1 6683 142 UV RADIATION AND AIR POLLUTION AS DRIVERS OF MAJOR AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES COMPRISE A VERY HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY DISRUPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST SELF-ANTIGENS, CHRONIC MORBIDITY AND INCREASED MORTALITY. THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF MAJOR AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS ARE PARTICULARLY HIGH IN THE WESTERN WORLD, AT NORTHERN LATITUDES, AND IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. THIS STUDY WILL MAINLY FOCUS ON FIVE MAJOR AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS, NAMELY TYPE 1 DIABETES, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, AND AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISORDERS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE ON THE ETIOLOGY OF MAJOR AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS MEDIATED BY THE ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN D AND NITRIC OXIDE. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE SHOWS HOW THE RISE OF ANTHROPOGENIC AIR POLLUTANTS IS TEMPORALLY ASSOCIATED WITH DRAMATIC INCREASES IN INCIDENCE OF THESE CONDITIONS. THE SCATTERING CAUSED BY AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE PRESENCE OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE CAN REDUCE THE ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN D AND NITRIC OXIDE, WHICH ARE IMPLICATED IN MAINTAINING THE IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS. AIR POLLUTANTS HAVE DIRECT DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY AND ARE DEEMED RESPONSIBLE OF AN INCREASINGLY HIGHER PORTION OF THE ANNUAL BURDEN OF HUMAN MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. AIR POLLUTION CONTRIBUTES IN SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, ACTIVATES OXIDATIVE PATHWAYS, INDUCES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AND MODULATES THE FUNCTION AND PHENOTYPE OF DENDRITIC CELLS, TREGS, AND T-CELLS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS REGARDING THE ROLE OF UV-MEDIATED EFFECTS IN IMMUNITY AND HOW ANTHROPIC-DERIVED AIR POLLUTION MAY AFFECT MAJOR AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS THROUGH DIRECT AND INDIRECT MECHANISMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2 6034  41 THE CHALLENGE BY MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS INDUCE INFLAMMATION IN AGING: THEIR ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THE AGING PROCESS IS DRIVEN BY MULTIPLE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO CHANGES IN ENERGY PRODUCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, HOMEOSTATIC DYSREGULATION AND EVENTUALLY TO LOSS OF FUNCTIONALITY AND INCREASED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. MOST AGED INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, WHICH IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR MORBIDITY, PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, FRAILTY, AND DEATH. AT ANY AGE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES ARE MAJOR CAUSES OF MORBIMORTALITY, AFFECTING UP TO 5-8% OF THE POPULATION OF INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR MODIFYING THE INFLAMMATORY STATE. GENETICS ACCOUNTS FOR ONLY A SMALL FRACTION OF CHRONIC-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, WHEREAS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS APPEAR TO PARTICIPATE, EITHER WITH A CAUSATIVE OR A PROMOTIONAL ROLE IN 50% TO 75% OF PATIENTS. SEVERAL OF THOSE CHANGES DEPEND ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT WILL FURTHER MODIFY THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE TO ADDITIONAL STIMULI. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN INFLAMMATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT OFFERS IMPORTANT INSIGHTS ON AGING AND HEALTH. THESE CONDITIONS, OFTEN DEPENDING ON THE INDIVIDUAL'S SEX, APPEAR TO LEAD TO DECREASED LONGEVITY AND PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DECLINE. IN ADDITION TO BIOLOGICAL FACTORS, THE ENVIRONMENT IS ALSO INVOLVED IN THE GENERATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT LEADING TO STRESS. POOR PSYCHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS AND OTHER SOURCES OF STRESS ALSO RESULT IN INCREASED INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND NUTRITION ON THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND HOW THE RESPONSE ELICITED FOR THOSE FACTORS INTERACT AMONG THEM, ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WHEREAS CERTAIN DELETERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS RESULT IN THE GENERATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS DRIVEN BY AN INCREASED PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND