1 6601 141 TWO INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISMS OF ADULT HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA INDUCED BY PRENATAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE IN MALE OFFSPRING RATS. EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES SHOWED THAT LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH CHOLESTEROL AND AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE THE INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISMS OF ADULT HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT PRENATAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE (PNE) CAUSED INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA IN MALE ADULT OFFSPRING RATS. HEPATIC CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS AND OUTPUT WERE DECEASED IN UTERO BUT INCREASED IN ADULTS; HEPATIC REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT (RCT) PERSISTENTLY DECEASED BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH. MEANWHILE, PNE ELEVATED SERUM CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL AND DECREASED HEPATIC IGF1 PATHWAY ACTIVITY IN MALE FETUSES, WHEREAS CONVERSE CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN MALE ADULTS. THE CHRONIC STRESS MODEL AND CORTISOL-TREATED HEPG2 CELLS VERIFIED THAT EXCESSIVE GLUCOCORTICOID (GC)-INDUCED GC-IGF1 AXIS PROGRAMMING ENHANCED HEPATIC CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS AND OUTPUT. IN ADDITION, PNE DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC PROTEIN 1 AND P300 ENRICHMENT AND H3K27 ACETYLATION AT THE PROMOTER REGION OF GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR RCT BOTH IN FETAL AND ADULT, MALE LIVERS AND REDUCED EXPRESSION OF THOSE GENES, SIMILAR ALTERATIONS WERE ALSO CONFIRMED IN CORTISOL-TREATED HEPG2 CELLS, SUGGESTING THAT EXCESSIVE GC-RELATED PROGRAMMING INDUCED CONTINUOUS RCT REDUCTION BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, THE "2-PROGRAMMING" APPROACH DISCUSSED ABOVE MAY ULTIMATELY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA IN MALE ADULT OFFSPRING.-ZHOU, J., ZHU, C., LUO, H., SHEN, L., GONG, J., WU, Y., MAGDALOU, J., CHEN, L., GUO, Y., WANG, H. TWO INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISMS OF ADULT HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA INDUCED BY PRENATAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE IN MALE OFFSPRING RATS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2 3815  61 INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISM FOR HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA IN PRENATAL CAFFEINE-EXPOSED FEMALE ADULT RAT OFFSPRING. CLINICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA AND ITS ASSOCIATED DISEASES HAVE INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES SHOWED THAT PRENATAL CAFFEINE EXPOSURE (PCE) LED TO FETAL OVEREXPOSURE TO MATERNAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS (GCS) AND INCREASED SERUM TOTAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN ADULT RAT OFFSPRING. THIS STUDY FURTHER CONFIRMS THE INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING OF PCE-INDUCED HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA IN FEMALE ADULT RAT OFFSPRING. PREGNANT WISTAR RATS WERE INTRAGASTRICALLY ADMINISTERED CAFFEINE (30, 60, AND 120 MG/KG/D) FROM GESTATIONAL DAY (GD)9 TO 20. FEMALE RAT OFFSPRING WERE EUTHANIZED AT GD20 AND POSTNATAL WK 12; SEVERAL ADULT RAT OFFSPRING WERE ADDITIONALLY SUBJECTED TO ICE-WATER SWIMMING STIMULATION TO INDUCE CHRONIC STRESS PRIOR TO DEATH. THE EFFECTS OF GCS ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION WERE VERIFIED USING THE L02 CELL LINE. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT PCE INDUCED HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA IN ADULT OFFSPRING, WHICH MANIFESTED AS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER LEVELS OF SERUM TOTAL CHOLESTEROL AND LDL CHOLESTEROL (LDL-C) AS WELL AS HIGHER RATIOS OF LDL-C/HDL CHOLESTEROL. WE FURTHER FOUND THAT THE CHOLESTEROL LEVELS WERE INCREASED IN FETAL LIVERS BUT WERE DECREASED IN FETAL BLOOD, ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED MATERNAL BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AND REDUCED PLACENTAL CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT. FURTHERMORE, ANALYSIS OF PCE OFFSPRING IN THE UTERUS AND IN A POSTNATAL BASAL/CHRONIC STRESS STATE AND THE RESULTS OF IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT HEPATIC CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM UNDERWENT GC-DEPENDENT CHANGES AND WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CHOLESTEROL SYNTHASE VIA ABNORMALITIES IN 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE (HMGCR) HISTONE ACETYLATION. WE CONCLUDED THAT, TO COMPENSATE FOR INTRAUTERINE PLACENTALLY DERIVED DECREASES IN FETAL BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS, HIGH INTRAUTERINE GC LEVELS ACTIVATED FETAL HEPATIC CCAAT ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA SIGNALING AND DOWN-REGULATED SIRTUIN1 EXPRESSION, WHICH MEDIATED THE HIGH LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ( VIA H3K9AC AND H3K14AC) AND EXPRESSION OF HMGCR. THIS GC-DEPENDENT CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM PROGRAMMING EFFECT WAS SUSTAINED THROUGH ADULTHOOD, LEADING TO THE OCCURRENCE OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA.-XU, D., LUO, H. W., HU, W., HU, S. W., YUAN, C., WANG, G. H., ZHANG, L., YU, H., MAGDALOU, J., CHEN, L. B., WANG, H. INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISM FOR HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA IN PRENATAL CAFFEINE-EXPOSED FEMALE ADULT RAT OFFSPRING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3 4089  33 MATERNAL OBESITY PROGRAMS SENESCENCE SIGNALING AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN OSTEO-PROGENITORS FROM RAT AND HUMAN. NUTRITIONAL STATUS DURING INTRAUTERINE AND EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE IMPACTS THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES, PRESUMABLY VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, EVIDENCE ON THE IMPACT OF GESTATIONAL EVENTS ON REGULATION OF EMBRYONIC BONE CELL FATE IS SPARSE. WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL OBESITY ON FETAL OSTEOBLAST DEVELOPMENT IN BOTH RODENTS AND HUMANS. FEMALE RATS WERE FED CONTROL OR AN OBESOGENIC HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) FOR 12 WEEKS AND MATED WITH MALE RATS FED CONTROL DIETS, AND RESPECTIVE MATERNAL DIETS WERE CONTINUED DURING PREGNANCY. EMBRYONIC RAT OSTEOGENIC CALVARIAL CELLS (EOCCS) WERE TAKEN FROM GESTATIONAL DAY 18.5 FETUSES FROM CONTROL AND HFD DAMS. EOCCS FROM HFD OBESE DAMS SHOWED INCREASES IN P53/P21-MEDIATED CELL SENESCENCE SIGNALING BUT DECREASED GLUCOSE METABOLISM. DECREASED AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS IN HFD-EOCCS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED OSTEOBLASTIC CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION. UMBILICAL CORD HUMAN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS (MSCS) FROM 24 PREGNANT WOMEN (12 OBESE AND 12 LEAN) ALONG WITH PLACENTAS WERE COLLECTED UPON DELIVERY. THE UMBILICAL CORD MSCS OF OBESE MOTHERS DISPLAYED LESS POTENTIAL TOWARD OSTEOBLASTOGENESIS AND MORE TOWARDS ADIPOGENESIS. HUMAN MSCS AND PLACENTA FROM OBESE MOTHERS ALSO EXHIBITED INCREASED CELL SENESCENCE SIGNALING, WHEREAS MSCS SHOWED DECREASED GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. FINALLY, WE SHOWED THAT OVEREXPRESSION OF P53 LINKED INCREASED CELL SENESCENCE SIGNALING AND DECREASED GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN FETAL OSTEO-PROGENITORS FROM OBESE RATS AND HUMANS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST PROGRAMMING OF FETAL PREOSTEOBLASTIC CELL SENESCENCE SIGNALING AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM BY MATERNAL OBESITY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4 5205  39 PRENATAL STRESS CHANGES THE GLYCOPROTEIN GPM6A GENE EXPRESSION AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN RAT OFFSPRING BRAIN. PRENATAL STRESS (PS) EXERTS STRONG IMPACT ON FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND ON ADULT OFFSPRING BRAIN FUNCTIONS. PREVIOUS WORK DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC STRESS ALTERS THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF GPM6A, A NEURONAL GLYCOPROTEIN INVOLVED IN FILOPODIUM EXTENSION. IN THIS WORK, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF PS ON GPM6A EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED. PREGNANT WISTAR RATS RECEIVED RESTRAINT STRESS DURING THE LAST WEEK OF GESTATION. MALE OFFSPRING WERE SACRIFICED ON POSTNATAL DAYS 28 AND 60. HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FOR GENE EXPRESSION (QPCR FOR MRNAS AND MICRORNAS), METHYLATION STATUS (BISULFITE CONVERSION) AND PROTEIN LEVELS. HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS IN CULTURE WERE USED TO ANALYZE MICRORNA OVEREXPRESSION EFFECTS. PRENATAL STRESS INDUCED CHANGES IN GPM6A LEVELS IN BOTH TISSUES AND AT BOTH AGES ANALYZED, INDICATING A PERSISTENT EFFECT. TWO CPG ISLANDS IN THE GPM6A GENE WERE IDENTIFIED. VARIATIONS IN THE METHYLATION PATTERN AT THREE SPECIFIC CPGS WERE FOUND IN HIPPOCAMPUS, BUT NOT IN PFC SAMPLES FROM PS OFFSPRING. MICRORNAS PREDICTED TO TARGET GPM6A WERE IDENTIFIED IN SILICO. QPCR MEASUREMENTS SHOWED THAT PS MODIFIED THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL MICRORNAS IN BOTH TISSUES, BEING MICRORNA-133B THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED. FURTHER STUDIES OVEREXPRESSING THIS MICRORNA IN NEURONAL CULTURES SHOWED A REDUCTION IN GMP6A MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL. MOREOVER FILOPODIUM DENSITY WAS ALSO REDUCED, SUGGESTING THAT GPM6A FUNCTION WAS AFFECTED. GESTATIONAL STRESS AFFECTED GPM6A GENE EXPRESSION IN OFFSPRING LIKELY THROUGH CHANGES IN METHYLATION STATUS AND IN POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY MICRORNAS. THUS, OUR FINDINGS PROPOSE GPM6A AS A NOVEL TARGET FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION DURING PRENATAL STRESS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5 1368  41 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF DISEASE AND DETERMINANTS OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE: MATERNAL DIET MODIFIES THE PRIMATE FETAL EPIGENOME. CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IS EPIGENETICALLY ALTERED VIA COVALENT MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES TO ALLOW FOR HERITABLE GENE REGULATION WITHOUT ALTERING THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE. MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE FROM RODENTS HAVE ESTABLISHED A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN REGULATING GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN RESPONSE TO AN ALTERED GESTATIONAL MILIEU. HOWEVER, TO DATE, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER VARIATIONS IN THE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT IN PRIMATES SIMILARLY INDUCE CHANGES IN KEY DETERMINANTS OF HEPATIC CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT A MATERNAL HIGH-FAT DIET WOULD ALTER THE EPIGENOMIC PROFILE OF THE DEVELOPING OFFSPRING, WHICH WOULD RESULT IN ALTERATIONS IN FETAL GENE EXPRESSION. AGE- AND WEIGHT-MATCHED ADULT FEMALE JAPANESE MACAQUES WERE PLACED ON CONTROL (13% FAT) OR HIGH-FAT (35% FAT) BREEDER DIETS AND MATED ANNUALLY OVER A 4-YEAR INTERVAL. FETUSES IN SUCCESSIVE YEARS WERE DELIVERED NEAR TERM (E130 OF 167 DAYS) AND UNDERWENT NECROPSY WITH TISSUE HARVEST. FETAL HISTONES WERE ACID EXTRACTED FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF H3 MODIFICATION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) WITH DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY PCR; FETAL RNA, DNA, AND CYTOPLASMIC AND NUCLEAR PROTEIN EXTRACTS WERE SIMILARLY EXTRACTED FOR COMPARISON. CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF A MATERNAL HIGH-FAT DIET RESULTS IN A THREEFOLD INCREASE IN FETAL LIVER TRIGLYCERIDES AND HISTOLOGIC CORRELATES OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE. THESE GROSS CHANGES IN THE FETAL LIVER ARE ACCOMPANIED BY A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT HYPERACETYLATION OF FETAL HEPATIC TISSUE AT H3K14 (199.85+/-9.64 VS 88.8+/-45.4; P=0.038) WITH A TREND TOWARDS THE INCREASED ACETYLATION AT H3K9 (140.9+/-38.7 VS 46.6+/-6.53; P=0.097) AND AT H3K18 (69.0+/-3.54 VS 58.0+/-4.04; P=0.096). HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ON FETAL HEPATIC H3 ASSOCIATED WITH GENE REPRESSION WERE ABSENT OR SUBTLE (P>0.05). SUBSEQUENT CHARACTERIZATION OF KEY EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS ASSOCIATED WITH H3 ACETYLATION MARKS REVEALED SIMILAR SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS IN ASSOCIATION WITH A HIGH-FAT MATERNAL DIET (E.G., RELATIVE FETAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 (HDAC1) GENE EXPRESSION 0.61+/-0.25; P=0.011). CONSISTENT WITH OUR MRNA EXPRESSION PROFILE, FETAL NUCLEAR EXTRACTS FROM OFFSPRING OF HIGH-FAT DIET ANIMALS WERE OBSERVED TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY RELATIVELY DEPLETE OF HDAC1 PROTEIN (36.07+/-6.73 VS 83.18+/-7.51; P=0.006) AND IN VITRO HDAC FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY (0.252+/-0.03 VS 0.698+/-0.02; P<0.001). WE EMPLOY THESE OBSERVATIONS IN CHIP DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY PCR TO ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL FETAL GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION IS REPROGRAMED UNDER CONDITIONS OF A HIGH-FAT MATERNAL DIET. WE QUANTITATIVELY CONFIRM A MINIMUM OF A 40% ALTERATION IN THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL GENES OF INTEREST: GLUTAMIC PYRUVATE TRANSAMINASE (ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE) 2 (GPT2) (1.59+/-0.23-FOLD; P=0.08), DNAJA2 (1.36+/-0.21; P=0.09), AND RDH12 (1.88+/-0.15; P=0.01) ARE APPRECIABLY INCREASED IN FETAL HEPATIC TISSUE FROM MATERNAL CALORIC-DENSE DIET ANIMALS WHEN COMPARED WITH CONTROL WHILE NPAS2, A PERIPHERAL CIRCADIAN REGULATOR, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNMODULATED IN THE OFFSPRING OF HIGH-FAT DIET ANIMALS (0.66+/-0.08; P=0.03). IN THIS STUDY, WE SHOW THAT A CURRENT SIGNIFICANT IN UTERO EXPOSURE (CALORIC-DENSE HIGH-FAT MATERNAL DIET) INDUCES SITE-SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS IN FETAL HEPATIC H3 ACETYLATION. EMPLOYING CHIP, WE EXTEND THESE OBSERVATIONS TO LINK MODIFICATIONS OF H3 ACETYLATION WITH ALTERATIONS IN GENE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT A CALORIC-DENSE MATERNAL DIET LEADING TO OBESITY EPIGENETICALLY ALTERS FETAL CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IN PRIMATES VIA COVALENT MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES AND HENCE LENDS A MOLECULAR BASIS TO THE FETAL ORIGINS OF ADULT DISEASE HYPOTHESIS.	2008	

6 6594  24 TUMOR-AUGMENTING EFFECTS OF GESTATIONAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE ON F1 AND F2 IN MICE. THE CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY-LIFE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT ARE EMERGING CONCERNS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO NATURALLY OCCURRING INORGANIC ARSENIC HAS BEEN KNOWN TO CAUSE VARIOUS ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS, INCLUDING CANCERS, IN HUMANS. ON THE OTHER HAND, ANIMAL STUDIES BY DR. M. WAALKES' GROUP REPORTED THAT ARSENITE EXPOSURE OF PREGNANT F0 FEMALES, ONLY FROM GESTATIONAL DAY 8 TO 18, INCREASED HEPATIC TUMORS IN THE F1 (ARSENITE-F1) MALES OF C3H MICE, WHOSE MALES TEND TO DEVELOP SPONTANEOUS HEPATIC TUMORS LATER IN LIFE. SINCE THIS MICE MODEL ILLUMINATED NOVEL UNIDENTIFIED CONSEQUENCES OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE, WE WISHED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE BACKGROUND MECHANISMS. IN THE SAME EXPERIMENTAL MODEL, WE IDENTIFIED A VARIETY OF FACTORS THAT WERE AFFECTED BY GESTATIONAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC CHANGES, AS POSSIBLE CONSTITUENTS OF MULTIPLE STEPS OF LATE-ONSET HEPATIC TUMOR AUGMENTATION IN ARSENITE-F1 MALES. FURTHERMORE, OUR STUDY DISCOVERED THAT THE F2 MALES BORN TO ARSENITE-F1 MALES DEVELOPED HEPATIC TUMORS AT A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER RATE THAN THE CONTROL F2 MALES. THE RESULTS IMPLY THAT THE TUMOR AUGMENTING EFFECT IS INHERITED BY ARSENITE-F2 MALES THROUGH THE SPERM OF ARSENITE-F1. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE SUMMARIZED OUR STUDIES ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF GESTATIONAL ARSENITE EXPOSURE IN F1 AND F2 MICE TO DISCUSS NOVEL ASPECTS OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GESTATIONAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7 3122  30 GESTATIONAL VALPROIC ACID EXPOSURE INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN MURINE DECIDUA. INTRODUCTION: VALPROIC ACID (VPA), A WIDELY PRESCRIBED ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG AND AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN, RESULTS IN MULTIPLE DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS FOLLOWING IN UTERO EXPOSURE. UTERINE DECIDUA PROVIDES NUTRITIONAL AND PHYSICAL SUPPORT DURING IMPLANTATION AND EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. PERTURBATIONS IN THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS WITHIN DECIDUAL TISSUE DURING EARLY PREGNANCY MIGHT AFFECT EARLY EMBRYONIC GROWTH, RESULT IN EARLY PREGNANCY LOSS OR CAUSE COMPLICATIONS IN THE LATER GESTATIONAL STAGE. VPA IS A KNOWN HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND METHYLATION HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AS A MECHANISM OF VPA-INDUCED TERATOGENESIS. METHODS: THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF IN UTERO VPA EXPOSURE ON HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN MURINE DECIDUAL TISSUE. PREGNANT CD-1 MICE WERE EXPOSED TO 400 MG/KG VPA OR SALINE ON GD9 VIA SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION. DECIDUAL TISSUE FROM EACH GESTATIONAL SAC WAS HARVESTED AT 1, 3 AND 6 H FOLLOWING EXPOSURE. LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HISTONES H3, H4 AND H3K56, AS WELL AS METHYLATED HISTONES H3K9 AND H3K27 WERE ACID EXTRACTED AND ASSESSED BY WESTERN BLOTTING FOLLOWED BY ACID HISTONE EXTRACTION. RESULTS: VPA EXPOSURE INDUCED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE (P < 0.05) IN THE LEVELS OF ACETYLATED H3 AT 1, 3 H; ACETYLATED H4 AT 1, 3 AND 6 H AND TRIMETHYLATED H3K9 AT 6 H. IN CONTRAST, NO SIGNIFICANT PERTURBATIONS WERE NOTED IN THE LEVELS OF MONOMETHYLATED H3K9, TRIMETHYLATED H3K27 AND ACETYLATED H3K56. DISCUSSION: THE RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT VPA-INDUCED DECIDUAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS A MECHANISM OF VPA-INDUCED TERATOGENESIS DURING EARLY EMBRYONIC GROWTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  905  30 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CANNABINOIDS DURING ADOLESCENCE CAUSES LONG-LASTING BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS IN ADULT MICE. REGULAR USE OF MARIJUANA DURING ADOLESCENCE ENHANCES THE RISK OF LONG-LASTING NEUROBIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ADULTHOOD. