD TO NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AUDS, THE METHODOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH CONDUCTING METHYLOMIC RESEARCH IN HUMAN SAMPLES NEED TO BE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED WHEN DESIGNING AND EVALUATING SUCH STUDIES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16 6199  38 THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT GENETIC PREDISPOSITION PLAYS A ROLE IN COPD DEVELOPMENT IN SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. THEREFORE, MANY CANDIDATE GENES THAT COULD BE LINKED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE HAVE BEEN EXAMINED IN COPD. HOWEVER, INCONSISTENT RESULTS IN DIFFERENT STUDY POPULATIONS OFTEN LIMIT THIS APPROACH, SUGGESTING THAT NOT ONLY GENETICS, BUT ALSO OTHER FACTORS, MAY BE CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COPD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CAN AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF SPECIFIC GENES, AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN TIME, AND IN DIFFERENT ORGANS. MOREOVER, THESE MECHANISMS CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON PEOPLE'S HEALTH. RECENTLY, THERE IS EMERGING EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A ROLE OF EPIGENETICS FOR THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IN DISEASES SUCH AS ASTHMA AND COPD. MOREOVER, RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE CURRENTLY USED TREATMENTS INCLUDING CORTICOSTEROIDS MAY WORK THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION CAN BE REPROGRAMMED, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING THE RISK, AETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF VARIOUS DISEASE STATES. THE EPIGENETICALLY INFLUENCED PHENOTYPE COULD BE REVERSED WITH DEMETHYLATING OR DEACETYLATING AGENTS, CONSISTENT WITH EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY. THE POSTNATAL REVERSIBILITY OF THESE METHYLATION OR ACETYLATION EVENTS MAY THEREFORE PROVIDE GOOD OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERVENTION. THE RECOGNITION OF THE ROLE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPD MAY IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS THAT HATCH NEW THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17 1269  36 CYTOSINE METHYLATION CHANGES IN ENHANCER REGIONS OF CORE PRO-FIBROTIC GENES CHARACTERIZE KIDNEY FIBROSIS DEVELOPMENT. BACKGROUND: ONE IN ELEVEN PEOPLE IS AFFECTED BY CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, A CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY KIDNEY FIBROSIS AND PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF KIDNEY FUNCTION. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENTS HAVE A LONG-LASTING ROLE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. EPIGENETIC INFORMATION REPRESENTS A PLAUSIBLE CARRIER FOR MEDIATING THIS PROGRAMMING EFFECT. HERE WE DEMONSTRATE THAT GENOME-WIDE CYTOSINE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF HEALTHY AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE TUBULE SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS SHOW SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS AND VALIDATE THESE IN A LARGE REPLICATION DATASET. THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS ARE RARELY OBSERVED ON PROMOTERS, BUT MOSTLY OVERLAP WITH PUTATIVE ENHANCER REGIONS, AND THEY ARE ENRICHED IN CONSENSUS BINDING SEQUENCES FOR IMPORTANT RENAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. THIS INDICATES THEIR IMPORTANCE IN GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION. A CORE SET OF GENES THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE RELATED TO KIDNEY FIBROSIS, INCLUDING GENES ENCODING COLLAGENS, SHOW CYTOSINE METHYLATION CHANGES CORRELATING WITH DOWNSTREAM TRANSCRIPT LEVELS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR REPORT RAISES THE POSSIBILITY THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION PLAYS A ROLE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE DEVELOPMENT VIA INFLUENCING CORE PRO-FIBROTIC PATHWAYS AND CAN AID THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL BIOMARKERS AND FUTURE THERAPEUTICS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18 5067  31 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DNA METHYLATION IN HUMANS. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS A STRONG STIMULUS INFLUENCING THE OVERALL PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN BODY. EXERCISES LEAD TO BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN VARIOUS TISSUES AND EXERT AN IMPACT ON GENE EXPRESSION. EXERCISE-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION MAY BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH REARRANGE THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND THEREFORE MODULATE ITS ACCESSIBILITY FOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. ONE OF SUCH EPIGENETIC MARK IS DNA METHYLATION THAT INVOLVES AN ATTACHMENT OF A METHYL GROUP TO THE FIFTH CARBON OF CYTOSINE RESIDUE PRESENT IN CG DINUCLEOTIDES (CPG). DNA METHYLATION IS CATALYZED BY A FAMILY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES. THIS REVERSIBLE DNA MODIFICATION RESULTS IN THE RECRUITMENT OF PROTEINS CONTAINING METHYL BINDING DOMAIN AND FURTHER TRANSCRIPTIONAL CO-REPRESSORS LEADING TO THE SILENCING OF GENE EXPRESSION. THE ACCUMULATION OF CPG DINUCLEOTIDES, REFERRED AS CPG ISLANDS, OCCURS AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS IN A GREAT MAJORITY OF HUMAN GENES. THEREFORE, CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF MULTIPLE GENES. A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT EXERCISE TRAINING MODULATES DNA METHYLATION IN MUSCLES AND ADIPOSE TISSUE. SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN HUMANS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  416  32 ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMIC ABERRANT LANDSCAPE OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DURING ARSENIC-INDUCED CELL TRANSFORMATION. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A WELL-KNOWN CARCINOGEN ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL TYPES OF CANCER, BUT THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ARSENIC-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT EVIDENCE POINTS TO EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM IN THIS PROCESS; HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION HAVE NOT BEEN EXPLORED IN DEPTH. USING MICROARRAY DATA AND APPLYING A MULTIVARIATE CLUSTERING ANALYSIS IN A GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODEL, WE DESCRIBE THE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION AROUND THE PROMOTER REGION AND THE IMPACT ON GENE EXPRESSION IN HACAT CELLS DURING THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS CAUSED BY CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. USING THIS CLUSTERING APPROACH, THE GENES WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION STATUS IN THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE, AND THE CHANGES THAT OCCURRED DURING THE CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION WERE IDENTIFIED ADEQUATELY. THUS, WE PRESENT A VALUABLE METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING EPIGENOMIC DYSREGULATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20 6809  29 [EPIGENETICS IN INFLAMMATORY SYSTEMIC DISEASES]. IN ADDITION TO ANALYSIS OF THE GENETIC CODE, IN RECENT YEARS MORE AND MORE STUDIES HAVE CONCENTRATED ON CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC CODE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS DETERMINE WHICH GENES IN A CELL ARE TRANSCRIBED AND THUS FORM THE PHENOTYPE OF A CELL. THE EPIGENETIC CODE CAN BE CHANGED BY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES, WHICH ALLOWS CELLS TO ADAPT TO LONGSTANDING CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THEREFORE, IT IS FEASIBLE TO ASSUME THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IN PARTICULAR IN TUMORS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE FOUND TO CORRELATE WITH DISEASE SEVERITY AND PROGRESSION. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES MIGHT HELP THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN BE USED IN THE FUTURE AS BIOMARKERS, PROGNOSTIC FACTORS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2014