INFLAMMATION, OTHER FACTORS, INCLUDING NUTRITION (POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS) AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS (EXERCISE) CONFER PROTECTION AGAINST INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND THUS AMELIORATE THEIR DELETERIOUS EFFECT. HERE, WE DISCUSS PROCESSES AND MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND BEHAVIOR, THEIR LINKS TO SEX AND GENDER, AND THEIR OVERALL IMPACT ON AGING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  302  44 AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE AND AUTO-INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM: A REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND MECHANISTIC EVIDENCE. AUTO-INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM CAN BE PERCEIVED AS A SPECTRUM OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES, WITH THE JOINTS AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES ARE ERODED SEVERELY THAT PROGRESSIVELY DEVELOP CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND LESION. A WIDE RANGE OF RISK FACTORS REPRESENTED BY GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE BEEN UNCOVERED BY POPULATION-BASED SURVEYS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES. LATELY, THE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN THE MECHANISMS OF OCCURRENCE OR DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH DISEASES, PRINCIPALLY MANIFEST IN OXIDATIVE STRESS, LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AS WELL AS THE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, WHICH HAS BEEN REPORTED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE INTERMEDIATE LINKS. THE LUNGS MIGHT SERVE AS A STARTING AREA OF AIR POLLUTANTS, WHICH WOULD CAUSE OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED BRONCHIAL-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (IBALT) TO FURTHER TO INFLUENCE T, B CELLS, AND THE SECRETION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. THE BINDING OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR (AHR) TO THE CORRESPONDING CONTAMINANT LIGANDS TENDS TO REGULATE THE REACTION OF TH17 AND TREGS. FURTHERMORE, AIR POLLUTION COMPONENTS MIGHT SPUR ON IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES BY DAMAGING MITOCHONDRIA THAT COULD INTERACT WITH AND EXACERBATE OXIDATIVE STRESS AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUSED ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND TYPICAL AUTO-INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, MAINLY INCLUDING OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA), RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA), SPONDYLOARTHRITIS (SPA) AND JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS (JIA), AND AIM TO COLLATE THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED AND THE POTENTIAL CHANNELS. A COMPLETE SUMMARY AND IN-DEPTH UNDERSTANDING OF THE AUTOIMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE SHOULD HOPEFULLY CONTRIBUTE NEW PERSPECTIVES ON HOW TO FORMULATE BETTER PUBLIC HEALTH POLICIES TO ALLEVIATE THE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4 6183  33 THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN INFLUENCING EPIGENETICS RELATED TO OXIDATIVE STATES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. OXIDATIVE STATES EXERT A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON A WIDE RANGE OF BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS. WHEN THEIR BALANCE IS SHIFTED TOWARDS ENHANCED AMOUNTS OF FREE RADICALS, PATHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA CAN OCCUR, AS THE GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) IN TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT OR IN THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION CAN BE DETRIMENTAL. EPIDEMIC CHRONIC DISEASES OF WESTERN SOCIETIES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OBESITY, AND DIABETES CORRELATE WITH THE IMBALANCE OF REDOX HOMEOSTASIS. CURRENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETICS HAVE REVEALED A PARALLEL SCENARIO SHOWING THE INFLUENCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A MAJOR REGULATOR OF EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION VIA MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION, HISTONES, AND MICRORNAS. THIS HAS PROVIDED BOTH THE BIOLOGICAL LINK AND A POTENTIAL MOLECULAR EXPLANATION BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR/METABOLIC PHENOMENA. ACCORDINGLY, IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL PROVIDE CURRENT INSIGHTS ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CHANGES IN OXIDATIVE STATES ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS, BY SPECIFICALLY FOCUSING ON THE INFLUENCE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. A