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS AIMED AT ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF THE SYNTHETIC CANNABINOID WIN55212.2 DURING ADOLESCENCE IN YOUNG ADULT MICE. ADOLESCENT MICE AGED 5 WEEKS WERE SUBJECTED DAILY TO THE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION OF WIN55212.2 FOR 3 WEEKS AND WERE THEN LEFT UNDISTURBED IN THEIR HOME CAGE FOR A 5-WEEK PERIOD AND FINALLY EVALUATED BY BEHAVIORAL TESTING. MICE THAT RECEIVED THE DRUG DURING ADOLESCENCE SHOWED MEMORY IMPAIRMENT IN THE MORRIS WATER MAZE, AS WELL AS A DOSE-DEPENDENT MEMORY IMPAIRMENT IN FEAR CONDITIONING. IN ADDITION, THE ADMINISTRATION OF 3 MG/KG WIN55212.2 IN ADOLESCENCE INCREASED ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL AEA LEVELS AND PROMOTED DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AT THE INTRAGENIC REGION OF THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING MODULATOR RGS7, WHICH WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A LOWER RATE OF MRNA TRANSCRIPTION OF THIS GENE, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL CAUSAL RELATION. ALTHOUGH THE CONCRETE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF 3 MG/KG OF WIN DURING ADOLESCENCE LEADS TO INCREASED ENDOCANNABINOID LEVELS AND ALTERED RGS7 EXPRESSION IN ADULTHOOD AND ESTABLISH A POTENTIAL LINK TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  218  30 ACUTE HYPOXIA AND CHRONIC ISCHEMIA INDUCE DIFFERENTIAL TOTAL CHANGES IN PLACENTAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. PREECLAMPSIA IS A COMMON OBSTETRICAL COMPLICATION, HALLMARKED BY NEW-ONSET HYPERTENSION. BELIEVED TO RESULT FROM PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY AND CHRONIC PLACENTAL ISCHEMIA, THE SYMPTOMS OF PREECLAMPSIA ARE CAUSED BY RELEASE OF PATHOGENIC FACTORS FROM THE PLACENTA ITSELF, ALTHOUGH THE MECHANISMS OF THEIR REGULATION ARE IN MANY CASES UNKNOWN. ONE POTENTIAL MECHANISM IS THROUGH CHANGES IN PLACENTAL EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, PARTICULARLY HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION. HERE, WE DETERMINED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ISCHEMIA ON GLOBAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE RODENT PLACENTA IN VIVO AND ACUTE HYPOXIA IN BEWO PLACENTAL TROPHOBLAST CELLS IN VITRO. PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY VIA UTERINE ARTERY RESTRICTION INCREASED MATERNAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND FETAL DEMISE WHILE DECREASING PLACENTAL AND FETAL MASS. GLOBAL PLACENTAL HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED AT H3 K9, K14, K18, K27, AND K56. INTERESTINGLY, WHEN BEWO-IMMORTALIZED PLACENTAL TROPHOBLAST CELLS WERE CULTURED IN OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS MIMICKING HEALTHY AND ISCHEMIC PLACENTAS, THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN ACETYLATED AT K9, K18, K27, AND K56. THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SMALL BUT SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN PLACENTAL ACETYL-COA, SUGGESTING DEPLETION IN THE SOURCE OF ACETYL GROUP DONORS. FINALLY, WHILE GLOBAL METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE FROM PLACENTAL DNA WAS LOW IN BOTH GROUPS OF ANIMALS (<1%), THERE WAS APPROXIMATELY 50% INCREASE IN 5-MC IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIA. THIS SUGGESTS ACUTE HYPOXIA AND CHRONIC ISCHEMIA INDUCE DIFFERENTIAL GLOBAL CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE PLACENTA AND THAT CHRONICALLY ALTERED METABOLIC PROFILES COULD AFFECT HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE PLACENTA, THEREBY REGULATING PRODUCTION OF PATHOGENIC FACTORS FROM THE PLACENTA DURING PREECLAMPSIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10 2776  33 EXTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION ON PULMONARY VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN ADULT MALE RATS: THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. OBJECTIVE: EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE IS CONSIDERED AS A CRITICAL TIME WINDOW FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LONG-TERM METABOLIC STATES AND ORGAN FUNCTIONS. EXTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION (EUGR) CAUSES THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT-ONSET CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL DISADVANTAGES DURING THE EARLY POSTNATAL PERIOD ON PULMONARY VASCULAR CONSEQUENCES IN LATER LIFE ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. OUR STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO TEST WHETHER EPIGENETICS DYSREGULATION MEDIATES THE CELLULAR MEMORY OF THIS EARLY POSTNATAL EVENT. METHODS AND RESULTS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE ISOLATED PULMONARY VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BY MAGNETIC-ACTIVATED CELL SORTING FROM EUGR AND CONTROL RATS. A POSTNATAL INSULT, NUTRITIONAL RESTRICTION-INDUCED EUGR CAUSED DEVELOPMENT OF AN INCREASED PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE AT 9 WEEKS OF AGE IN MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. METHYL-DNA IMMUNE PRECIPITATION CHIP, GENOME-SCALE MAPPING STUDIES TO SEARCH FOR DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED LOCI BETWEEN CONTROL AND EUGR RATS, REVEALED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN CYTOSINE METHYLATION BETWEEN EUGR AND CONTROL RATS. EUGR CHANGES THE CYTOSINE METHYLATION AT APPROXIMATELY 500 LOCI IN MALE RATS AT 9 WEEKS OF AGE, PRECEDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND THESE REPRESENT THE CANDIDATE LOCI FOR MEDIATING THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE THAT OCCURS LATER IN LIFE. GENE ONTOLOGY ANALYSIS ON DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES SHOWED THAT HYPERMETHYLATED GENES IN EUGR ARE VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT-ASSOCIATED GENES AND HYPOMETHYLATED GENES IN EUGR ARE LATE-DIFFERENTIATION-ASSOCIATED AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION GENES. WE VALIDATED CANDIDATE DYSREGULATED LOCI WITH THE QUANTITATIVE ASSAYS OF CYTOSINE METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSIONS. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT EPIGENETICS DYSREGULATION IS A STRONG MECHANISM FOR PROPAGATING THE CELLULAR MEMORY OF EARLY POSTNATAL EVENTS, CAUSING CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND LONG-TERM SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, AND FURTHER PROVIDING A NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF EUGR-RELATED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11  891  40 CHRONIC EFFECTS OF CLOFIBRIC ACID IN ZEBRAFISH (DANIO RERIO): A MULTIGENERATIONAL STUDY. CLOFIBRIC ACID (CA) IS AN ACTIVE METABOLITE OF THE BLOOD LIPID LOWERING AGENT CLOFIBRATE, A PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGNED TO WORK AS AGONIST OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA (PPARA). IT IS THE MOST COMMONLY REPORTED FIBRATE IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS WITH LOW DEGRADATION RATE AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PERSISTENCE. PREVIOUS FISH EXPOSURES SHOWED THAT CA MAY IMPACT SPERMATOGENESIS, GROWTH AND THE EXPRESSION OF FAT BINDING PROTEIN GENES. HOWEVER, THERE ARE LIMITED DATA ON THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC MULTIGENERATIONAL CA EXPOSURES. HERE, WE ASSESSED CHRONIC MULTIGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF CA EXPOSURE USING ZEBRAFISH (DANIO RERIO) AS A TELEOST MODEL. ZEBRAFISH WERE EXPOSED THROUGH THE DIET TO CA (1 AND 10MG/G) DURING THEIR WHOLE LIFETIME. GROWTH, REPRODUCTION-RELATED PARAMETERS AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT WERE ASSESSED IN THE EXPOSED FISH (F1 GENERATION) AND THEIR OFFSPRING (F2 GENERATION), TOGETHER WITH MUSCLE TRIGLYCERIDE CONTENT AND GONAD HISTOLOGY. IN ORDER TO STUDY THE POTENTIAL UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, THE TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF GENES CODING FOR ENZYMES INVOLVED IN LIPID METABOLISM PATHWAYS WERE DETERMINED. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT CHRONIC LIFE-CYCLE EXPOSURE TO CA INDUCED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN GROWTH OF F1 GENERATION AND LOWERED TRIGLYCERIDE MUSCLE CONTENT (10MG/G GROUP). ALSO, AN IMPACT IN MALE GONAD DEVELOPMENT WAS OBSERVED TOGETHER WITH A DECREASE IN THE FECUNDITY (10MG/G GROUP) AND HIGHER FREQUENCY OF EMBRYO ABNORMALITIES IN THE OFFSPRING OF FISH EXPOSED TO THE LOWEST CA DOSE. THE PROFILE OF THE TARGET GENES WAS SEX- AND TISSUE-DEPENDENT. IN F1 AN UP-REGULATION OF MALE HEPATIC PPARAA, PPARB AND ACOX TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WAS OBSERVED, SUGGESTING AN ACTIVATION OF THE FATTY ACID METABOLISM (PROVIDED THAT TRANSCRIPT LEVEL CHANGE INDICATES ALSO A PROTEIN LEVEL CHANGE). INTERESTINGLY, THE F2 GENERATION, RAISED WITH CONTROL DIET, DISPLAYED A RESPONSE PATTERN DIFFERENT FROM THAT OBSERVED IN F1, SHOWING AN INCREASE IN WEIGHT IN THE DESCENDANTS OF CA EXPOSED FISH, IN COMPARISON WITH CONTROL ANIMALS, WHICH POINTS TO A MULTIGENERATIONAL EFFECT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12 6008  35 THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT 5-ASA REDUCES THE LEVEL OF SPECIFIC TSRNAS IN SPERM CELLS OF HIGH-FAT FED C57BL/6J MOUSE SIRES AND IMPROVES GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN FEMALE OFFSPRING. INTRODUCTION: THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AND ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES HAVE INCREASED TO EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS GLOBALLY. PATERNAL OBESITY IS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR DEVELOPING OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE FOLLOWING GENERATION, AND GROWING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE AS A MECHANISM FOR THIS PREDISPOSITION. HOW AND WHY OBESITY INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SPERM CELLS REMAIN TO BE CLARIFIED IN DETAIL. YET, RECENT STUDIES SHOW THAT ALTERATIONS IN SPERM CONTENT OF TRANSFER RNA-DERIVED SMALL RNAS (TSRNAS) CAN TRANSMIT THE EFFECTS OF PATERNAL OBESITY TO OFFSPRING. OBESITY IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THUS, WE EVALUATED WHETHER THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT 5-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID (5-ASA) COULD INTERVENE IN THE TRANSMISSION OF EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE OF PATERNAL OBESITY BY REDUCING THE INFLAMMATORY STATE IN OBESE FATHERS. METHODS: MALE C57BL/6JBOMTAC MICE WERE EITHER FED A HIGH-FAT DIET OR A HIGH-FAT DIET WITH 5-ASA FOR TEN WEEKS BEFORE MATING. THE OFFSPRING METABOLIC PHENOTYPE WAS EVALUATED, AND SPERMATOZOA FROM SIRES WERE ISOLATED FOR ASSESSMENT OF SPECIFIC TSRNAS LEVELS. RESULTS: 5-ASA INTERVENTION REDUCED THE LEVELS OF GLU-CTC TSRNAS IN SPERM CELLS AND IMPROVED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN FEMALE OFFSPRING FED A CHOW DIET. PATERNAL HIGH-FAT DIET-INDUCED OBESITY PER SE HAD ONLY A MODERATE IMPACT ON THE METABOLIC PHENOTYPE OF BOTH MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING IN OUR SETTING. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY MAY BE AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE OF PATERNAL OBESITY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13  982  46 CHRONIC PRENATAL HYPOXIA INDUCES EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF PKCEPSILON GENE REPRESSION IN RAT HEARTS. RATIONALE: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES DEMONSTRATE A CLEAR ASSOCIATION OF ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE IN ADULTHOOD. HYPOXIA IS A COMMON STRESS TO THE FETUS AND RESULTS IN DECREASED PROTEIN KINASE C EPSILON (PKCEPSILON) EXPRESSION IN THE HEART AND INCREASED CARDIAC VULNERABILITY TO ISCHEMIA AND REPERFUSION INJURY IN ADULT OFFSPRING IN RATS. OBJECTIVES: THE PRESENT STUDY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT FETAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE-PHOSPHATE-GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDES AT THE PKCEPSILON PROMOTER IS REPRESSIVE AND CONTRIBUTES TO PKCEPSILON GENE REPRESSION IN THE HEART OF ADULT OFFSPRING. METHODS AND RESULTS: HYPOXIC TREATMENT OF PREGNANT RATS FROM DAYS 15 TO 21 OF GESTATION RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN PKCEPSILON PROTEIN AND MRNA IN FETAL HEARTS. SIMILAR RESULTS WERE OBTAINED IN EX VIVO HYPOXIC TREATMENT OF ISOLATED FETAL HEARTS AND RAT EMBRYONIC VENTRICULAR MYOCYTE CELL LINE H9C2. INCREASED METHYLATION OF PKCEPSILON PROMOTER AT SP1 BINDING SITES, -346 AND -268, WERE DEMONSTRATED IN BOTH FETAL