SPECIAL EMPHASIS WILL HIGHLIGHT THE EFFECT ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN'S CURRENT LIFE HABITS, EXTERNAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING FOOD INTAKE, TOBACCO, AIR POLLUTION, AND ANTIOXIDANT-BASED APPROACHES. ADDITIONALLY, THE STRATEGY TO QUANTIFY OXIDATIVE STATES IN HUMANS IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHICH BIOLOGICAL MARKER COULD BEST MATCH A SUBJECT'S PROFILE WILL BE DISCUSSED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5 4893  45 OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPE 2 DIABETES AND AIR POLLUTION. THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES HAVE INCREASED IN THE LAST DECADES AND ARE EXPECTED TO FURTHER GROW IN THE COMING YEARS. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA TRIGGERS FREE RADICAL GENERATION AND CAUSES INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, AFFECTING A NUMBER OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND CELLULAR PATHWAYS, INCLUDING THE GENERATION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS, PROINFLAMMATORY AND PROCOAGULANT EFFECTS, INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS, VASCULAR SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELL PROLIFERATION, ENDOTHELIAL AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE RELEASE, AND ACTIVATION OF PROTEIN KINASE C. AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETES DETERMINANTS, MANY DATA HAVE DOCUMENTED THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (E.G., AIR POLLUTANTS) THROUGH MULTIPLE EXPOSURE-INDUCED MECHANISMS (E.G., SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, HYPERCOAGULABILITY, AND ENDOTHELIAL AND IMMUNE RESPONSES). THEREFORE, HERE WE DISCUSS THE ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-RELATED DAMAGE TO GLYCEMIC METABOLISM HOMEOSTASIS, WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON ITS IMPACT ON HEALTH. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE IMPROVEMENT OF NEW ADVANCED TOOLS (E.G., OMIC TECHNIQUES AND THE STUDY OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES) MAY PROVIDE A SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTION, HELPING IN THE EVALUATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN HIS BIOLOGICAL TOTALITY, AND OFFER A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE MOLECULAR, CLINICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6 2849  35 FROM AIR POLLUTION TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: THE EMERGING ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND A WIDE-RANGING SPECTRUM OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISORDERS-INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES-IS WIDELY ACKNOWLEDGED. EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS TRIGGERS HARMFUL MECHANISMS SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH LEAD TO INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, STROKE, AND HEART FAILURE. SUSTAINED EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN RECENT YEARS TO DISCOVER HOW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH THROUGH EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNA-MEDIATED GENE REGULATION. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT EVIDENCES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND CARDIOVASCULAR IMPACT, IN VIEW OF PRESENT IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7 5033  41 PESTICIDES AND HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES: EVIDENCES, MECHANISMS, AND PERSPECTIVES. ALONG WITH THE WIDE USE OF PESTICIDES IN THE WORLD, THE CONCERNS OVER THEIR HEALTH IMPACTS ARE RAPIDLY GROWING. THERE IS A HUGE BODY OF EVIDENCE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES AND ELEVATED RATE OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS DIFFERENT TYPES OF CANCERS, DIABETES, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS LIKE PARKINSON, ALZHEIMER, AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS), BIRTH DEFECTS, AND REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS. THERE IS ALSO CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE ON THE ASSOCIATION OF EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES WITH SOME OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES LIKE RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS, PARTICULARLY ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, CHRONIC NEPHROPATHIES, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES LIKE SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOUS AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, AND AGING. THE COMMON FEATURE OF CHRONIC DISORDERS IS A DISTURBANCE IN CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS, WHICH CAN BE INDUCED VIA PESTICIDES' PRIMARY ACTION LIKE PERTURBATION OF ION CHANNELS, ENZYMES, RECEPTORS, ETC., OR CAN AS WELL BE MEDIATED VIA PATHWAYS OTHER THAN THE MAIN MECHANISM. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT THE HIGHLIGHTED EVIDENCE ON THE ASSOCIATION OF PESTICIDE'S EXPOSURE WITH THE INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND INTRODUCE GENETIC DAMAGES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS AND UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE (UPR), IMPAIRMENT OF UBIQUITIN PROTEASOME SYSTEM, AND DEFECTIVE AUTOPHAGY AS THE EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS OF ACTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 4273  33 MICROBIOTA AND EPIGENETICS: HEALTH IMPACT. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSIONS ARE OF INCREASING IMPORTANCE BECAUSE OF THEIR POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. SEVERAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS HAVE BEEN STUDIED IN VARIOUS DISEASES. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE MOSTLY MODULATED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING THE HUMAN MICROBIOTA LIVING IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF OUR BODIES. THE MICROBIAL STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND THE MICROBIALLY DERIVED METABOLITES DIRECTLY INTERACT WITH HOST CELLS, THEREBY MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS. MICROBIOME DYSBIOSIS, ON THE OTHER HAND, IS KNOWN TO PRODUCE ELEVATED LEVELS OF DISEASE-LINKED METABOLITES, WHICH MAY DIRECTLY AFFECT A HOST METABOLIC PATHWAY OR INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN LEAD TO DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. DESPITE THEIR IMPORTANT ROLE IN HOST PHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, THERE HAS BEEN LITTLE RESEARCH INTO THE MECHANICS AND PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THIS CHAPTER FOCUSES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROBES AND THEIR EPIGENETIC EFFECTS IN DISEASED PATHOLOGY, AS WELL AS ON THE REGULATION AND METABOLISM OF THE DIETARY OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE MICROBES. FURTHERMORE, THIS CHAPTER ALSO PROVIDES A PROSPECTIVE LINK BETWEEN THESE TWO IMPORTANT PHENOMENA, TERMED "MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS."	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9 4896  26 OXIDATIVE STRESS IN AIRWAY DISEASES. AIRWAY OXIDATIVE STRESS IS BROADLY DEFINED AS AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN PROOXIDATIVE AND ANTIOXIDATIVE PROCESSES IN THE AIRWAY. GIVEN ITS DIRECT EXPOSURE TO THE ENVIRONMENT, THE LUNG HAS SEVERAL MECHANISMS TO PREVENT AN EXCESSIVE DEGREE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. BOTH ENZYMATIC AND NONENZYMATIC SYSTEMS CAN BUFFER A WIDE RANGE OF REACTIVE OXIDATIVE SPECIES AND OTHER COMPOUNDS WITH OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL. IN DISEASES LIKE ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE, AIRWAY OXIDATIVE STRESS CAN OCCUR FROM A NUMBER OF SOURCES, INCLUDING GREATER EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROOXIDANTS, AIRWAY INFILTRATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, METABOLIC DEREGULATION, AND REDUCED LEVELS OF ANTIOXIDANTS. AIRWAY OXIDATIVE STRESS HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH WORSE DISEASE SEVERITY, REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN DIMINISH RESPONSE TO STEROIDS. ALTHOUGH OXIDATIVE STRESS HAS BEEN LINKED TO A WIDE RANGE OF ADVERSE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, IT HAS ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ADAPTIVE RESPONSES AND WITH RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION. THEREFORE, MORE THAN BEING AN IMBALANCE WITH A PREDICTABLE THRESHOLD AFTER WHICH DISEASE OR INJURY ENSUES, OXIDATIVE STRESS IS A DYNAMIC AND CONTINUOUS PROCESS. THIS MIGHT EXPLAIN WHY SUPPLEMENTING ANTIOXIDANTS HAS LARGELY FAILED TO IMPROVE DISEASES SUCH AS ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. HOWEVER, THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF ANTIOXIDANTS COULD BE GREATLY IMPROVED BY TAKING AN APPROACH THAT CONSIDERS INDIVIDUAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, INSTEAD OF TREATING OXIDATIVE AIRWAY STRESS BROADLY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10 5119  35 POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE INDUCTION OF CANCER IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES. SEVERAL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES INVOLVING DIFFERENT ORGANS AND TISSUES HAVE BEEN FOUND AT RISK OF PROGRESSION TO CANCER. A WIDE ARRAY OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, PROSTAGLANDINS, NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTS, AND MATRICELLULAR PROTEINS ARE CLOSELY INVOLVED IN PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT TRANSITION OF CELLS ALMOST ALWAYS IN A BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. INTERESTINGLY, EPIGENETIC PERTURBATIONS (I.E. MIRNA ABERRATIONS, ALTERED DNA METHYLATION) TOGETHER WITH IMPORTANT STEROID HORMONE METABOLIC CHANGES (I.E. OESTROGENS), OR THE ALTERED VITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS THAT MAY UNBALANCE THE IMMUNE / INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, HAVE BEEN FOUND LINKED TO THE RISK AND SEVERITY IN SEVERAL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, AS WELL AS IN CANCER. IN PARTICULAR, IT IS EVIDENT, THAT NOT ONLY THE PARENT OESTROGEN BUT ALSO OESTROGEN METABOLITES SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN THIS PROCESS IS EVALUATED, SPECIALLY THE FORMATION OF CATECHOLOESTROGEN METABOLITES, THAT ARE CAPABLE OF FORMING EITHER STABLE OR DEPURINATING DNA ADDUCTS, WHICH CAN CAUSE EXTENSIVE DNA DAMAGE. IT IS INTERESTING THAT TODAY THE SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF SEVERAL CHRONIC IMMUNE/INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATIC DISEASES IS OBTAINED ALSO BY USING MEDICATIONS INITIALLY DEVELOPED FOR THEIR USE IN ONCOLOGY. THE CIRCADIAN INCREASE OF GROWTH FACTORS, SPECIALLY DURING THE LATE NIGHT, IN BOTH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND IN CANCER PATIENTS, AS WELL AS THE PRESENCE OF OESTROGEN-REGULATED CIRCADIAN MECHANISMS, SUGGESTS FURTHER IMPORTANT LINKS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11  625  35 BIOLOGICAL AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEMENTIA AND STROKE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. SINCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND VACCINATION, AS WELL AS MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC HYGIENE, THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE AGE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, BOTH OF WHICH CAN INTERACT WITH GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AS THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE POPULATION INCREASES, THE PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF CHRONIC DISEASES, ESPECIALLY NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING. THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, DEVELOP CHRONICALLY OVER RELATIVELY LONG PERIODS OF TIME, IN CONTRAST TO THE RELATIVELY RAPID DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR ACCIDENTS. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE MEDIATED BY ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE. THIS HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE THAT DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH UNIVERSALLY DELAYS AGE-RELATED DISEASES, ALSO AMELIORATES DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. CONVERSELY, BOTH AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCUMULATION OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN MITOTIC CELLS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE A MEASURE OF "BIOLOGICAL AGE", A BETTER PREDICTOR OF AGE-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. HERE WE REVIEW EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS SUCH AS SMOKING AND AIR POLLUTION MAY ALSO DRIVE NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, BY THE ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE, MEDIATED BY CUMULATIVE AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AS WELL AS SOMATIC MUTATIONS. ELUCIDATION OF SUCH MECHANISMS COULD PLAUSIBLY ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS WHICH DELAY DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF BOTH AGING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12 4393  27 MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS IN PERIODONTITIS: AT THE INTERSECTION OF AGING AND DISEASE. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS A PROMINENT FEATURE OF AGING AND OF COMMON AGE-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CANCER AND PERIODONTITIS. THIS VOLUME EXAMINES MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR PERIODONTITIS AND OTHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. ORAL BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES AND VIRAL INFECTIONS, PARTICULARLY WITH CYTOMEGALOVIRUS AND OTHER HERPESVIRUSES, ELICIT DISTINCT IMMUNE RESPONSES AND ARE CENTRAL IN THE INITIATION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES. RISK OF DISEASE IS DYNAMIC AND CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO COMPLEX INTERACTIONS OF GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND STOCHASTIC FACTORS OVER THE LIFESPAN. MANY MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS SMOKING AND EXCESS CALORIC INTAKE, CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASES IN SYSTEMIC MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION AND CAN MODIFY GENE REGULATION THROUGH A VARIETY OF BIOLOGIC MECHANISMS (E.G. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS). PERIODONTITIS AND OTHER COMMON CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES SHARE MULTIPLE MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS TOBACCO SMOKING, PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND DEPRESSION, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OBESITY, DIABETES, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND OSTEOPOROSIS. INTERVENTIONS THAT TARGET MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE RISK PROFILES FOR PERIODONTITIS AS WELL AS FOR OTHER COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  838  34 CHEMISTRY MEETS BIOLOGY IN COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS. THE INTESTINE COMPRISES AN EXCEPTIONAL VENUE FOR A DYNAMIC AND COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF NUMEROUS CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. HERE, MULTIPLE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, INCLUDING THE INTESTINAL TISSUE ITSELF, ITS ASSOCIATED IMMUNE SYSTEM, THE GUT MICROBIOTA, XENOBIOTICS, AND METABOLITES MEET AND INTERACT TO FORM A SOPHISTICATED AND TIGHTLY REGULATED STATE OF TISSUE HOMOEOSTASIS. DISTURBANCE OF THIS HOMEOSTASIS CAN CAUSE INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)-A CHRONIC DISEASE OF MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY THAT IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK FOR CANCER DEVELOPMENT. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RESEARCH INTO CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ETIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATION-INDUCED COLON CANCER. BEGINNING WITH A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF REACTIVE CHEMICAL SPECIES GENERATED DURING COLONIC INFLAMMATION, THE MECHANISTIC INTERPLAY BETWEEN CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION, THE ROLE OF GENETIC TOXICOLOGY, AND MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS IN DISEASE DEVELOPMENT ARE DISCUSSED. WHEN POSSIBLE, WE SYSTEMATICALLY COMPARE EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES UTILIZING HUMAN IBD PATIENTS WITH EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MICE. THE COMPARISON REVEALS THAT MANY STRONG PATHOLOGICAL AND MECHANISTIC CORRELATES EXIST BETWEEN MOUSE MODELS OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER, AND THE CLINICALLY RELEVANT SITUATION IN HUMANS. WE ALSO SUMMARIZE SEVERAL EMERGING ISSUES IN THE FIELD, SUCH AS THE CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF NOVEL INFLAMMATION-RELATED DNA ADDUCTS AND GENOTOXIC MICROBIAL FACTORS, THE SYSTEMIC DIMENSION OF INFLAMMATION-INDUCED GENOTOXICITY, AND THE COMPLEX ROLE OF GENOME MAINTENANCE MECHANISMS DURING THESE PROCESSES. TAKEN TOGETHER, CURRENT EVIDENCE POINTS TO THE INDUCTION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS BY CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INFLAMMATORY STIMULI ULTIMATELY LEADING TO CANCER FORMATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14 6812  24 [EPIGENETICS, INTERFACE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND GENES: ROLE IN COMPLEX DISEASES]. EPIGENETICS IS THE STUDY OF HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION OR CELLULAR PHENOTYPE CAUSED BY MECHANISMS OTHER THAN CHANGES IN THE UNDERLYING DNA SEQUENCE. EPIGENETICS IS ONE OF THE MAJOR MECHANISMS EXPLAINING THE "DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF HEALTH AND DISEASES" (DOHAD). BESIDES GENETIC BACKGROUND INHERITED FROM PARENTS, WHICH CONFERS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CERTAIN PATHOLOGIES, EPIGENETIC CHANGES CONSTITUTE THE MEMORY OF PREVIOUS EVENTS, EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE, ALONG THE LIFE CYCLE, INCLUDING AT THE IN UTERO STAGE. THE LATER EXPOSITION TO HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT MAY REVEAL SUCH SUSCEPTIBILITY, WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS PATHOLOGIES, AMONG THEM NUMEROUS CHRONIC COMPLEX DISEASES. THE DEMONSTRATION OF SUCH A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS HAS BEEN SHOWN FOR METABOLIC DISEASES AS OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND CANCER. IN CONTRAST TO GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, WHICH IS IRREVERSIBLE, EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE, THUS GIVING TARGETS NOT ONLY FOR PREVENTION, BUT POSSIBLY ALSO FOR THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN COMPLEX DISEASES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