HEARTS OF MATERNAL HYPOXIA AND H9C2 CELLS TREATED WITH 1% O(2) FOR 24 HOURS. WHEREAS HYPOXIA HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE BINDING AFFINITY OF SP1 TO THE UNMETHYLATED SITES IN H9C2 CELLS, HEARTS OF FETUSES AND ADULT OFFSPRING, METHYLATION OF BOTH SP1 SITES REDUCED SP1 BINDING. THE ADDITION OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE BLOCKED THE HYPOXIA-INDUCED INCREASE IN METHYLATION OF BOTH SP1 BINDING SITES AND RESTORED PKCEPSILON MRNA AND PROTEIN TO THE CONTROL LEVELS. IN HEARTS OF BOTH FETUSES AND ADULT OFFSPRING, HYPOXIA-INDUCED METHYLATION OF SP1 SITES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN MALES THAN IN FEMALES, AND DECREASED PKCEPSILON MRNA WAS SEEN ONLY IN MALES. IN FETAL HEARTS, THERE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ABUNDANCE OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA AND BETA ISOFORMS IN FEMALES THAN IN MALES. BOTH ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA AND BETA INTERACTED WITH THE SP1 BINDING SITES IN THE FETAL HEART, WHICH MAY EXPLAIN THE SEX DIFFERENCES IN SP1 METHYLATION IN THE FETAL HEART. ADDITIONALLY, SELECTIVE ACTIVATION OF PKCEPSILON RESTORED THE HYPOXIA-INDUCED CARDIAC VULNERABILITY TO ISCHEMIC INJURY IN OFFSPRING. CONCLUSIONS: THE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE A DIRECT EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND PROGRAMMING OF CARDIAC PKCEPSILON GENE REPRESSION IN A SEX-DEPENDENT MANNER, LINKING FETAL HYPOXIA AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN THE HEARTS OF ADULT OFFSPRING.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14 5188  35 PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ALTERS EXPRESSION OF NEUROGENESIS-RELATED GENES IN AN EX VIVO CELL CULTURE MODEL. PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE CAN LEAD TO LONG-LASTING CHANGES IN FUNCTIONAL AND GENETIC PROGRAMS OF THE BRAIN, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS SEEN IN FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER (FASD). ABERRANT FETAL PROGRAMMING DURING GESTATIONAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM BY WHICH ALCOHOL IMPARTS TERATOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN; HOWEVER, CURRENT METHODS USED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DEVELOPMENT OFTEN RELY ON EITHER DIRECT APPLICATION OF ALCOHOL IN VITRO OR ACUTE HIGH DOSES IN VIVO. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED OUR ESTABLISHED MODERATE PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE (PAE) MODEL, RESULTING IN MATERNAL BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT OF APPROXIMATELY 20 MM, AND SUBSEQUENT EX VIVO CELL CULTURE TO ASSESS EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO NEUROGENESIS. PROLIFERATING AND DIFFERENTIATING NEURAL PROGENITOR CELL CULTURE CONDITIONS WERE ESTABLISHED FROM TELENCEPHALIC TISSUE DERIVED FROM EMBRYONIC DAY (E) 15-17 TISSUE EXPOSED TO ALCOHOL VIA MATERNAL DRINKING THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY. GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS ON MRNA DERIVED IN VITRO WAS PERFORMED USING A MICROARRAY, AND QUANTITATIVE PCR WAS CONDUCTED FOR GENES TO VALIDATE THE MICROARRAY. STUDENT'S T TESTS WERE PERFORMED FOR STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF EACH EXPOSURE UNDER EACH CULTURE CONDITION USING A 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL. ELEVEN PERCENT OF GENES ON THE ARRAY HAD SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE PRENATAL ALCOHOL-EXPOSED NEURAL PROGENITOR CULTURE UNDER PROLIFERATING CONDITIONS. THESE INCLUDE REDUCED EXPRESSION OF ADORA2A, CXCL1, DLG4, HES1, NPTX1, AND VEGFA AND INCREASED EXPRESSION OF FGF13, NDN, AND SOX3; BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT THESE GENES ARE INVOLVED IN CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION. DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT1 AND DNMT3A WERE ALSO FOUND UNDER PROLIFERATING CONDITIONS. UNDER DIFFERENTIATING CONDITIONS, 7.3% OF GENES HAD DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION; THESE INCLUDE CDK5RAP3, GDNF, HEY2, HEYL, PARD6B, AND PTN, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SURVIVAL AND DIFFERENTIATION AS INDICATED BY BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS. THIS STUDY IS THE FIRST TO USE CHRONIC LOW TO MODERATE PAE, TO MORE ACCURATELY REFLECT MATERNAL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, AND SUBSEQUENT NEURAL PROGENITOR CELL CULTURE TO DEMONSTRATE THAT PAE THROUGHOUT GESTATION ALTERS EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEURAL DEVELOPMENT AND EMBRYONIC NEUROGENESIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15 3238  34 HEPATIC EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AFTER LIVER RESECTION IN OFFSPRING ALLEVIATES THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL OBESITY. OBESITY HAS BECOME A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM IN RECENT DECADES, AND DURING PREGNANCY, IT CAN LEAD TO AN INCREASED RISK OF GESTATIONAL COMPLICATIONS AND PERMANENT CHANGES IN THE OFFSPRING RESULTING FROM A PROCESS KNOWN AS METABOLIC PROGRAMMING. THE OFFSPRING OF OBESE DAMS ARE AT INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF HIGH-FAT DIET CONSUMPTION. NAFLD IS A CHRONIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE THAT CAN PROGRESS TO EXTREMELY SEVERE CONDITIONS THAT REQUIRE SURGICAL INTERVENTION WITH THE REMOVAL OF THE INJURED TISSUE. LIVER REGENERATION IS NECESSARY TO PRESERVE ORGAN FUNCTION. A RANGE OF PATHWAYS IS ACTIVATED IN THE LIVER REGENERATION PROCESS, INCLUDING THE HIPPO, TGFBETA, AND AMPK SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT ARE UNDER EPIGENETIC CONTROL. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER MICRORNA MODULATION IN THE LIVER OF THE OFFSPRING OF OBESE DAMS WOULD IMPACT GENE EXPRESSION OF HIPPO, TGFBETA, AND AMPK PATHWAYS AND TISSUE REGENERATION AFTER PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY (PHX). FEMALE SWISS MICE FED A STANDARD CHOW OR A HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION WERE MATED WITH MALE CONTROL MICE. THE OFFSPRING FROM CONTROL (CT-O) AND OBESE (HF-O) DAMS WEANED TO STANDARD CHOW DIET UNTIL DAY 56 WERE SUBMITTED TO PHX SURGERY. PRIOR TO THE SURGERY, HF-O PRESENTED ALTERATIONS IN MIR-122, MIR-370, AND LET-7A EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER COMPARED TO CT-O, AS PREVIOUSLY SHOWN, AS WELL AS IN ITS TARGET GENES INVOLVED IN LIVER REGENERATION. HOWEVER, AFTER THE PHX (4 H OR 48 H POST-SURGERY), DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION BETWEEN CT-O AND HF-O WERE SUPPRESSED, AS WELL AS IN MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER. FURTHERMORE, BOTH CT-O AND HF-O PRESENTED A SIMILAR REGENERATIVE CAPACITY OF THE LIVER WITHIN 48 H AFTER PHX. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SURVIVAL AND REGENERATIVE MECHANISMS INDUCED BY THE PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY MAY OVERCOME THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE LIVER OF OFFSPRING PROGRAMMED BY MATERNAL OBESITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16 5189  29 PRENATAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE INDUCES IMMUNOMETABOLIC ALTERATION AND RENAL INJURY IN RATS. ARSENIC (AS) EXPOSURE IS PROGRESSIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), A LEADING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN PRESENT WORLDWIDE. THE ADVERSE EFFECT OF AS EXPOSURE ON THE KIDNEYS OF PEOPLE LIVING IN AS ENDEMIC AREAS HAVE NOT BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED. FURTHERMORE, THE IMPACT OF ONLY PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO AS ON THE PROGRESSION OF CKD ALSO HAS NOT BEEN FULLY CHARACTERIZED. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF AS 0.04 AND 0.4 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT (0.04 AND 0.4 PPM, RESPECTIVELY) ON THE PROGRESSION OF CKD IN MALE OFFSPRING USING A WISTAR RAT MODEL. INTERESTINGLY, ONLY PRENATAL AS EXPOSURE WAS SUFFICIENT TO ELEVATE THE EXPRESSION OF PROFIBROTIC (TGF-BETA1) AND PROINFLAMMATORY (IL-1ALPHA, MIP-2ALPHA, RANTES, AND TNF-ALPHA) CYTOKINES AT 2-DAY, 12- AND 38-WEEK TIME POINTS IN THE EXPOSED PROGENY. FURTHER, ALTERATION IN ADIPOGENIC FACTORS (GHRELIN, LEPTIN, AND GLUCAGON) WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN 12- AND 38-WEEK OLD MALE OFFSPRING PRENATALLY EXPOSED TO AS. AN ALTERED LEVEL OF THESE FACTORS COINCIDES WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS ACCOMPANIED BY PROGRESSIVE KIDNEY DAMAGE. WE OBSERVED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS AND GLOMERULAR AND TUBULAR DAMAGE IN THE KIDNEYS OF 38-WEEK-OLD MALE OFFSPRING PRENATALLY EXPOSED TO AS. FURTHERMORE, THE OVEREXPRESSION OF TGF-BETA1 IN KIDNEYS CORRESPONDS WITH HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE TGF-BETA1 GENE-BODY, INDICATING A POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF PRENATAL AS EXPOSURE-DRIVEN EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS OF TGF-BETA1 EXPRESSION. OUR STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT PRENATAL AS EXPOSURE TO MALES CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT THE IMMUNOMETABOLISM OF OFFSPRING WHICH CAN PROMOTE KIDNEY DAMAGE LATER IN LIFE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17 4068  27 MATERNAL ANDROGEN EXCESS AND OBESITY INDUCE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE OFFSPRING. MATERNAL POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS), A CONDITION ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERANDROGENISM, IS SUGGESTED TO INCREASE ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE OFFSPRING. BECAUSE PCOS IS CLOSELY LINKED TO OBESITY, WE INVESTIGATED THE IMPACT OF AN ADVERSE HORMONAL OR METABOLIC MATERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND OFFSPRING OBESITY ON ANXIETY IN THE OFFSPRING. THE OBESE PCOS PHENOTYPE WAS INDUCED BY CHRONIC HIGH-FAT-HIGH-SUCROSE (HFHS) CONSUMPTION TOGETHER WITH PRENATAL DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE EXPOSURE IN MOUSE DAMS. ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR WAS ASSESSED IN ADULT OFFSPRING WITH THE ELEVATED-PLUS MAZE AND OPEN-FIELD TESTS. THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL ANDROGENS AND MATERNAL AND OFFSPRING DIET ON GENES IMPLICATED IN ANXIETY WERE ANALYZED IN THE AMYGDALA AND HYPOTHALAMUS WITH REAL-TIME PCR ( N = 47). INDEPENDENT OF DIET, FEMALE OFFSPRING EXPOSED TO MATERNAL ANDROGENS WERE MORE ANXIOUS AND DISPLAYED UP-REGULATION OF ADRENOCEPTOR ALPHA 1B IN THE AMYGDALA AND UP-REGULATION OF HYPOTHALAMIC CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ( CRH). BY CONTRAST, MALE OFFSPRING EXPOSED TO A HFHS MATERNAL DIET HAD INCREASED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND SHOWED UP-REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN THE AMYGDALA AND UP-REGULATION OF HYPOTHALAMIC CRH. OVERALL, THERE WERE SUBSTANTIAL SEX DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHT INTO HOW MATERNAL ANDROGENS AND OBESITY EXERT SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOR AND GENE EXPRESSION IN THE OFFSPRING OF A PCOS MOUSE MODEL.-MANTI, M., FORNES, R., QI, X., FOLMERZ, E., LINDEN HIRSCHBERG, A., DE CASTRO BARBOSA, T., MALIQUEO, M., BENRICK, A., STENER-VICTORIN, E. MATERNAL ANDROGEN EXCESS AND OBESITY INDUCE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE OFFSPRING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18 4736  33 NOVEL EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS MEDIATING BISPHENOL A EXPOSURE AND METABOLIC PHENOTYPES IN FEMALE MICE. THERE IS COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LINK DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS TO ADULT DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE ASSOCIATED PERINATAL BISPHENOL A (BPA) EXPOSURE TO ALTERED DNA METHYLATION, BUT THESE STUDIES ARE OFTEN LIMITED TO CANDIDATE GENE AND GLOBAL NON-LOCI-SPECIFIC APPROACHES. BY USING AN EPIGENOME-WIDE DISCOVERY PLATFORM, WE ELUCIDATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LIVER TISSUE FROM ADULT MICE OFFSPRING (10 MONTHS) FOLLOWING PERINATAL BPA EXPOSURE AT HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT DOSES (50-NG, 50-MUG, AND 50-MG BPA/KG DIET). BIOLOGICAL PATHWAY ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED AN ENRICHMENT OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS AMONG FEMALES. FURTHERMORE, THROUGH THE USE OF TOP ENRICHED BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, 4 CANDIDATE GENES WERE CHOSEN TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION AS A MEDIATING FACTOR LINKING THE ASSOCIATION OF PERINATAL BPA EXPOSURE TO METABOLIC PHENOTYPES PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN FEMALE OFFSPRING. DNA METHYLATION STATUS AT JANUS KINASE-2 (JAK-2), RETINOID X RECEPTOR (RXR), REGULATORY FACTOR X-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (RFXAP), AND TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN 238 (TMEM238) WAS USED WITHIN A MEDIATIONAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS. DNA METHYLATION IN ALL FOUR OF THE CANDIDATE GENES WAS IDENTIFIED AS A MEDIATOR IN THE MECHANISTIC PATHWAY OF DEVELOPMENTAL BPA EXPOSURE AND FEMALE-SPECIFIC ENERGY EXPENDITURE, BODY WEIGHT, AND BODY FAT PHENOTYPES. DATA GENERATED FROM THIS STUDY ARE CRUCIAL FOR DECIPHERING THE MECHANISTIC ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC-BASED PREVENTION AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR COMPLEX HUMAN DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19 2808  35 FETAL PROGRAMMING OF HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR BY SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS. REDUCED FETAL GROWTH HAS BEEN CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE IN LATER LIFE. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT FETAL EXPOSURE TO EXCESS GLUCOCORTICOIDS REPRESENTS A CRITICAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS ASSOCIATION. APPROXIMATELY 7% OF PREGNANT WOMEN ARE AT RISK OF PRETERM DELIVERY AND THESE WOMEN ARE ROUTINELY TREATED WITH SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS (SGC) BETWEEN 24 AND 34 OF WEEKS GESTATION TO IMPROVE NEONATAL OUTCOME. ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT MATERNALLY ADMINISTERED SGC CROSSES THE PLACENTA, AFFECTING FETAL HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) DEVELOPMENT, RESULTING IN CHANGES IN HPA AXIS FUNCTION THAT PERSIST THROUGHOUT LIFE. THESE CHANGES APPEAR TO BE MODULATED AT THE LEVEL OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (GR) AND MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (MR) IN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY. AS THE HPA AXIS INTERACTS WITH MANY OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, THE CHANGES IN ENDOCRINE FUNCTION ARE ALSO SEX-SPECIFIC AND AGE-DEPENDENT. ALTERATIONS IN BEHAVIOR, PARTICULARLY LOCOMOTION, IN ANIMALS EXPOSED TO SGC IN UTERO HAVE ALSO BEEN DEMONSTRATED. CONSISTENT WITH THE FINDING IN ANIMAL MODELS, EMERGING HUMAN DATA ARE INDICATING ATTENTION DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO REPEATED COURSES OF SGC IN UTERO. THIS BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPE IS LIKELY LINKED TO ALTERATIONS IN DOPAMINE (DA) SIGNALING, SUGGESTING THAT SGC ARE ABLE TO PERMANENTLY MODIFY OR 'PROGRAM' THIS SYSTEM. FINALLY, IT IS EMERGING THAT CHANGES IN HPA AXIS FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING ANTENATAL EXPOSURE TO SGC ARE TRANSGENERATIONAL AND LIKELY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. A COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ACUTE AND LONG-TERM IMPACT OF SGC EXPOSURE IN UTERO IS NECESSARY TO BEGIN TO DEVELOP RECOMMENDATIONS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PREGNANT WOMEN AT RISK OF PRETERM DELIVERY.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20 3978  43 LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF PRENATAL SEVERE HYPOXIA ON CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID SYSTEM IN RATS. INTRODUCTION: PRENATAL HYPOXIA IS A RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUMEROUS NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. IT IS KNOWN THAT THE MATERNAL STRESS RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA DETERMINES THE EPIGENETIC IMPAIRMENT OF THE PERINATAL EXPRESSION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (GR) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF THE PROGENY, BUT SO FAR NO DETAILED STUDY OF HOW THIS AFFECTS THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID SYSTEM DURING FURTHER ONTOGENESIS HAS BEEN PERFORMED. OBJECTIVE: THE GOAL OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE PRENATAL HYPOXIA ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID SYSTEM THROUGHOUT LIFE. METHODS: PRENATAL SEVERE HYPOBARIC HYPOXIA (PSH) WAS INDUCED IN THE CRITICAL PERIOD OF EMBRYONIC HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION ON DAYS 14-16 OF GESTATION IN A HYPOBARIC CHAMBER (180 TORR, 5% OXYGEN, 3 H). THE ACTIVITY OF CENTRAL (HIPPOCAMPUS) AND PERIPHERAL (LIVER) COMPONENTS OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID SYSTEM WAS ASSESSED IN 1-DAY-OLD (NEWBORN), 2-WEEK-OLD (JUVENILE), 3-MONTH-OLD (ADULT), AND 18-MONTH-OLD (AGED) MALE RATS. RESULTS: THE PSH RESULTED IN CONTINUOUSLY ELEVATED BASELINE CORTICOSTERONE BLOOD LEVELS IN THE ADULT AND AGED RATS. THE CHRONIC ELEVATION OF THE CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A PROGRESSIVE DEFICIT OF THE GR EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER, INCREASED HEPATIC GLYCOGEN CONTENT, DYSREGULATED GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY, AND EVENTUALLY HYPOGLYCEMIA. ELEVATED CORTICOSTERONE APPEARS TO RESULT FROM THE IMPAIRMENT OF THE MECHANISMS OF GLUCOCORTICOID NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SINCE A SUBSTANTIAL DECREASE IN BOTH THE TOTAL NUMBER OF GR AND THEIR NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION WAS OBSERVED ALREADY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF NEWBORN RAT PUPS AND PERSISTED THROUGHOUT LIFE. CORRESPONDING STABLE HIPPOCAMPAL DOWNREGULATION OF GR-DEPENDENT GENES WAS OBSERVED AS WELL. SUPPRESSION OF THE MATERNAL GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA BY METYRAPONE INJECTION TO PREGNANT RATS PRIOR TO EACH HYPOXIC CHALLENGE CONSIDERABLY REDUCED CORTICOSTERONE OVER-RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA AND PREVENTED REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL GR. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT IN PROGENY A DEFICIT OF HIPPOCAMPAL GR RESULTING FROM MATERNAL GLUCOCORTICOID RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA REMAINS STABLE THROUGHOUT LIFE AND IS ACCOMPANIED BY SEVERE DISTURBANCES OF BASELINE GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS AND ITS PERIPHERAL RECEPTION. NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF PSH CAN BE PREVENTED BY INJECTION WITH AN INHIBITOR OF CORTICOSTERONE SYNTHESIS (METYRAPONE) TO PREGNANT FEMALES UNDERGOING HYPOXIA.	2020