15  874  29 CHRONIC ALLERGY SIGNALING: IS IT ALL STRESSED-OUT MITOCHONDRIA? ALLERGIC DISEASES IN GENERAL, AND CHRONIC ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION IN PARTICULAR, ARE ON THE RISE IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. THE IDEA OF CHRONIC ALLERGIC DISEASE AS A CHRONIC TYPE 2 IMMUNE RESPONSE HAS BEEN AROUND FOR SEVERAL DECADES. HOWEVER, DATA SUGGEST THAT OTHER MECHANISMS MAY BE IMPORTANT IN CHRONIC DISEASE. THEREFORE, WE BELIEVE IT IS TIME FOR A PARADIGM SHIFT IN UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISTIC CAUSES OF DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN THESE DISEASES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE AVOIDED THE CLASSIC CANONICAL PATHWAYS AND FOCUSED ON THE EMERGING IDEA THAT OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHANGES IN IMMUNO-METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES (PARTICULARLY MICRORNA PROFILE) MAY BE WORKING CONCURRENTLY OR SYNERGISTICALLY TO POTENTIATE ALLERGIC DISEASE SYMPTOMS. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE ADDRESSED HOW THE EPIDEMIC OF OBESITY EXACERBATES ALLERGIC DISEASE VIA THE DYSREGULATION OF THE AFOREMENTIONED FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16 6287  35 THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN MODULATING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA EPIGENETIC MARKS. MANY STUDIES IMPLICATE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES. MITOCHONDRIA ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST CELLULAR ENERGY PRODUCTION, AND UNLIKE OTHER CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES, MITOCHONDRIA CONTAIN THEIR OWN GENOME. MOST RESEARCH TO DATE, THROUGH INVESTIGATING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER, HAS FOCUSED ON LARGER STRUCTURAL CHANGES OR ALTERATIONS TO THE ENTIRE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME AND THEIR ROLE IN HUMAN DISEASE. USING THESE METHODS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN LINKED TO CANCERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND METABOLIC HEALTH. HOWEVER, LIKE THE NUCLEAR GENOME, THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME MAY EXPERIENCE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION THAT MAY PARTIALLY EXPLAIN SOME OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF VARIOUS EXPOSURES. RECENTLY, THERE HAS BEEN A MOVEMENT TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE EXPOSOME, WHICH AIMS TO DESCRIBE AND QUANTIFY THE ENTIRETY OF ALL EXPOSURES PEOPLE ENCOUNTER THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. THESE INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES, HEAVY METALS, AND LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT RESEARCH ON MITOCHONDRIA AND HUMAN HEALTH, PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS, AND DESCRIBE THE EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES THAT HAVE INVESTIGATED PARTICULAR EXPOSURES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. WE CONCLUDE THE CHAPTER WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH THAT IS NEEDED TO ADVANCE THE GROWING FIELD OF MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17 6781  52 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

18 2855  41 FROM INFLAMMAGING TO HEALTHY AGING BY DIETARY LIFESTYLE CHOICES: IS EPIGENETICS THE KEY TO PERSONALIZED NUTRITION? THE PROGRESSIVELY OLDER POPULATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IS REFLECTED IN AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM AGE-RELATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME, DIABETES, HEART AND LUNG DISEASES, CANCER, OSTEOPOROSIS, ARTHRITIS, AND DEMENTIA. THE HETEROGENEITY IN BIOLOGICAL AGING, CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, AND AGING-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS IN HUMANS HAVE BEEN ASCRIBED TO DIFFERENT GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (I.E., DIET, POLLUTION, STRESS) THAT ARE CLOSELY LINKED TO SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS. THE COMMON DENOMINATOR OF THESE FACTORS IS THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. CHRONIC LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION DURING PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING AND IMMUNOSENESCENCE ARE INTERTWINED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PREMATURE AGING ALSO DEFINED AS 'INFLAMMAGING.' THE LATTER HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH FRAILTY, MORBIDITY, AND MORTALITY IN ELDERLY SUBJECTS. HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN TO WHAT EXTENT INFLAMMAGING OR LONGEVITY IS CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN EARLY LIFE. TODAY, HUMAN DIET IS BELIEVED TO HAVE A MAJOR INFLUENCE ON BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES. MOST PLANT-DERIVED DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICALS AND MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS MODULATE OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING AND REGULATE METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND BIOENERGETICS THAT CAN BE TRANSLATED INTO STABLE EPIGENETIC PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION. THEREFORE, DIET INTERVENTIONS DESIGNED FOR HEALTHY AGING HAVE BECOME A HOT TOPIC IN NUTRITIONAL EPIGENOMIC RESEARCH. INCREASING EVIDENCE HAS REVEALED THAT COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FOOD COMPONENTS AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, DNA METHYLATION, NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING FACTORS INFLUENCE THE INFLAMMAGING PHENOTYPE AND AS SUCH MAY PROTECT OR PREDISPOSE AN INDIVIDUAL TO MANY AGE-RELATED DISEASES. REMARKABLY, HUMANS PRESENT A BROAD RANGE OF RESPONSES TO SIMILAR DIETARY CHALLENGES DUE TO BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS OF THE EXPRESSION OF TARGET PROTEINS AND KEY GENES INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIETARY CONSTITUENTS. HERE, WE WILL SUMMARIZE THE EPIGENETIC ACTIONS OF DIETARY COMPONENTS, INCLUDING PHYTOCHEMICALS, AND MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS AS WELL AS METABOLITES, THAT CAN ATTENUATE INFLAMMAGING. WE WILL DISCUSS THE CHALLENGES FACING PERSONALIZED NUTRITION TO TRANSLATE HIGHLY VARIABLE INTERINDIVIDUAL EPIGENETIC DIET RESPONSES TO POTENTIAL INDIVIDUAL HEALTH BENEFITS/RISKS RELATED TO AGING DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19 6204  30 THE INFLUENCE OF EPIGENETICS AND INFLAMMATION ON CARDIOMETABOLIC RISKS. CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES INCLUDE METABOLIC SYNDROME, OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND HYPERTENSION. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PARTICIPATE IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES THROUGH SEVERAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING INFLAMMATION, VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH ENCOMPASS ALTERATIONS TO GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT MUTATING THE DNA SEQUENCE, HAVE GAINED MUCH ATTENTION IN RECENT YEARS, SINCE THEY HAVE BEEN CORRELATED WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES AND MAY BE TARGETED FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE GREATLY INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND POLLUTION. SOME MODIFICATIONS ARE HERITABLE, INDICATING THAT THE BIOLOGICAL EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY BE OBSERVED ACROSS GENERATIONS. MOREOVER, MANY PATIENTS WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES PRESENT WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH CAN BE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS. THE INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT WORSENS THE PROGNOSIS OF CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES AND FURTHER INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, PREDISPOSING PATIENTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER METABOLISM-ASSOCIATED DISEASES AND COMPLICATIONS. A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES IS NECESSARY TO IMPROVE OUR DIAGNOSTIC CAPABILITIES, PERSONALIZED MEDICINE APPROACHES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING MAY ALSO ASSIST IN PREDICTING DISEASE OUTCOMES, ESPECIALLY IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES UNDERLYING CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES, AND FURTHER DISCUSSES ADVANCES IN THE RESEARCH FIELD WITH A FOCUS ON SPECIFIC POINTS FOR INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20 5069  22 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE PREVENTION OF HUMAN DISEASES: ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION REFERS TO HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE FUNCTION THAT CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA SEQUENCE. THE CURRENT LITERATURE CLEARLY DEMONSTRATES THAT THE EPIGENETIC RESPONSE IS HIGHLY DYNAMIC AND INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS AGING, NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE. AS SUCH, IT IS WELL ACCEPTED THAT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE CAN MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS ALTHOUGH THE TYPE AND DURATION OF EXERCISE ELICITING SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THAT CAN RESULT IN HEALTH BENEFITS AND PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS FROM EPIGENETIC STUDIES INVOLVING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY/EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS KNOWN TO BENEFIT CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME, DIABETES, CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES.	2017